Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Learning Objectives
At the end of this module, learners will be able to:
1. Describe the b e n e f i t s o f c a s h c o n c e n t r a t i o n a n d various cash concentration
strategies
2. Explain pooling concepts
3. Understand cash concentration methods
TREASURY MANAGEMENT
by: Jewelyn C. Espares-Ciocon, DBA
2
TOPIC PRESENTATION
Centralized payments,
Complete decentralization decentralized liquidity
management
CASH
CONCENTRATION
STRATEGIES
TREASURY MANAGEMENT
by: Jewelyn C. Espares-Ciocon, DBA
3
POOLING CONCEPTS
PHYSICAL SWEEPING
What is Physical Sweeping?
When a company sets up a zero-balance account, its bank automatically moves cash
from that account into a concentration account, usually within the same bank. The cash
balance in the zero-balance account (as the name implies) is reduced to zero whenever
a sweep occurs.
Reasons why there is e a need to track the amounts of cash swept from each
zero- balance account into the concentration account:
• Subsidiary-level financial reporting requirements.
• Interest income allocation.
• Interest expense allocation.
• Central bank reporting
NOTIONAL POOLING
TREASURY MANAGEMENT
by: Jewelyn C. Espares-Ciocon, DBA
4
COMPARISON OF ACCOUNT SWEEPING AND NOTIONAL POOLING
Where there is a choice between account sweeping and notional pooling, notional
pooling is usually the better alternative.
Notional Pooling Advantages:
1. cash does not physically leave the bank accounts of each subsidiary, which
greatly reduces the amount of intercompany loans that would otherwise have to
be recorded.
2. eliminates the treasury overhead cost that would otherwise be associated
with tracking and recording the intercompany loans.
3. the bank may be able to automate the calculation of interest, with a physical
transfer of funds at month-end to pay out the interest income to each
subsidiary.
NONPOOLING SITUATIONS
What happens in Non-pooling situations?
A company may need to use a local bank that cannot be linked into its corporate
account sweeping or notional pooling structures. The company’s account balances
within that bank must be managed manually to prevent overdrafts, since their cost
usually greatly exceeds the interest income to be earned on the same account incurring
overdraft fees.
BANK OVERLAY STRUCTURE
Companies operating on an international scale frequently have trouble reconciling the
need for efficient cash concentration operations with the use of local banking partners
with whom they may have long-standing relation- ships and valuable business contacts.
The solution is the bank overlay structure.
TREASURY MANAGEMENT
by: Jewelyn C. Espares-Ciocon, DBA
5
CASH CONCENTRATION CONTROLS
Compare Verify the allocation
Review target Review excluded intercompany loan of interest income to
balances accounts. rates to market subsidiaries.
rates..
Verify the
calculation of
intercompany loan
balances
Discuss cash concentration strategies for both small and large companies are noted
in the following two policies:
Small-company policy
Large-company policy
When a business has several cash accounts, it can pool the funds into a centralized
account. The cash consolidation can be performed in various ways.
Cash balances from all accounts of a company or group will be transferred to the main
treasury account in this method. The cash consolidation can be performed daily. Each
sub-account will have zero balance at the day end.
In this method, a fixed amount is transferred from all sub-accounts to the main treasury
account. If there is insufficient balance in any sub-account, the transaction takes place
when cash is available.
Target Balance
It is also called the minimum balance method in which sub-accounts keep a target
balance and transfer the funds above that target to the main account.
TREASURY MANAGEMENT
by: Jewelyn C. Espares-Ciocon, DBA
6
Percentage Method
A fixed percentage of total cash available in each account is transferred to the main
account.
Businesses can use the investment sweeps to transfer cash balances to investment
instruments such as term deposits. However, this method requires special
arrangements with banks or investment funds management companies .
Despite several advantages of pooling cash funds and centralization, it can come with a
few disadvantages as well.
TREASURY MANAGEMENT
by: Jewelyn C. Espares-Ciocon, DBA
7
Assignment: Base on Philippine setting
a. Discuss and Explain : Intercompany Loan Tracking Procedure
b. Discuss and Explain : Interest Income Allocation from Cash Concentration
Account Procedure
TREASURY MANAGEMENT
by: Jewelyn C. Espares-Ciocon, DBA
8
GUIDED EXERCISES/LEARNING ACTIVITIES
4.
• Quescussion where students are called to ask questions which will check their
levels of understanding on a specific topic. It can also help determine topics to
discuss in subsequent lectures
ASSESSMENT
ASSIGNMENT
REFERENCES
S.K. Bagchi, “Treasury Risk Management”, 2nd Edition, Jaico Publishing House
https://www.accountinghub-online.com/cash-concentration/#:~:text=Cash
%20concentration%20is%20a%20treasury,to%20a%20single%20centralized%20account.
https://docs.oracle.com/cd/F12038_01/html/OBLM/OBLM03_Cash_Concentration.htm
TREASURY MANAGEMENT
by: Jewelyn C. Espares-Ciocon, DBA
9
After taking this module, kindly share your learnings or major take-aways.
Write at least three (3) answers below.
TREASURY MANAGEMENT
by: Jewelyn C. Espares-Ciocon, DBA
10
Authorization Contractual Controls Hedge Accounting
Controls Controls
Define dealing Verify contract terms and Include in the hedging
responsibilities signatory procedure a
Issue an updated requirement for full
signatory list to documentation of each
counterparties at hedge
least once a year
Centralize foreign
exchange trading
operations
General Risk
Assessment Controls
Determine
counterparty credit
worthiness.
Full-risk modeling.
Audit spreadsheet
calculations and
contents.
POLICY DESCRIPTION
• Authorization Policies
TREASURY MANAGEMENT
by: Jewelyn C. Espares-Ciocon, DBA
11
FOREIGN EXCHANGE HEDGE
PROCEDURES
• Quescussion where students are called to ask questions which will check their
levels of understanding on a specific topic. It can also help determine topics to
discuss in subsequent lectures
ASSESSMENT
ASSIGNMENT
REFERENCES
S.K. Bagchi, “Treasury Risk Management”, 2nd Edition, Jaico Publishing House
TREASURY MANAGEMENT
by: Jewelyn C. Espares-Ciocon, DBA
12
After taking this module, kindly share your learnings or major take-aways. Write at
least three (3) answers below.
TREASURY MANAGEMENT
by: Jewelyn C. Espares-Ciocon, DBA
13
TREASURY MANAGEMENT
by: Jewelyn C. Espares-Ciocon, DBA
14