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    6 views8 pages

    20153410608

    Uploaded by

    Azhari Rizal

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    Severity of Phytophthora Leaf Infection on some Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) Clones in Mon State Thanda Moe', Thi Thi Aye’ and Kyi Soe* ‘Assistant staff officer, Applied Research Center for Perennial Crops, Department of Industrial Crop Development ? Staff officer, Applied Research Center for Perennial Crops, Department of Industrial Crop Development * Deputy Director, Applied Research Center for Perennial Crops, Department of Industrial Crop Development Abstract Two field surveys were conducted to assess levels of Phytophthora leaf fall severity in ARCPC hybrid clones trial (PB 260*RRIC 100 (22), RRIC 110*PB 260 (16), RRIC 110xPB 260 (17), BPM 24xRRIC 100 (7), BPM 24xPB 235 (2), BPM 24xPB 260 (4), GT 1xPB 260 (9), BPM 24xPB 235 (1), BPM 24 and PB 260 ] and RRIM 2000 series clones trial [ RRIM 2024, RRIM 2001, RRIM 3001, RRIM 2002, RRIM 2023, RRIM 2026, RRIM 2027, RRIM 2025, RRIM 2016, RRIM 2009 and PB 350 and BPM 24]. A field survey was conducted in the clonal trial at the Applied Research Centre for Perennial Crops (ARCPC), Mawlamyine, Mon State in a randomized complete block design with 3 replication. Disease severity index and clones reaction of tested ARCPC hybrid clones were ranging from 70.7 (susceptible) to 37.7 (resistant) in PB 260*RRIC 100 (22) and BPM 24, respectively. Most of ARCPC hybrid clones were moderately susceptible similar to that of PB 260. In tested RRIM 2000 series clones, disease severity index and clone reaction were ranged from 96.7 (highly susceptible) to 40.0 (resistant) in RRIM 3001 and BPM 24, respectively. Among the tested ARCPC hybrid clones, PB 260*RRIC 100 (22) and the tested RRIM 2000 series clones, RRIM 3001, RRIM 2016 should not be released in areas that experience heavy rain, The results of this experiment could be used as the basic characteristics to group clone differences in resistance to Phytophthora leaf fall and would be used as a reliable data for clone recommendation Keywords: Phytophthora leaf fall, disease severity index and clones 1. Introduction The para rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) native to tropical rain forests of South America was first introduced to Myanmar around 1876 and commercial planting was started in 1905 (MOAI 2013). This initiated the development of rubber 149 plantation industry in our country which covers more than 581,000 ha today (MOAI 2013). It is a major crop for smallholders in Mon State and an important commercial crop everywhere in Southeast Asia. The major rubber production areas are in Mon State, Kayin State and Tanintharyi Division. Like most other cultivated crops, rubber is facing serious problems from several diseases: after long periods of high rainfall, the leaf fall disease becomes a problem. The formula for forecasting epidemics of abnormal leaf fall postulated by Peries in 1969 states that "if the temperature is not above 20 °C; relative humidity above 80%, at least 0.1 inch of rain per day and less than 3 hours of sunshine per day prevail for 4 consecutive days, when infected fully mature green pods are present on the trees, leaf fall epidemics can be expected to occur within next fourteen days". Satchuthananthavale and Dantanarayana in 1973 suggested that daily rainfall is more important in governing the severity of the disease during the period when mature pods are present in the field. In Myanmar, leaf fall epidemics occur from June to September when the weather and other factors are conducive to the pathogen. The disease is considered to be caused by Phytophthora palmivora and P. botryosa. With the onset of rain, infection first takes place on immature green pods, giving rise to pod rot, which then acts as a source of inoculums to fuel the leaf fall epidemic. On rubber clones, symptoms are first seen on the immature green pods which are most susceptible. Small lesions indicated initially by ‘pin head’ black globules of latex, usually at the basal end of the pod, enlarge with continuous wet weather into brown water-soaked areas and correspondingly the globules of latex become bigger and more apparent. The pod surface soon gets covered with a white ‘mass of sporangia which are washed by rain down onto the leaves, petioles, young shoots and stems where they cause further infections. On petioles, infections are also usually indicated by a globule of latex at the point of fungal entry from which a grey-to-black lesion develops. At this stage Teaves abscise with the petiole attached, though leaflets often become reddish- brown before this. On leaves, circular, brownish water-soaked lesions appear on the lamina with fine droplets of coagulated latex in concentric rings. Lesions eventually coalesce to form large, irregular necrotic areas. Leaflets are easily shed on vigorous shaking. Infection of shoot apices leads to shoot dieback. Infections elsewhere on green shoots result in depressed dark brown areas often with a white mat of sporangia, Economic implication of severity of Phytophthora leaf fall depends on the weather condition. Nursery plants were suffered from greater economic loss in area of high rainfall. In Myanmar, rubber tree with aerial spray has not been feasible due to technical difficulties of spraying and costly. So, smat! holder rubber planter faced with greater economic loss. Chemical control can be used at a rate of 6 kg a.i. 150 copper oxychloride in 30 litres of agriculture spray oil per ha (Jayasinghe and Jayaratne1996). The use of Mancozeb as spray at 3.3 kg a.i. per ha is also known to be economically viable in the control of disease (Delabarre and Serier 2000). Agronomic practices such as reduction of plant density and avoidance of excessively moist conditions by removal of vegetation are also recommended. Yield loss of 37.7 to 50.5% was recorded in susceptible clones in India due to Phytophthora leaf fall (Jayaratnam et al., 1987). The economies of this tree crop mainly depend on the latex yield potential and disease resistance. The resistance level of the clones can vary according to the geographic locality (Jayasuriya et al. 2002). The study may contribute to develop resistant clones of Phytophthora leaf disease of rubber, as an alternative for control. The disease has to be managed by chemical application, which is not economical. The best remedy is breeding or screening of highly resistant clones. 2. Materials and methods ‘An experimental field surveys were conducted to assess levels of Phytophthora leaf fall severity at ARCPC hybrid Clones trial and 2000 series Clone trial which were located at Applied Research Center for Perennial Crops (ARCPC), Department of Industrial Crops Development (DICD), Mawlamyine Township, Mon State during (June-September) 2014. The trail was located at 16 21" N, 97° 39" E, typical tropical climate with mean monthly temperatures varied from 23.96°C to 32.61°C, and annual precipitation of about 190-215 inches (4826 mm - 5461 mm) with average rainfall days was 140 days year’. Climatology data for experimental area was obtained from ARCPC research station. The genetic material used in ARCPC hybrid clones trial were eight Hevea clones, developed by ARCPC including PB 260*RRIC 100 (22), RRIC 110 PB 260 (16), RRIC 110*PB 260 (17), BPM 24xRRIC 100 (7), BPM 24% PB 235 (2), BPM 24x PB 260 (4), GT 1xPB 260 (9), BPM 24xPB 235 (1) and two existing clones BPM 24 and PB 260. The experiment was used six trees per plot with 20'10' (6.09 m x 3.05 m) spacing. A field plot of RRIM 2000 series clone trial evaluated for the study comprises ten RRIM 2000 series clones involving RRIM 2024, RRIM 2001, RRIM 3001, RRIM 2002, RRIM 2023, RRIM 2026, RRIM 2027, RRIM 2025, RRIM 2016, RRIM 2009 and two existing clones PB 350 and BPM 24. This experiment was used seven trees per plot with 18'%9' (5.5 mx2.7 m) spacing. Both experimental designs were arranged as randomized complete block with three replications. However, missing plants were not scored. Leaf fall were assessed for incidence of leaf infection based on disease severity. A five points scoring scale for disease severity base on the leaf fall were 0 to 5 (O= nill; 1= leaf fall less than 10% of canopy; 2 = leaf fall range between 10-25 of canopy; 3= leaf fall range between 26-50% of canopy; 4= leaf fall range between 51-75 % of canopy; 5= leaf fall greater than 75% canopy), respectively. Disease severity index (DSI) was calculated by Manju et al. (2011) according to Parry (1990) with slight modification, Disease Index (DSI) = (Ox a) + (1 xb) + (2xc) + (3xd) + (4xe) +(5*f) x 100 atbt+ct+dt+e+f Xx 0,1,2,3,4,5 ab,e,dve, f x Infection categories 0 of leaves! plant that falls into the infection categories, Maximum No. of infection categories. The clone reaction was classified on the basis of the mean DSI such as 0 - 15% Highly Resistant (HR); 16 - 40 % Resistant (R); 41 - 65 % Moderately Susceptible (MS); 66 - 85 % Susceptible (S); > 85 % Highly susceptible (HS), respectively. All data were subjected to analysis of variance of final leaf fall percent and DSI was compared by least significant difference (LSD) at 1% level. Data were statistically analyzed by using the software programme SAS 9.1 (SAS 2008). 3. Results In ARCPC hybrid clone trial statistical analysis of percent mean disease severity index (DSI) and incidence of leaf fall revealed that differences in severity among clones were highly significantly at p<0.01. Mean disease severity index (DSI) recorded among the tested clones varied from the least to the highest incidence ranging from 70.7 to 37.7 in PB 260xRRIC 100 (22) and BPM 24, respectively (Table 1). Result showed that PB 260*RRIC 100 (22) clone had the highest DSI (70.7); while the least DSI was recorded in BPM 24 (37.7). The DSI recorded in BPM 24XPB 235 (1); RRIC 110xPB 260 (16); BPM 24*RRIC 100 (7); PB 260; RRIC 110*PB 260 (17); BPM 24%PB 235 (2) were not significant different (p<0.01) but were significant different from GT 1xPB 260 (9) and BPM 24x PB 260 (4) clones (p<0.01). According to the mean value of DSI, BPM 24 was rated as resistant (R) while PB 260*RRIC 100 (22) was rated susceptible (S). The remaining tested clones were rated as moderately susceptible (MS). Although the incidence of mean leaf fall percent and DSI of BPM 24XPB 260 (4) was significant lower than that of GT 1

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