ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION Definition of EMI: The phenomenon of induction of emf (and hence current) in a circuit due to change in ‘magnetic flux linked with it is called electro magnetic induction. [Michel faraday and Joseph Henry through their ‘experiments showed that electric current can be produced by varying magnetic field) i | i | It | | | Electromagnetic induction is the basis of the working of power generators, dynamos, transformers etc. | EXPERIMENTS OF FARADAY AND HENRY Experiment | : Current induced by a magnet (coil - magnet experiment) (M-16, J-18) | ‘The observations about the deflections in the galvanometer | Oare, 1) There is a deflection when the magnet is moved toward the coil, 2) The deflection is opposite if the magnetic is moved away. 3) Faster movements result in a larger deflection. Yas FIGURE 0.1 When the bar magnet ts | & There isa deflection even ifthe col is moved relative | /rtGuRE @.1 when the tar magnet to the magnet. the walvanonneter G sefleeta | 5) There is no deflection if there is no relative movement. ‘This experiment shows that the change in the magnetic flux causes induced emf and hence a defection in (G). Experiment 2: Curent Induced By Current (coil - coil experiment). : ‘The observations about the deflection in the ‘G’ are N\ 1) There is a defection when the key ‘S' is closed. | 2) When ‘S" is opened, the defection is opposite 3) When there is a steady current in the primary. There is no = deflection. ; | 4) There is deflection even if the secondary coil is moved relative to the primary with *S? closed. FIGURE 6.2. Current ta | This shows that a change in flux causes induced emf and hence —yyq,FtGURE, 92 Gurrent te | deflection in ‘G” ‘oF he current ehrying coll Co | Experiment 3: Current Induced By Changing Currents 1) When the key K is pressed, the galvanometer shows | momentary deflection and returns to zero immediately. deflection in the galvanometer | 2) When the key K is kept pressed continuously, there is no |3)When the key K is released the galvanometer again shows momentary deflection, but in the opposite direction and returns to zero immediately. 4) The galvanometer deflection increases dramatically when the iron rod is inserted into the coils along the ais and the key is pressed of released | | FARADAY'S LAWS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION | Faradoys ow | Stotement: Whenever the magnetic flux through a circuit changes, an emf is induced init. The induced emt lasts as long as the change in magnetic flux continues, | Foradoys Naw (1-14, M8, M16, M17) | Statements The magnitude of induced emf is directly proportional tothe rate of change of magnetic flux linked withthe ciruit, Explanation: If di, is the change in magnetic flux in a small time interval dt, the induced emf is given by &] dt le Lenz's law: This helps to find the direction of induced emf. ((M-IS, 1-16, M-17, J-18, M-14, M-20) Statement: The direction of induced current in a coil is such that it opposes the cause which is produces it. (It is based on law of conservation of energy) | Explanation: When a bar magnet with its north pole moved toward a col, the induced current flows in the | coil nearer to the magnet acts like north pole and hence the magnet is repelled. | | When the magnet is moved away from the coil, current Bel reverses its direction and there by the face acts like South Pole. a Due to this the magnet is attracted, magnet ge” bo _, sate of change of ux, = If € > isthe induced emf & ‘Then Eee Magnetic flux The magnetic flux, through a plane area d& placed in a uniform magnetic field B can be (5, = Bascost ‘Where 0 is the angle between Band ds lotional emf: The emf induced across the ends of the. ‘conductor, when it is moved across the magnetic field Liscalled motionalemf, (+17)| Derive an expression for Motional emf (Jel, M-15, J-16, M17) | Consider a long, straight conductor PQ fy P > length of a conductor 0 |y > velocity of conductor perpendicular to the magnetic field B wet x en x Me | Let the conductor moved through a distance dx in a small time interval dt, x aye x ee x |kle [dS = dx prea covered by the conductor xoxlc x x Whe i i ‘Fl | eoge x ce xtdx | ‘The change in magnetic flux across the conductor is dé = BdS = Bfdx. y olls q a i : dp _ Bld ‘The magnitude of the emf induced in the conductor is = # cae Since = & is the velocity of the conductor. it {&= Bév] This is the expression for motional emf Eddy currents: The induced circulating currents produced in a conductor due | to change in magnetic flux linked with it are called eddy currents. (M-14, J-15) Applications of Eddy currents: (I-17) Electromagnetic damping: This is used in dead beat galvanometers. Induction furnace: It is used to produce high temperatures and can be utilized to prepare alloys by melting the constituent metals. Magnetic brakes: Coupled with the wheel of the train is a metal drum which rotates as the train is running. Strong electromagnets are situated near the metal drums. When electromagnets are activated, eddy currents are set up in the drums which oppose the motion of the train. As the speed is reduced, eddy currents also reduced and the braking action is smooth. Induction motor: In an induction motor (AC motor), a rotating magnetic field produces strong eddy currents in a rotor. The rotor starts rotating in the direction of rotating magnetic field, Speedometer: In speedometer, a tiny magnet rotates according to the speed of the vehicle and | produces the required changing magnetic field. The magnet rotates in an aluminium drum. The eddy currents set up increases as the speed increases. Using calibrated scale, the speed of the vehicle can | | | be obtained. | Self induction: Itis the phenomenon in which an emf is induced in a coil due to the change in current in the | same coil. @-15) When a current flows through a coil the magnetic flux is proportional to the | current. lt ois the magnetic flux linked with a coil when a current I flows through it, | | Co-efficient of self induction (or) Self inductance [L]: thenWhere L -> is a constant, known as coefficient of self induction (or) self inductance of the coil. | When current in the coil changes, the magnetic flux linked with the coil also changes and emf is j induced in the coil. | The emf induced in the coil is ¢= Sa -_ LD at dt ‘This is the expression emf in terms of self- inductance of a coil. Define of self inductance of a coil: is numerically equal to the emf induced in it when the current is changing at arate of 1 A/s in the same coil. (J-16) | The SI unit of self inductance is henry (H) | Definition of thenry: Self inductance of a coil is one henry if one volt emf is induced in the coil when | current changes at a rate of one ampere per second. _ Derive an expression for Self-inductance of a solenoid: | | | | i | | | Consider along solenoid / | A> cross-sectional area | [15 length i i | I i i | | | | | | | | i i | i i | | | | | | I I jn — no. of tums per unit length (%) | N= nl— Total number of turns. [15 current flowing in the solenoid | The magnetic field due to the solenoid is. B=p,nl | | The total magnetic flux linked with the solenoid is ¢=NBA. i 6=(n(nDA=p,0?AA But magnetic flux, §=LI L = 11,1" Al) expression for Self-inductance of a solenoid Note: If the solenoid has a core of some magnetic material of relative permeability jt, then i I ' I | i | | ; | Self inductance is given by |Z Al I I | ' | | | | | | Physical significance of self-inductance: It is the electromagnetic analogue of mass in mechanics (inertia | of electricity) Note: 1. The self-inductance of a coil depends upon no. of turns per unit length, area of cross-section and the length of the coil (I-18, M-19) 2. The self- induced emf always opposes any change in current in the circuit. Hence it is called back emf. Work needs to be done against this back emf in establishing the current.Mutual induction: Ii the phenomenon in which an emf'is induced in one coil due tothe variation of current in the neighbouring coil. | Coefficient of mutual induction (or) mutual inductance [M]; | Let, be the magnetic flux linked with the secondary coil when a current I / flows through the primary coil, Then 9,001, 8 Pox =m] ‘Where M — is constant called the co-efficient of mutual induction (OR) Mutual inductance of 2 w.t.t0 1 P— Primary a S— Secondary emf induced in secondary coil is G— Galanometer Ba—Battery =o -d(My) dt dt A ‘This is the expression emf in terms mutual inductance of a coil. Definition mutual inductance [M]: The mutual inductance of two coils is equal to the emf induced in one Coil (secondary) when current changes at a rate of 1 ampere/second in the other coil (primary). ‘The SI unit of mutual inductance is henry (H) | Derive an expression for Mutual inductance of two long coaxial solenoids: | Consider two coaxial solenoids S; and S3 each of length £ | ny and nz —> the number of tums per unit Iength of $; and S> | nand rp the radius of $; and Sp h->current through S> | Bi= honk > magnetic field in $2 due to current Ip | | Magnetic flux through S1 is ,=N,B,A, | where N,=n.is total numberof turns in Sy and A, = iis the cross sectional area ofS, | $= (yO Nem) | $,=Hotnyen fl; > (1) By the definition, magnetic flux through $1, 6 = Ml, ->(2) Where Mi2—> the mutual inductance $y wart Sp From (1) and (2) we get Mal, =Hon,n4/l, [Mig = Ht,tt7/1} Expression for Mutual inductance of two long coaxial solenoids Note: Mutual inductance of two coils depends on their geometry, their separation and relative orientation.Note: Ifa magnetic material of relative permeability 1, is present inside the solenoids, then [M = u,1,1,n,2771) | Derive on expression for Energy stored in an inductor: (M14, J-15) | Work needs to be done against the back emf in establishing the current. This work done is stored as | | magnetic potential ener; ‘Let dW be the work done in establishing a current I in the coil in a time dt. Then dw=edq dw=e(ldt) dl di aw= Ladi srempesi et tw ai (dt) ( emfe 2) ‘The total work done in establishing the current from 0 to Lis we Jaw fut ft tir 2 Magnetic potential energy, U=W ; 2! Expression for Energy stored in an inductor | | GENERATOR: | |A generator or a dynamo is a device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. | Principle of AC generator: It is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. | | The direction of induced current is given by Fleming's right hand rule. | | Fleming's right hand rule: If we stretch the first three fingers of the right hand along three mutually | perpendicular directions such that the forefinger (index finger) points in the direction of the magnetic field | and the thumb (main finger) points in the direction of motion of the conductor, then the central finger | (middle finger) would give the direction of the induced current. | AC Generator construction: Following are the main parts of AC Generator |@__ Fleld magnet: The magnetic field In which the coil is to rotate is | produced by the field magnet NS. In small dynamo, permanent magnets N | are used. In commercial generator, an electromagnet is used. |G) Armature: It consists of a coil abed of a large number of turns of [insulated copper wire wound on a laminated soft iron core. Its | mechanically rotated about an axis perpendicular to the magnetic field | withthe betp of a shaft. Wis Moanete pot pieces a ova Cen Gi) Slip rings: There two hollow metal rings Ry and Ro fixed rigidly 1B . Carbonbarhes ‘on the same shaft which is used to rotate the coil. The rings rotate FES Resisr with the rotation of the coil.are always in contact with the rotating rings. Brushes: There are two flexible metal plates or carbon rods By and Bz which are stationary. Bi ut they (1-20) _Asthe coil rotates: magnetic fox § will keep changing continuously. _ Because of this, an emf will be induced in the coil, | As the coil rotates with constant angular velocity «, | The angle @ between the magnetic field and normal to the plane of the Pig, 61217) Coil figure at an instant of time tis given by @=ot ‘The magnetic flux linking the coil at any instant of time tis given by 5 = NAB cos0 = NAB cos «ot From Faraday’s law, the emf induced in the coil is given by egy (NAB cos ot) = -NABCsin ato at dt That is, ¢=NABosinot [e= ¢,sin(ot)] instantaneous value of emf (ABo — is the maximum value of induced emf | | | Where ¢,= T=, sin(at)| instantaneous value of current NAB Where [, = ~ is the maximum value of induced current |