Question no 1

Reflect upon geography and demography of Balochistan and the role of Baloch rulers.
Answers:
The province of Balochistan is in the news for the atrocities committed by the Pakistani military against the
Belluch people. Of Balochistan's total population of 12.34 million, about 52% of the population are Beluga
and 36% Pashtun, while the remaining 12% are smaller communities; Brahui, Khazar, Sindhi, Punjabi,
Uzbek and Turkmen. The capital of Balochistan is Quetta, which is also the largest city. The province of
Balochistan is underdeveloped and its economy is dominated by natural resources, particularly natural gas
fields.
Geographical location of the Province of Balochistan: Balochistan is currently among three countries;
Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan. Belochistan province is located in southwest Pakistan, south of Afghanistan
and east of Iran and is divided into six divisions - Quetta, Kalat, Nasirabad, Makran, Sibi and Zhob. These
six divisions are further divided into 34 districts. The area of Balochistan is about 40% of the total area of
PAH. Pakistan is highly dependent on natural resources in the Balochistan region. The natural gas field is
considered sufficient to meet Pakistan's needs in the medium and long term. Ribs and Rebels: Players in the
Balochistan Uprising Balochistan's troubled history dates back to Pakistan's independence in 1947 and
began in response to the annexation of the state of Kalat - later annexed to three other states to form today's
Balochistan - by the Pakistani Authorities in 1948. Annexation led to the first Belukh rebellion, which was
quickly quelled. The security situation in the region remained fragile when riots broke out in 1958, 1973 and
most recently in 2005.
Despite the presence of Islamists, the main motivator of the current insurgency remains the nationalist
Beloch, who live in the province's remote mountains and believe they have lost their rights and income from
the province's significant natural resources. Nationalists believe that this revenue is being abused by the
federal government with little revenue in the province.
The Baloch Tribes
• The Bugti are one of about 130 Baloch tribes with about 180,000 members living mainly in the
mountainous region of Dera Bugti. The tribe is divided into the Rahija Bugti, Masori Bugti and Kalpar Bugti
tribes. For decades, the tribe was dominated by the Rahija Bugti family of Akbar Khan Bugti, a prominent
Beluga citizen. Before taking office at the age of 12 in 1939, his father and grandfather were tribal leaders.
Unlike some other traditional Baluch families, Akbar Bugti's family is considered moderate, as Akbar
Shahbaz Khan Bugti's grandfather was a British knight, and Akbar Bugti himself was educated at Oxford
and held some of the country's most powerful political positions: governor, Prime Minister of Balochistan
and Federal Minister of the Interior. Until his death in 2006 in air and ground attacks by Pakistani security
forces, Akbar Bougti was also chairman of the Jamhuri Watan party, which was founded in 1990.
• The Marri are another major Baluch tribe based in the Kohlo district of Balochistan. Its leader, Nawab
Khair Bakhsh Marri, was branded a "shameful sardar" (tribal leader) by President Musharraf. The Maris are
also divided into sub-tribes: Gazni Marri, Bejarani Marri, and Zarkon Marri, with Khair Bakhsh Marri
belonging to the Gazni faction. The total population of the Marie tribe in Balochistan is estimated at around
98,000, and their relationship with the government is historically hostile - they have little integration into the
political structure of the country. Unlike the Bugti tribal leader, the Marri leader is said to be closer to the
communists, and his children graduated from school in Moscow.
• Ataullah Khan Mingal, leader of the Mingal tribe and another troublemaker in Musharraf's eyes, played a
dominant role in Baluch's political history in the region. Unlike the other tribes, the Mingal offered little
military resistance, although the Ataula never condemned armed resistance against the government.
Tribal leaders and rebel groups: Since Musharraf came to power in 1999, there have been goals other than
independence that have united Beloch's nationalists. The most influential Baluch leaders, Akbar Khan Bugti,
Hair Bahsh Marie and Ataula Khan Mingal, for various reasons suspect government involvement in the
region, which they see as an attempt to remove him from the tribal leadership. Government measures
include state support for rival tribal factions and the deployment of military forces in the region (Bahabar, 27
August 2006). However, no tribal leader is willing to publicly confront the rebel group, although military
sources remain skeptical that authoritarian tribal leaders have no idea who fired missiles at their territory.
Belochistan Liberation Army (BLA): The political position of the BLA is clear: They are simply pushing for
the creation of an independent state for Balochistan in the province of Balochistan, Pakistan. The BLA has
its roots in 1973, at the time of resistance to military operations in Balochistan and the discovery of a secret
NAP-led scheme in London.
Baluch Liberation Front (BLF): Like other rebel groups in Belukh, the BLF has recently re-emerged as a
potential threat in the region, responsible for deadly and frequent attacks on government facilities. So far,
the BLF has avoided state accusations of organized terrorism, although its operations appear to be much
larger than those of other factions. The seventh article of their charter - from the pro-Mari nationalist website
sarmachar.org - describes fighting as a sacred duty for all Belochs and calls for moral and financial, if not
military, participation. The tenth article said, "An independent state is a matter of life and death for the
Baluchs." This organization, which describes itself as a volunteer force, also offers a full post-independence
program, namely education - and health policy for abroad. and domestic policies range from external issues
and security.
Conclusion
Regardless of the number of insurgents, the nature and scope of their activities since 2000 have identified
them as a major threat to regional security, with the new government of Pakistan, elected on 18 February,
clearly recognizing this threat. Shortly after the election, winning politicians began to hint at a softer
approach to easing tensions in Balochistan. In response to the military operation that began in Balochistan in
2005, nationalist parties boycotted the Belochs and the election accepted their request to end military
operations in the region. The nomination of Aslam Raisani by the PPP, independently elected by Beloh's
parliament, as interim prime minister in Balochistan is another signal meant to win the hearts and minds of
the province.

Question no 2
Evaluate the Kalat as well as British Balochistan treatment by the British in the
backdrop of Sandeman’s forward policy.
Answer:
British policy towards the indigenous peoples of the northwestern frontier fluctuated between caution and
adventure in the second half of the 19th century. Some MPs oppose extending direct administration or
defense beyond the Indus. Others prefer a stronger stance or "forward policy." The views of those who
followed him prevailed, in part because Russia's advances in Central Asia gave credibility to their
arguments. In 1874 Sir Robert Sandeman was sent to help improve British relations with the Baluch and
Khan Kalat tribes. In 1876, Sandeman signed a treaty with Khan which placed his territories - including
Haran, Makran and Las Bella - under British sovereignty. The Second Afghan War took place in 1878-80,
sparked by British demands for complete control over Afghanistan's foreign policy. In the Gandamak Treaty
of May 1879, the emir of Afghanistan ceded his districts of Pishin, Sibiu, Harnai and Tal Chotyali to the
British. In the following years, other tribal territories were forcibly occupied by the British. In 1883 the
British permanently leased the Bolan Pass southeast of Quetta from Khan Kalat, and in 1887 some of
Balochistan was declared British territory.
A similar policy in the future is carried out further north. A British political agent was stationed in Gilgit in
1876 to report on Russian activities and developments in the neighboring states of Hunza and Nagar. In
1889 the Gilgit Agency was permanently established. A British expedition was sent against the Hunza and
Nagar, which were under British control. Britain proclaimed a new peace from the ruling Hunza family.
British garrisons were established at Hunza and Chitral in 1892. In 1893 an official protectorate was
declared over Chitral and Gilgit.
Also in 1893, Sir Mortimer Duran negotiated an agreement with Amir Abdur Rahman Khan of Afghanistan
to define only a partially explored line (Duran Line) from Chitral to Balochistan to define spheres of
influence for Afghans and British. Each country promised not to interfere in other countries. This treaty puts
under British rule a territory and people that has not been conquered and it will cause a lot of trouble
between Pakistan and Afghanistan in the future.
The establishment of British hegemony in the northwestern frontier region did not result in direct
administration as in other parts of India. Local customary law is maintained as well as customary authority
and social customs that are cultured by the malik (tribal chiefs). For the most part, the border was nothing
more than a large buffer zone with Afghanistan between the British and Russian empires in Asia and a
training ground for Anglo-Indian soldiers. The British ruled Balochistan for almost a century. They used
various diplomatic measures to control the area under their king. Balochistan has proven to be of great
importance to the British government due to its strategic value. The main purpose of the British presence in
Balochistan is to guard the border and if there is any real or perceived danger on the border it must be
suppressed. They used Balochistan as a buffer zone as well as a safe haven against foreign invasions from
the west. This region is easily subdued by a diplomatic policy of division and rule.
Robert Sandeman's policy was essentially a safe transition to British progress in Balochistan. The policy is
called sandeminization. Indeed, he recommended advancing the British Empire westward across the Indus.
This resulted in a strong British influence in the region in the form of the Raj. However, in order to follow
their imperial policies and control the traditional tribal system in Balochistan, the Sandeman system divided
the Balochistan region into four political subdivisions: British Balochistan, Lease Territory, State Territory,
and Tribal Balochistan. Therefore, the guidelines were then applied in certain units as requested by Raj. The
British made Balochistan a full province only at the end of their reign. They detained the Balochistans. They
never used military force to suppress resistance against them. In fact, they strengthen institutions that are
considered primitive as well as important for the implementation of their policies. These include Jirga
system and Sardari system and degree award system, etc. This tactic has given more support to the British
government, especially from Sardarian and Khan.

Question no 3
Discuss the major leaders of the freedom movement in Balochistan also reflect upon the
accession of Balochistan with Pakistan.
Answer:
The Muslim League in Balochistan, if we look at the context of its founding, emerged on the political stage
of the political struggle of Quaid-e-Azam and Qazi Issa in 1939 as Qazi Issa Qaid at the Nawab Hippodrome
Nawab Taleh Mohammed. they met Khan Palen Puri2 Here the pier asked Kazi about the existence of the
Muslim league in Belochistan, which Kazi refused. Quaid asks Kazi to help build the League in Balochistan.
Kazi recalled that Ahund Zada Abdul Ali Khan, a Muslim from Belochistan 3a, was the first to join the
league. However, this does not mean that it does not have deep roots in society and the masses, as it is
widely believed that Belochistan's policies were heavily influenced by the propaganda of the Congress
against the League, which declared it a royal party, but by the struggle of Kazi. . and the league and its
partners were welcomed by the masses and soon became the first party in the region. The entire Indian
Beluga conference from 27-29 December 1932 in Jacobabad was a further historical development towards
political revival and the pursuit of rights. His Highness Mir Ali Nawaz Khan from Hair Pur was scheduled
to preside over the conference but his illness prevented him and his speech was read by a private secretary
and Khan Abdul Samad Khan Achakai was unanimously elected to chair the conference. In the proposal
titled Samad Khan Quaid, Azam always emphasizes Mohammad Ali Gina for Balochistan, because the
proposal documents from Delhi, Sir Mohammad Shafi's proposal and Quaid's fourteen-point formula clearly
reflect fear. Quay and the interests of the People. Balochistan. Quaid e Azam is a strong human rights
defender in Balochistan. 12 We note that long before the Muslim League was founded in Balochistan, he
raised his voice in defense of Balochistan rights. He called for Balochistan to be given provincial status and
for the law to be implemented in Balochistan and other Indian provinces. 13 That's because the Quaids want
Balochistan to rise. Following the Pakistan resolution, the Pakistani movement has gained momentum across
India as well as in Balochistan, and the political scene in Balochistan will look very different in the coming
years. The Muslim and Pakistani Leagues are popular with young and old alike. This situation worries the
leaders of Congress, but they may not have many playing cards and a political move will benefit the Muslim
League and Pakistan. Muslim League won the final and Balochistan announced the decision for Pakistan
and became an integral part of the homeland of Pakistan.
Balochistan consists of southwest Pakistan. It is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran to the west and the
Arabian Sea to the south. It makes up almost half of Pakistan's landmass and only 3.6% of the total
population. The province is very rich in natural resources, including oil, gas, copper and gold. Despite these
huge reserves of natural resources, this region is one of the poorest areas in Pakistan. The majority of the
population live in woeful dwellings where there is no access to electricity or clean drinking water.
Prior to the division of India and Pakistan, Balochistan consisted of four princely states under the British
Empire. These are Kalat, Lasbela, Haran and Makran. Three months before the founding of Pakistan,
Mohammed Ali Gina negotiated the independence of Balochistan under Kalat rule by the British. Kalat's
relationship with Pakistan was discussed as it emerged. A series of meetings followed between the viceroy
representing the crown, Gina, and the Kalat inn. This led to a notice on August 11, 1947, which stated:
Referring to a telegram from Grafi-Smith dated October 17, 1947, the Department of Politics said in a note
on negotiations between Pakistan and Kalat that Gina was reconsidering Kalat as an independent sovereign
state and was now trying to get it to join the same Form. as adopted by other rulers who joined Pakistan. The
same note states that an interesting situation was developing as Pakistan was able to accept the accession of
the two feudal lords of Kalat, Lasbela and Haran.
The true history of Balochistan is never shared or discussed in the Pakistani public. Our textbooks and other
publications tell of far-from-truth rhetoric that has led the general public to believe lies. It is the
responsibility of intellectuals, teachers and professors to study and uncover the true facts through
unobtrusive historical documents.