Etiopathogenesis of oral pyogenic granuloma Kamal, et al.

80

Some authors regard pyogenic granuloma as an “infectious” entity. Kerr has reported staphylococci
and botryomycosis, foreign bodies, and localization of infection in walls of blood vessel as
contributing factors in the development of the lesion. Bhaskar et al. observed that bacterial stains have
demonstrated the presence of gram positive and gram negative bacilli in oral pyogenic granuloma. But
they also suggested that as these organisms were more common in ulcerated than in non ulcerated
lesions and more common near surface than in deeper aspects that suggest that these organisms may
have been contaminants from oral flora. According to Shafer et al., oral pyogenic granuloma arises as
a result of infection by either staphylococci or streptococci, partially because it was shown that these
microorganisms could produce colonies with fungus-like characteristics. They also stated that it is
now generally agreed that oral pyogenic granuloma arises as a result of some minor trauma to the
tissues that provide a pathway for invasion of nonspecific types of microorganisms. The tissues
respond in a characteristic manner to these organisms of low virulence by the overzealous
proliferation of a vascular type of connective tissue. They explain the mechanism by suggesting that
tissue response reiterates the well-known blologic principle that any irritant applied to living tissue
may act elther as a stimulus or as a destructive agent or both. If many cells are present in a small
volume of tlssue and there is a relative reduction of blood flow through the area as in inflammation,
the eoneentratlon of the stimulating substance will be high and growth will be stimulated. As
differentiation and maturatlon are attained, the cells become widely separated and the concentration of
the substance falls and little growth occurs. In this type of inflammation that results in the formation
of oral pyogenlC granuloma, destruction of fixed tissue cells is slight but stimulus to proliferation of
vascular endothelium perslsts and exerts its influence over a long period of time.[9] Relchart ef al.
stated that granulation tlssue in oral pyogenic granuloma may become contaminated by flora of oral
cavity and its surface may often become covered by fibrin which may mimlc pus. However, still
suppuration is not a characteristic of oral pyogenie granuloma to support infectious origin.[10]

Some investigators consider pyogenle granuloma as a “reactive” or“reparative” tumor process. Regezl
ef al. suggest that pyogenlc granuloma represents an exuberant connective tissue proliferatlon to a
known stimulus or injury like calculus or foreign material within the glngival erevlee.[’1] Several
“etiologie factors” such as trauma, injury to a primary tooth, ehronlc irritation, hormones, drugs,
gingival inflammation, preexisting vascular lesions, chronic irritation due to exfoliation of primary
teeth, eruption of permanent teeth, defective fillings in the region of tumor, food impaCtlon, total
periodontitis, toothbrush trauma, etc. have been suggested as etiologieal factors where patients
presented with these findings[. l2 ]

Murata et al. 1997 in their study observed that after any trauma, the key to wound healing ls the
formation of granulatlon tlssue and this includes the migration of inflammatory cells, migratlon and
proliferation of vascular endothelial cells and fibroblasts and synthesis of extracellular matrix. Such
processes of wound healing seem to be controlled by various klnds of cytokines. Out of these
cytokines — role of growth factors, particularly bFGF — a heparin binding anglogenic proteln, has
been found to be highly mitogenic for capillary endothelial cells and to induce anglogenesis. They
studied bFGF lmmunoloealisation in gingiva and oral pyogenie granuloma at its various stages of
progression. They suggested that maximum amounts of bFGF are synthesized and released from
some macrophages and mast cells into extracellular matrix during neovascularisation of the
granulation tissue.[”]

Trauma has also been lmplleated in etlopathogenesis of multlple and satellite oral pyogenic
granuloma, although, exact etiopathogenesis that whether lt occurs followlng treatment or de novo, ls
not clearly understood. But various theories have been proposed. Ainamo suggested that trauma can
cause release of various endogenous substances including HRglOgTRlC factors from the tumor cells
and it may also cause disturbances in the vascular system of the affected area. As there ls a site
predilection for labial giRglVa in the anterior reglon of the oral vestlbule, some authors have
postulated that habitual tooth brushing may also be consldered as a significant cause of microtrauma
and irritation to the gingiva.[ ]

Yung, Richardson, and Krotochvil suggested hormonal concentration of the substance falls and
Etiopathogenesis of oral pyogenic granuloma Kamal, et al. 80

little growth occurs. lnfiuenee on the basis of the observation that pregnancy In this type of
inflammation that results in the formation of tumor that occurs in the pregnant women alsO arlses
from the gingiva and has the same lnicroscopic appearance. 1'] Hosseini cr al. stated that there are
clinical obseo ations that gingiva may be enlarged during pregnancy and may atrophy during
menopause. On basis of these obseo ations, gingiva can be regarded as another “target organ” for
direct action of estrogen and progesterone.[16] In Whitaker cr o/., study, it v as suggested that the
cjuantity of estrogen or progesterone receptors in oral pyogenic granuloma is not the determining
factor in its pathogenesis of. Rather, such a role could be attributed to the levels of circulating
hormones. The levels of estrogen and progesterone arc markedly elevated in pregnancy and could
therefore exert a greater effect on the endothelium of oral pyogenic granuloma. 1"] Ojanotak-Harri et
al. (1991) stated that it has been shown that pregnancy inhibits the lnigration of inllalnniatory cells
and fibroblasts. Hence, it seems that pregnancy regulates both the metabolism of progesterone and
also influences migration of inflammatory cells in tissue. The level of progesterone available in the
active form and “dysfunction” of the inflanNnatory cells lnay have a role in development of
pregnancy sinsivitis and granuloma formation. They suggested co-existence of the tu o factors
prevent acute type of tissue reaction (v hich keep tissues clinically healthy) to plaque, but allows an
increased chronic reaction resulting clinically in an exaggerated appearance of inflammation.[1'] But,
Bhaskar and Jacoway observed that pyogenic sranulolna occurs almost as often in males as
females: for this reason, a hormonal basis is doubtiiil.[1

Regezi cr al. (2003) stated that oral pyogenic granuloma shows obvious histopathological findings of
prominent capillary growth in hyperplastic granulation tissue sugscstins a strong activity of
angiogenesis. 10 . Kuo, Ying, and Mine stated the role of Evo angiogenesis enhancers, that is, VEGF
and bFGF, and Evo angiogenesis inhibitors, that is, TSP-1 and angiostatin in lnechanisni for
angiogenesis. Vascular lnorphogenesis factors Tie-2, angiopoietin-1, angiopoictin-2, ephrinB2, and
ephrinB4 u erc found upregulated in pyogenic granulolna compared to healthy gingii a. 19 The
importance of decorin, vascular endothelial eroivth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, or
connective tissue growth factor particularly in angiogenesis associated with a profound inllalnmation
has been proved by sonic investigators.[1']

Kelley and Bernard regard pyogenic granuloma as a “Benign, Accjuired, Vascular, Neoplasm”.[”]
According to Cawson ct al., pyogenic eranuloma represents vascular proliferations and do not
represent a stage in the developlncnt of fibrous nodules or merely inflamed fibrous nodules.
Regarding the pregnancy pyogenic granuloma, they state that like pyogenic granulonias in a
nonprcgnant u olncn, pregnancy tunlor lnay show minimal or no inflammation, but vascular
proliferation is occasionally very active so as to suggest a neoplasm. Nevertheless, the behavior is
benign. ' 1 Davies et al., found inclusion bodies in the fibroblasts suggestive of disordered protein
lnetabolisln.