Simple Equations in One Variable + Solve linear equations in one variable. * Solve simple fractional equations. * Form linear equations in one variable to solve problems. | 61 Basic Concepts 1. An equation is a statement which contains two expressions that are equal. Eg. 3r-2=S and 6x + 1=2x—8 are two equations. ‘When we solve equations, we find the value of the variable in the equation, Eg. = 8 is the solution to the equation x~3 = 5. 3. Equations with the same solution are called equivalent equations. Eg. 2x+3= 11 and 3x= 12 are equivalent equations as x = 4 is the solution to both equations. 4, A linear equation is an equation in which the highest power of the variable is 1. Eg. 3x+5=9 isa linear equation, The highest power of the variable x is 1 ‘ax +b =cis a linear equation where a, b and c are constants anda #0. 62 > Solving Linear Equations 1. To solve a linear equation, we need to find the value of the variable. 2. The solution or root of an equation is the value of the variable that will make the equation true.3. Rules for solving linear equations: (a) Ifyou add or subtract the same algebraic expression to or from each side of the equation, the resulting equation is equivalent to the original equation. Ifa=b, then Ifa=b, then dtc=bte (>) If you muttiply or divide both sides of an equation by the same non-zero algebraic expression, the resulting equation is equivalent to the original equation If , then ee where ¢ #0 (©) If an equation contains brackets, remove all brackets by applying the distributive law of multiplication over addition or subtraction, “San. WORKED EXAMPLE 1: ~ Solve the following equations. (a) x-6=5 ) x43=8 © § @) 4x=12 (© -6x=10 () 2x-3=9 (@ 5-2xel (bh) 02v47=12 SOLUTION: @ x-6=5 x- 6/46 = 5 [#6 RSS BNR xell ) x+3=8 x+3 23 ~~ Subtract 3 from both sides, ,(©) @ x53 © -6r=10 6x _ 10 TG = 2G 7 Dive batt sides by Coy, © 2x-3=9 2x-3'43'=9 43, +—— Add Mo bot sides. 2x =12 2x _ 12. pivide bot sides by2. x=6 (g) 5-24.55 = 11 -S + Sibimact 5 from both side -2x=6 3 [ae ee (h) 02x47=12 0.2x+7 <7. = 12-7 -— sitizact7 froin both sides; 0.2x=5 O0.2x 5 Se = gy Dividelboth side ny 0.2 225 © Casco Publications Pte Lid“Sn. WORKED EXAMPLE 2: Solve the following equations (a) 8x-12=0 (b) © (d) ©) ® 9) (h) =2 SOLUTION: (a) 8r- 12 =0 Bx—12+12 =0+12 +—+ Aad 12'to both ides! 8x =12 Be g +— Biviae both sides by 8. x3 —2 seth (b) +— Multiply both sides by'5, 3x-2+2 540 +2 +— ‘Add 2 to both sides. 3x = 42 xsl4 © “Add & to both sides X6 +—— Multiply 6 0 both sides. + Add 9 to both sides. + Divide both sides by 2. © Casco Publications Pte Lid Chapter 6: Simple Equations in One Variable© yy =3 (y= er y=9 () V2x-1 =6 (V2x-1P =6 +— Square 2x-1 =36 Qx-1+1 =36+1 2x =37 =—— Add 1'to both sic 2s 1)’ + Clibe both sides, +7 + "Add 7 to bath sides. 13 i toi aby ‘Mathematics Tutor 1A © Casco Publications Pre Lid“Sam. WORKED EXAMPLE 3: Solve the following equations (a) 2(7x-3)=5 (bo) 344-9 =8 (©) 8(+2)=32x+7) @) 3x-4@-2)= 13-3440) SOLUTION: Reniove backers BY mulipiying @ — Wx-3) each item in the brackets by 2. l4x—6 : 14x-64+6 +6 + ‘Add 6 to both sides. 14x=11 Idx _ LL ; 4 714 +—— Divide both sides by 14. xe 14 ) 304-2) = 8 +p ns wt 12-31 =8 12-31-12 = 8-12 "Subic i2 Goa -3r=—4 3x _-4 = ivi both sides BYES) (c) 8(x + 2) = 3(2x +7) +—— Expand both sides to remove brackets. 8r+ 16 =6x+21 8x + 16 - 6x = 6x +21 - 6x +— + Subiract 6¥from both sides 2x+ 16 =21 2x + 16-16 = 21-16 + ‘Subtract 16 from both sides. 2x =5 2x Sy a ‘ S55 Divide both sides by 2 1 x= (@) 3x—4(e— 2) = 13-34 +x) Expand to remove brackets. 3x— 4x48 = 13 - 12 - 3x ~ 2 9inipiy -x+8=1-3r -x+843x=1-3x+3x +—— Add 3ri6 both sides. 248 2x+8-8 -8 + ‘Subtract 8 from both sides. 2x ==7 2x 7 J 7 Divide boi sides by 2 3“aq. WORKED EXAMPLE 4: Solve the following equations. 2x-5 xe (a) ) = Multiply both sides by 15; tlie LOM OF 3 aid 5 10x-25 =3x+3 (b) ) = 14¢4) 2 Min eecnipae CON oR? Tx + (x3) = 56 Tx + 2x-6 = 56 9x-6 =56 56+6 A ( Mathematies Tutor 1A © Casco Publications Pte Lid2x-1) ‘Multiply “eadh ‘term by“ 15, 1s) the LCM of 3,5 and 15. 5(2x) = 3(x+ 1) = 15-21) 10x-3x-3 =15-2x+1 Tx-3 =16-2x “San. WORKED EXAMPLE 5: IFA = 5 (a+ b)h, find the value of b when A = 35,a=8 and h=5. SOLUTION: al A= Flat bh When A= 35,a=8 and h=5, at 35 = 5 (8 + d)(5) 35= 38 +b) 2 X35=84b +——| Multiply both sides by 2 14=84b b=6 “&. WORKED EXAMPLE 6: 4 fi z 3s find the value of y" SOLUTION: 3x-4y,_/4 DeLay 7 Coos ly 5(3x~ 4y) = 4(2x ~ 3y) 12y 8 5S piesa Ty © Casco Publications Pte Lid Chapter 6: Simple Equations in One VariableSolving Simple Fractional Equations 1. A fractional equation has a variable in the denominator of a term. Bg. 2 =11,—1~ =9and + = —2- are examples of fractional equations. By TU os = x= ‘a - 2. Tosolve a fractional equation, we need to transform it into a linear equation. “Sa. WORKED EXAMPLE 1: Solve the following equations. 18. 5 @ Bas ) 525-4 © SOLUTION: @ 8 \ (8 '} = 3G) +-— Mutiply boi’sides by »: 18 =3x 18 3 6 © () ‘Mathematics Tutor 1A © Casco Publications Pte Ltd“Sq WORKED EXAMPLE 2: Solve the following equations. a) 3-8. @ FT ii 1 2 o) 1-5-2 SOLUTION: @) xt = Stay 3(4x = 1) = 6x + 1) 12x~3 = 6x46 12x 6r=643 6x=9 a) =6 wel (b) 64 > Problem Solving with Algebra 1, We can represent real-life situations by using linear equations. By solving these linear equations, we can find the solutions to the real-life problems. 2. In other words, to solve word problems, we translate them to linear equations and then solve the resulting equations. 3. Steps for solving problems: Read and identify the unknown quantity. Represent the unknown quantity by a letter, e.g. x. Write expressions for other quantities in terms of x. Form an equation using the information given. Solve the equation, GaeeQovs Write down the answer to the problem.“Sn. WORKED EXAMPLE 1: The sum of 3 consecutive odd integers is 171. Find the integers. SOLUTION: Step | }—+ We need to find the 3 integers. Identify the unknown quantity. Step 2 }-——+ Let.x be the smallest integer. Represent the unknown by x, Step 3 -—+ ‘The middle integer =x +2 ‘Write expressions ‘The largest integer =x +4 for other quantities. Sum of integers = 171 Step 4 J—+ xX+(x42)4 (044) =171 Form an equation. x+(x+2)4(r+4)=171 Step 5 |} —> Soe the 3x+6=171 Wve the equation. aac x=55 ‘Step 6 /-—+ The 3 integers are 55, 57 and 59. Write the answer to the problem. Mathematics Tutor 1A, © Casco Publications Pte Ltd“Sq. WORKED EXAMPLE 2: A father is 27 years older than his son. In 12 years’ time, he will be twice as old as his son. (a) If his son is x years old now, write down an expression in terms of x for the father’s present age. (b) Write down an expression in terms of x for the son’s age in 12 years’ time. (©) Hence form an equation in.x and find their present ages SOLUTION: (a) At present, the son is x years old. ©. The father’s age is (x + 27) years. (b) The son’s age in 12 years’ time is (x + 12) years. (c) The father’s age in 12 years’ time =x+27412 = (x +39) years x +39 =2(x-+ 12) -—— Need dot write units in’an equation. x+39 =2n424 x = 15 (son's age) x+27 =15 +27 =42 (father’s age) ©. The son is now 15 years old and his father is 42 years old. Check: 42 + 12 =2(15 + 12) 54 =54 Vv “Soa WORKED EXAMPLE 3: A travel agent is planning an outing for x people. He enquires about costs from two coach firms, Daily Express and United Travel (a) Daily Express charges $15 for each person. Write down an expression, in terms of x, for the total amount that Daily Express would charge for the outing, (b) United Travel charges a fixed amount of $84 and an extra $12 surcharge for each person. Write down an expression, in terms of x, for the total amount that United Travel would charge for the outing. (©) The travel agent finds that the total amount is the same for each firm, Find the number of people going on the outing. SOLUTION: (a) Total amount that Daily Express would charge =$15x (b) Total amount that United Travel would charge = $(84 + 12x) (©) 1Sx=844 12x Bx =84 x= S228 ©. 28 people are going on the outing. © Casco Publications Pre Lid Chapter 6: Simple Equations in One VariableTutorial 1. Solve the following equations, (a) 9x+2=29 (bt) 3x-1=17 © 7-2=13 @) -4x+6=-14 (@) Sx+4=18-2x (g) 15x-8=4+49x () 1-3rex413 (h) 7-3r= 2x4 12 © Casco Publications Pte Lid0) Soy @ sx=-20 2 @ 9-gae5 (m) 2-0.6x=x (n) 2x=0.2x+5.4 (0) 02x+08=18-03x @) 1yx-84= 2 +2.6¢@ a =36 @ @=27 (s) 2° =50 (a) vxe3 =4 () gy-1 =3 (w) V5—4x =12 (x) Mathematics Tutor 1A © Casco Publications Pte Lid2. Solve the following equations. (a) 23x+4+4)=26 (b) 3(4x-9)=81 (©) 3-x)=-14 (@) 25 -2x) =9 (©) 2-5) =3r-18 () 6-3x=4(r+2) (g) 2x-7(x-3)=26 (h) (3x+2)-(2x-5)=0 © Casco Publications Pre Lid Chapter 6: Simple Equations in One Variable@ 3@-25)=6 @ 0.15 =005(1 +2) (k) 9-24x=203x-3) © 26x-9=8 (m) 3 (6x~8)=5(r-25) (n) 1ar-2.7=3(Le+1) (o) 4dr ~5)+2v=3.2(0-+2)—3.82 ‘Mathematics Tutor LA © Casco Publications Pte Lid3. Solve the following equations. (a) S@v+2)-3(x- 1) = 12 (b) 4G x) +3(5x +2) =40 (c) 30. —2x) 5265 —x)- 12 (d) 2x +3(x+4)=23-(4x-7) (e) Sx+4-3Qx-1)=8-(7x-I) +x () 2x-[9-34r-7)] = 26 © Casco Publications Pre Lid Chapter 6: Simple Equations in One Variable &4. Solve the following equations. Qx- Sxt4 (a) 5 (b) 7 -2=0 2x _ xtl x+2 OT am 1 a 5 = 23x- ©) GGr-D=s () § =2Gr-1) ‘Mathematics Tutor 1A © Casco Publications Pre Lid5. Solve the following equations. @) 343 g A (be) x45 =12 Bxt5 x _ @® “= -3 © Casco Publications Pte Lid Chapter 6: Simple Equations in One Variable6. Solve the following equations. @ () pet get geal () 382242821 @ 2x! _5@=) HI wy 2D 5 Mathematics Tutor 1A, © Casco Publications Pte Led7. Solve the following equations. @ Ses ) 2=3 1 © @ 4-3=0 3 © x+3 © Casco Publications Pte Lid Chapter 6: Simple Equations in One Variable® meg 57 ® 73 & #53 23 ® 3522 ao as re o Hat Mathematics Tutor 1A © Casco Publications Pre Lidus W+x? (a) _ find the value of E when W = 20 and X = 16, (6) find the value of X when E= 3 and W=25, 9. Ifu=* (a) find the value of u when v= 6, (b) find the values of v when u = 17. Sm 8x 10. Given that y= 2, find the value of x when m= 6 and y = 2.5, 11, Given that p = 2(q - 3r +4), find the value of r when p = 18 and q = 6.12. Given that v* = w? + 2ar, find the value of a when t = 3,u=-4 and v=5. 13. Given that & = 4 (s—1), find the value of p when q = 8,r=2 and s=3. v4, ip 220 5 =P 7 ges ; find the value of s when p = 3,q=~5 and r=2. pac) 15. Given that y’ a 11b, find (@) the values of y when a =7,6=-1 and x= 4, (b) the value of x when a = 4, b =~3 and y = -6,16. Given that b = 6,¢ = 9 and d = ~2, find the possible values of a if 4a? = °=54 17. Given the formula So find (a) the value of Vwhen r=7, (b) the value of r when V= 33 (Take x = 2) aa 21 =-2and y= 18. 1f + = = find the value of < when y-x yy 19. The formula used to calculate the focal length (f) of a lens is given by Fi i + +, where u is the distance of the object from the lens and v is the distance of the image from the lens. Find the value of f when «= 3 and v = 5, giving your answer as a fraction in its lowest terms.dx-3y _2 20. ay 23? find the value of : ; a-4b 2 21. Given that = 3 find the value of 5. 22. Given that 4 find the ratio of x: y 3x-y 3a find the value of 7 far5b = 3 Mathematics Tutor 1A, © Casco Publications Pre Lid3p —2 24, Given that 22=24 = 3 fina the value of 92. pt2q 5 q 4x 25. Given that $2=3 ome 14. § vfind the value of += xy 26. Solve the equation 27. Solve the following equations. a) 3(¢-4)=1-G-x) 2xt1 ©) 3x45 Set ©28. Solve the equation 3x [7 - 4(x-2)] = 6. 29. Solve the following equations. (a) 30. Solve the following equations. (@) 4x4 3(8- 5x) = 12-2(r +3) ® 3e-n sas 631. Solve the following equations. (a) $—20r43)=4x-7 (b) 32. Solve the following equations. @ 2-2 .2543 52" 10 3 wy 2th 23 Blk 33. If £ (10x—4)—3(¢ +5) =7, find the value of L1x~834. 35. 36. 37. (a) _ Find three consecutive integers whose sum is 84. (b) Find three consecutive even integers whose sum is 66. (a) Find two consecutive odd integers greater integer is 85. (b) The sum of three integers is 40. The second integer is three times the first and the third integer exceeds the second by 5. Find the three integers. such that the sum of the smaller integer and twice the Lam thinking of a number. If I add 4 to the number and then multiply the result by 3, the answer is the same as subtracting 5 from the number and then multiplying the result by 2 (a) Letting x be the number, write down an equation in terms of x. (b) Solve the equation and find the number that I am thinking of. When a number is halved and 8 is added to the result, the answer is 54, Letting the number be x + 3, form an equation in x. Hence, find the value of x. Mathematics Tutor 1A, © Casco Publications Pre Ltd38. (a) Jonathan is 15 years older than his brother Jeremy. Six years ago, Jonathan was six times as old as Jeremy. Find their present ages. (b) Ben is twice as old as Belinda, Five years ago, the sum of their ages was 92. Find Belinda’s present age. 39. (a) _ Jack’s brother is 14 years older than him. In six years’ time, Jack’s brother will be twice as old as him. How old is Jack now? (b) Mary 2 5 times as old as Jane. In 30 years’ time, the sum of their ages will be 95 years. How old is Mary now? 40. ‘The numerator of a fraction is 4 less than the denominator. If | is added to both the numerator and the denominator, the fraction becomes +. Find the original fraction. 41, The numerator of a fraction is 3 less than the denominator. If 5 is subtracted from the numerator and 2 is added to the denominator, the fraction becomes t - Find the original fraction. YY42. 43. 44. Mare’s mother is 5 years older than twice his age. Let Marc’s age now be x years old (a) Express his mother’s age in terms of x. (b) Mare will be as old as his mother now in 27 years’ time. Write down an equation in x and solve it to find Mare’s age now. Nancy had 30 stamps and Jane had 154 stamps. After each of them bought x more stamps, Jane had thrice as many stamps as Nancy. Form an equation in terms of x. Hence, solve it to find the value of x. A farmer had some cows and chickens. He counted 70 heads and 176 legs. Let x be the number of chickens on the farm (a) Express, in terms of x, the number of cows on the farm. (b) Form an equation in x and solve it to find the number of chickens on the farm.45. Tim has (2x + 1) marbles. Peter has 3 more marbles than Tim. James has half as many marbles as Peter. (a) Write down an expression, in terms of x, for the number of marbles (i) Peter has, Gi) James has, (b) Ifthe 3 boys have 92 marbles altogether, form an equation in terms of x. Hence, solve it to find the value of x. 46. Mrs Tan bought 5 books at $x each, x books at $8 each and 3 books at $4x each: (a) Write down an expression in terms of x, for (i) the total number of books, (ii) the total cost, in dollars, for the books. (b) Find the total number of books she bought if she paid $275 for all the books. 47. Matthew buys x pens and two more pencils than pens. (a) Write down, in terms of x, an expres on for the number of pencils that he buys, (b) Each pen costs 60 cents and each pencil costs 20 cents, Find as simply as possible, in terms of x, an expression for the total cost of the pens and pencils Matthew buys. (c)__ Ifhe spends $10 altogether, find the number of pencils he buys. © Casco Publications Pte Lid Chapter 6: Simple Equations in One Variable48. A fruit seller bought x pears and twice as many mangoes. He also bought 10 fewer peaches than pears. Each pear cost 40 cents, each mango cost 50 cents while each peach cost 80 cents. If the fruit seller paid $102 altogether, find (a) the value of x, (b) the amount, in dollars, that he spent on the peaches. 49. A.salesman selling vacuum cleaners is paid $4 per week. The amount is made up of a basic wage of $120 plus $15 for each of the vacuum cleaners that he sells. (a) Ina particular week, he sold n vacuum cleaners. Write down an expression connecting A and n for the total amount of money the salesman received that week. (b) Calculate the amount of money he would earn in a week if he sells 8 vacuum cleaners. (©) Ifhe earned $375 in a certain week, how many vacuum cleaners did he sell? 50. The buffet cost, $B, for x adults and y children at a hotel is given by B = 35x + I6y. (a) Calculate the buffet cost for 2 adults and 3 children. (b) Write down what the coefficients of x and y represent. (©) The buffet cost for 5 adults and y children is $319. Find the value of y.51 52. Apiece of wire of length x em and 2 pieces of wire of length y cm cach are cut from a piece of wire of length 100 cm. (a) Find the length of the remaining wire in terms of x and y. (b) The remaining wire is bent to form a square. Find the length of one side of the square in terms of x and y. (©) Ifx= 18 and y= 15, find the area of the square formed. A piece of wire is cut into 3 equal pieces. The first piece is bent to form a rectangle of breadth (x+2) om. Its length is thrice its breadth. The second piece is bent to form a triangle with sides (3x +5) cm, 3x em and (4x + 3) cm. The third piece is bent to form a square (a) Express and simplify in terms of x, (i) the perimeter of the rectangle, ii) _ the perimeter of the triangle. (6) Hence, find the length of a side of the square.53. 54, The diagram below shows a rectangle ABCD. Find the values of x and y. Qy+x-3)em 23cm ABCD is a rectangle and E is a point on BC. AB = (6x + 5) cm, BE = (6 ~ x) cm and the perimeter of the rectangle is (18x ~ 2) em. (a) (>) Find, in terms of x, an expression for (i) the length of AD, (ii) the length of CE. Given that the length of CE is twice the length of BE, find (i) an equation in terms of x, (ii) the value of x by solving the equation from (b)(i), (iii) the area of the rectangle ABCD. A (6x+5)em B (-oem D Mathematics Tutor 1A, © Casco Publications Pre Lid55. Two rectangles A and B are shown below. (@) Write down and simplify an expression in terms of x for the perimeter of (i) Rectangle A, (ii) Rectangle B. (6) Given that the perimeter of Rectangle A is 2. of the perimeter of Rectangle B, form an equation in terms of x. Hence solve the equation to find the value of x. (= 6)em (+2) om A (e+ Dem B (@-Dem LL © Casco Publications Pre Lid Chapter 6: Simple Equations in One VariableTHINKING SKILLS CORNER 1. Ifx(1-2~3-4) =(-1)(-2)(-3)(-4), find the value of x. id P= find the value of (x+y). 3. Given the y=2.,/7x—3y" , express y in terms of x 4. Given that 24438 = 3. find the value of b when a= ~3 and c Se-4b 4 =)Sx-2y-7z_ 2 By- ax = Sy «find the value of x when y = 4 and z ash 1 6 Gi tte Given that "Ts = 5 find the value of 7. Solve the equation . . 1 8. Karen’s present mass is 8 kg less than her mass a year ago. If her mass at that time was < of her present mass, what is her present mass?9. Peter has three times as many game cards as Philip. If Peter gives Philip 9 game cards, Peter will be left with 6 more game cards than Philip. Find the total number of game cards the two, boys have. 10. Working alone, Pauline can complete a job in 2 hours, while Anne can do the same job in 3 hours, How long does it take the two women to complete the job together? 11. Rectangle ABCD has dimensions 12 m by 8 m. The length of rectangle PORS is x m and its 3 breadth is half its length. The area of the shaded part is = of the area of the unshaded part. 3 Form an equation in terms of x and solve it to find the dimensions of rectangle PORS. 12m A - - —— D xm 5 8m Q R B c