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Meat Yield, Condition Index, and

Biochemical Composition of Mussels
(Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819)
in Sinop, South of the Black Sea
a a a
Meryem Yeşim Çelik , Sedat Karayücel , İsmihan Karayücel ,
a a
Recep Özt ürk & Bora Eyüboğlu
a
Facult y of Fisheries and Aquacult ure, Universit y of Sinop, Sinop,
Turkey

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galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819) in Sinop, Sout h of t he Black Sea, Journal of Aquat ic Food Product
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 Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology, 21:198–205, 2012
Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISSN: 1049-8850 print / 1547-0636 online
DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2011.589099

Meat Yield, Condition Index, and Biochemical

Composition of Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis
Lamarck, 1819) in Sinop, South of the Black Sea

MERYEM YEŞİM ÇELİK, SEDAT KARAYÜCEL,

İSMİHAN KARAYÜCEL, RECEP ÖZTÜRK,
AND BORA EYÜBOĞLU
Faculty of Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Sinop, Sinop, Turkey
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Monthly variations in meat yield and biochemical composition of Mediterranean mus-

sels on lantern nets were investigated from May 2005 to May 2006, in Sinop, south of
the Black Sea. Dry weight condition index was between 2.66 and 7.10% with a mean of
4.86 ± 0.36%. Meat yield was maximum (26.69%) in March and minimum (17.43%)
in October. Moisture values were between 78% (in June) and 86% (in April). Protein
content in dry weight of mussels reached the highest value in February (74.64%) before
the spawning time. Lipid value was maximum (18.03%) in May 2005.

Keywords Black Sea, biochemical composition, meat yield, mussel, Mytilus

galloprovincialis

Introduction
The Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck), naturally occurs along
the coast of Turkey and is the only mollusc species cultured in the country. The culture
production reached 1.77 tons in 2008 (Turkish Statistical Institute [TUIK], 2009).
The Black Sea is a favorable food source because of the large natural river supply
of phosphorus and nitrogen, essential nutrients for marine plants and algae (Bakan and
Büyükgüngör, 2000). Also, the sea is suitable due to the favorable salinity, temperature,
large coastal areas, food availability, reproductive potential, and socio-economic condi-
tions for mussel cultivation (Karayücel et al., 2003a, 2003b; Çelik et al., 2009; Karayücel
et al., 2009).
Several studies have demonstrated that biochemical composition and meat yield of
bivalves is related to reproduction and environmental conditions (Hickman et al.,1991;
Thorarinsdottir, 1994; Pérez-Camacho et al., 1995; Stirling and Okumus, 1995; Fernandez-
Reiriz et al., 1996; Sara and Mazzola, 1997; Karayücel and Karayücel, 1997; Okumuş
and Stirling, 1998; Karayücel et al., 2003b; Arellano-Martinez et al., 2004 ). Seasonal
metabolic activities in molluscs result from complex interactions among food availability,
environmental conditions, growth, and gametogenic cycle. In general, energy is stored prior
to gametogenesis when food is abundant in the form of glycogen, lipid, and protein (Pieters
et al., 1980; Dridi et al., 2007; Serdar and Lök, 2009).

Address correspondence to Meryem Yeşim Çelik, University of Sinop, Faculty of Fisheries and
Aquaculture, Sinop, Turkey. E-mail: yesimcelik@yahoo.com

198
 Condition Index/Biochemical Composition of Mussels 199

Chemical composition of mussels strictly depends on the phytoplankton resources

available and therefore on the season of harvest (Orban et al., 2002a). Good nutritional
quality in farm sites has a positive influence on mussels and gametogenesis. Lipids
represent an important energy reserve because of their high caloric content. Glycogen
reserves are generally used during gametogenic processes when lipids are not available.
Carbohydrates have two major biological functions: as long-term energy storage and as
structural elements (Robledo et al., 1995). Protein is the most abundant biochemical com-
ponent in tissues, and it may be an alternative energy reserve in some bivalve species during
gametogenesis (Galap et al., 1997).
The purpose of this study was to examine the seasonal changes in the biochemical
composition of M. galloprovincialis in relation to the gametogenic cycle, protein, and lipid
content of mussels in the Black Sea.

Materials and Methods

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The experiment was carried out at depth of 13 m in Sinop, in the Black Sea, from May
2005 to May 2006. Mussels were stocked to lantern nets and hung from a raft system.
On each sampling date, temperature, salinity, chlorophyll-a (CH), seston, particulate
inorganic matter (PIM), and particulate organic matter (POM) were determined. Water
samples were taken at the depth of 3 m by using a Niskin bottle at the experimental
site. Water temperature and salinity were measured in situ using a probe (YSI 6600, YSI
Inc., Yellow Springs, OH, USA). In the laboratory, triplicate water samples (3 L) were fil-
tered onto Whatman GF/C filters to determine CH (µg L−1 ), seston (mg L−1 ), and POM
(mg L−1 ) concentration, according to Stirling (1985).
Experimental mussels with a mean length of 60.21 ± 1.21 mm and a mean weight of
18.53 ± 1.53 g were collected from the mooring rope of Ak Fish Farm, stocked to a lantern
net, and hung from a raft system. The lantern net contained three trays (50 cm diameter)
at a density of 150 mussels per tray or 450 mussels per lantern net. Monthly sampling was
carried out, and 10 mussels from each experimental tray were randomly taken during the
experimental period (13 months). Samples were transferred to the laboratory in a cool box
(6–9◦ C). Condition indices and meat yield were carried out 1 day after sampling. Tissues
of mussels were dried before biochemical analyses, and the dry meat samples were kept
in a deep-freezer for biochemical analyses. Condition index wet meat volume (CIV) was
assessed by measuring the volume of the shell cavity and the volume of meat (Lutz et al.,
1980). Condition index dry meat weight (CID) was calculated after drying wet meat using
the following equations (Lutz et al., 1980; Austin et al., 1993):

Wet meat volumetric condition index = [Volume of soft tissue (mL)/

(1)
Volume of shell cavity (mL)] × 100,

Dry weight condition index = [Weight of dry tissue (g)/Volume of shell cavity (mL)] × 100.
(2)
Meat yield was estimated from the following formula:

Meat yield (%) = [Wet meat weight (g)/Total weight (g)] × 100. (3)

Thirty mussels were used to measure the condition index. The volume of three groups
of 10 mussels was determined by using 50, 100, and 250 mL measuring cylinders. They
 200 M. Y. Çelik et al.

were opened and blotted with tissue paper, put into a measuring cylinder, and their volume
was measured by direct water displacement. Shell volume was estimated in the same way.
The shell cavity volume was estimated from the difference between the whole animal vol-
ume and the shell volume. Meats were dried at 105◦ C for 20 h to obtain their dry weight and
moisture (M) content. Ash (A) weight was determined by combusting a known dry weight
of tissue at 500◦ C for 15 h in a muffle furnace and reweighing the tissue (Association of
Official Analytical Chemists [AOAC], 1990).
Triplicate dry meat samples were analyzed for lipid (L) and protein (P) according to
the AOAC (1990) methods.
A correlation matrix and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to determine the
relationships between all measured parameters. Statistical analyses were carried out using
MINITAB 13.1 software (Minitab Inc., State College, PA, USA).

Results
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Environmental parameters are shown in Figure 1. The temperature ranged from 7.5◦ C in
February to 25.05◦ C in August, with a mean of 14.90 ± 1.70◦ C. Salinity ranged from
16.80 in April to 17.97 g L−1 in May, with a mean of 17.59 ± 0.10 g L−1 ; there was not
a clear seasonal pattern. CH peaked in March (16.30 µg L−1 ) as a result of spring algal
bloom and decreased to the lowest value in January (0.53 µg L−1 ), with an annual mean of
3.07 ± 1.18 µg L−1 . Seasonal CH concentration was significantly different (p < 0.05) and,
in general, higher in spring and lower in winter. POM ranged from 1.58 in January to 4 mg
L−1 in April, with a mean of 2.42 ± 0.17 mg L−1 ; while seston ranged from 5.45 in
November to 6.92 mg L−1 in March, with a mean of 6.21 ± 0.12 mg L−1 . There was
a positive correlation between CH and POM (p < 0.05), while salinity and temperature
did not significantly correlate with CH, POM, and seston (Table 1). While CH and seston
reached the maximum value in March, the maximal temperature value was observed in
August. There was a clear seasonal pattern in the temperature, but the other environmental
parameters did not show any seasonal pattern.
Condition indices and meat yield of mussels were significantly affected by the sea-
sonal cycle. These were characterized by stages of accumulation and depletion of reserves,
reflecting the phase of gonadal development as well as the availibility of food. Wet meat
volume condition index, dry meat weight condition index, and meat yield (MY) varied
between 17.29% (September) and 34.72% (March), 2.66% (September) and 7.1% (March),
and 17.43% (May) and 26.69% (March), respectively (Figure 2).
In mussels, CID, CIV, and MY showed very similar patterns during the sampling
period, with peak values occuring in March. Mean CIV, CID, and MY were 26.33 ± 1.44%,
4.86 ± 0.36%, and 9.98 ± 0.73%, respectively. The interaction between condition indices,
meat yield, and environmental factors is shown in Table 1. CID was positively correlated
with CIV and MY (p ≤ 0.01, Table 1), and a positive relationship was found between CID,
POM, and CH (p ≤ 0.05, Table 1).
The composition of the meat was expressed as percentage of protein, lipid, and ash on
the dry weight of the mussel meat. The monthly values of lipid, protein, ash, and moisture
of the mussels ranged from 6.03 (December) to 18.03% (May), 54.93 (July) to 75.23%
(January), 5.53 (July) to 10.83% (December), and 78 (June) to 86% (April), respectively.
A significantly negative relationship was observed between lipid and protein (p ≤ 0.01,
Table 1). A seasonal pattern in lipid content that decreased after spawning and increased
again as the gametes matured was observed. In addition, protein content was at a maximum
before spawning. In general, moisture values were at a minimum during the summer while
increasing steadily to a maximum in April (Figure 3).
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Table 1
Correlation matrix between environmental factors, condition indices, and biochemical composition

P L T S CIV CID SES POM CH MY A

L −0.720 ∗∗

T −0.491 0.178
S 0.015 −0.050 −0.036
CIV 0.307 −0.110 −0.614∗ 0.200
CID −0.267 0.219 −0.227 −0.082 0.648∗∗
201

SES −0.019 0.007 −0.164 0.546∗ 0.149 0.181

POM −0.065 0.067 −0.224 −0.603∗ −0.212 0.165 0.178
CH −0.089 0.133 −0.329 −0.040 0.296 0.545∗ 0.465 0.574∗
MY 0.004 −0.218 −0.336 0.066 0.477 0.733∗∗ 0.396 0.310 0.789∗∗∗
A 0.165 −0.254 −0.731∗∗ 0.075 0.576∗ 0.342 0.175 0.039 0.159 0.420
M −0.166 0.135 −0.665∗∗ −0.123 0.480 0.634∗ 0.227 0.355 0.471 0.608∗ 0.761∗

P = protein; L =, lipid; T = temperature; S = salinity; CIV = condition index volumetric; CID = condition index dry; SES = seston; POM = particulate
organic matter; CH = chlorophyll-a; MY = meat yield; A = ash; M = moisture.
Significance levels: ∗ p ≤ 0.05; ∗∗ p ≤ 0.01; ∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.001.
 202 M. Y. Çelik et al.

Temperature (ºC) Salinity (psu)

30 a 19
25

Temperature (ºC)

Salinity (psu)
20 18
15
10 17
5
0 16
M J J A S O N D J F M A M
20 b
Chlorophyll-a (µg/L)

15

10

5
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0
M J J A S O N D J F M A M

9 Seston (mg/L) POM (mg/L) PIM (mg/L)

c

1
M J J A S O N D J F M A M
MONTH

Figure 1. Monthly distribution of mean temperature, salinity (a), chlorophyll a (b), mean particulate
organic matter, particulate inorganic matter, and seston (c) from May 2005 to May 2006.

CID (%) CIV (%)

8 a 40
7
30
6
CID (%)

CIV (%)

5 20
4
10
3
2 0
M J J A S O N D J F M A M

30 b

25
MY (%)

20

15
M J J A S O N D J F M A M
MONTH

Figure 2. Monthly distribution of mean condition index volumetric (CIV) and condition index dry
(CID; a), and meat yield (MY; b) from May 2005 to May 2006.
 Condition Index/Biochemical Composition of Mussels 203

Protein Lipid
80 a 20
75 17.5
Protein (%) 70 15

Lipid (%)
65 12.5
60 10
55 7.5
50 5
M J J A S O N D J F M A M

13 b 90
Ash (%) Moisture (%)

11 85

Moisture (%)
Ash (%)
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9 80

7 75

5 70
M J J A S O N D J F M A M
MONTH

Figure 3. Monthly distribution of mean protein, lipid (a), ash, and moisture (b) from May 2005 to
May 2006.

Discussion
Our study demonstrated that the condition or meat yield of mussels varied seasonally and
was influenced by reproductive cycle and environmental factors. In the study, an abundant
food supply made it possible to regain tissue weight at the beginning of autumn and winter.
This was followed by an increment of condition indices/meat yield and reached a maxi-
mum in March when gonadal develoment was highest. A rapid decrease occured in the
condition indices and meat yield at the start of the spawning period (April), and a quick
recovery occurred after spawning. This demonstrates the relationship between the meat
yield/condition of the mussels and ripeness and spawning. Similar results can be found in
the literature. Strohmeier et al. (2008) declared that food concentration increased during
the spring bloom when the meat ratio almost doubled. This shows that the meat ratio of
mussels is also related to food availability and gamete release. Low meat yields and condi-
tions during the spawning period were reported by Okumus and Stirling (1998) in mussels
(M. edulis) cultured in two Scottish sea lochs. Lachowicz (2005) declared that mussels’
condition varied according to location and was linked to environmental parameters.
Chemical composition of mussels depends on the food supply. Dridi et al. (2007)
reported that when food is abundant in seawater, mussels accumulate the food prior to
gametogenesis in the form of glycogen, lipid, and protein substrates and subsequently are
utilized in the production of gametes when metabolic demand is high. In the study, accumu-
lation of lipid showed a similar pattern as protein in mussel tissue at a maximum in winter
and minimum in summer. A minimum level of protein content was observed in July and
increased until February. A significant decrease in the amount of protein was determined
 204 M. Y. Çelik et al.

with spawning (April). This result shows that protein is a major source for gonad matura-
tion. However, the minimum level of lipid content was observed in December, increased
until March, and was again reduced in April. The lipid content was higher in the winter
due to the build-up of lipid reserves in the developing eggs. After spawning time, lipid
and protein contents increased again. This showed the biochemical balance in relation to
sexual activity in mussels. The main gametogenetic period occured in April, and the other
gametogenetic period took place in early autumn. Karayücel et al. (2003b) observed sim-
ilar results, and Orban et al. (2002b) declared that the seasonal variations of biochemical
parameters were influenced by climatic conditions and phytoplankton availibility in the
sea water and gametogenic cycle of mussels. Lipid is a source of energy which is princi-
pally used in gametogenesis and is reduced during spawning in mussels (Karayücel and
Karayücel, 1997).
From our study, it can be concluded that the most advisable harvest time for mussels is
when the wet meat volumetric condition index of mussels was nearly 30%, which occurs
between February and May. Farmers must follow the monthly meat yield of cultivated
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mussels and should not harvest in the spawning period.

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