DISSENT ; a AND COUNTER- CONSCIOUSNESS By RENATO CONSTANTINOwal dl { Theo ill Fe aS ie om ln, Fy od Mc 179 ad i) RSRISS hes oe oe the essays are writen ‘n popular sts Nevertelts hey are studies nt forthe academe perhaps but for somes? sadn ‘of cur tocity and for hove whe wan to change Numerous demands for copias of several =f my artcios {or the uso of students in ther formal classes or oi mahoral Copyright 1970 for teach-ins and discussion groups further encouraged me to by ‘ether the most requested estoys in more or less athed com RENATO CONSTANTIN Pondiom Tha organiation of ths book folows the outline edopied vwhen | conducted » fourdey course on rational orgere by students sn ‘Baguio during the latter par of 1969.1 ae coveréd then that aifhough there erty: were rot writen os ports theless follow a consistent pettern of es of @ book, they at potng 1 futtng presen scity from the vontege pint othe pastored = 2nd nig 1971 Bast society inthe light of present realty, Such » mothod of tH itcusion could not but oroiect ideas an the moc ant sien nig sions of social change. have inched theve ideas inthe third th pinta 180 part of this yolume under the heading: Towards » Countes Consciousness Inagmuch 05 these etcoys ware write the reader wil note ay 23 8 complete piece which may be ‘ead separately os orginally intended, During the preperstion ff the manuecript for printing. ne changes Ie ides od ae roach were made, although references to perticular events ‘occurring at the time of writing were deleted whenever sock deletion did not detract from the substence ofthe essays. Some atylitic changes wore necesiery since the mencserpit wore ceriginally written under the provire cf the editors, deadine.For such changes ! em Rosca and my wife who hes been my colaborator in many an infalctuel undertaking. I 9m alio grteful to my son Renato ‘od his wife roof Lourdes for their share in the onerous chore of RENATO CONSTANTINO Queton City Siiy 18, 1970 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART | — THE PRESENT AS PAST DISSENT IN PHILIPPINE SOCIETY The Novel And The New, The Old And The New. Peripheral Dissent. Fragmented Dissent Dishonest Dissent. Non-Basc Prescriptions. ‘Tyranny Of Immabilism. Sel: Consorship, New Thinking And Repression. Dissent And Patriotism. Dissent And Emotional Loyalties. The Midwife Of Changs. 2. SOCIETY WITHOUT PURPOSE 3 The Pinuit Of danas Alternative Ap: proaches. lution And Realty. Deva Fist Wartemoton. The Concern OPAL ‘A View Of Ourselves. A Nation OF Con. mer The New Poverty A History Of Waste. The Misuse Of Supls. A Nation Of Sslouman. The Realty Of Foreign vestments Government” Maspending, Natinelst In Scatnotaaton. Netonalat Austerity AGA {us Symbol. Land Reform As Myth Policia tion OF The People, Etablchment OF Coop: sralves, Useders OF Compromite, Re. Structuring Seca. THE ANTL-SOCIAL FILIPINO Society Vs. The individ The Cin Vs ‘he individual! Man Vs-Mon, The Erosion Of desis Withdrowel From "Socety. Being IMuen And Paving Much” Lose’ Without Measure, Enteronmert Ax. Tenquier Peoudo,Camerederie Fr Prvate Ends ube fe Gratification. Edcetion “And Con {ormam Breskdown OF Government. Sociel urpose And Indvidvel Goal, Page ”4. CULTURE AND NATIONAL IDENTITY Strangers To The People. Seepage From ‘Above. Forsign Appreciation — A Condition Jo Seccass. Retum To Tho Past. Culture, overly. And. Independence.” Invelvement Not Whihrowa Liberation Of The Ile: ‘5. DILOMACY WITHOUT POUCY The Ambivalence Of-Relations. Our Sim plitc View. From Confrontation To Accom frodation, Independent State Or Protec orate? Dscrepency Between Words And Deeds Vorbe! Rationalization: Vs, Real intent The Dynamics Of Miintormation. The Sewal Curtain Seniising Our Diplomets. The Rei Bify Ot American newsmen. A Depart Of Glens? Change Or Permission? The Dyna trie Statve Quo, The New Colonialism. The Fight OF Choice, The Foor Of Change. No: fionalsm And Internationals, Security And Survival Uive And Let Live. independence: ‘The Base OF Policy PART Il — A NEW PAST & ORIGIN OF A MYTH I. Confrontation: Prlude And Aftermath — {cn Protos Of The Myih. engrting Our Ravafton June 12 And The Fag Spain Wat Nov he Ony Evemy. Conic OF Two In Ire’ Meloy And Dine Providence If Cescenimnt OF Aims — Fats Folly. fAed Aner Bor becesing" The American Publ Poss Elowrps tt Tas Stacban_ OF Realy Ra Bictenist Maney: Coa Goverment As Rule, ‘Comrorce fategic Herat’ The Groat WV. Fapine Calaboraton SR Nw Leederhip. The Americas “ e ‘A. Now Partnership. The Basdwagon. End OF ‘The Resistance, Teansformation Of The Strug- ga An Age OF Sule Advoccis. Lain 7. ROOTS OF SUBSERVIENCE I Uncanig Ov Hisar. — Snlitc e ee bY Beets iat Fee Oe Iho ith fo feng to Mice Riad inact Ot eet Oogle tification — If Need Be. I. Inedoqecr Of Sten or indopeee Day TS" siege Coun Eaten ars OF Rae" tt Ne pend Suse hoes SY Nonietny eee Seater ne Rv ai ieputere the ration fogs noel Espn Lae Arbol Ave Co are Aaa ia WHS OF Voy And Pale, a ens Gone ph hed Fags fel naprdrce Bay 8. THE FILIPINO ELITE Power And The Els, The thstrados. The Fa pos. The Pcp, The. Chin fstzon. Agents Of Hisponization.. The Eperiah Mosison. Haponie To. Papin: Revolutionaries And Reformist. The Flpinos ‘As A Nation, Leaders Ard Lad. Tho New Ihitredon. "Case Affvenca”” Negation, Of ‘The lstrado. The “ins And The "Outs 9. VENERATION WITHOUT UNDERSTANDING Rial Ard The Revoiion. An Anascan Sferemed Haro. The Rol OF Haru. Sitleand Cine Teli ane Concept OF Ppa Nefionbond, Hestslltisd® Ripon The Precunon OF Mandicrcy. hated And tox Bind ‘Adoration’ Uitations Ot Risa The Nog shor OF Ral uar ' ART Ill — TOWARDS A COUNTER-CONSCIOUSNESS Vt, INTELECTUALS AND ACTISTS wr CamlorConcinanes. lige Ando ‘ (cect ined rts Seon’ Or Datu Para OF he obran” Kee hed Rod fa SFE hilo a ond PART | | Fin Aint song Fon Comet | Bac Sea ARs Reign ican RSs a Condos OF Oe * 11, eS FoR nanionauiss vo Types Of Notas. Neinlin And So 5 ean eC St vue a ‘Ot Purpose And Practice. Mearincles Reba ten Refer Pease GPA Cot Savoy Seto “Anire Yo Sty He Wrtat ae Sr Posen Goa hee Set hed Geen! fcicoat hk She fspn Fora Ac Et, pe THE PRESENT Avra AS 12 ALsoetar ron Fuhnos ™ esheets Corer! Vi a PAST tases al, Sri Sar OP tla etn ning In Order To Learn. An rod Realty. Reslim And Opportunism, Glory To Ignominy. From Hercic Lode To Heroic People, The Meening Of Great NOTES 188=] 1 DISSENT IN PHILIPPINE SOCIETY * Democracy ot» 1c! process is nver completed: it on inves ara fore shivng fo ili ne Democracy at gosi Whaver completely achieved; fr every gomn ts bute sage 2 confining process The proces ts Zntinuous, nol only be favs at each sage of socal Gevaopmedt 8 wider crcl of Kimanty demands ts right to fhe boone of democracy which a narrower cele possesses, but aso because the neture of do. tracey changes ot socely changes This means tht Higher Tons of domonrecy must be constantly fought for so that mon. lind may ashive thew feadom which « higher slage of doveloment maker potsble Semocrcy, Harefore. i by is very naure subversive of the totus que.” Change it ts Heblosd and dent the in tile precursor of every change. Disent i thus coterminous Sith democratic Hf The right to dort iin that right is absidged, circumscribed. or ‘comes an ide word, a farcical form disqusing on author conten. The Norg] And The New ‘Change means the'roplacement of the oldwocil order by ‘a now one. Trl innovation are morely new ediustments $2 the status quo, which in rity change nething. The new is always subversive of tho accepted and the familar. The merely rape, November 2, 1967 1_—_——— 2. ~ DISSENT AND COUNTER-CONSCIOUSNESS oval i not necessary new although it may be untamiar; hence the novel is not ways subversive of the accepted end the sate ‘We Filipinos ere specialists in novelty. Folitcally, econo: ically, socilly. and culturally we ore hospitable 40 novelty be Coste it lows vs fo enjoy hw tion oh modemiy (wich we Stroneouly equate with progres) without having to endure the Srcomfort of new readjsiments and the temporary didoce on herent in the advert of real social change. IK dissent in given society is marely directed toward the superficial whether wountarly or as @ result of exter! pros: ues end prokibitions — iti nob performing its vital rle es Boater of change, The vitality of democracy may be ‘gauged, therefore, from the nature of cient. Alto, the heath SEP eSLity wf the present cial order may be mancirs Steostment of diuent and of the dissenter. A healthy society J} borpitable fo disert, When a socity begins to equate dis- vant ath diloyelty. iis @ sure ign That the process of decay ha begun. ‘The Old And The New Filipino society today exhibits the ‘flexibility of en old and sagnent erde” ot the same fime that it betrays the offu Tine of a developing ore, The established order reluses to ac Copt the emergence of the new and yet cannot maintain the ity of the old. Attempts #9 graft onto the old society Cert ospects of the emarging order may give the old hope ut these attempts wil nt succeed, Becaure basic contradictions between the old and the new wil Lil she grolt which needs tz own arcbiance to develop healthily. Patchwork solutions in the long run sole nothing and may, Create new problems. On the other hand. the insistence of the Gle'te rerst te pressure of the now can only accelerate the 15, the decey of th oid ic aways accompanied ning of the new. This is the process of chong ich al socil orders undergo, and ours sno exception. Tat Change will come is notin decay has set in ‘ney be gouged from the nature end extent of disont in pre Tart Prifppire sociely. How the oid wil give way to the new Toy be sleaned tom the way dissent is treated by the (tablished order. a] DISSENT IN FHILIPPINE SOCIETY 3 Peripheral Disont We proudly claim thet curs is @ democretic socal. that re enjoy the fruits of freedom and civil iberies. From the ‘wey our polficins attack each ther from the manner in which ome wrhers expreit themselves. we might be lad fo conclude that our society isso free our freedom borders on icese. Our Ieodors boast of ths supponed fraedom, pointing to current ex prenlons of dasent at poitive proof of the heath end vitality GFrour democracy. Let us use their own yardsfick. Let us ex ‘mine the nature ond scope of present ise ‘Much citi tedey is periphora, concemed with details, Feling under this category ere the complaints of cvic-minded cGizens regarding junets, misuse of offical co Su tecinsol genset employees, poor gerbe : tho Proidents golf and tho Fiat Ladys Bie Ladies, bad roads, poor law enforcement, nd rch eximinal. Such matters though Important ere not cenral. For the evils pointed out are only ren Benenson of bate meen he bay oo Thy fre ross, not couses Fragmented Dissent ‘Another characteristic of dissent in our society js its frog: sthentod nature. Many ertics are writing valid ertcisms of im Pern ipo governed oy bl bac te fre only personal reactions to specific problems and are not eed on wel thought st phiosopy or iecogy hay en- rot give out people systematic, over-al view of what is wrong ith cur society This mates dissent ineffective since it cannot give dire fo popular dissatisfaction, There are truths in thei er Fem, but our cfties do not purse their analysis into the {ools of the scil evs thet they deer. For etampl, thy fave been exposing coruption for yeorm Gincaxme have. tretwed the some corruption in each weceeding administration. Cemuption mutt be springing from the socil system, not just ‘rom bad officiah or bed parties, Its thorefore fime to enalyae the system itself in order fo understand the couse of coruption. ‘Another consequence of fragmented dissent is its often contradictory nature, For example, some critics deplore wider Spread poverty end blame goremment for rising unemploy-4 DISSENT AND COUNTER-CONSCIOUSNESS tment, but they wil fight tooth and ail agenst any proposal wich would undarsing economic privilege ne colonia co- ‘tomy, which sprochly wht ir leaping So many Fipinos poor Dishonest Biset But the most obtrsive andthe lowest sity of dient cams rom what we consde’ the comerstone of our demo fecy Te wcience of psltcal sppontion diet Irom olher sources s peripheral, wal, Fagmesiory, contre: Story, ef last much of i honest. Poin! dunt. eipe: lay ofthe peloton very, lrgay personal rd honest Iris lly motivated by © dose for postion ‘rd power 10 that th new possessor of Power may do excty wiht he fnew he woud do--ehich i exacty what te cticned Theron elon fr doing, No wonder eech new ‘mirer mage of tne previous ov, the new euidescentgeing the pretend power folders for eet ord cor on, rin pricen worsening peace and order, one-man rl ‘Red does the ative importrce Gat be sirensed? No, te vhot thw polticans thnk the peop mil enertond, re Sorta thts teligene” hastens” ples Toke the thore cocdloted Yo. orn thom the most vote trey an Shetrmart of thi intact lntgrty,Prelgction dant is inant of i ewes feel = more posing, gmc. and tlogenenring —- dahonely propegeted and cyncaly recive’ Now Baie Prescriptions ‘Why is the quay of dite 10 poor in our county? A sotable sbsance of high lvl Hnkng Tr characteristic of Fi Pino sccaty. ii tre that tere have been bold gHorpt to {dvance the froin of knowaige ~~ evidence ha creative {rd imaginative minds have been acve but theve ettemprt or tne"Sholy have been ively mesh end fies > de to the hcumscrved nature of our thaking which in urn {Fe tothe notre of our society. Many foctors operate to mato out freedom unre, factor whch n effect hove fran. fexmed {tino the realty of tyremy. The chef sspect of thr tyranny it an intelectual gid ihgt is one of the root ous of Gur lack of progres: i's chain that bas shelled rf colons cont! in Re form of old ond ntleible habits DISSENT IN PHILIPPINE SOCIETY 5 of thought. There is no doubt that habits of mind provide one of the strongest regressive forces, Old habits of mind ere the ene: ‘ies of change and of civil liberties. We think of out form of Government as something congealed forall oferty i its bos Dulles. "There are three co-equal branches of government sre intone, the exscutive, legislative, ond judicial Each checks {and balances the others. The people rule through their elacted wet ord the voice of these representatives is the people, The people are free end we oro @ bil ot ight, tnd therelare in our peculiar form of democracy, critciem with in the systam is tolerated but criticism ol the systom itsall if not enly frowned upon but strongly proscribed, We may patch up the edifice of cur secity here and there, but even iFit is crombling before our eyes, we must never disturb the Foundations. Thus, oppotition fs delimited to non-basie pros crishons and crticime. The result an intelectual aridity thet may well usher in authoritarianism and the consequent lots of all Freedom. Tyranny OF knmebitam Concomitant with thi immobile posture i the pervasve oz ef far We fost two pe wacepd onde prosches to our problem are presented, thre immed {emlion on our per Because we hove been tained to recal tram the unorthodox. "We cling t0 the od varies, refusin to tee the” changing word. thet rel wodd ise word of Gare creeds, castor, Kediions, and idaslogis.” Whether see ork wae ptf tats We comet sins Thu ou ever end ignore what is happening in that cater rea IY. Brees ROE Secor there wile without doubt, have Heir impact on us, Offer underdeveloped nations, newer on the world stege then we, ere not plagued with our infolechal in Tieaibilly "thoy soe af Sec and are wiling to learn from at Hiding our stpid intolerance under » belo of righteousness wa have clad curaives from te manstvea of wor events We' wear bh rom new trends and fe some patent oning-——- 6 DISSENT AND COUNTER-CONSCIOUSNESS the old thsions and myths. As John F. Kennedy once SERENE So Tecate Too after ne hold fot to fn FIA S cettcbeon We nbee of ich to « per St norpetiny, We eny the confor of open ou the dicomfor of teu. The ret of our ntlactalinmabsinm — on immabign wich has"rapovetaied inert mey be seen i or eed “reveling Polos od nthe pearly of cursor. We sapere Bethe! Senator dc Wim Fubsght® po Serb When our prin fa to ep pace wih een, on rsioe fbloesomtng ect ely Fe Sir Capiy wera nama, hon tg a fact and perception becomes a chasm and action {ieceen intrest ond rato Slh-Camonhin Distt is offen weakened, revised, or stifled altogettor by salf-centorthip. The dissenter may see more then he reveals Hlomay understand the true nafure of our problems and may a. redy Reve glimpeed the neture of the solution, But fear of Consequences wore he fo write down each unthinkable thought Setors him. His fear mo only be the opportunis's fear of loxing certain herative connections, or it may be the fear of being stigmatised, persecuted openly ox insidious, blacklisted the radical, Both the opportunist and the wee aod in heir betrayal of Their own minds ond of nt, by public apathy ond indiffrenc ad We'live in 9 climate of intellectual frivolity. We have developed many forms of excape which entertain us and at the same fine prevent vs from taking of ray sais paler Many of us are foo lazy fo think. Many of us ere afraid to think, The rast of ut never lesrned how. We live in an inte: lecual desert whose oases are few end for between DISSENT IN PHILIFPINE SOCIETY 7 Now Thinking And Represtion A tealthy society is one whore versity is accepted, whe free minds are accorded the opportunity Yo Sovekp. ih “Sealy har panne “helmet ot leas whore crticam' not equsied to treason. or dssent is rot dilyolly. Ara maiter of fect, it may be e maston tion of potctim. Ras! disor i the ecoghition oF the new and it fer courage to expose the prescry eneccaptado, The ideos mat i . , ~ animate men to action are varied ond confictng. When ideas tote hold of sof men, they become per tisans of these ideas, and re brave end palritie, they will ct for the reskzation of ther beliefs. Wo Filpince ore Tot on exception. Today. because of the presing prebiems thet confrent ve; men hav’ advanced various propassl, faght for their various solutions. From tne to fimo. ovr leadars have called (only thetorcaly, it turns out) for new thinking. But when new voices ere heard, desperately eager to pul us oul Of the rut of underdevelopment, the ‘tempt at dislog is Sqvelched and name-caling immediately resorted 40. This ben the fare ‘st aur studant demonttrators who, compisin ing egainet cur Vietnam adventure ond inst police brutality, become in tum the persecuted, Their protests were rot ontwered by arguments.” They were eter beater vp. mmaligred, or threavened with punitive acon. Dasnt And Pati Wherwver « now fot jst novel) id it espouad. pro- tector ofthe sur quo. inmediosly pounce vpon te ponents as sibverive” if we wih tautre our democrecy Efuly working erstence, we myst not be ead to pace af locacon from the otc Hinge ofthe ght fo ing intents within the ramowon of cd Hberton We Pein fot a en ft advocacy is gel and we aba ‘anyhing new at We act as if to hear dissent “hon the left is to. ‘ll duane. What we foe it The ‘dracater of chenge ere alowed 10 pravet ther viewpoints socty not raceway caled ypon to be. lave, in tos wisdom” Society. ony democratic oval. i Ie clad ton grt ta screed {art The advocates of Renew must be credited with he some8 DISSENT AND COUNTER-CONSCIOUSNESS 2 the holders of power. Thay. too, may be wert ‘ueeral good,” To feat them es mare compistors 129 the argument and Yo squ0ich any debete, To respect Ged ath of tae advoetn dea nok ean to agro ry lta ‘We must dal with their argument on fs ove rao ovtompr to disreit thom by ivactve. To eal them the “amet of democracy is 4 bsheve ike the Romens "who con- ‘rned the Christians at atbactr because Hey worshipped 0 dinsnto is often viewed 91 0 sinister estar, Iroublomater.» creator of unrest the srpant in Eden, But Esser soniye rollsction of eres; unre isnot cased, ‘ijn, “The Sasonter moray -oretes the eauibes a toca! order) He id nol create tern Peavan! uiret wes 1ot Caled by the Hols; tho Huks were burt of pease’ unrest Dissent should sot be judged on the basi of moralitic toiats. The Estabhshmont has no manopary on vitue. Pateoh iim cant be made an itue agains dusent, “To stke few: dom of the mind wits the fat of patriot son od lubhity:"" Adlai Stevenson onca sad. Why 0 aoiy for 110 bla tat conansne cis, rey ou andoat rightats-~ ore potvictic ond nok the agents of foreign power Piss cor bod forogn poved) vie fists are ad cont fore, agents 2 fret power, fanahic, who want to de sl for thon ste? OF courte, anyone of whatover persuasion who takes orders Irom any foreign egercy fora his chim qo ciedbity ov & Fipina ice hs action may be presumed fo be in frthtonce of the interests of his foreign employers ‘A mature society does not destroy @ diferent way of ‘hinting by moray abeing fa afi. “Ths procedere dost ro sender the restoring vali or intone, nor dows de thet we eve comprehended ‘ts nature end ‘mol Fors ro slentie Bacutvor, socal ate should ot Serta "through a context of dened dow proivdens.” The wellore of tociety favored ee fe iaatea new forms of roy. Sar continue fo ‘out only aben i accopt the reaity of cheng. No human ‘rtttion ts wate. Only the dead do not row DISSENT IN PHILIPPINE SOCIETY 9 Dissent And Emotional Loyion We claim to be o mature society but ve hove all the charactersicn of immature ema." Ox. Wing hs boon sorted by earn emotion! oyation and by ec af afore, tan the fo Together roncng sr ncopatle’ ofconecily por ceiving reality. Because of our cliche-ridden thinking, we have itied*tdislnguthbetwaen tle formulae Sed ea, Betoun te edvocte of the ot snd the ou ure sug dha for the minds of mor, Acsunicnce fo the maw qu ch Aa mon lay and vlish ean malo Thm abandon the puri et progres. tt genie sinlation inn stmorpiee of ni! Ici fesdom vol concer forthe colaciy con woke ma sar fo now heights of soc cain iy. So tar we hove "ion the sony point complocnca" Br on mod cr rid, faihiel tho bose! fet we cen progiens Tal we con Transtorm caries Rove tagut 12 mabe her impact i The pmcepton whch cvernndy fhe ray of wot around a bas node Tho raolae the fly of ing Yo {he political end economic rotons of the pas 'An exami of ree hinting thm propel for rade wih the sate china’ beet ofa bochargon & esr thing tht ha bees resiy in any Counties for seacey treated heres trmarue now ap The havo a he pasar bay ing ther accustomed weapons to subvert the Srerging trath — whichis tht our national infest stots Aat oe weak ll cations that wil belp vs save or rn probloms. When w relic foreign poly mor propored rsa S90. how meny leer, ropuatans, hopes were See the altar of ent-communitm? Could * be that. by some rsh of nature or history. what wos evi bofore has ndden'y become od? Thistle cr for when we approuch ser . ms. We must not, at by condoned rofan ‘ondomn! ony ides marly Uocaune i uhortod The Midwife OF Change Th stat of dissent in our country todby it indicative of ou intelectual stogration. The sparevson of roa dsont, by covert and covert means, doas not avout wal forts heath of ou democracy. We must be hompittie to disent for tithe tmidvife of change, We must ectept the hoa of Chango fee10 DISSENT AND COUNTER-CONSCIOUSNESS fave in democracy, for its highest expreson it mars con- Pa tarch fora baler Me m’tradom end equality. “Sven 1 Gssant is brtaly suppresed.chonge il sil come, not lator {te tls of co Eourtiar think, but sooner because ropes Shovel uty inake wonton mora tslrabie. When sand! Ten Gecome intlerable, Gace a words wil more and more ‘Gee way to dentin ction. John F. Kenedy womed: Those who mste peaeh! revohtion inponilewil'mabe ie lost rvcuon inet, ‘And Abraham Lincoln armed: "i cry ih ttn gy th pl che Inkait 9 Whenever thay row weary ofthe aisna cover tron, they can ra Wer cotton ng of amending itor that revoluionery gh to damember or detoy 2 SOCIETY WITHOUT PURPOSE * SOCIETY WITHOUT PURPOSE* ‘As 8 people wo have been deprived for centres of ree pont Yor ou desig. Under the Spenardr ths dope tion wes Span. They red. we cbeyed. "Under the Arseccons, hile wo wore ostensibly being propered for af goverment, for seltraionce, we were aclely being meneurarcd oy mse of politcal and economie presures te defer to Arrarcen de sions atthe ame time thet we were being conditioned by oar ‘American education to prefer American ways. the resi ‘prove habltared 10 ebsiceting contol ever bone ross of {hei national fe, unaccustomed fo coming fo grips wih reel prone fo excape into faniess- end a leede'hip wich volo, fly choosas Wester sation for Phiopine problema — pory Encaun is plac crdicnd Yo taave ch lt tions and pert for personel expediency since polcans foc. ly recognize the danger of daplesing foreign fronds wi tm hav td since 1948 a 8 rivard, coment 1 temiindepandant satus out leoeert bunjing theneaeey With “op-gap mesures that change nothing Your peocls trang mares mor ict indi pari WS hve Become a poople that delghts in fontesy, Obiectivne reste Start usin the face but we aitor ignore for glos over Th res i 2 way of life thet is divorced from roa Reality, however, is now asserting itself and this is she ceason why 40 many of us are confused. Ths is the reason why F Graph Janey 17, 196812 DISSENT AND COUNTER-CONSCIOUSNESS, Hae reason ey ore aces sia 7 We managed to get by before: we felt that we would al vats OT ee ne reat with our society. Some of us continue to deceive curselves into: Teenie sa aie Sato RA aby Pel she tel Siete Od pe perity. The purveyors of optimistic forecasts and statistics ipeetastas air argc eas IRE Piotr nee he Le Sea te The Pursuit OF idleness Ii rum tha more and ore Fins re eioyig the Sr teecson sos over mare gc and recta ie con sven bead the comareting of tore ‘ads av the constuction of more bri that of the easly incroosng tribe ot unemployed and vider employed? ‘Wher eho exploding population of peasants for wont the {Uhre feldh nothing but he sure Gespeate search for food and secarty Tet acespien them tody? And hal of the Tony of cur young whore talents hove’ been wosted bacaute DF lek cf opportunity, because of dficen! education, be Enuse of moron and health? : 5 clowirg prow of aus quo apologists nolwithstand- ing. we 0 asec fou! s cosa, commen poor, whose imambers are ebseied with the pure of idleness Today. # Sal sector sf out population + endesvoring to. “pass the {ine trough the eroyrant of avaiable entereinnent media shies grestar part of the mosis are ile because of lek of Sporty fo work and fhe Tock of cultural avenues Yo epply fants Trtuly. And hilo we have bden existing "pasty, our voce stem hes led inexorably Yo SOCIETY WITHOUT PURPOSE a the’ emergance of the effluent few af 8 twin pheromenon of Poverty forthe majrity. The ring affvence of the prviegod Satu has only atured the cattinved Seoradaicn of fhe inser i il contin got ng rer while 9 of pontosed fo Seidl wi mae ‘wots The pleat content of osc ter wt bcs moe Pored and the antipopulor nature of our goverment wl be Srmesked for on increcting number of our itaens, We hal oe sca ik ce Si eis — nae wil struggle more and more Rersiy for change nd the bone Hisras of tho sytem who wil fast back wih vnence tod ‘wpresion to provarve the avs Quo, Alternative Approsches The picture fs indoed bleak, and the promists of the pol ticions. which nthe post consid the sim ray of hope for those who sfil dared to hope, are now regarded wilt ctor ‘xtc. The electoral systom which hes iterto bean ‘cox tidered as our italy vale is now nof even good coterian: ment tis for many just a butinass proportion tt hich te soles conmacly nd nit buyer nor salar ar fas in each other." Tho lack of basi ssos between he two on tending partes hat emphasized the berkrpicy of our police anton: (Thetis iy erent rnorgent, a? evi Roe Se coming incrosioly ler 19 our poop the the aewer dey tat in lating ciferont on fo ace nr electing Inet eaten the ler of ur Fiona poll parr Afar ital position euphoria, cur people reste tet there is sll no change in their sts. Cynicien and ndtierence ve rampant.” ut thse are only the ail vections, “Ae ouice five conditions mate Ife mar bearable, eytcim wil ton into widespread divent. and indifference wl give way ts co Active se0rch for real alternative approsches te cur probleme avin And Realty The official commitment of this country is to democracy. That is why despite the reality of oigerche prwviege, every one stil pays obsisance to its tenets. This is part cf the te Sion which we mistake for reaity, "Actus, democracy in tho Piippines is realty forthe few and only an Tkslon for the14 DISSENT AND COUNTER-CONSCIOUSNESS, traority. The tas sto make the ilison oreaty fr al. Reta js avr the fed of foreign afar, poe fewdom 1 rmeringlest untae fs firmly uttresied by economic fee. dim forthe boss of tive polis! democrocy economic Sotocracys Toe juste le ere today consigned to mizery trust bo Given the reaty — the econamse realy — of de- smocrecy. {his therefore in terms of whet is good forthe malo that ut lace rt beefed oy mat not bulged Srimore queniatve accompitiments. "They must be judged Sh hthor tony hove contributed fundomentaly to the esse Sarco canons mene” Gur naar tak it economie development that wil provide our people with ‘hat Sncntalnoed end their slut! growth. Mere quasi he sccomelshmerts in roods. schoo. production. ste do Tot constitu Sovelopmert the end reut isto make the Eh Green wd Fpl ce nd oan rr © eicoment in The country prenpoqget bese change, 125 change a social end palicaproeds, Wi sot how ‘tory more roads and brlger end schoohouses we re buid Byer nating ctr chy Ha ey For example et us consider the question of rods, There as natnng wrens wth fous bung evry esa futhr Sree of 8 bere goal. But when roadh ate planned primarily ie tea certain Bssrens and polis nterets Yo strengthen lovored leat officiel, or fe chenns! profits to friendly con {facton, then no amount of roed-bulaing wil contebute to ihe motenal welbeing of the people. When roads are bully {bt fhe purpose: of srbencing commorce tor the banal o ‘Biaing forign enterprises and not as on integral par of» plan ter netonalst ndustlachon the condition of the masse wil to on ahavated at Development Is Not Westernzation Neither should ‘anomie development be equated with out growing A mnaation. A pecple Geos hot achieve economic development by the acquisition ‘f wottern maces of living, Modes of living must be bated on Sbiectiva reality within the country. Economic development Comat be meenired by the number of TV antennes on the roof SOCIETY WITHOUT PURPOSE Is tops at subdivision dwellers, nor by the number of cars in the Goger of the affluent. The true measure of our economic 1% found not in how rich the ch are, nor even in ‘ountry i but in the walubsing and the degree Hy af the great masses of aur population rs have proclaimed thair preoccupation with foment, ye! save for changes in #¥ie oF em: Shona’ we heve hed the same tort of dlrectoness hodgepodge PR policies from year to year. It is too lete for economic PatChwort, Our landers must not think that they con stil sub Phtute a slogen for serious policy, and oratosical platitede for Bue Schiecement. Announcement is not movement, nar press faloases. success. A total approzch is {anve thaf-all sspacts of cur He —poltica see yntteszed within the overell plan of onto also tots! in that all sectors are active participants Inthe task of development The Concern OF Al Economics, therefor, shoud net be the concern ersly of eee hod be the concern of all But ti fet of ores ar eon mode to appears forbidding science sega Pel argrech deol of expertise thatthe laymen, the Teeno? panna Teli is Bovord thom. irs tra that there are many referents ond sophia, Sonia's Bad. Ins tue tat cera Techical mars ore fora NS farce the unvened. Yet ecoromics per ond Payee tna peoples daly lives, The slate of the economy Barc itor Hondard and style of ling. Surely. they woud Soe NG Iebanciputing in tne forulofion of economic a eres nics were presented them in simple, under. Feel tomar Uniorsnetey. some of cur expats nd eget te op their slotemantt ine language that makes the mses “Stic tor ne eynars Alc scones prebers secitd lotion. They ae nat vawed os sunt eye cl aitveses and polical processes These or TREE SiS el Senncbuted to the breeling lack of in Meee cue national economic probloms. his lack of intrest Iocan on eect of The een of gel From a iar sit ied which rectly affect fei wn Peet ad the future of tei cen1 DISSENT AND COUNTER-CONSCIOUSNESS, Not only do ou experts skin tecnica army, they are in effect spacing na foreign tongue, for ter estes are based onthe condition of more developed courier Thar theories ore extension of the theories of foreign espe, The ina concn ie the bosnes mel ado eat hae nt the larga ejay ofthe onstute the nation” Ti is unfortunate but hardy oe for mos! of them earn a living by loling atte the interests of thle onployers. Buh wl be to ey on tam rage geist eal po errs, i! thay take tho overall vow of the tocbty ond Bae the shes on th over ig after al they sil contre se lecal erp ids of that socity For ‘mall segmont of tht tociety ‘ond their foture is inextricably linked withthe fate of thalorger portion of the population. They must, therefore. ist ae ‘amine the essumptions under which they labor. They: must sult a fH spcinton tay mut a ‘evar again and view Philippire society not only ar it rly ‘but also es it should be on the basis of real nesds. And when ‘we speak of Philippine society, we mutt meen the vast molarity of the Filipino people who hitherto have been taker for granted fond who Can no longer be taten for grontad. [AView Of Cures Let us therefore refrain from basing our analyses on aca- ane hers tat have no bearing on resi. Late honest with oureives ord look st cunaves os we Yas are Lot at ok st lipo problems ns Finer shold vow thor ang ‘as foreigners would lite us to regard them. Let us mak Spree ifort to fot at Phipps socay abieeiraly cast wide proudices ond luton ingrained as oy ohne for these oe the unorominedessomptons atch have oreo and con ony contive ts bring economic deste spon oe Meer ce along he belt Mak ae ae ea ee Isher of policy, Improvisation bas been characteristic of the way wo have hitherto teal the peoblons that confront wt The Gop be. fean rity end ilason har been response forthe once ‘Shins tht ws have stomped. We. have alowad oat Te Bredetermina the approaches fo our pret Wa have ab cated the power of delernining cur oun desing. “A'mascve SOCIETY WITHOUT PURPOSE a of degradation into eso e eeclon Wren dotornine the direction of that chenge. Healy. Comiger how to enist the energies of our ert {Creffecr ach s change tin feet wo ‘We are 8 nation of consumers; we, we de iat, cnet et Ti Pane eu of the tog or proerate tm rod ‘of commodition We are e people wt hve bean ma Sere eh ser eis te pur cor ives nn aint Sete wihou taling to conideration he good ofthe la Tetrow ferns of proprietor. ond fr pray smal plane. Gants lrepictiie ten maar TOSSES STR ina Me rigs with vay for oot cs ‘A men the Pilppnts i ony on individual be vot 6 ‘hema OF 0 nahon’. The Plipies ae at ergo To have oo arterial pte to ingate ry te commute imprsin, thee ea Speduct got where thy ea; Tn the wa of sme thei So fom. at nt be We pani the eon hac of my acemerd socioty which wa anéduoutly ape, ond yat our resoueos $24 Sltad tothe erection of a moar society with real aa, "We have been so corrupted os a nation that we siri 18 DISSENT AND COUNTER-CONSCIOUSNESS do not know where we are going. Asa people we are spend beyond our means Peop spending /e tond to vel the superfvaut before for we a poole som fo be sted wh the atest ods Sone rea etd fe Soo wre haa eee rs, i, deo re ray Sheek pce tpl coco met snot feof pr nr Sapsat mars utorrent a Fe Fie ids ee te seater pfu abepl on a SEN entrees bear eae Se ea endo ovo bcos atin is eating ie rived mony Ad perso td ae pHi ot ray ere te mes Soar on esr weostce ‘The Now Poverty Dnipite the ebwndere of or natrel and human resources, ‘ur peopia are poor. Thi i becaun eo ation we have svays ‘suppliers of raw materia and buyers of expensive fished goods. The good we soy we merufachre ere mainly hat paclaged 0° assomblad her. We have thrown our doors wide Spon to foreign investors and we blive thot or Sided by these foraignrs when tho tt ia The wsslonce of e umel, comfortable mide cles door not SOCIETY: WITHOUT PURPOSE " make ovr nation gro Tptefprogene Rorwe oe'nseslty wiresing a ew poverty, Tin ot st the old poverty cha Clothing, and shaltar. i 0 mo Cee re privaged ice ohio ‘Setome: new lores the sense of deprivation becomes more irs teat al ‘Clary it is tine for 2 change. The direction change muy be toward indutslaaton and modem agriculture, Hoesen we wore concerned merely withthe development ofthe Phiipinesndusiiaitoion ord stodem egricuture would Seva goa, Bu four spate forte roses of pion, then cor goal must be cotegoritad more ie et ndlaatin ond modern ogrehure eg ia Lael o's wide a chew popuanon fr lc do owny wh bo the etl od Pes tour economy whe tay oe the prcinent fs cr develop The cous ol natal indutalatoninetbly und x, isn Period scot on ip usin of i RSIS ein capa loge tot we oe aoa ate dott predic enough wr eee Parrett mt aor ay on he ae geile et emote loan To Pach swe mat foe om Srehoosh ese ay eee ot Sve Io vw ecoamisty fur dpe roy ck ch tps? Or are we merely raving 1 [A Hlitory OF Waste sr ae hereof the concept of economic sult may nt cae ee oti “sco ards belt SHS matter forthe layman. The concept of srs i il ed nur rove oe tng nde roster hinahonn terme be wil realy 9° TPE iad a yeable concept to demonstre so avery noe speci Wie used here ox 8 mane thesis in simple terms. Wa loave it to the ox ford categorize our supls for the benefit of Tied readership.20 DISSENT AND COUNTER-CONSCIOUSNESS be Whip, spr le Bian Sach Inte gh teeta ae nlp salts ah opie Reece ern ca Seto od ek fa Sobre s ioe ote Lak Seton tae ue ee en ba fr Fy fa 6 rn ae Wn iy etter soos egremmetaeeS pork Eat geavchy oo sinanncs epicthce Tee roy GxS bau s als a pease tea warutine he Ui bach oa te cs et iad ete anal th oageooaoen Te ore he Spon he ogg oy Netare hewrber Weta iSceapor mpcudby egal oe ipo eee chon catarerncoee spine et above thi naa: thew, Phliprnesocey couldnt have treated tn tacit poco Sean dig th" Arercan eS “= nhs BeSoahy eh tot sterahth-cmtin foe wench tte vos se ihn cnge sh Rove ha ey Soy Sot pinkie Tangata por be Wa Garter st cere Relate pale pageant io at Peace inner beste Waco he pecs of Anarene Exch Yn naled epctaan by tne Lose ete ata op Pipa tan nah seats ca aa Teer beneniral et meme eke Tonprece she Pegpielat ihe Peseriielyac ta repos (oul and el sit ts tows aur secatys wr Sere ame toe ha nepke’s eoesbed ead be inpotrt cl our trea sion esa bor a relink does nes creo ergs Ser el Pilea eae The Mise OF Surplus ‘Where does our surplus go? It is absorbed by wastefl consumption and nonproductive investment, by foreign remit tances, end by goverment mispencing..In the resi of con semption we wba evdencnr of nuns aro. Of cute, this made of consurplion i prevelant ery among li cass although mambars cf the low incone group, pu hepate once in a while in these spending cxgies. Stil if we trle into mccount that ocesrding 49 National Economic Counc SOCIETY WITHOUT PURFOSE a figures, 10% of the fanles colected 40.7% of ab family in come in 1961 the national surpus expended on lmures by 8 fal minor 1 gute considerable, Conspicuocs consumption incidetaiy. i perhaps largely responsible for the many rob Sera and crt apis py moze tee fu co te taste the "goad ite” often seal in order to pay fr these trtrevegances) ust think how much of this muted spun Could be invested in hoary mechinary fora real nauetrlaton Program! Our so-called indies, however instead produce The mein conser good that donot caer fo our besic needs wr spplinces, raion TV ots, comets, ate Ip fact whet is the Bik of ovr economic actuily? The slot effort and cater tng entespsvs thot sll entertainment and ofhor forms of haury ‘hove main mores the foreign community and the wealthy Gone Us. To continue ths torm of onerbrie Yo dolude tusoves sad fo sidetack our own development. Bacause They roth ll ef« developed society thew producls may be the Sool ofthe future: thoy corey shuld not be the ebsession St the procet. ‘A hatin OF Stsion I tn ctacon ne mt nt evel th ly wich PL etnespeeetig of nin pediy rics Pee onlin H's ential can SL cUitTR frm Stage nou ch Crm snd ase aaa ene Ts pales or energie by nas) Sa ee to arperd per socereg on eaten Se a ae is Sector voc for tip eee he ketproich Tatham te href employs he lens od fo i tng Tre int prs of fetch Sit han Sy heehee of wrodction Sao! cee Me nah on proton 9 cue base mons sere tame cats et es tiow meds are cst ond aero Pr se mkt foreign sped ahr Meee Ptr nec in ain an etree Siar ht elo Steele” ern: @ now schon of22 DISSENT AND COUNTER-CONSCIOUSNESS wonts” by managing the consumer's motivahons. An interest: ample of how this massive waste of money charged #0 the consumer drains his income and destroys ht freedom of choice is this iter that appeared in the New York Timer of Jenvery 9, 1964. I is about the drug called CONTAC” The ‘dug’ advertising budget is ortmated ot 0 milon spot in ration of he mast la luct campaigns ever.devised.” Most of the budget was speat {or television commercias. For this cutig, the firm is said to be deriving about $18 milion in drug store sles, expressed im wholesale prices.” If the company wos hoppy to pay $13 milion for promotion to anrn $16 milion grote we may surmise that the cost of production is infinitesimal. Soe 8 Pith set agin more tials and more soit these are imported or pac re by for ign enterprises. Wo seom to want to develop only mercantile ‘activities, instead of productive activities. The utimate Bion of mony of our young men is 10 excel Even ovr politicians Igok at ther cling ot an manship. Are we then to become 8 nation of sslesmen? The Realty Of Frsign nvettmants {An exaninaton ofthe remittances of forign Firms would reves! onamhr chomel ef suas abrorpion, eal tenes on foreign exchange dibsrrment do Pot reveal the fal extort aici rttanzs ie om Be Hera Ln dre fore the Founding Congres of the Moverrent for the Ad- woncorent of Nationalism While the satis caaied dbvaeinents for purpoe of Pol remtancer show oly an terageo 10 00 080 fo 964 ‘nd 1945, thee ar urdetilible erscins amounting te $500 rion in 1964, $659 lion in 1965, ond. over $700 ‘miion i wea, uch are rather or the pyre oh ins, for ral abroad for any ofthe Inowntranections inva ing dibunersnt of Tosign mchonge” Thee eietfabie Saburamart of forgn exchange coud of course be er Psned pally payment for smuggled goede but could ‘Sto Nea prot renitarces ebroed which could keno ln ‘en $200 millon anal fon on extnated Araican capital oF $1200 milion and Chinese copia of undetermined emeunt SOCIETY WITHOUT PURFOSE 23 tt prey sight Is than Amicon capt. These fond ‘het have fled the Coury coud have nae asc etn sntie projec whut out having 4 beg fr Ford ond Not only do foreign firms drain part of our surplus through profit renittences They sho further viilae. ovr sus for {hair local financing, The Araneta institute of Economic Studios invite Report No. 1b, disclosed the amount of local credit tuted of by foreign fms. The report says in part by the folowing Fou 1980 » s,500000 1962 14400000 96 1193100900 mee 1303400000 Those open he iar ma ebng te Si fnscing hat cold ave ‘Browne inden Tots pat of the sp tet bing road nd hes by forgh company, rt 068 tat per oweied hare by foreign on aelcrpraons nthe BSG Si mse conse’ goad, or renee pro deton of sf danke which moaning fo F105 508.095 1945 and leche ord wine Heverager wich ated ove #70 {00.80 in ness yo pr te prodchon of eigen towel pptaner dnd har nonanonioh wich acted That ow ecucer se apalingy mpd ur capil accumtonthodd come fom ot and st Irom eutide, becouse we can tinance ‘our own industri fo on rscrcr an aries Infch mot Roca end by fregnars comer fom ced generated by fe Ping item, hh snd Tha to ipa") SSuing ond nate ftberrmtonene leis chosen coh 198 of our people. In effect, there24 DISSENT AND COUNTER-CONSCIOUSNESS ‘nation that lacks capital? We must liquidate tbe myth thet ct capital boca. it hos become marely on excuse for foreign penetetion of ur economy. Foreign aid ix not so much 1 process of pumping in capital 23 8 process by which foreign Corporations bump out our surplus. It worth qunfing pam FRO"Gereher president of Inferetional Harvester, who id on May 24,1965: For every dolor that we have sent out of fhe Unto States, or on pape ast five yoors, we hve brought back $4:67°"S.€. Ocampo, n'a ropot on the talis between Fipino-Amarican technical panels onthe renego tiation of the Laurel Langley Agreement Mano Tine, Decem ber 7, 1967] wrote: "A member of the pans alo countered the Amercan statement onthe benais of US. investment by Pointing #0. the ‘substontial” profit remittances of Americen Fompasiet hare, comparad. fo tha imal iwatimant, thoy ircught in from abroad” Cleary itis time wo sid something te protect curses. And yet we are considered 4s the vilains when we protest ageint futher foreign exactions. Goverment Minspening Then thre ic the great wastoge i There iro noed Yo go into dol Noithr is Wore any need to remind our people of the huge aout tat eth paca of tow who banat fom gv. Sri di We! wat tt at es ior rw fr Spent for lrry realestate, and slecton campaigns o a0 san? ‘Broad ond deposed i foregn bans, Moreover, we se from the government budge! thet © great part of our wrpur is de woled fo defense spending, an impostion ofthe “special re Ictions we have wilh the United States, We are supporting’ Sanding erry tat is composed of move officer thon man 0 iiltory estos thls draining our vetourcar. And yet we know thatthe war we are expocing has boen 30 fr only igen! of the imagination. Moreover, we spond lrg samt for Srpeditone tat Reve ncthing whettoover ve do, wih our intrel secu aut ean: de hve up hl cn be sd fo industilzaton: pat ofthis serps b now being vsed by fe signers fo nance thir enterprier in th country and « large partis misvied for Imus nonenentiol importation, nom Productive investmants, foreign remittances, and. government SOCIETY WITHOUT PURFOSE. 2s Imisspending. Our task isto provent the squandering of our sur is end fo redirect its ization in order to bul @ nefionlt Industriel oote for our economy. That is why the task of ro direction is not only economic im nature but requires profound ravitions In government poly and social oureck Nationalist Indusiaztion In the proces of echioving rationalist industriation, two importont factors should be borne in mind ith he neces Ay for sctve government intervention. the government can aul seacy industrial setion by protecting lca indusies ond sreouraging ical imvestor. The wil toque « re-osentaicn of fu tart and Yon polices. our banking and Crit lows, our Rreginde, te frente she lee naive n Siding of heavy ndusry. instead of relying on jit ven {ures with foreign capitals, we should have pint ventures be. ween government ond Fiipno ivertors, A Gefnite state sec lor ihsuld'beestobiched ard strengthened. It may be sleged {het government in business wil ony mean corruption end neh fieeney a hor boon our experience n the pest, The s only true under the preset system where leadership is besed on patronage, But 6 government that commis el te nationalism Tbe ierert typeof government wile @ government Thar wil be thnkng not of te true but of the ture oF the raton The stote connot be © neutral institution views foreign powers, ihm ue its power nck in favor of foreigner, nora Fiver ofa fow. but inthe nero! of al Notlonait Autarity As A Stabs Symbol Tha second inportont factor nthe proces of achivin ratinetl indo irevon wi of wcrfice Cori tant rogues socice.” We sus people hove never been ead “wanting in this vegerd. ‘Wo should not seve for form provpaty fr» fon vater we thoud tights our bls han’ happy future for al. Durag te Japanese ceeuption, cot fa hereof the world ah an esis i.26 DISSENT AND COUNTER-CONSCIOUSNESS tative occupation ermy on our bocks end lock of productive fe iis, oor people were able 40 suvive end 10 demoncrato Ereatvity in the face of adversity. Today, theie edrers con- tons no longer eas but tere x sil need for nating Sinterny. Auserty i exentel to development, Th sdopton ro socal value would rest in restiction sf consumption’ We ‘lrondy som what this reant during the Japanese ceeupetion Life ennet be warsa now than it wat then becouse today we 3 toh slated trom the rest of the word. "Anyway the seat meiory stil five in the same way tet they id during he Seeapaton. Some may mise thar lnrious manner of living but raryone sve wil be’ sured of more than asbastence ith Sefinite hope: of economic improvement in the fete when the welimvested surplus produced ty today’s wcrtce vilde i dividend. Those who cannot lve without the unesentials may sill iy thom provided thay pey the proitive cuties tet ill io The for stuctre, therfore, must be $0 al burden flan thove who con afford Sucha revi, in eonsncton wth probiitive tens on lanai would oct af s powerful force fo restrict consumption of nom: Swsental atthe some fimo thet i would diect the vosling Sepusfowerd industrial Investments, With social forces offes {tly merchaled. by» dadiated leadership, sunterty ould become a way of Her is practice, a new status symbol, Then a whe might stil doe fo ride in’ Cadlige would have 40 forage the please cut ‘of tame Surly we con give up wasteful spending inorder to save for investment.” Cartes, we are copable of devoting eur nergios fo fruitful production for @ future of plenty, bul only ‘Phot the increasingly intolerable conditions of toey ar & ediested, nationalistic leadership can oweken the people to @ Sena of raion purpote Economic development shoud be, broad ‘movement of 2» econortizaly awakened population, forthe goal se "deep. ‘tng low of incomes ord & widening flow of proguctien. But ‘ow ean we mobiae the peopl if they do ot elove tet thet cifods wil radeund 40 ther own good? “The apathy of our cpl ering from the fact that they cannot bo invoked in ration balding Because they hove so steke jr if, They ist Produce for ubsstence bacoute they inow tht beyond tht SOCIETY WITHOUT PURFOSE 2 ‘thers wil be the beneficiaries, Thi it most true of our tenant Farmer, the bull of our population Land Reform As Myth Feelin Vas hempered not only our development but sto the generation ard Siupostion of cur surpus. Our Yenant= ‘the barely meneae to produce for their own needs cannot 6 ‘mobilized for the. gigantic affort of nationbuiding i # how thot what they are aiked to do wil not redound fo the tbanefit, if they fee! that their efforts would only reward the lendord inthe’ form of higher rent and the middleman in tho form of greater profits. Thar faditonal inertia feeds on ration ord despair. Acceptance of their age-old condivion eakent determinction and’ action, which ultimateh, leads io Tetrogression and decay. We cannot begin to conceive of a nation motivated by 4 common gos! were the rest mtees of our pone ae trash ane the maistreor of oo rational He. The ft jep mths Groction ir land reform. This shoud be prrsued with ication “raver before seen aikough i shesid nat be ondered os @ gol but rarely scan important fist Sop in {holibereton of fe. pesson ond the fiuldation of fucalim Fer iflond aiorm is prsued ir acation merely aso politica See tien te posers sppet y © Spal londbslers f would cle nothing. wither te poverty gitte ne aedovn ror bocieardne of ru nae Wey oven boa rotrogresive stop term of podctity for ‘ral landholings cannot france the fertlzation ond m Ilion required for tigher productor.Sccaly, such short Tie ond orm proaram nud iy coils cl of aa operty holder wh the Indian, salisnesn, aed com artnet aslsh charactors of pty londkcders verywhor. Wereovoe cha reds of ond owrarp woud on evtamperany ance tow procucstiy end conlinued vey would Carieliyrest She son of ond and therefore tow condition of owrer sip. Aeliiination Of The People To feudalism requires more than the mere brea spol landed atte: by legilative fs, requires @ thorough ‘Going overhedl of the pose, fo ainf elt i ag eerie memo neeea as Poet epider Ere cies we Bae as {ant part of the population. For tis purpow Ce te orice ere i pduchon sendy ingame of ed reform, redres Se gc ate peta ed Phtipine Society, a2 Establishment Of Cooperatives The establishment of coopartivas mus! be pushed alo Side land’ reform. This wil protect farmers fom high prices tnd at the same time make much easier the modernization of egricutue. More productivity wll give them security and @ Sips tet wil etfance tha percha poner. tm wil ive stipalus To commerce end industry. Subsiinry erage wil be produced ond wil further increase income end securiy Hondefts must the be deve for cn canton. ‘Our peasants can produce items for everyday living, oh st {oy the Tourist trade. The art of creating theve items mut be defended from the encroachments of the products of Torcgn industry that have made vs 10 uncreatve. A progresive agricultural sactr wl need the farm ma chinry high or being industries wl prog Ts ln {cops wil in turn be needed at ram sear for sy Nofeorer:neeased acura prdcreny wt outcome ‘aol aoe intorch mare or kel produc a he sare fine tht ehh pratt of om boy un esate {crming wil ee pa of our tos] manpower for werk nde Nantel modrnaed aresiure and nots nena ‘en wl hur complement tach other fo aeove oor Seon cependnce aod the pospety of our poole. Only 8 nationalistic ctienry con cany et this monumen SOCIETY WITHOUT PURPOSE s tal task, And only leadership adhering to 0 program of no floral democrecy wil deserve the loyelty end support of the tte able to row thet enthusiastic cooperation ond Par Tort al their creativity and potenti ge Lando OF Conroe ‘erp ht amps et conpronibe ou sn rn cs cot ay soe setae lay Seger mre ine abate tn enero’ ‘Stat we md 2 Hones tle ots ond pois rr roe el acho oy Tot ay nr ea ea or bite rte aloe Senet ecw fern aro an co ae ey Sete re ations ‘disguised es expert advice which do not conform to Mpc’ Helo men ately oe TPE erat so be sated fre Sy Bean cont by se ie av ey steed 0 arin, rien sae “ihe sear bch a uo ean ‘Sir inderie ete a Sete te PEI ony hy: Cars won sha Se eae ie Pa ml Bia mele" Sielatng Repco of pbc woke fart ctl ne ect ot siege Seti, Ne iyi ate ops mena cep me a rot vith, uted Sas hd wd + coms fed cama” gma rp al feanfrontation requiring @ definition of our respective goals ape Rien Snorer a Bia Pe Tet har Soo wat Seer Sot oS SS acs yt ao pop ine taining hat nc ht ion cin orm len rede Wah Sit! Conse tale Sn of rom {Wed because our leaders are afraid of disturbing the status30 DISSENT AND COUNTER-CONSCIOUSNESS U8. They ore" siaid of antagoniing powerhl busines i forests. both foreign an lac, on whten they rely to atoy rower. On the other hand, becaure they gove the people fae hopes when they were sil eapiring for power Hey oe 1rd 9 tlh! ope the uh ha mn tater {ates afong time, that progress wil not come es gift rom oot ancinfed Mesishs bul 8 rent cl funy yon ore lined slt-deral ard hord work by the whol people Re-Stuctuing Society If ve dotre rel developmant. what we need is nothin loss han the restructuring of our society. Powerkl Sime imust be deprivad of traditional privileges; hitherto loved closes must be antrated with row ssponbivon Wa wong jSekeed ahr a red wrk" thor it 40 eal our doom, for the problems of codon velopment would never be sched. For un aconom de. opment is the econemics of capital eccumulaion, This % t for genertions which we mut begin To perform now To,acauire dur own capital for our oun Govelooricnt we so redirect out surplus away from foreign appropriation, conocer, s2ry consumption, nom productive investrenls and goversmres misspencing, and into industry. Guided by 2 net onal domo Crate programma rus elborray ple our 'owt acs evelepment. Ths development mutt net mean the develo, tant of th foreign ‘investor ond his lcsl porner at the coe af the underdevelopment of the mas We must break enoy ree on of cl ale nr wih in ak ‘2politon power esured their development by srrocting the {utPls of poor nations, 'Furtiermore. cur development mut be not only non-colonial but alo egsiteren. Gur goal is ‘ot marly to feansior exploitative. ection from ich for ign companies fo rich Fipino companies. As we purse the test of freeing our economy trom "oreljn cenvcl va" het may develo Iresly and yields Bounties for ip, we mutt remember that out larger goal i the wel-being of a Ftp, To achiove such a goal. wo need the active partcipetion of mano lo tas a Toca, by and nae, wor as bacona v6 mensions hin at rh ban deed t's wn a esr tela and dont yt cw he oof Bg ert ee We Ms 9 Girt at epee ft trata manto fy cesar tests Suet s tine bad tok ly gna at a rata the Tine for acai ren Re dgny owas Conioned ove ying sbertneneis eh coos = Hel gone pin pric prlecy inored cu apace Yo ot ex rede rly impored ea: para tors a pave cumphn ot god Enterteinment Au Tramquiaat We consume entertinment in the sowe pattive Thus reading moans material that does not tax the brein — books, periodicals, or comics that can be read off and on ond that merely tranquilae. Reading becomes an activity not for laarning ner for ancching experience but for vicarfous enjoy: meat. for excape. We do not want to waste our precious litre worrying ebout the problems of others or the state of scciety. It is supposed to be our private reward or hard work, to be nioyed privately. Yet. were ve to vanture to road more serous erature, there would be ita there that would challenge our individual lide eusumptions. For current Mrature, being & mirror of rm rat {a ored, hs actly deer at. “from tology to eye tis No personel problame”— from the pubic 10 he ‘THE ANTLSOCIAL FILIPINO ” Movies, TV and radio, ae tkewise overebamingly con arsed ith the problems of individuals rather than wih those fm Conway Th tho of sores geal The its ee sspechoro whose atibutes we dream of powses- Pager ee egeanbaerl gearing rang em onllcts 1 purely prvole way, atts never tating {cree into cemiderston, Thow’oe al oflachon of he or trongemont of the individual from his socaty. They reinforce ala het tedey it isthe individual agaist the wo Praude-Camaradera Fee Private Ends Nathan sen oon oppor for earn to al interaction. In the upper stata, 30 pervasive t private ‘conomic motivation tht sMendence at fecal erent i fog nce aes ants Fo Ho =, erection becomes an 33 tall part of the drive for higher ‘economic status, Whan rations vith ofhar human beings ore Thu debated into means for private epdh en true nash tre posible. Instead, we have the praudo-camarederie of no tmargus socal cubs and’ciic crgenielons which people iin not because they the other people, nor even because they Bale ip the avowed purposes of thete groups but becaute chp. wit project them ‘nto the melt, wil enhance ‘eit pubEC image, wl pct thom i conte wih thers whe may Ialp thom. in short membership wil sore fo forword hm on Private, material goals Substitute Gratification, ‘When leisure time ig spent in private consumption or in penive sbsortion of Tndattetiy ered teoding mat for and TV er radi. programs, or when leisore is speat in Trantic socialng for the farharance of privet material gos toch lore Meletoree the incrsasng.prbatoe tn ofc ar ad ur erent fo ac. eck ‘work mo which isl robbed of rtenion of work ial — When erterteinment is reody-ede for the individual, when lisure is commorcily vended, the petsivity of the in Geidua leads fo the npprostion of eraatve tinct. And that38 DISSENT AND COUNTER-CONSCIOUSNESS is why we hove cultural tegatana clue ofa ntion i alah’ hanna wich rs ne ad The ho tnerge long purport Tr t_one ‘exponsibliies of goverment. Subyitute grtiicatons should CUPIaLS Iie pavc ot genes petipttn tn ela andowe tru india enjoy thecld nok take procedeoce ovr group activites. "Neither should we allow erolerc voncers Sedona, other the ndviual would mary withdraw rol only from society but from ie sa utes to. thie trend. toward pri Country has abdicated its responsibiity as. ie change, instead of acting a 0 catalyst in the bith of new ‘dees instead of performing the function of critic of society, ‘ur educational system fosters conformism end adjustment fo the sfota que. Ithar become an impediment to chenge. The mmein concer of those in schodl is the acquititon of a degree Tack woud enue mated Accordingly wlvcton ‘lveipr caren slr n each individual nt fr he moods of {he ccuntry but inorder to give him higher sarin power end fence the opportu fo consume more inthe gow of academic objetrlys most of our educators have slecled to reriin neural, sloo! from controversial ues, thorefore panonaly tafe. They have reduced teching fo 8 proce of doling out fect, aath fom his own oan of pe Ealiaton. The rent hes been a conpertmantelied education ‘ove producls ave unacle To ww sorely et whole, fol no teu sone of invovement ine problems, nd ore nol evan ‘Mlactsly corous or ntorestadeh matters beyond their own tpeciolaed Feld. In other wordn, cur edscetonal wat ‘Tau producing conformin, "adued” man and worn ded ated to the usu f tor oom prvere Gow Thun ee oe {hat ediceion nth country roflecs te infect vals of prentsociay. Areckdown OF Goverment Farhops the most immacite and easy recognizable couse forthe ndvidua withdrawal into sacl private To the Breakdown of government. The inabity of government to ‘se yeast Aneroetes sa THE ANTLSOCIAL FILIPINO ” ‘command respect, it incapacity to provide atential ervces, na fara ir paca ae rr mete men fli! he ‘gevernmant i not for them but agains them and That they 220 tard for themestven They muxt bur Thee own gorbege, ord thal en oman scare thai sn parson. And if thay fave been robbed or mavied ar heve been te victime of som chr. instice, many don't run to fhe police; they fake tht {rocblas to the nwrpapers or fo th for Such ection Is clear nc serge mpl wil ruc coe tornind wilh daronate cur drat of gover end out rence for rlance on pvate action. Tw eycim with TEN Fiiginot view govrrvent th ns of tance they fol ‘tories Sed governor plct in i contrat "Voodora Velncie Mona Fines, dune 20, 1960) tat whan hey cover that games re faa” They laugh when they see elections fined We wil have semblance of orgaiation bacaus some las are il complied with bit sch compbance tn Aid at ce ebigaion. it not en obadanee fs ceure fr eeu good bur ove eogendered oi ethno tris on Sept fo provera te Siforce end not she caer deave to forthe th, gels of tocar tn dino al arent of ha He tw iodide) fon, ottloed by ecan when fe shuld bento wih 9 nd wim he fatoomen Sect! Purpose, And Individual Goals Bech, they ave trl yaar te scaly they are rvs again ar Besar tet hs fovtred the dehumeniaaton of men. In ovr county. young pedple are also becoming increasingly dissatisfied with Serer fr Gn hoger scr ha war uma re tnd purpow of our socay fit, so Seiad ie reregal ncn inna od Tay todey. and sacond, 10 that wo may lar {5a Crestecer i wil be potable fo atgrate individ40. 300 M0 cover conNscOUNES 4 ‘goals with worthy social purposes. The task of achieving suck ‘ful eto epporty fe meatng ee er CULTURE AND-NATIONAL IDENTITY * wil, es 6 matter of fact, give him ito 6 intlig {ive the impression that we are in the midst of ‘oution. "The mass media re brimming with announcements tard reviews of great cultural events becouse the First Lady, Imelda Marcos, har lont bor prostige to the current "cultural ‘tance.” it would thus appear that the “new Fiipino” tio e cultured Filipino end the Fipino intellectual for the fst Fim is ving in an-age of cultral rebich, With efficient press agentry, all the activities end cutur fal underralings of the upper crust are made to appear ar if they wore national in scope, The peltry accomplishments ot froterie expatriates, the ide-tripe to this country of miner foreign figuras in their offseason circuits, and the officaly sponsored ethibits of favored artists have boon passed off a: ‘mejor achievements in Phiippine cuture, The here. What ising a tuly national culture, Strangers To The People Some intellectuals, while personaly enjoying. the present cultural movement a¢ a welcome stimulant to the mind and the fomotions, nevertheless question the validity of these activities becom ite morte of these individusls are not in question on is their role in the development of42 DISSENT AND COUNTER-CONSCIOUSNESS within the contest 3 preven ration. The perceptive amon ew astey arora tte irl fms oo {ocaty eed ofthe growing nenaotconousres tno oople re dturbed roe What is the culture of the Fpino paopla? This i the question thet disturbs some raForalit intolectale who are Aeration vomatinesbapuied by curate ne The “now cultured Fipins,” it sams er « breed apart from the mass of Fipinos. The thoughtprocesses are Com frakonchle ony to hemcohet and that fevign model hay 4 not undertond their paople end fhe people in fun regerd thei arte and iterory crotions os objecls of curonty which talther afect thie ve rorslavate ther spirits. They do not tpeak the same language ord thay do not have the ame ox inteligenie, however, do not cont titute a hemogenecus group. Some of them are in state of ferment precisely becaute they reelze that they are e class without roots — adopted chicren of foreign cufure and oreigners to heir own poopie. They ere genvisaly concerned bout the deff of present society though they are hindered by the framework within which thay labor. Others, mistekeny bolieving thet sophistication in the Western conte and fom: iar i Waster way te I ear oer jrogress, have ‘completely embraced cosmopalten eure Their one ambition t someday 0 be st par with the foreign counterperts this group may cal themiahes Fpinoy TEE detecting felarltn som kona ralige that they sre earning for their county. thy wil over realy belang tothe Fipino people. They may now toy the edilotion of lovers of the esoteric but soon they wil be forgotten, for thar wor connot become « prt ofthe people caltre. Im the end, iit the people ond ther calure het wil endure. There coimopoltes who dreom OF word renown i oF even merit national remembrance for they ae nol only CULTURE AND NATIONAL IDENTITY “8 foreigners to thir people, they aro. forigner to thei foreign feandk. They wil thus end in oblivion. Cale wil be devlopad by and wil emerge. fom the sel pools een fetes wil erty not Be sh sept oie stores taceyte et how wae sS goes roy do net roel contr tobe copie SF tpreclning Tht alcompihnent ‘Many so-called cultural leaders proceed from the assump- tion that the people. can experience growth only by seepage from above, ahd thet, moreover, real cultura, is promised on Cecain levels of income ond leisure. Thus we are dai CF crreancements and roports from the nei Culural centers, xhibtions, and palace recs ign land native artists who have.no firm links with our people. r~ Sood. what we ero witnessing it @ palace. cultural eevolution Aor the ole. ‘These so-caled cultural leaders who claim that they are contributing to national development (actualy some hove set jah, even pecuniary motivating) re in realty divorcing them- “nln from tha panpie and are in effect providing weapons for the obliteration of any sort of national culture. What they are accomplishing. is providing Weiterners with a comfortable Raven in these shores, maling tourists feal they aro at home, pampering those intellectuals who find recognition in the li [Sd'world of foreign and locel cosmopoites, and adding to the Confusion of other sectors who realy do pot belong to these ces. It seoms to be the lif ofthese cultural leaders that the io'can be ewotened cturaly ely by massive doses of Eretgn culture end frequent vas by foreign performers, Even those puny attempts fo provrt native art orcaltral foe baped Senate thomot are say adequate precsly boceus they Proceed frome Western bias, More often than not they ort Eifyatorm of condescension and « concesin.on th part. ot {edie cho hove Ther Own heroes and io fom Weston culture.44 DISSENT AND COUNTER-CONSCIOUSNESS Fern Appeesitin — A Condon To Secon "hy slg eens fo spr fa doc topes have tor ther pepoe Meter st dan vet ere Kersgn soda. ioe gente Cane ese Inet ly OS St US 1 Sl he ewan oa th War ak nna ine local udencer chor" imphent cond tar eres ton her fngn pou nln tty ns et Reng {other own poopl And the local audience, reochng iat colonials manner, applauds them becouse ‘hey were ‘pplouded cbrood. ht es the ecedemicen mith «foregn Se dhe eccopied shot} wih cution ashe aasrerehs a proc, to hn ara whe hereon cbc better mor’ “etic than he hana prece votes Se Sj of Car uber Westemereted toBonon otc eins pa pay he om feel sreald et sagen oe Race ccmue aot areata ret rly vee a eer wee etchant nae sciences are dist ithe disparity between their activities Soar earch see renter ein Ge enemy amen of a poo Sone sm stort 30 gue on overal Vee the gal been They Thome sh at ee canes 7 ln fl ai os wy Siac ar cars te ENaC wis Sheet nts ie reed eect aru Parte ieee tae nae tar bere Beet ne Sete Teatieees a ema tae SUES Ru eats mals a rarely be a calabra. ~ sabjoct (CULTURE AND NATIONAL IDENTITY 6 Care, Poverty And independence “The infallactel who isin fermect is product of the peo- sho ae in Tement "He shuld resize thet the strusle Rs tational cltre ts only a merilestation of the struggle or tational indapendence., “And thi culture should develop in Tho midst of and not merely as a consequence of the sruggle {ee fationel independence.” To contrapase the ius of Inde Pundonce agent foreign domination, therefor, is to conta. Pere as cational care squint the culture of Fhe aot avo. What therefore should be the nationalist concept of the rations! culture? Natonel eutue is nok the glory end the Tehekmont of the pose iff aot foMore tis not @ revival Pao in the ntelectual realm, ita the summation of S Gosciption of thes prsert condi ‘slut Thouahts and emotions, th Tetichon ether siagele to iberstethemsaves, True naicnsl este Snantrcably inked to these needs, idees, emotion: cate re Tei elst Meratre, art, mic ord ol the: wre ities erelere must find their source ond itipirtion ‘athe peosl's activites. ‘Many may consider this @ dry if rot an altogether been Ast coud be infereting end exiting inthe ab ‘itlarting 0d Sinton of common prope in conte #0 Tene Sl WCostorised personoltion? is tw thatthe pov Tay SPike motes sof provnt tbe maior cove of the poverty sane of cure, Bo poverty breege sown oy a ener Sime na tesing of acatant into @ Soe o Tapote the very condition ale And this process br Te2ri, eens of entation and movement which We Se stematied become the matt ef the developing Involvement Not Withdrawal ae The netionaist intellectual therefore can play his vole in ina the creative imaginetion of the people precise reestabli46 DISSENT AND COUNTER-CONSCIOUSNESS |y by eitcdating ord dremating thove seemingly painful and Davart epiodes that char poverty Sed ‘rata, This cultural sxprestion should not ba ene of it iectwes that Compete wth he ronal cbictives ofthe sth. Fevever inthe parst of tse atone! intro tees work win av intamafcnl famevotk of sumptions and pectic hich seaure certan ecconmodchons in order to prareve the Viabity of eration relons Yet longi the framework of accomadations. hos wr contns tobe rgitered eed parvo or no controlled levels, Otherwise. © simplistic system of relations ‘would mean complete union of friendly states or total war be- {ween rival states which disregard accommodation or manage: mest of conflict It is through « eerekaly maintained belonee OF lyon nd inter hat he iat comminiy The Ambivalence Of Relation: Even in the relations among individuals who are fronds, Crack Auguib 21, 1968 DIPLOMACY WITHOUT POLICY ” however wide the areas may be within which accomadations ‘ore posible, there Hil romain aroas whore clashes of interests Imust be recognized. Real friendship doos not override theve fealties: on the contrary it reecanizes them in the interest of ioble relations. In our poltical parties, no one can safely say {hat there is @ unanimity of desves among ali members. that 9 loyal party member will abide by perly decisions no matter ‘what happons. Far! exporiences hove taught us that thre are Certain indvidva interests that cannot be surrendared to, the political party. This of coure essumes not only the elt Forest of" member but slo hs perioral independence. An indhvidal who ir known to be 9 mere satelite of another does tot vate decent realmert and respect from his colagues. So, sire tha eneapt of sunray 3 tis the excunve form of par pation of o-country in international fe, A colony oF a pro- fecloree i not given the some freohment accorded fos thet ore regorded ar Independent ond who carefully protect their independence We live in system of nation states where each unit sks to farther iret aoe here the ere of ae ecarouly sacriiced for thore of others Even during ¢ Seiad of actors af oc ltone There ear Eogniton of ihe tent or open river that exit Between aes, ord Hor the posible cocurtnae of extreme moni ‘On the thor nd, even curing «| period of confrontation ond active enmity, Fecoarition of tne possity of jlure eccommodation and Tottrsides careful refrain from dosing ll evenves to future ‘ations. Dur Simplistic View Resegnition of the ambivalent nature of rations hatwaan sates and a respénsile and. sober pursit of rational sal interest within the contort of these ambivalent relations i the imatl of independent ratioahood in the field of foreign affairs, Unfortunately, our conduct of our foreign affairs up to the proton! time disqualifies vs from claiming to be @ sovereign Tromber of the international community. Our role has almost Conistontly been thet of satelite and protectorate50 DISSENT AND COUNTER-CONSCIOUSNESS eat hwo tit ue « tn mei, ve ave vided the nations into the bed guys and the good guys — the bed guys being the ener: of the United States and the toed auyt the Unted State and whowver happen fo be her Fiend at ony given time This amplitic view of the word caused the Moco edrinhation tp go to the riislous length of baring, he tniry of« hondiclofbestetbal payers fr reasons an fseurty. "On the otter hand, naive frst in 8 speci ileus to fhe taious entree, of shering our serel with this fiend for her own, use. For such behaviour we have Tnrned the reputation wo dovarve: that of fitful satelite, From Conkvotaton To Accommedaton orsign rtions fe vray condected in aj which eonenale many of the egy resins nthe of Sates. Wa have fen risaken the honayed word of dplomots {er in poley ill We have ovetcoved fhe fot that ere regerdad whan fhe herd realfat ripe the conrry course. Ths England td the United Slat oval cousins hot thoy or, offen od ch her tthe most eandy tem an couch Her in fe mot restrained manner, bet nother rei af. iy words have prveriod the Untied Stes fom irng 10 reduce Bain fo\on economic satelite. Wa have bow fed with thee some gerihings for over tale ertury. Toe sad thing thot wo have corto belove thom rough yes of penitent retaraton and trough our fr lees to narine the facts for ousever although bis Sry now records many insancet of pkey inflicted upon History shows tat Arerca's policy toward i from the Begining fer ways bron Yor hor wn teats. Yet we por. Sa? hosing ss'i'she were hate primer for our good and nly inidotly fr her own.” Our bladvots end ove Hupiaty Ria Sucked nitor charhy nor consideration gute the op oie hoy have ony whatied the eppettes of solith Arr. ‘San business interot ard alowed te US, goverment fo AS advenage of ue every fu That we have boon treated to shabiy is miny our own taut. insted of approncing very negotiation wih the _piibleen administration. Others believe DIPLOMACY WITHOUT POLICY 51 cecsinn ot at snare ahead Ses tet Cen Ste haat eee sr ead fo eer ts Seecckemman er elie ce oe cat aaesy ae Tp Srebd Site ha ca Fee ca ott Betis Sectoid oe RvB to fet Ses ny gue SNUG tet a mech thon is unduly sympathetic end receptive to the other side's Ut, Safes olor nose sen — on by one side to the cther., We only resin the ov eyes We Sea Me Dy th Proto ares tht force us fer fo oor rival ‘agreements only to find that we heve been shortchanged as = Independant State Or Protectorate? cout we behave os the conduct of out fosign of rau’ air orang on Amarice. “gerard ‘eden cur goverment ciclo corafly cies! 000d ros theme sf mbtseder Sore tha hoary betel held by our polticiens of the 2G, Commonwealth tot « Domocretic ed acopie to Papp teers fen Ree ‘trTng Pe en sradar i Weskngton who the ffard of o naw Praident wil mat shy mat the conduct of Us. polity fo: Cor the Pippen Soars hope fra Windy American Tebenor te Marla But forgn poley in not a mater Geren. ombud of wan adnan, The of ar independent country tthe expr 2d aconame teeta Traore is fla fo Shenges'ot a rent of changer of men at sfil cling erly 1900" sinieeation is I. fraign pot isnot to be confused with the rin of plore, Fer example, we have boon Tippine relations recy. How con we52 DISSENT AND COUNTER-CONSCIOUSNESS ‘2 partnership bated on freedom and democracy when we see ‘the proliferation of bases all over the land, when we had to ‘emand our constitution in order to. give Americans parity fights? “The. Far Eastern Economic Review of December 28, 1967 pur i bluntly: The/Phiippne govermnast crtnes Yo tancion operation of ‘vaican mite istaltices oni 93.” One port of view, oF coune, tht the govertmat it preted er bought by the ‘Amariars. An even los chartble view would be tht the Pippnepelicalenaahment 10 only tad to the US, thot Tob to conceive the pouty of porte sohana aco ti wha ho Unie Staten wants and bacore ou cn rng cies who have always bean in contol of our fmmant Reve eccopted ths status for us. No amount of the forte from our leaders ennouncing our sovereignty con chenge bur statur unt we actin samest Yo change Discropancy Betwoon Words And Deeds Posture i not palicy. No matter how many times ord how emphatically our presidents auert our independence: ths ignot policy. Mare astrtion cannot negate reality. The realty ita ane th fet rion of the Robe Baud our or ign policy on friendihip with America, al succeeding pres. ‘donts hve not deviated from thi couse, In fac,» vo-lcted Frasident Mercos hes even put these i despite token statements of 8 som ietwoon the words and the deeds, however, there dicropancy. ah The prevention to on independent foraign policy isin fact our independence. ‘Are wo acting as an independent n tion or esa protectorate? This i ¢ basic question on which i predicated cur freedom of ection, our dagroe of iberty to act {or our own good end slay for our goal. ‘Our military agreements and the other testis thet in {tinge on our sovereignty would show that what we possess i tperaly the luson of savercignty end not its reality, Ths i some. DIPLOMACY WITHOUT POLICY 3 thing that we have long tried to forget just as we have tried to forget here to colonize ond not fo help us fovelopment which hasbeen rexpontibe for our captivity ut even after we have recognized the issory nature of cur sovrignty tare re sl other ificuties thot bie nour path oven independent foreign palcy. There difclts hove Sto emanated from the one-sided relations we have had with fhe Urited States. These ore aitides as wall as prectics hat have deepened our ependance on the United Stes and which if propery evaueted, xi make or rele how stupid we eve boon, “And oft teks iva realy cries view of cureles {pd e move ireligent approach fo question tel conront vt Verbal Retionalzatons Vs. Real Intent This calls for an inauiry into the extent of our knowledge of the outside world. Having adopted the attitude that Ame- Tica would do us no harm. that our interests are also hers, we tccapted the framework of the cold war” within which to Conduct our foreign relations, America’s irtonds are our finds ‘end'her aneins are our enemies. Thare are good nations and bod netions. Those who base their society on 2 different ideo logy are bad and those who play neutral rles cannot be trusted ‘otter, “Amence is ¢ good nation, therefore she alone con be fully rusted. The mental conditioning to which wo, along with the entire American people, were subjected. mede it easy for the United Stetes to cary out her policy not only with our support but also with our wiling contribution and sacrifice. ‘This is contrary to the attributes of en independent foreign policy which should be buttresred by the principle that we fre not merely © part of the 1o-cafed "ree but also Of the entire world. We cannot shut out from our considers: tion the tact of humanity ust because they profess an ideoleay diferent {rom ours. This moralistic view of international re lations sat forth by John Foster Dulles has been proven wrong by events. Fr » nation must accapt the realities of the world ‘ond mus! recognize the euistence of other nations regardless of ideology. In countries ike the United States, powerful economic in ferests dictate many of the shifts and tums of foreign policy ‘astever may be the verbal rationalization of a given policy,