Ideas That Are Covered In The Exam:

● Nullification
● Trail of Tears
● Andrew Jackson and the Rise of the Democratic Party
● Jackson and Banks
● Whig Party
● Manifest Destiny
● Henry Clay
● Life as a Slave
● Beginnings of Women's Rights and Feminism
● Texan Revolution
● Mexican-American War
● The various compromises, legislative acts, and court decisions that led to the Civil War
● Abolition
● Lincoln and Liberty
● Emancipation Proclamation
● Presidential and Congressional Reconstruction
● Reconstruction Constitutional Amendments
● Black Codes
● Causes of the Civil War
● Reasons for the Civil War's high casualty rates
 Class Period 18
Time Period / Dates: 1812, 1813, 1814
Key Ideas: Andrew Jackson, Paper Money, War of 1812
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Andrew Jackson’s Legacy
War of 1812
● Not solely America against the British, but also Native Americans trying to end westward
expansion.
● Andrew Jackson reached international fame due to this, allowing him to enter politics
● Andrew Jackson was Major General of Tennessee Militia
○ Had no formal military education, military positions picked by the people

The Creek War, 1813 - 1814 (Still Under War of 1812)

● Jackson fights and defeats Native Americans / Red Sticks at the Battle of Horseshoe
Bend (With the help of Choctaw and Cherokee tribes)
● Forces them into the Treaty of Fort Jackson, which means they must turn over their land
(Half of Alabama, South Georgia)
● Jackson adopts a boy he finds on the battlefield, but dies a year later

Florida!
● Not everything was surrendered, the British had forces in the panhandle Florida offering
support/
● The Spanish Empire is beginning to crumble, so the British are taking advantage of this
and putting troops down in Florida. Penscola then becomes a hotspot as the British use
it to prepare to attack New Orleans, violating Spanish neutrality . To solve the native
threat, Jackson suggested invading Spanish Florida to drive out Britain, but his effort
was denied by Pres. Madison.

Pensacola to New Orleans

● Through Secretary James Monroe, President Madison orders Jackson not to go to
Florida. Jackson defies this, and attacks and captures Pensacola anyway.
○ Jackson did not take the fort as it was blown up
○ British withdrew
● Jakson then headed to New Orleans to defend from the British
○ Defeated Britain in 1815, ending the War of 1812

Seminoles
● Spurred (boosted) by the Spanish and British, they remained a threat to the southern
borders of the US after the War of 1812.
○ They allied with runaway slaves.
● Jackson tells President Monroe that he can solve the threat down in Florida. It is
unknown if he was authorized to do this (he made his proposal very vague to avoid
denying), but he launched the first Seminole War in 1817.
Conqueror of Florida
● Jackson hunts down Seminoles and runaway slaves
○ Captures Spanish towns / forts enemies use
○ Gives Spanish commanders ultimatum to cooperate or be attacked
● Two British citizens were captured and were tried in military court as fomenting the
Seminoles against the US
○ He executes them

Spanish Capitulation of Florida

● Made enemies within the Monroe Administration for going against rulings
○ His strongest supporter was Secretary of State John Quincy Adams
● To avoid full blown war with Spain (too expensive), President Monroe ordered the forts to
be returned.
● Spain negotiates as they cannot defend it,

Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819

● J.Q. Adams got Spain to cede Florida and give up its claim to Oregon, but backed off on
the dispute over Texas
○ Since the Louisiana Purchase, boundaries have been disputed.
■ Jefferson claims the land all the way to Rio Grande, making Texas
American possession.
■ Spanish claimed land up ot the Sabine River, also making Texas Spanish
Possession

A Total of Three Seminole War

Jackson’s Entry into National Politics (Presidency)

Jackson’s Resume
● Former US Congressmen from TN
● Former Justice of TN Supreme Court
● Former Commander of TN Militia
● First Territorial Governor of FL
● US Senator from TN

Presidential Election of 1824

● Four candidates as Monroe is not running again
○ John Quincy Adams - Secretary of State (usually heir of presidency)
○ Henry Clay (US house speaker)
○ Andrew Jackson
○ W.H. Crawford (Secretary of War and Treasury)
● All four from the Democratic-Republican party and they are all well qualified
● None won the majority in electoral votes
○ Jackson came in 1st in popular votes and electoral votes
● Helped create a two-party system
 ● Election went into the House of Representatives
○ Due to him being a speaker of the House, Henry Clay told his supporters to vote
for J.Q. Adams because he believed in the American System that stimulates the
economy
■ Adams won and named Clay Secretary of State
○ Jackson and his supporters declared that Clay & Adams made a “corrupt
bargain” to steal the election from the people.

A New Era in Politics

● After the War of 1812, there were many soldiers and sailors who could not vote because
they didn’t own property (a requirement), and many questioned why people who risk
their lives can’t vote. Many states began to change their voting laws.
● The “corrupt bargain” led many states to drop the property requirement, allowing
Universal White Man Suffrage.
○ Political campaigning was more important now that there were more voters’

The reason why property was required in some instances is because property owners were
more knowledgeable on current matters and they weren’t dependant on anyone (they didn’t
want poor white people, slaves, woman, or anyone without property to vote to lessen the risk of
some being threatened to vote for a canidate). Women with property in New Jersey were
allowed to vote. Slaves had no votes as they weren’t considered citizen. These began to drop
and were exchanged for either being a taxpayer or a veteran. Some “free blacks” were able to
vote.

Jacksonian Democrats were the first formal political party and the first to organize political
institutions and believed that soldiers and anyone could vote. Spread population democracy.

Voting was public at the time, so people knew who you voted for. If your employer took note of
this, it could risk you losing your job.

Election of 1828
● Jackson was a populist candidate
○ Populism is an approach that has a candidate appeal to common folk who don’t
like elite groups.

Mudslinging in 1827
● A Vicious Campaign
○ Anti-Jackson factions called Jackson a “Jackass”
■ Jackson embraced the title
■ A poltical cartoon depicted Democrats as a donkey, which created their
symbol
■ Disparaging remarks about Mrs. Jackson

Other Changes
 ● The nomination committees opened up the nominating process
○ Made it more democratic
○ Congress held a caucus to select presidential candidates
● Presidential electors chosen more directly
● Two-party system returned (Democrats, Republicans) with the occasional third party
(Anti-Masonic Party being the first 3rd party).

Jackson believed in Jeffrson’s ideas of democracy, but he brought about several changes.

Jackson vs. The 2nd National Bank

Jackson was not keen on National Banks as he believed it was a scam (Fractional Reserve
Banking).
● FRB essentially lent out more money than it had and created more money than it had.

2nd Bank of the US (BUS)

● Place where Fed gov’t put its money
● Gov’t owned ⅕ of it
● By controlling credit, BUS could control the US economy,
○ Banks could
■ Make loans
■ Issue their own bank notes
■ Could exchange paper money for gold equivalent
● Could exert control over banks by converting a particular bank’s note that it held for gold.
This would reduce their reserves and ability to lend money and create bank notes.

The Bank as Political Weapon

Clay and Daniel Webster alongside BUS president Bibble brought the Banks re-charter up for
approval four years early so that the Pres. Jackson could veto it (Causing people to get mad)
and be voted out.

End of the Bank

Jackson vetoes it’s re-charter, causing the Bank to expire in 1836, meaning there was no central
bank to control the US economy until the FRB. He redirects the money from the federal bank to
state banks (pet banks).

Election of 1832
Jackson would win the election despite the veto.

Economic Boom, 1835-1837

● Cotton Prices went up, Southern producers making more money
● Public sales of Western lands increased
○ People bought more western lands since it’s cheap and built canals and
steamboats to help unify areas.
○ US gov’t was selling most of this land
Regional economies specialized even more,
● South grew tobacco and cotton
● Northeasts home of manufacturing and commercial interests
● West / Midwest feeds the nation

Jackson pays off the National Debt

Effects of No National Debt

● Treasury Surplus
○ Southerners called for reduction of the Tariffs for commercial interests
○ New England wanted to keep the Tariff to ensure protection from foreign
companies
○ Westerners and speculators wanted a reduction in land prices
■ Speculators are people in commercial or financial purchasing of a good
(or land) with the hope that it will become more valuable at a future date.

Distribution Act of 1836

● Clay brokered an agreement with Jackson for the Fed gov’t to transfer the surplus to the
state gov’t
○ Though it was a loan, states weren’t asked to repay
● Jackson opposed the idea, but with elections coming soon, his opponents would
override his veto, so to avoid the political stain, he agreed.

Results of Distribution Act

● The money transferred to state banks had to go to state governments
● Much of this is interstate transfers
○ Many banks were drained of their hard money, such as New York
■ This caused banks to call in loans.

Specie Circular of 1836

● Executive order signed by Jackson, continued by VP Van Buren
● Required parment for gov’t land be made in gold, specie or hard money
○ Made to stop banks for missing inflated bank notes to speculators
■ Meant that buyers had to tk gold and silver out of banks, depleting the
bank’s gold supply.

Due to mass panic as people continued to withdraw money, the Panic of 1837.

Due to Jackson eliminating the central bank, no one could help banks rebound from the Panic of
1837 and set up the economy for failure. No one could adjust the specie or banknotes in the
banking system. Van Buren was blamed for the crisis, though it was mostly Jackson's fault.

Due to this, Van Buren and the democrats lost the upcoming election to the Whigs.
● Lost presidency and both houses of Congress
 ● One of the highest voter turnout

The Whigs, now president, try to charter another central bank,

● President John Tyler (since the actual inaugurated president died) vetoed the idea,
splitting the Whig party and animosity between Executive and Congress.
● Democrats took control of the house because of this.
● This led to riots and even martial law in Philly and New York.

What ended the Economic Depression?

● The British buying whet
● The Mexican-American War
● Redirected European investors
● Gold Rush

Andrew Jackson created the first major depression, it was blamed on Van Buren, and The Whig
capitalized off this power.
--------
Quizzes:
How did Andrew Jackson set the conditions for the United States gaining possession of
Florida?
He invaded Florida, capturing Spanish towns while attacking the Seminole Tribe

Andrew Jackson lost the Presidential Election of 1824 when the House of
Representatives, led by Henry Clay, elected John Quincy Adams. Jackson and his
supporters believed that Adams and Clay had made a secret deal. What did they call this
deal?
Corrupt bargain

Which of the following describes how American democracy changed in the 1820s and
1830s (known today as "Jacksonian Democracy")?
Most states removed the property requirement for voting

Many states changed their procedures for assigning Electoral College votes, giving the people
more voice in choosing the winner of the votes (rather than the state legislatures)

How did fractional reserve banking contribute to the Panic of 1837?

The amount of money/specie that banks had in their vaults did not match how much money had
been deposited by their customers. This caused banks to fail when there was a run on the
banks.

Thomas Jefferson: Small, independent farmers (essentially stating that agriculture should be
the American way of life)
Andrew Jackson: Planters, farmers, laborers, and mechanics (essentially stating that
agriculture and industry were acceptable for the American way of life)

What was the system of economic development proposed by President Madison (and
later championed by Henry Clay) that called for a national bank, a tariff, and federal
financing for the construction/improvement of roads and canals?
The American System

During President Monroe's two terms in office, there was only one political party.
True

What did McCulloch v. Maryland do?

It allowed Congress to enact laws seen as "necessary and proper," even if the laws went
beyond what was specifically stated in the Constitution

What did President Jackson's opponents call his practice of appointing loyal members of
his political party to government jobs?
The Spoils System

Vice-President Calhoun: That the Federal Government was created by an agreement among
sovereign states, each of which could prevent enforcement of Congressional laws (if those laws
were passed even though the power to do so was not specifically stated in the Constitution).

President Jackson: That the idea of nullification (and its logical extension, secession) was not
allowed by the Constitution.
--------
Chapter 10:
The Dorr War was a movement against the property qualifications for voting. Formed an
extralegal state constitutional convention and elected Thomas Dorr as a governor. Quashed by
President Tyler’s federal troops.

Democracy in America were works by French thinker Alexis de Tocqueville detailing the nature
of American democracy and the importance of equality.

Franchise is the right to vote

The American System was a program of improvements and tariffs promoted by Henry Clay in
his presidential campaign of 1824. Formed the ideology of the Whig.

The tariff of 1816 was the first true protective tariff that protected American goods from foreign
competition.

Panic of 1819 is the financial collapse by the falling cotton prices and the declining demand for
American exports and reckless western land speculation.
McCulloch v. Maryland is the 1819 U.S. Supreme Court case in which Chief Justice John
Marshall ruled that Maryland could not tax the Second Bank of the US, holding the authority of
the federal government over the states.

The Era of Good Feelings is the characterization of the term of the administration of popular
Republican president Jame Monroe.

The Missouri Compromise is deal proposed by Henry Clay to solve the incoming imbalance in
Congress of free-to-slave states. The compromise ended with Maine being admitted as a free
state and Missouri being admitted as a slave state.

The Monroe Doctrine is President Monroe’s declaration that Europe and the US would not
interfere in any way shape or form, European colonization would not reach American continents
and in return America would not interfere with European affairs.

The spoils system was a principle of rotation introduced by President Jackson that made
loyalty to a party of the president the only qualification for government positions like postmaster
and customs official.

The tariff of abominations is a tariff passed in 1828 by the Parliament that put heavy tax on
imported goods, leading to opposition in the South.

Exposition and Protest is a document written by VP John C. Calhoun to protest the Tariff of
Abomination that favored the north. He deemed it unconstitutional as it helped the North in
expense of the South. Introduced state interposition and was the basis for South Carolina’s
Nullification Doctrine of 1833.
● State interposition is the idea that a state can deny any law by the federal government
they deem unconstitutional within its borders, and if denied this right, they can seceed.

The Webstar-Hayne debate was a debate in the US Senate by Daniel Webster

(Massachusetts) and Robert Haynes (SC) over nullification and states rights.

The nullification crisis was an attempt by South Carolina to nullify (invalidate with borders) the
1832 federal tariff, Prescient Jackson responded with the Force Act.

The Force Act is the 1833 legislation in relation to the nullification crisis that used military force
to make states comply with federal law.

The Indian Removal Act was a law signed by President Jackson that allowed for treaties to
obtain Indian land in exchange for their relocation to Oklahoma. Jackson believed in Manifest
Destiny.
Worcester v. Georgia was a 1832 Supreme Court case that Indian nations could not be dealt
with by the states, only the federal government. President Jackson refused to enforce this.

The Trail of Tears is the removal route of the Ceroee from their land, leading to the death of
4000 people.

The Bank War was a political struggle between President Jackson and financier Nicholas
Biddle renewing the Second Bank’s charter.

Soft money is paper money issued by banks and hard money is in reference to gold and silver
currency, sometimes called specie.

Pet banks were local banks that received deposits as the charter of the Bank of the US was
about to expire. Choice of these banks were influenced by political and personal connections.

The Panic of 1837 was the start of a major economic depression that lasted six years, touched
off by the British financial crisis and made worse by falling cotton prices and credit problems.
--------
Chapter 13 (Part I):
The first part of Mexico which had a mass number of Americans settle in it is Texas. This was
due to the Spanish government accepting an offer from Moses Austin to help develop it by
having Americans colonize it. Mexico later annulled this as they were losing control of the area.
The then leader Santa Anna then sent the military to impost central authority, which they weren’t
pleased with. The army stormed the Alamo, a mission compound, killing many.
--------
 Class Period 19
Time Period / Dates:
Key Ideas:
--------
Manifest Destiny and Texas
A common theme of dictators is to spread their rule

In the 19th century, Americans were eager to move west. Americans saw the empty land in the
west as an opportunity, and believed they were destined to spread the greatness of their nation.
Europeans had a similar ideology. The land was not unoccupied though, it was home to
American-Indians, who viewed the land as theirs. Americans believed that as they moved west,
the Indians would give up their lands and be open to their society. Americans did not care what
the Indians thought. The Second Great Awakening made it seem as if it was America's god
given right to do so.

Around this time, Mexico reached independence from Spain. There are a ton of Native
Americans running around on their land and they are beginning to be a bit agitated, and Mexico
is worried that they might get a tad bit too out of hand, so they recruit more people, specifically
Americans.

Texas
● Mexico wants to invite Americans into Texas to form a population buffer between Native
American Comanche Raiders. Soon after, many Americans fled to Mexico to restart their
lives.
○ Mexico soon found trouble with American settlers over slavery, which Mexico was
trying to abolish but the settlers did not abide by.
■ Thousands of Americans migrated to Texas, but only 700 were legal.

Illegal Immigrants
● Mexico banned American immigration
○ Opposed slavery and feared rebellion
○ Americans were having difficulty assimilating into Mexican culture

After Santa Ana rose to power, Mexicans began to revolt due to his dissolving of Congress.
Texians take advantage of this and ALSO decide to revolt against his government.

The Alamo is a Anti-Jacksonian group that is captured and executed by Santa, causing a revolt
from the Texians.

Santa Ana then goes after Sam Houston and other Texans during the Battle of San Jacinto,
where Santa Ana then loses, forcing it to recognize Texas’s independence from Mexico.

The Annexation of Texas

 ● Many southerners support annexation as Texas allowed slavery and would boost
poltical, and it was backed by Sam Houston.
● Andrew Jackson is not on board with this decision as it would put the US and Mexico on
rocky turf as Mexico doesn’t legally recognize Texas as independent so war with Mexico
is imminent (which isn’t worth).
● The population is splitting on Slavery.
● Concerned that US would have to bear Texas debt
● Annexation would spread slavery westward
● The Constitution says nothing about admitting an independent nation to the US.
● President Tyler, without a party due to many slip ups, decided to pursue the Annexation
of Texas.
○ He hoped it would provide support for re-election as a third party candidate.

Election of James Polk

● Martin Van Buren, the Democratic Party’s leading candidate for the 1844 Presidential
Election, was anti-annexation
● President Tyler was hoping to gain pro-annex. Democrats to support his third-party
candidacy
● Democrats realized that Tyler would take away votes from their Van Buren - but would
still probably lose the election. The Whig candidate, Clay, would thus be elected.
● So, instead of nominating Van Buren, the Democratic Party nominated pro-annex James
Polk as their 1844 candidate
○ Tyler then dropped out of the race, knowing he would never win but continued to
work on annexation.
● The annexation issue brought James Polk to the Presidency who is going to fulfill
Manifest Destiny
--------
Quiz:
Which of the following are true statements about the American settlers who moved to
Mexico's Texas in the 1820s and 1830s?
Most American settlers were illegal immigrants

Many American settlers illegally brought slaves into Mexican territory

Why did many Americans oppose the annexation of Texas?

They did not want the USA to absorb the Texan debts

They feared a potential war with Mexico

They feared that Texas' slave status would create problems between slave-states and non-slave
states

What was the purpose of the Texians in holding and defending the Alamo against the
attacking Mexican opposition?
To delay the Mexican Army from attacking the main Texian force

The belief that the United States was destined (by God) to hold all the lands from the
Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans, spreading democracy, was called:
Manifest Destiny

Why did the Mexican Government initially invite Americans to settle in Texas?
To act as a buffer between the Mexican heartland and the Native Americans in Texas
--------
 Class Period 20
Time Period / Dates:
Key Ideas: Whig Party, Manifest Destiny, Mexican-American War, Texan
Revolution, Lincoln and Liberty, Henry Clay
--------
Lincoln’s Argument Against Mexican War
Wilmot Proviso
Developed by David Wilmot, it was proposal to prohibit slavery in the territories acquired by the
US at the end of the Mexican War and prevent it’s expantion. The proviso was passed by the
House due it being predominantly denominated by the North, but it did not pass the Senate
since it was evenly distributed. It would raise tension between Democrats & Republicans. Said
to be catalyst for the Civil War

Whig Party
● Led by Henry Clay
● Formed to be Anti-Andrew Jackson
● Advocated for “American System”
○ Central Bank
○ Tariff
○ Federal money for infrastructure
■ Canals, road, with the idea to help business
○ Pro-business, pro-economy
○ Want to reinstate the bank of the US after Jackson shut it down.
● Many did not like Andrew due to his policies, calling him “King Andrew” (a callback to
how the Whigs weren’t to fond of the king and queen / monarchy of England prior to the
Revolution)
● After the Panic of 1837, the defeated Jackson’s vice president Martin Van Buren in the
1840 Presidential Election and the US returned to a two party system.
● Lincoln was a Whig, and protested the Mexican war, slowly starting to create a name for
himself.
○ He argues that current president Polk should be more transparent.

Polk’s campaign was to expand America’s western border to the Pacific to fulfill our manifest
destiny (God’s new chosen people), using the excuse that they were chosen by God. The area
in which they wanted to expand was occupied by Mexico. 4000 troops were sent to Texas to
observe Mexican territory. John Slidell made an offer of $3,000,000 in exchange for the northern
territories in Mexico, with the Rio Grande being the border. This was a ploy to actually take half
their country.

Mexico was in a rocky spot after they seceded from Spain. Shortly after, Texas seceded from
them, but the borders were never agreed upon. America was avidly pursuing their idea of
Manifest Destiny, but could not move South of Oregan because of Britain, so they moved South.
Texas was willing to join the Union, but Mexico was unwilling to lend them Sante Fe, California,
New Mexico, and parts of Texas, so troops were sent out to Texas. Mexican troops then
responded with gunfire, allowing for politicians to take this as an “illegal invasion” and fight back
at full force, first beginning with trade ports. This army was headed by Taylor, but Polk grew
suspicious of his motives, so he sent his own army with Stone Wall Jack, Mathew Perry, Robert
E Lee, Ulysses S Grant. They moved from Vera Cruz to Mexico City, fighting all attempts. The
invaded the former, causing Santa Ana (the president) to flee the city and sign a peace treaty
giving America all land over there modern border except for Arizona and New Mexico but they
later bought it. The new land became the New Frontier and became the center of the gold rush.
Though it would increase tension around Slavery and would lead to the compromise of 1850
and the Civil War.

Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the Constitution states that Congress can declare war and
Article II, Section 2 says that the President is the head of the military. It is Checks and Balances.

In Lincoln speeches protesting the Mexican War and President Polk, he states the following:
● He posed multiple questions such as:
○ If where the blood of our citizens were shed inside the territory of Spain or if it
was rested from Spain by Mexico
○ If where the blood was shed was inhabited long before the Texan revolution.
○ If said spot / settlement was isolated from other settlements.
○ If the people of said settlement consented to submitting themselves to the Texas /
US gov’t.
○ If the people of the settlement fled and if first blood was shed in one of their
homes.
○ If our citizens whose blood were shed were armed officers or soldiers sent by the
President.
○ If military force was sent after General Taylor said no charge was needed
● Border was never clearly defined, so how can it be stated that bloodshed was on our
territory
○ Maybe between Nueces and Rio Grande
● Polk illegally crossed into Mexico territory
○ If so, we were the aggressors and they were defending
● War was supposed to last for 4 months, but lasted 20 months and was expensive (in
money and lives)
● Polk has no plan after the victory
● Polk has no idea when the war will end
● Polk use of emotional argument, nationalism and Peripheral Route of Persuasion to
declare war.

Central Route of Persuasion

People are motivated and have the ability to pay attention to arguments

Peripheral Route of Persuasion

Essentially, feelings over facts.
● A modern example of this was the Iraq War
○ They violated UN resolutions.

The President can essentially manipulate Congress to declare war because the President has
command over the military, and they could send soldiers to an area to instigate and incite
violence, causing Congress to have no other option but declaring war / armed conflict.

Mexican American War, due to the idea of free soil, people debated the expansion of slavery,
splitting both Congress, the nation, and the world in half, meaning the split of two political
parties, leading to the Civil War.
--------
Quiz:
Why did the Wilmot Proviso pass the House of Representatives, but not the US Senate?
Since northerners had a higher population than the South, there were more Northern
Representatives. But since there was an equal number of states, the Senate was evenly split
between the two regions, preventing anti-slavery bills from being passed.

Two routes of persuasion were discussed in the Class Period. Which route did Lincoln
primarily use to question and criticize President Polk in regards to the Mexican American
War?
Central Route of Persuasion
--------
 Class Period 21
Time Period / Dates:
Key Ideas:
--------
Abolition of Slavery Pro-Slavery

Spirit of 76’ and the Declaration stated ALL Quakers (those pushing for abolition) were
men are equal, meaning slavery is not patriotic as they were pacifist, meaning
incompatible with the values of the they didn’t fight for the Revolution.
Revolution.

General Welfare (Article I, Section 8) allows During the Constitutional Convention of 1787,
Congress to pass anti-slavery laws. they were guaranteed 20 years of
international slave trade in exchange for
majority votes.

The Constitution may have restricted slave Since the Constitution protected the slave
trade laws, but not slavery itself. trade, it protects slavery by extension.

A national fund from western land sales could Southern economy revolves around slave
be set in place to compensate slave owners trade
who freed their slaves.

The 1808 clause was made under the guise Constitutions protects slave trade until 1808.
that slavery would eventually end.

Bible does not endorse slavery. The Old Testament of the Bible endorses
slavery.

Slavery is so important to the South that

ending slavery would end the Union on their
end.

Slavery is apart of society.

Slavery was common in Africa so the slaves

are no stranger to those conditions.

Freeing slaves would lead to a domino affect

of consequences. If they are returned to
Africa, the English will enslave them or they
will die. If they are sent out west, it would
conflict with the Western Expansion and the
Natives. If they are kept where they are, full
on race war.

After buying land in the Indian Removal Act of 1830, they hoped that the land acquired would
make for good farm land, specifically for cotton. The cotton gin made it very profitable.
Entrepreneurs gained credit from this land, causing many to go ahead and buy some too,
causing a boom in land purchase. This led to more states joining the Union. FRB allowed
southerners to purchase slaves. Congress made it illegal for international slave trade during the
Constitutional Convention. The UK, France, and the northeastern states of the US were buying
all the cotton. Slaves were considered wealth.

A group of chained slaves were called coffles.

The Task System was a system in which slaves were given there iternary for the day, and after
they completed it, they were free to do what they wanted (in the bounds of slavery) throughout
the day.

The Pushing System was far harsher, and would involve whipping if quotas were not met.
--------
Quizzes:
How did the Panic of 1837 feed growing northern resentment against southerners?
Northerners essentially blamed the cause of the Panic of 1837 on Southerners. The South
created "credit bubbles", which is attributed with being the catalyst of the Panic to begin with.

Upon what did the "pushing system" rely in order to get more productivity out of each
slave?
Whippings if quotas were not met

According to some abolitionists aligned with William Lloyd Garrison (such as Wendell
Phillips), James Madison supported the Electoral College at the Constitutional
Convention, at least partially, for which of these reasons?
To enable the South's large slave population help the South in selecting the President

Much of the Northern economy depended on the production of cotton in the South.
True

How did banks and cotton producers essentially create the conditions for the Panic of
1837?
Banks gave loans to cotton producers, who promised to pay the loans back after the first few
crops of cotton were sold (in the future). Thus, cotton producers bought their land, equipment,
and slaves on credit. The more credit the banks gave cotton producers, the more land became
involved in cotton production. As cotton production expanded, there was an increase in the
demand for more credit from the banks. The cycle continued, creating a credit bubble.

Why did the abolitionist movement split into two factions in 1840?
Some abolitionists wanted women to hold prominent positions within the movement, others did
not
In a sentence or two, state what the “Underground Railroad" was prior to the US Civil
War.
The Underground Railroad was a secret system used to sneak slaves and helped them escape
to freedom. Harriet Tubman is heavily regarded as a key figure in this.

Which of the following was NOT an argument made by the pro-slavery faction in the 30
years before the Civil War?
International and domestic slave trading was wrong due to the disruption of families, but slavery
itself is justifiable because it promotes long-term cooperation between the races.

In a few sentences, describe the difference between the Planter Class and “Plain Folk” in
Southern society prior to the Civil War.
Plain folk were poor farmers, Planter Class were rich farmers.

Which of the following describe the “freedoms” enjoyed by “Free Blacks” in the South.
Select all that apply.
Legally owning property

Legal marriage
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Chapter 11:
Peculiar institution was a codename for slavery.

The Second Middle Passage was the slave trade from the Upper South the Lower South.

“Cotton is king” was a phrase coined by Senator Hammond praising the virtues of cotton in
the South.

Paternalism is a moral position that stated slaves were deprived of their liberties for their own
good.

Proslavery argument was a series arguments defending the institution of slavery in the South
as a positive good, not a necessary evil.

Fugitive slaves are slaves who escaped who escaped from their owners.

The Underground Railroad were a system of routes that led slaves to freedom in the North.

Denmark Vesey’s conspiracy was a failed slave uprising in Charleston.

Nat Turner’s Rebellion was slave uprising that lead to the murder of 60 white people.

Harriet Tubman was an abolitionist who help free 300 slaves.

The Amistad was a slave ship that was seized by slaves.
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Chapter 12: The Origins of Feminism:
Women played a very large role in the history of abolition. In 1834, Women organized the
Female Moral Reform Society, which sought to free prostitutes of sin and attack the double
standard of men who frewuented prostitutes or abused women. Abolitionism is what inspired the
early movement for women’s rights. Through working for the rights of slave, they were made
aware of the rights they lacked as well and their subordinate status.

The Grimke Sisters were a very prominent voice in early women's rights fights. They were the
first to apply the abolitionist doctrine of universal freedom and equality to the status of women.
They received intense flack for their remarks and eventually, retired, but their words hep spark
the womens rights movement of the 1840s.

The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848, which was held after Stanton and Mott were denied entry
to the Anti-Slavery Convention due to their gender, was a convention specifying in womens
right. In it, the idea of women’s suffrage was raised for the first time. The created the Seneca
Falls Declaration of Sentiments based upon the declaration.
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 Class Period 22
Time Period / Dates:
Key Ideas: Henry Clay, Emancipation Proclamation
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Early Emancipation in Northern States
The difference in date of official emancipation and actual emancipation is due to the use of
gradual emancipation, where states let slaves free after a certain date, age, after their master
dies, etc.

Missouri Compromise
In 1819, the Senate was balanced between free and slave states. After territories that were
bought in the Louisiana Purchase began to apply for statehood, the question was posed if who
would join free or slave states. Missouri threatened to dip this balance. Missouri planned only
releasing it’s slaves to condition itself for the Union. This sparked massive debate between the
North and South. Missouri agreed to gradually release it’s slaves, outraging southerners. Before
further conflict could arise, Henry Clay developed the Missouri Compromise, which allowed for
Missouri to enter as a slave state, but let Maine enter the union as a freestate, maintaining the
balance. Congress took the line along the southern boundary of Missouri, prohibiting slavery
north of it and allowing it south of it.

3/5 Rule
South was given more representation in the House as 3 out of 5 slaves are counted towards
their population. The North taxed slaves from a ratio of 3 to 5.
● This led to North resentment as it gave white people more power than should actually be
accounted for.

How A Bill Becomes A Law

● A bill passes the House with a majority
● Bill then goes to senate where majority passes it
● This bill then goes to the president, and he can decide to allow it or veto it, he can veto it
unless a 2/3 majority of the Senate and House pass it again.
● South can use this to their advantage to make sure no anti-slavery laws pass.

In regards to the 1973 Fugitive Slave law, many states had a “Sanctuary law”, stating that if a
runaway slave was caught, they wouldn’t be returned to the South.

In court though, slavery will damn near always prevail. The supreme court decision in Prigg v.
Pennsylvania was that slavecatcher Prigg was not guilty from stealing free slaves and returning
them to slavery.

Gold was discovered in California, beginning the Gold Rush.

 --------
Chapter 13 (Part II):

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 Class Period 23
Time Period / Dates:
Key Ideas:
--------
Nashville Convention, 1850
1. The concept of Nullification
2. Secession of States

Compromise of 1850
North South

California admitted as a free state No slavery restrictions in Utah or New Mexico

Slave trade prohibited in Washington, DC Slaveholding permitted in Washington

Texas loses boundary dispute with New Texas get $10 million
Mexico

Fugitive Slave Law

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850.

Many slaves were running away due to the Underground Railroad, so many slaveowners urged
the push of the Fugitive Slave Act, forcing runaway slaves to be arrested if caught. If any
African-American person was even suspected to be a slave, if authority saw them and did not
arrest them, they’d be fined $1000, no evidence needed. Anyone who sheltered and provided
for a runaway slave would be put in jail for 6 months and $1000 as well. Slavecatchers or
anyone who caught a slave or a sympathizer would be given $1000 a person. Many former
slaves fled to Canada.

There were four positions regarding slavery:

● Free Soil
○ The belief that Congress has authority to regulate slavery in territories, therefore
should ban it there.
● Extension of Missouri Compromise Line
○ Belief that the Missouri Compromise was already an established and accepted
Congressional action, therefore should be extended to the Pacific.
● Popular Sovereignty
○ Belief that Constitution did not give Congress the right to regulate slavery only
settlers / people did.
● Constitutional Extension of Slavery
○ The belief that Congress did not have authority to regulate slavery in federally
owned territories because the nation was made up of free and slave staes, so
slavery should be allowe everywhere.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act could be used as the catalyst for the civil war, which essentially
counters the Missouri Compromise. It intended to kill two birds with one stone: Stephen Douglas
believed in the transcontinental railroad, which had to be formally organized and required the
support of the South and he also believed in Popular Sovereignty. It would divide a certain plot
of land into two chunks, Nebraska and Kansas. Congress approved it at the risk of dividing the
population.

Dred Scott decision allowed slavery in any federally owned territory.

Bleeding Kansas
Pro-slavery and slavery supporters flooded into Kansas to vote for the state to be what they
wanted.

Republican Party formed out of this

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 Class Period 24
Time Period / Dates:
Key Ideas:
--------

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Chapter 14:
The contrabands are slaves who sought refuge in Union Military camps who lived in areas of
Confederate control.

Radical Repu
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 Class Period 25
Time Period / Dates:
Key Ideas:
--------
Lincoln’s Violations of the Constitution
Article I, Section 8, Claus 11, 12 and 13
Article I, Section 9, Clause 2 and 7
First Amendment
Article IV, Section 4
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 Class Period 26
Time Period / Dates:
Key Ideas:
--------
Raising Union
Initial Navy:
Weak navy, many officers resigned to serve in the South

Initial Army
16000 men scattered across Mississippi
Many resigned to fight for the south
Many of their weapons seized by confederates

To find militants, lincoln used volunteers that would join the militia for 90 days
Union has double the amount of soldiers
Though many relied on volunteers ,soem did drafts

Another incentive was bounties / bonus pay to enlist

Caused dissension

By early 1863, the union army needed men as contracts were expire

In 1863, Congress authorized the first draft in the US

Men from 20 - 45 had to enlist and had to serve 3 years

To exempt yourself from it, you’d pay 300 or higher a substitute service

40 percent were a medical exemption

27 were able to pay themselves out of service

80% of city men were able to avoid military

Exemptions to this are: under 17, over 45, over 35 and married, father of motherless children,
only son of a widow or infirm parents, two brothers in service, had been in uniform on draft day

Convicted of a felony

Only brother to children less than 12

Immigrant
Disability:
Limps
Heart + lung
Weak
Obese
Teeth
Imbecility

Inequality continued and many people began to riot in nyc over the draft

Became anti black

Racial injustice increased

Detroit riots became a race war

7/18/64 - 9500 casualties in two months

1864 communication free eliminated, only 13% were able to absolve themselves through
substitutes (price spiked up)

Only 46k served + 74k substitutes

Homestead Act became effective in 1863 (gave 160 acres free land to the west). Attracted
europeans

Thought immigrant did not enlist, many took jobs to support the war effort

Chicanery start in 1864

Immigrants were a target to substitute enlisters

North has 21 million population, confed had 9 million

500k slaves served for union

5.5 mil white people served confederation

3.5 mil slaves

Union 647,427 casualties

Confed - 483,026 casualties

Every war advances medical knowledge (Anesthesia / alcohol / amputees)

Lincoln has high dependence on protecting veterans

Many things lead people to believe lincoln would lose in 1864

Unpopularity of the draft and emancipation

High casualty rates

Mclellan went to run against lincoln, with racial motives

Union victories include capture + burning of georgia and shenandoah valley campaign virginia

Lincoln wins election of 1864

North had a 2.5 to 1 manpower ratio over south

An estimated one million men served the confederacy.

Tactics
Legacy of mexican-american war
-used napoleonic era tactics
One major innovation mobile artillery
Cii war leaders fought and learned in this war

Us used smoothbore muskets as it was less expensive than rifling

Rifles were far more accurate

Unequal innovations
Weapons were upgraded but tactics were not
After industrialization, springfield and enfield / north began using rifles

Gettysburg is a popular example of a charge

Drummer boys = kids

Womens sneaked in

Multishot weapons allowed for faster rate of fire

Machine gun / mini gun

Volley gun, gatling gun

Trench warfare

Balloon corps

Military aviation

Uss monitor

Iron clad vessels, gun turrents,

Hms dreadnought

Wood to metal ships

Confederate submarine
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Chapter 15:
Freedmen Bureau was the reconstruction agency established to protect the legal rights of
former slaves and to assist with their careers and futures.

Sharecropping is the farm tenancy in which landless workers farmed land in exchange for farm
supplies and a share of the crop

Crop lien is a credit by merchants to tenants based on their future crops

Enforcement Acts are three laws passed that tried to eliminate the Ku Klux Klan by outlawing it
and other such terrorist societies; the laws allowed the president to deploy the army for that
purpose.

Civil Rights Act of 1875 is last piece of Reconstruction legislation, which outlawed racial
discrimination in places of public accommodation. Many parts of it were ruled unconstitutional
by the Supreme Court in 1883.

Redeemers are Post–Civil War Democratic leaders who supposedly saved the South from
Yankee domination and preserved the primarily rural economy.

Bargain of 1877 was a deal made by a Republican and Democratic special congressional
commission to resolve the disputed presidential election of 1876; Republican Rutherford B.
Hayes, who had lost the popular vote, was declared the winner in exchange for the withdrawal
of federal troops from involvement in politics in the South, marking the end of Reconstruction
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Quizzes:
Local and state laws passed by Democrats in the South that regulated the lives of former
slaves (often negatively) were called:
Black Codes

The “Bargain of 1877” after the Presidential Election of 1876:

Allowed for white Democratic control of the South

Which of the following system of labor emerged in the South soon after the Civil War?
Sharecropping

Which of the following was a great achievement by the Freedman’s Bureau?

The establishment of roughly 3,000 schools in the South

The Fifteenth Amendment:

Sought to guarantee that one could not be denied suffrage rights based on race
--------

.
 Class Period 27
Time Period / Dates: 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866
Key Ideas: Presidential and Congressional Reconstruction,
Reconstruction, Constitutional Amendments, Black Codes
--------
Planters / Southerners / Whites:
Once slaves were made aware of their freedom, many of them were aggressive and dismissive
towards their masters. Many master had a rude awakenening when they discovered that many
of their slaves didn’t like being treated like slaves. They were more scared of the armed slaves
wishing to return the favor. Their lack of control and the high levels of uncertainty scared them.
Many planters waited out the war in Tyler, Texas.

Commander Lee surrendered his army.

Many whites believed God didn’t mean for Blacks to be on the same level as whites.

In 1865, President Johnson pardons the Southerners, saying they are the only ones who can
keep slaves “in check”. Planters get their land back so they are on board.

African Americans / Slaves:

Emancipation Proclamation by Lincoln freed slaves, but Washington had no plans for these now
freed slaves.

Rice plantations abandoned by Whites were given to African Americans. It was a temporary
rule, but a controversial one.

Reconstruction
Richmond, Virginia = Capital of Confederacy

How the union and confederacy rebounded from the war.

Federal Supremacy Over The States

● Compact Theory
○ Ideas derived from Nullification + Secession
○ Invalid
○ Idea that the Constitution is a contract thus states hold power (accept / deny
laws, etc.) and can therefore override the federal government if they
overstepped.
● Contract Theory
○ Accepted theory
○ Idea that the American people backed the Constitution and created the Federal
government, meaning that they had power over states,
New form of taxation
● Income tax (Revenue Acts of 1861/62)
○ Income tax of 3% initially but changed to a progressive scale.
○ Designed to expire in 1866
● Pensions for Union Veterans / Large gov’t systems for vets
○ Set precedent for later programs for the government to distribute money (Social
Security, Medicaid, Food Stamps, etc.

Civil Rights
● Biggest impact of Reconstruction
● Revitalized in the 1900s
● Can be brought back to Lincoln for bringing back American attention
● 13th Amendment ended slavery as a whole, Emancipation Proclamation only ended
slavery in the South, not in the union.

What to do with former slaves?

● Former slaves key to reconstruction
● Few had actually skills, only labor work
● The Freedmen's Bureau tried to help, but fell flat.
● Former slaves stayed poor and in the fields and became sharecroppers
○ Their children get educated. Many Northerners moved to the South to help
educate children.
● Article IV, Section 4 means the federal government guarantees a republican (voting)
system of government. It doesn’t specify which branch carries this out, so the executive
and legislative branches use this to carry out their own types of Reconstruction.
○ Executive: Lincoln (Republicans) uses this to show reconciliation with the South.
Dumps his old VP in switch for Democrat Andrew Johnson (which tries to heal
the divide between Republicans and Democrats / allow the South to return to the
Union).
○ After Lincoln’s assination, Johnson took over.
■ Johnson disobeyed some aspects of Lincoln’s rule, going back on the rule
that 10% of voters must take an oath of allegiance to n.join the union
once again.
■ Johnson also denied leaders pardons unless they asked him personally.
■ Radical republicans were not happy with the lenience.
● Radical republicans on people who want more rights, freedom,
and equality to African Americans.

Congressional Reconstruction
● Starting with Congress telling Johnson he isn’t doing what is told, differs from his rule.
● After being restored in the Union, southern states created “Black Codes”, which was
essentially a loophole that allowed for slavery, just not under the term slavery, that
restricted freedman’s rights.
■ Restrictions include:
 ● Curfews (no gatherings after sunset)
● Vagrancy laws (if are not working, you can be fined, whipped, or
sold into labor)
● Labor contracts
● Land restrictions (Can only rent in rural areas / plantations).
■ Johnson refused to give freedman rights.
● The Civil Rights Act of 1866 protected all citizens, all people, all race, backgrounds,
genders, orientation, and this extended to the 14th Amendment that for the first time
ever made African-Americans citizens.
○ Southern states deny this right, so the fed gov’t has to enforce it due to positive
liberty.
■ Due to this, Radical Republicans had to pass some enforcement laws,
such as military rule in southern states by northern generals, confederacy
supporters were barred from voting temporarily, all were required to
enforce Fourteenth Amendment.
● Rise of White Supremacist Groups
○ They felt threatened by newly freed slaves economically and poltiically because
most of them were poor farmers before Civil War and now slaves can protect
themselves through voting.
○ Their goal was to intimidate slaves to not exercise their rights.
● New amendments did the following:
○ 13th Amendment - Ban slavery
○ 14th - Equality
○ 15th - The Vote (Only Black Men)
● The 1876 election marked the end of Reconstruction. After both major parties
reached the same amount of electoral votes, they made a deal: Republican Rutherford
Hayes became president in exchange for Democrats having full control of Southern
politics.

Post-Reconstruction: Jim Crow

● Segregation

Fight Over Historiography

● Now that the South has power, they begin reinventing history
● Jefferson Davis (leader of the Confederacy) was imprisoned in Fort Monroe, VA [for the
first six month he was chained to his bed] with the US flag in front of his face. After
months of imprisonment, they let him walk free.
● Davis created a book recounting his side of events, with many citing it as “The Lost
Cause”
○ This was the first instance of the South re-writing history.
● The South claimed the war was over state rights rather than slavery.
○ Civil War historians claim this if false

National Currency + Banking

 ● The need for money and stable banking lead to national currency and a banking system
○ Banknotes

Federal spending towards internal growth

● Homestead Act of 1862
○ 160 acres of free land to people out West [lead to 10% of US land being given
away].
● Transcontinental Railroad
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Quiz:
Why were white supremacist organizations formed?
To intimidate newly freed slaves so that they would refrain from becoming politically active

To ensure that newly freed slaves would continue to be dominated by the white population,
hoping to prevent economic competition between the races

Which political party did African American men overwhelmingly support during
Reconstruction?
Republican Party

What did Northern Radical Republicans in Congress do when the first former
Confederate Congressmen came to Washington, D.C. at the start of the first Congress
after the Civil War?
Refused to recognize them, thereby preventing them from representing their districts/states

According to one of the videos, an African-American community was set up on the coast
of Georgia. What ultimately happened to that community?
They were forced to abandon it by Federal soldiers

What changes were made in the American Government during the Civil War and
Reconstruction?
The Federal Government experimented, for a few years, with the Income Tax

The Federal Government began to spend large amounts of money on programs to stimulate
economic growth

The Federal Government started to spend large amounts of money, providing direct payments
to citizens (in this case, veterans)
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