Chemical Reactions and Equ. : sane 2 ia al reachon= © Lulat is chesdea) COLA. Chemical reactions are the presses in which new substance Wi properties are FOIM Which invalve chemical changes - e dt involves. breaking of old chemical bonde uwhich exist between the at oF substance which act +o Form New chemical bonds. ; e-e ee + old bonds eo New bonds th Neus e During a chemical reattione , atoms of ene elements do net changeio Anose of another elements - &x~ Hydragen react with oxygenase Farm wate® 2H, +.03°—>)2H,0 Hydrogen oxygen warer 2. what is Reactamis 2 ne substange which -aKes part iA Ghemical reaction are called reactants 8. What is ‘Producle*® ahe new substance produced ae a result of chemical reactions . a Csr o (s) C09 2, Here readatts are brats a ae inte produce: -Fer Reaclanis Products. ohe produce thus Formed have propetic entielly diFreremtS From) theee of the reactants. "EXPERIMENTS REGARDING CHEMICAL RNA— EXPERIMENTS RESAROINS CHEM SA *MagnesiuM ribbon expenment ~ \. Berore experiment please note tnat magnesium le avery while big availble in he Form oF Magnesivm Vibbio® of wire rivetal 2. when magnesium ribbon 'e heated, jt bums to air with dazzling white Flame to Form while Powder called magnesium oxide.a, Ackially , On heating , magnesiu@ combines with OxygeN preset iar to 2 Ferm Magnesium oxide. ° Magnesium ++ Oxygen Hest | Magnesium oxide (As cibbon) Gemam air) Cushite powder) Jn snese magiesluM and oxygen are reactant bur MY Oe product MgO, (magnesium oxide) : 4. dhe mognesium Mbvon which we use usuallyhas a coating OF Maghesin oxide 0 tS Surtace which js FoI Med by slas achen oF OxySEN OF alr on it. Que- why the magnesium ribbon is cleaned by nubbing with sand Paper be rare buming inair 2 (dma) + eThie ie date to remove -the protective layer oF MagnesinM oxide ero the eufface oF magnesium ribbon berae buming io air. epuring buming tne dazzling while light give out during tne burning oF Magnesium ribbon is harmFut +o eyes. #60 , the magesium ribbon should be bummed by Keeping it Far os possible Prom +he eyes. EXPERIMENT— (2M]3M) 4. Take obaut 2em long magnesium vibbon and clean it by Mubbing its eurrdce usth sand paper 2. Hold mg AAbeon witha paire€ tongs at ane end and neats its others end over a bamer. @. The magnesiumeribban Sta bing with dazzling whi 4. Hold the buming magnesium Mbbon over a watch glage So that +he mognegium oxide pander calect 1 the warch glass. re Flame. Maanedium nibkon if \d. ZA =] r | L_ eumer — 6B ING MAQNESi i : magnesium \ ee hs cae an a] oxide \ a bon ' watch glass f = ; = Si = a) magnesium ribbon be! Ng heated B) Magnesium Aboon burns i airs over G \urmer +o Form Magnesium ayideExample OF Chemical reaction Qccuré in Calyufe- = 8 1. Souring of milk 5. Process OF Respiration 2. Formation oF curd Frommik. @.'Rosting Prep %. Cooking oF Food. F. Burning oF Puce 4. Digestion of Fodd in cur body 8. Buming of candle wax eahese all example invoWe chemical change. «Characteristics OF Chemical ReacHions— (2m) eee RO smpofant characenshes of chemical MX are - 4. evolution aF gae- 2, Formatin oF 4 precipitate 3. change in colour 4. change 10 temperature 5, change in state 4. Eyaution OF Gas- Some chemical reaction ofe charackenshes oF and eiOe gas with some produc LExample- When zinc. grdfuiee rect with Dilute Sulphurlo add , ten the bubbles oF hyddiged gos produce EXPERIMENT — \.rake some Ziné granule if conical Flask , ond add zn over dilute sulphunc adid.or dilute Hol. 2, we will ee the bubbles of hydrogen gas Formed around zn granules. &. By touching Fldsk, We can Find it is eemewhat hot , here change i0 temperature also occurs i9 chemical reaction. Zn t H,S04 —> Zn S04 + H® zine dilute sulphuric = Zinc ayaragen came sub stance at reac 3 conical Flack acd sulphate “gas -Exomple- 2 - when magnesium reach with AS) Bubbles OF dilute acid (4,504 or Hel), then hydrogen as - pe i, eveved. Zn geanvies oMg + HCl —> Mgel + Hp Cevole) Example - 8 when sodium carbonate and dilule Hydrodilore acid is character by evolution oF CO, gas. oNa,COz + Hcl — Nacl + 1,0 + CO, » Sodiume afbonate aodium ehionde carbondiotideeWhat is Precipitate? wrecipitate 16 o | edlid state’ which seperates aut the Fram the eplution during a chemical reaction . Precipitate usually Seen under testtube at bottom patt. dt can FOrM by PASSING a gas in aqueals solution ora eubstance ike Passing carbon dioxide gas ito lime water) © Formation of jngoluble solid precipitate is called Precipitation . 2. Formation oF Preciplkate— Example- When potassium iodide solution ts added +0 scutian oF lead nitrate then yellor precipitate of lead iodide is farmed. Expenment — we can cany out thig chemical reaction aS Failo0s - 4, Take some lead nitrate eolution ing test tube 2, Add potassium iodide sa\ution xo tt. 2. A yelloe precipitate OF lead iodide \e rormed.at once. 4. A change in colour ( colausless +0 yellow) also rakes in thio chemlca) reactions - Nn —e Fak, eK Pb(NO3)p cach” 2kl P 23 80a) lead nitrate —_ PotdSSUM iodide [ead iodide Potassium aitrate (Mellow) Example2- when sulphuric addyand earium chiande solution is formed by a ube pregmiste og etic saint - H,504 + Bacl, ——? Basoy + 2HC! euipnuric acid Barium cide Banumeniphate HydMmenlorie acid . (aire) 8. Qhonge in Colour - Example- When citric acid reacte with potassium Pemaganade solution , theo Ane purple anlour OF PordsciuM permanganate Solution disappears Cir becomes colourless): *Purple ——> Colourless 3kmN04 + CgHgz > SHMn0,+CHSK3" Purple) citreacid eatourtess ExPenMent - we can cary cut this reaction as Pollows— 4. Take some dilute patassiuM permanganate golution in best tube. Ie hoS purple coloal+ 2. Rdd eome lemonjuice with helpo F dropper and shake it. 8. Ihe purple calaur oF porassium Pethanganale Solution goee on Rading and ultimately ib becomes colourless.Example 2- whe sulphur dioxide gas is passed throug? acidified potassium | dichromeate solution by change in colwr From crange to green $0, + K9Cr,0% + 3H,S04 —> kp80q + Cre (S04)3 + 3H0 Orange green »Change ‘in Temperature -sexothemic reaction » Example - when quicklime react with water, then slagedlime te Farmed and lot oF heat energy is produced by a change in temperature. Irisa exothermic regcion uhich meas heat produces reacted - Experiment — 4, Take little of quicklime in hare glass beaker and add water +o i slowly. 2. Touch Whe beaker carefully , Me beaker feels +o be quite hat is teme i6 high. acalcium oxide + woler —> caldum hydroxide cad + H,0 —> Ca(OH), Co (quicklime) cslakedlimed) _ A ie g)as wake beaker | (caoy ea Shaked lime a. Quickime Atel with Wate O bl inge: baaket bese, nae eatona) Form slaked hime reece 0 IF ak temp, vised oF beat Example2- The corbon bims in the air+o Form cambondioxide which alse releases a large amaini og heat. co C+ 0% Zr Po carbon Oxygen earbondioxide 2. endothermic reachen- Ihe reachion which absorbs -the heat are cated a Endathemic reaction - Exampe- The reaction berteen barium hydaaxide and ammonium chlodde 40 Form Barlum chlovde | ammonia and water by change in temperature. BaCor), +2NHgcl ZO Batl, +2NH40H 4 Cobeotb) Barium ammoniad Banun ammonium hydroxide ontoride chonde hydioaide5. Cwange ia State~ if Example- When wax i¢ burned ,-then water and edrbondioxide are Forme snows, WAX is solid, water is aliquid whereas carbondioxide is o gas. sShie Means -Mat during +e combustion reachon of wax the physical state changes From salid +0 \iquid and gas- ' e She combustion of candle wax te cnaraderised by chanoe in state, ° CHEMICAL EQUATIONS edhe method of representing a chemical reaction with help oF symbol and Formula of the substance invdve in it Known aS Chemica) Equations. oforexampe— ZiNc Metal reac with dilute gulpturte add 40 Foren zinc Sulphate and hyangen gas- This mx can be uitken as- ezine + gulpruric aad ———> Zine sulenate + Hydagen e@ahis is Knaon as the word equation. ewe can change 4ne word equation into aymbol and Formula of varous qubstance - ‘e Putting +e symbol and form +n toH9SO4 Be” 208 aan Mee Products wlde.of all substance 19 above word equction Reackants Ad sulphuidlacid arebredctant. and reactant are alweys lect hand side in an equation with plusCt) sign yrie always Sign betoeen eHere , zine ai written on tne berween nem - Here, Zc Sulphate and hydragen are products sand written on the vigh+ hand side in an equaton uth plus ahem edhe arrow sign (——) pointing towacds-he wight hand side is put between Me reacrant and producis. eArcou alsO indicate that +he substance wyitren on tne Leet hand Side are combining +o ave aubstances written 9 HE ight rand side in the equation - : « Chemical equatian iS choAhand method oF re preseniag a chemical 1X‘Balanced and Unbolonced chemical Equewans- |. A balanced chemical equation has an. equal number of atome present elements 1A tne reackat and produce - . ae example- Zn + H,S04 —— ZNSOq + Ho 930 other words, a balanced equation has equal Number oF atoms of diff elements on both the side must be equal: eNow, Let us count the number of diane of all the elements in +ne | reacrant and product sepretely - | tn reactant an product No. oF . ZN atoms — 2. a No.of -H atoms~ Be cs No. oF. 8 atoms ~ a te 4 4 | nwo OF © atoms~ | as, . eSince, above +hee ie an equal number of atoms oF dirrarent elements in reactant and reduc is equal , so above equation te balanced equation - 2. A unbalanced chemleal” equation has Unequal Mumrer GF AMS of me of more elements iM ~une . reactant aiid product Example + Hydragen reacts with oxygen +o form water, Mis POAT will written asi = ° Het Op = 129 oLet us count the umber oF hydrogen atoms an tne reacrant Gnd product - A omgen atoms ia dn reactant an Product eNo- oF H atoms — 2 a eno. of © stoms~ & 4 edn nese Equation thus ne no. oF hydragen atams are equa) bur he oxigen atoms are not equal on bOrh Side of reactant and product. S90 it is called unequal or unbalanced chemical equana? . > Reactant = Product (always) eNote- dhe chemical equatin should be balamed becauee it Satishy he law of CONseryation oF Mass in 4 reachion -- about «ne balancing she equation — 2Some cules change he Formula OF GO element or @ compound +o e We should never balance *he equation.2,We cod Only mutipy a SyMwol or Fomula by Aiguies like 2,8 and4 3, Jt will be good to acte here that here the element which exicr as dlamotic molecules ate OxIgen O2, hydargen Hy , Nitragen N2, Fluaine Fo , chlorine Ag , bromine By and todine Tg. 4, Al other element are usually epneidered monoatomic it equanad writing and seprensied by aheir qymbols- Balancing oF Chemical Equation che pees makes ne mar of digrerent types OF atoms equal on both tne side of the equat® caved Jpalancing CF Equation. e dhe aimple equatane Gre paladced by hit and tial mernod. ¢ Example of +he balancing ne eqvanens ~ eo Hydrogen bume in oxy: gen -ko Farm woler. The reathan can be Written in an equanon. oH, +O —> Ho © Count the number of hydragen and oxygen atseme iM reacant and uct . Procuct In reactant Tn Product eNo. OF Hatoms - Z 2 =No.oF © aloms— 2 4 edhe no. OF Hz atime 18 equal on both side but rhe number oF ox¥ge? atame are unequal. there are 2 oxygeh atoms.on ert side and 4 oxygen atoms on rghtside to Have 2Okysen atoms "on the fight sido We MUAY Heo by 2 | and wrike | HO Bo that: ° Hy * Og —> 2Hs90 elet US count the number oF YaNalS atoms on bath sides - 3 sant eNO. OF H atoms — noe so groeuct «NO. OF O atOms— 2 2 eo Though the Number of Axygen atoms has become equal , but the M0. oF hydrogen atome has become unedual. eo adhere are Datoms hydregen atoms on Ahe \eer side but 4 hydnagen atoms on the right side, we Multiply it H, by 2 and write 2Ho: | @ 2H, + S2 —> 24,0 fo Let US count Ae No. oF atoms on both side- @No. oF H atoms — 4 + Creccta) = Cereduct) e No. oF © atoms - 2 £edhie chemical equationS certains caudal no. oF qtoms of hydrogen and | oxygen on beth the Sides. 80 +this is balanced) equations. (0 By Ahrese way we CON balanced she equations. J make Equation More Tnégumnative ~ edhe chemical equations can be more i Formative = by three usays - |. By indicating “he “physical change or state of the reactant and produ: 2. By indicating the " heat change!’ taking place in tne reaction . 3. By indicating the “ conditons' under Which the reaction +akes Plas . 4. To indicate +the physical change or state of the reactant and product - ane physical state For reactant and product OF chemical reaction - © Golid eliquid © aqueaie Solution ¢ 906 esalid etate ia indicated as — symbor (s) o liquid state 16 indicated as - symboi(l) © Aqueous state of solution ig indicated as - eymbol (aq). © Gaseous state 16 indicated as- eymbol(g). * She physical stale oF the reackaq# and praduch are siasion by Pung the aboe | state symbol" Gust aeter their egmaol_ oe “Formulae in aneg.~ for &xample- zine react with dilute sulpnurie acid to )fanm Ziresulpnate solution and hydrogen gas . Zin Hy 8 Op ——= ZnS 04 + Ho Here , ezine metal 18 Solid , Sa,we wile zn(s) spilue sulphurie acid Te aquecus eclution, SO we CaN write HySOq (acy) © zine eulphate iS.alSO an aqueds solution, 60 we can Uile ZnS (aq) | © Hydragen 1S gas co we write hydrogen (9). edhe above equation Loitren as ~ « Zn (s) + H,304 av”) ——> Znsoy (av) + Hp (9) edhie equation is more informative becquse it betlus the physiall stale oF | tne varius substance involved in it. edn same case 2- Thealible product called predipitate is Farmed by the Mx between solukins oF readatts. and its Ts indicated symbol "pet ” eWhen Calcium hyimoxide aolutian (lime waler) ceack With carbon -dioxide gas a white predpitate of caidum carole 1s eormed along with waters 5 Calor, A) + COgt)——}_ Cacdgis) + H0(€) Calciam hywxide Cartondiaxide Codie woaler — —— Connie _P =.2. To indiaate the Heat change in an Equation - ahere are two +yPes of reaction on the basi oF heat changes invave- 1. Bxothermic reaction 2. Bndothermic readions . 4. Exothermic Reactions- Those reactions in which heat ia evolved called as EXothermic reaciong. For Exampie~4.catbon bums in oxygen to Form earbondioxide alot oF heat ie produced in +hie reaction. COs) + Oy 6s) —— 0, (9) + Heat earbon Oxygen earbondioxide The burning ©F carbon In ox evaved in this reaction . RO exothermic reaction is indicated by uniting + Heat or + Heat eneray or just" +energy on the products aide. YGeO 1S aN exothermic reaction because heatis Example 2- “Que - Why BuMINg oF Natural gas 76 an exothermic reacton2 (2M) Natural gas iS mainly methane (cH4), When natural gas bums in the Oxygen oF ait it formas earbandiaxide and weler vapour. a large amount oF heat i8 produced. ° Heat ie mainly producé 0) cailed @Xotnemie reachan. e Aulthe combushOn reacton are exothermic reackon . + CH4LD + 2059) —_ C0,(0) + 2H,O(+ Heatenergy © Methane © Oxygen carbondioxide water Example 3~ Que - why respiration is an exothermic neacton § explain ~ e dhis exothermic reaction because eneray ie produced during this Process, © during digestion road is broken dann into simpler substances. ¢ dhe carbohydrate which we get FM ne Foods like chappat , bread fice qnd potato we eat broke down into simple Form called gluccee © This glucose then Undempes slow combustion by combining unth Oe in cetis oF cur body +o produce enemy in a process catied Respitation. these eneray mainiain our body heat - © CatysO@iaay+ SO,(8) ——> GCO{s) + GH,OLO+ Eneray Glucose Oxygen eatbendiovide — water @ aris also ao combustion reaction."2. Endothamic Reactions ~ / / edhose reackod in uihich heat is absorbed are Known ae Endothamic reacthone. . Example - When nitrigen and exygeo are heated +o @ very high Femperatare (oF about Sood’) +hey combine +o Form nitrogen monoxide and lat of heat ig absorbed.in +hig reaction . Np (5) + (9) + Heat ——> 2Nots) Niingen Oxygen Nitrogen manoxide eAn endothermia reacion 1 usually indicated by coviting + Heat or + Heat energy on the reactant side oF an equation. © Hig used inside the engine OF motor Vechiles , e Ali the decomposhon reathon are endothermic reaction because - i+ requive energy (inthe form og heat light or electricity) +totake place - Porexample— The decomposition oF calcium carbonare 18 endothermic reach'an . e When ealcium carbonate is heated | it derampeses t0'Form calcium eafvondte and carbondioxide , Cacogi + Heat —> Ca0(\p.co5 (93 * calcium eamonate Calcium oxide saci bondioxide © Exampie— Que- Why Phokdeynthesia iis an endothermic reaction 2 Tis endothermic reaction because SuNlight energy is absorbed during Ane process oF) photoaynthesia by areen plants. ~° Example — dhe electrolysis oF Water +o Farm hydrogen and oxygen isan alec endotnenmic reaciian. this Is because eneray ie absorbed dun'ng Ane reaction. Ni 1. Goptayt 12H,OWD A» Cel, pAlet 60,694 SH,OO lant enzyme glucose 2.eCaqthode — Reduction QHE sf 2e7 —— Hp is) sat eble€totolysis of waler «Anode- Oxidation NSIS OF w x 10 . zZ Mas * a lo. ‘et 2ehy 3.70 indicate the Conditions under which the mx takes ploce- oTF heat ia require For a MX. to +ake place , then the heat sign data (A> is put over the anow oF the Mx-oF equations. ede the reaction -rakes place in the présence of a catalyst , hen the Symbol of Formula OF catalyst ia also written above or below the arrow sigh inthe equation - For &xample ~ A © 2kKClog® enon Zkcl(s) + Bday ca Potassium chlora ke Poxassium oxygen chionde Here, delta(O) stands for heat and Mog is the catalyst. 2. She conditions oF temperature and prescure at which reachon +akeS place can also be indicated oN the above or below the anviasign 10 he equation. For exampe — Methanoal or Merny) alcohol is manurachined eam carbon monoxide and hydrogen. gocatm 200% eo Cots) + 2H OS CH OHO) earaon Monoxide — hydrogen Crd, Methylaleslno) sHere 300 atm is pressure zno+ ds is catalyst , and dcc'c is temp. eSTEPS FOR WRITING EQUATIONS FOR CHEMICAL REACTION— e Mainly Four sk€ps are Far Writing equation in chemical reaction + eStepi- write the chemied! reaction in the Form oF word equation , Keeping the reackant Onierteide and product on right side. © Glep2 — Put the syminis and formula of all the reactant and Product ia | she word equation. e Slep3~ Balance the equation by multipying tne symbols and Formulae by he smallest Possible Figure. (do not change the rormiae +o balance +e equation. + Slep4- 3F possible, Make the equation more inrormative by indicating -+he Physical States oF reacrant and product , by indicating the heat changes je afly Faking Place in the reactioN, and by indicating tne candiheng Under which tne reactian 4+akes places. Je however, you do nur have euericient information regarding +ne physical state heat changes and conditions of Ne reaction , Mis step can be avvided.EO OE eO ee ~ ample Probiem- 4 elute a balanced equaton Far the Following reaction — eMethane bums in oxygen to Form ealvon dioxide and water > Reaction in Farm OF Word eauation ~ Methane + Oxygen ——+ cofbondioxide + water eWriting the formulae oF all sulostance given above ~ ech, + 8 ——> ¢o,+H,0 « Let us count the No. of various atem on reactant and product side- Sn reactant Yo products lL No.o F Catoms~ 4 4 2. wo- of H atoms- 4 Z a. No.oF © ctoms~— 2 3 # dhe no. oF carbon atoms are equal on both eides® but Hand Oatore are unequal on both eides . * To have 4 hydragen atoms on right side wenmurtiplyHyo by 2 and | write 2H,o , Thus otH4y + 0, ==> eap+) at0 ° cCaumting the no. oF atom of both cides.again - 3M reactant ‘09 products, 41. NO.0F C atoms - a £ 2. No.of Hatoms - 4 4 3. No. OF © atems = 2 4 eonly +he Number OF Oxygen atoms is UNeaul now, To have 4 oxyae? atoms on the leet aide , we multiply Q2 by 2 and wonile 202. 2 CHa + 20, ——> cog + 20 eLet US COUMt jhe number oF Various Atoms on the both sides~ Jn reactany In Products 4. NO. of © atoms — t a 2. No.of W atoms ~ 4 4 3. No-oF Oo atoms~ 4 4 edthis chemical equation cantaine an equal Numbers OF Various -+YeeS OF atome in the reactant and produc So this 16 aq Balanced equation. © This are the steps to balance the equations 2° His not mandatory 4o write Whole eps we Cay do as direcied.Oxides OF Tron metal e Mainly two oxides dF SON ~ 4. Tron (1) oxide — Fed, itie the Volengy of iron in it te Wawa), The common Name te Feroue Oxide (Feo). 2. Tron\itl) oxide- Fegda , + is the valency oF iron - ii Lthreed . the commen name iS Fexvic oxide. 8. Fez0q4 ~ His the mixture of iron Woxide and iron Wujoxide Ces04 = Fed + Fe,Og) - me common name fe Mametic iron oxide - «TRes OF creme. RERCTIONS- o4 main types oF chemical reactions— oI At A [eae ecoMBiNATION —— REACTION = comping ie Qe, a DECOMPOSITION + A “REACTION? combine Breaxdasn : epispLAceMeNnT 2 pooBle —— ~ REACTION Ap. 1. COMBINATION REACTION ~ nA eThtse reackon i in which two of MOTE Eubstance combine to FOrM q single substance. © SONK Examples of reacyon - 4. Magnesium and oxygen combine ; when heated +o orm magnesium axide + 2Mgi)-+ O58) ——} 2Mgo (>) aombustiod Magnesium — oxygen annt nin MOSMSSUMOAIS 2. godiym Meral bums.i medium oe chioride +o Form sadiumchlarde. © ZNals+ le(s}——> | 2Nac} (=) eombin Sodium chionne ” sodium anioride 8. Carbon (cogi) bums in air to Form carbon dioxide . 2 Cl) t Ogl)——y = COz(D binarfon garben air carbon dioxide e~ g-ammonia reads with hydragen chicrde 4o Fema ammonium chiaide- o NHg(s) + Hel seaanchiett NHgCl Cs) Ammonia —hytrtgen "PP pegmenium chloride | chtonde 1B. Sulphur dioxide reacts with oxygen +0 produce eulphur Hioxide - | 9 280p8)+ 0,0)——S_ 2803 (09 Sulpnur dioxide oxygen sulphur two xide & dhe Calcium hydmaide goiution when applied +0 the Walls , reads Slowly with the earbondioxide gas Present in ait +o For a Ynio , shining of calcium carbonate on tne Walls oF the house: + Ca(dR)glaq + COg(s) ——> Cacogo+ HOW) eurboadioxide calcium carbonate Water layer Calcium hydroxide dhie process givee a white shiny apperance +0 +e Walls of 9 house sitis called white -woshing. dhe cocoa is actualy camed arter +00 to three days of White washing and gives @ ShiNy Finten to tne Walls. 2. DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS - eee ; , e Those reaction insWhich areompaund Spite UPIM4o H90/0r more simeler sabsiance are Knoan as decomposition reachon . © d fs just the Oppasile OF a cambinahom reachon- eSome examples oF decomposhon reackicns — ‘ ‘ tes {.Wheo calclum carbonate isheated ,it decomposes +0 sive ee “mon and earbondioxtde . + cacdalss => Caois) + Cogled calcium carbone’ Cakiumoxid € Keondiowde * Clitnestone> clime) | Cumentiow ecalcium oxide Lor lime) ts used on a large ecale in He manueackire OF cement and glass. a : Whee a decomposition reaction is cared Out by heating , is called ' thermal decomposition. (thermal means releasing of heat) | 2. Whed potassium chlorate is healed in the presence oF MA | catalyst ie decomposes fo give potassium chloride and oxygen. Heat DkCIOg) EAE 2K + 30, Potassium chlorate Potassium chlende — Oxygen a This decompodticn process is used FOP Preparing Oxygen gas in laboratary. manganese dioxideee ee ET IE an | Example a When ferrous eulphate is heated Strongly, + deasmposes +0 Form femic oxide , Sulphur diaxide and sulphur troxide. Heat o 2 Feso4is) e903 . Z oo 2038)F 80 (s)+ $039) EMPOUS Sulpha| Fervic oxide cuiphap Sulphur oxide | Coreen colour’) (Gran catour) dioxide + Note~ The Fenpus sulphate is alto know ae insaci) ailphate and Fame Oxide ie also Known a iron (uoxde. e dhe Ferous Sulghate crysmle which are available in Ferrous sulphate heptahydrate FesO4.F#,0- They contai F malecules of water oF cystariqte These crystals are green in colour. | © When green colour Ferra aulphake heptahydrate aystate (Feso4 HH90) | are heated , Hey lose F maeailes of water of axystalliation +o form anhydrous Pemous sulphate (Feso4) which is While Incolour © Decompasitinn OF Ferrous aulphate in the labroratony - | e Take 29 oF 2Fe604 cUStals iN dry boilingaube- The Ferrous Sulpnale cysals are green in colour ® Heat +e boiling tube over a bumer ° dhe green color of Réfrous sulprate crystals) First Change into while and then bron aalid) is Formed Cushieh is femic Oxide) + f° Gas having-+he smeilof buming sulphur Comes Out or tne boiling +ube. | Example 4- Wheo lead nittate [6 Heated Strmgly, it breaks down +0 form | lead monoxide , nitragen dioxide and oxygen - Heat 2QPbOolW-+ 4 NOpzIa)+ Oy1qd 2 Polo) OS at E23 2 ° eLead MMO NiEgEN eoxygen LeaciMreic oxide dioxide Cendtrieee (ettad) Leman Auies) | edhe decompadtion oF lead nitrate is brought about by heat, itis actually an example oF thermal decomposition. © Decomposition of lead autrale i the labrpratory ~ @ Take about 2g oF lead nitrate powder in boiling tube. lead nitrate tea colouriess compound - | ¢ Hold the boiling 4ube iq tne hand test tube holder and i+ shoud be heat over bumer. / © Brown Fumes OF nitrogen dioxide gas are evolved which Rill the bailing tbe © GE a glasing aphiter ts held over tne moith oF -the boiling tube , it Cathe Pire and Starts burning again. this shows nat Oxysen gas |S aleo evolved during tis reaction . . . / © A yetiow Solid is lert behind in the bailing tue. Tie te lead monoxide. Clead monoxide is reddish. brow wheo not but yellow usher cold),© Brown Fumes dioxide TesHube Boiling a haider ba — lead nitrate, ib f i | | = Burner | — Bumer | a. Recamposition oF Reso4 crystals. b. Decomposition or lead nitrate. « Decomposition of water which are camried our by eleciniety 2 (sm) sexample- Wheo eleciric cument ie passes ahrogh acidified water, i+ decompnses 40 give hydeaeen ga and oxdgen gaS- | - 2How SS eos 5D HLayt O21 water Hydragen OYE «thie ia called Electrolysie oF water: © EXPERIMENT= 4. Take a wide -mouthed glass bottle, Gx with a inverted position ong etand- 2, A rubber cork having two holes 16 Fitted in +e neck of the bobbie. Tae eayboo rakes are Fixed in two holes of cork tigtty: B. Fill the glase bottle +wo third wito water - Add a Few drops of clilute Hoso4 to water. A, Two similar +est-Hibe Filled with water invented over the tus0 carbon Electrodes bY Keeping thumb over theif mouth. B. epnineck the outer ends of carboo rods +0 tne two terminals oF 6 volt barley by wires having q witch - 6. Ne garve terminal of battery te eaiied cathode (negative terminal). We right side carbon canneued +0 me positive termina) of bare called anode (positive elecknde). 4. Pyse the electric current Hrowh waler by tuming on the switch and leave the apparatus undistrubed FOr sometime.@ We can see tne bubblee oF gases being Ramed at the both carbon eleckTades inside test tube cap taining water danse gates are Formed by decomprsitian oF water ON PASSING electriaty, lo. The gases Farmed at Wd electrode go on cdllecting in the top pats opiqverted +est tubes. I. dhe volume OF gases are not Same in both test tube, The volume oF gas collected on negative electade is double +e voume of gas coleued 09 positive elecirode . 12. Keep On PASEING Filed with gases . ‘one by one by bringing a bumi dupe . a 13. Bringing candle close to moutn burns raP4ly and Make" pepupsound. 14. dhe 9aS cotlected in leet test tube over Negative electrode is hydrogen. and go near the mouth of right fest ube the candle bums brignty BS. We Knows that Oxygen gas makes +hings burn brighHyasa, ne gas collecied IN the ght side test-+tube over pasitive eledimde is Oxygen - 16. Since the clectMlysia oF Water produces 2 volumes OF hydrogen.gas, and d volume of Oxygen gas We conclude that the ratio of hydragen gas And oxygen gas is 224 by volume © dH shows that water je” & compalind made upro® 2 pac OF hydragen gas and 1 parttaf oxygen gas by volume, Que- Why clecomposition reaction fegust opposite of combination Feachion 22m = 8 5n O coOmbiqalian TeachoMm-w9 OF Mare Substances are cambined to FIM New substances © An a decamposiiad veacha ME substance decomposes IMHO too er More eubstance, Hence, decom pasitiad reacion ia juet opposite oF commmanen 10x. | ydragen C2volame) elecitic current 4ill born the test-tube completely shen remove +ne gus — Filled test tule and +est trem ng candie close +0 tne Mouth OF each test ‘oxygen (Lyolume> + EXPERIMENTAL | Set-up FOR THE ElecTRoUSs | OF WATER“example - When electric current 16 passed through motten sodium chlon'de, tt } decomposes to giVE sodium metal and chlonne gas. 2Naceo eS 9.Nals) + Apts) Sodium chiond © - ssdium chlorine gad eDhis decompcsition reaction ia used +0 oblaia sodium metal From aodium) chloride . Tria Called Eleciroysis OF 42 molten Sodium chloride. eadium chloride 18 inthe Form oF molten State, * BeceMpasition reaction which brought Out by Ught energy Example ~ When silver anlovide t@ exposed to light it decompcses to form Silver mejal and chlorine gas. lignt Sul * 2Agclts> Ht _, 2AgO+t Clytad ee . ., Becompcshon i silverchlodide silver ehlonine (white) Coregish) — ¢ Yettowish) unite green Example ~ When silverbromide is exposed to light, t+ decomposes an to Form silver metal and bromine vapours - Ugnt 2Ag8M9) eoaibo 2Ag@)+ Bros) Silverbrmde silver Gromine (Pate yetios) (Gregicnaatit) (Red brows) est is also used i0 black and white photography. Uses OF Decomposition Reactions = 4. The clecompo sitio Eachon carried aur by clectricity are used $0 extract several Metals From their AGturally eccuring compounds like bromide and oxides. 2.When the Fused metal enioride or metal oxide 16 decomposed by Passing eleciicity , then metal ic exiraded at the catnede. © Decomposition reaction in ouY body ~ edhe digestion oF Eood 10 the body is an example of decompositian reaction. phen we eat Fadd like whect vice or pulctO, #e Shrach present 10 them decomposes 40 Give Simple sugars like glucose in the body and the proteins decomposes, +0 Farm amine acid. eStrach ——> Glucose~———> Proteins —» Amino acid 3. DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS - SR WR edhose reactions in Which one element takes place of Ganotner element in a come. ore Know AS disemKeMeNt reactions. e Amare reactive elements diglaces a less reactive element Ram 146 Compound e dis alsa called as Single displacement Teaction.20 | eSome examoles oF displacement reacho ns— a oFxample - When a stip of zinc metal 16 placed 19 copper sulphale ssiuhon then Zine sulphale scion and capper are ovtained. eCusogia4 znls) ——} ~“znsoylaq)+ Cute) silenate ZING Zine Sulphate = copper sue conten) (Siverqwhie) — Ceclouriess edution) (Red -beewn) edhis displacement reaction takes place because Zine i@ more reactve -than copper. example 2- Whe? a Piece of fae Magnesium metal ja placed in Copper Sulphale SelUHOA nen Magnesium sulphake eolutioN aNd capper Metal ate Formed. © Cusdg ag)t Mg (8) ——> MgSdqlaq}+ Culs> eoppersulgndlé — magnesium Magnesium Sulpnate coPPer Blue solution silvery white colouess enlution Red - bow e Magnesium is apie +o disgloce copper From coppersulphale sdlution becuse Magnesium if more reachve +han copper. oExampleS - When 4 piece oF LUN metal is plocedun a copper auiphate solution , Men iron sulphate solution aNd copper metal Gre Fommed . eCusog(aa> Fels) ——> Fesoglast cu (5) coppersulphate = 00 ron Sulphate copper CAluecolution) _ (ayy (@rsenicn.ea) (Red brawn) ethis ia dieplaement reqchion “occurs Because Imi ic mare reactive than copper: 2 We can pefRorm the displacement reachon between imaand coppersulphate ‘Solubon as Fotlougs = 1. Take about 10 MLOF eopper culphale soluien in a testtube. aris deer blue in colours 2, Taxe a big dren nailand clean its SUrPece by rubbing with asand papeh 8. Pur the cleaned :Mannail in the testtube containing copper sulphate Sol Allow the iron nail +o remain in capper sulphate SOlUNSN For about nae an hour 4. Refer hare and hour, rake out the 190 Nail From copper sulphate solunan. We WILL Find that ene iron nail is covered With brown layer oF copper Mera}. 5. dF we look at tne test tube jwe Find the Original clece blue colour OF coprer Gulphaie solutoo has Faded: The Solution turns light ores due +e Formation OF iran euiphate of Ferrous Sulphate. —Veasuve Koad light S¥ee0 soko) OF Fesoy tion, Blo Bhees ional I— Red-bowua layer OF Coppel Mela) oe SPA of (FUN pail. ai Example4 - When ci strip OF lead metal i paced in a solution oF Copper anlonde , Hen lead chloride solution and copper metal are Formed - Cucly (a9) + Pos) ——> Phelz(ay)+ culs) Copperchtoride lea! lead chloride copper Green solution Riuish grey colourless sol. Red bn0N clead ia able +40 displace copper From cofgerchionde solution because \ead is more reactive «nan copper. dere Cucle used in this reaction is actually copper(i)dnaride, Example S~ Iron metal reacts with dilute hydrechioric adi i aise te pes dro i acig +0 Form ironGi) 2 Fels) + LHCI(@a) ——> Feein(aadt Hy (9D Son Hydrochloric awn nt) rouge a oad chioride ms Here iron iS More reactive than Nudragen (Reason) ° Example 6 - Sodium metal reackS with water to eorm Sodium hydro aide and hydrogen gas. © 2Na(st+ H,OLCO——> _ZNAGOH(ed}+ Hy (8) adic usar Scciumhydmxige bydragen Here sodium is more peackNe-than water Chyditogen) e 30 ease OF oxides ~ Example - when copper oxide is"Nealed with magnesium powder Heo Magnesium oxide ana copper is FEYmed)= ° CUS) + _Mgts) =>. Mgols+ cus cepperoxde — magnesium Tonge ur copper, oxide ‘Note - A move TeGGAVE meta) displaces a less reactive metal From its oxide Here, magnestum io displacing a lessaactve metal ) Opper, From its oxide Copper oxide . Example 8- when iron Cul) oxide 1s healed with aluminium pasder, Hen Qluminium oxide and iron metal are Formed - ‘ FepOas)+ 2ALI@) ———> AlpQas) + 2FeD roo UuDoxide Aluminium Aluminium Oren Creme oxide) oxide Cmolten) Here a more reactive metal, alumidium is displacing a lees reachve meta) riron | FeoM iTS oxide , iron Gui oxide. @ All Me wove examples OF displacement rections are actually ' single displacement reachons!’ This le Pease iN all these reactions Only ' One element’ displaces. ‘ano sper element? erom \kS compound. @ Another type oF displacement reachene Called double clieglaoment reactions!oA 4. DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT REACTION ~ ee ae ene lsthose reactions in which oo compounds react by an exchange ions to form Wo NeW compounds are called double displacement reactions. 2 Some examples of daible displacement reactions - | Exampled- Uhen alluer nitrate sclutien is added to sedium chloride Sclution then a while predpitate displaces siNer chloride with sodium nitralé Solution . - z =. — « AGNGat0a)+ Nach iea)——> Agar NaNog cay) Silver nitrale aadium Cchionde silver dnioride Sodium nitrate | u : 7 Cusile ppt) | pHere, silver chloride ie Formed as an insoluble while solid called ae white Predpitate. 2 What is Precipitation reaction 2 . pAny Teacher ig Which an jneoluble Solid @atled precipitate)is Famed jnot / | separates From solution. | exompie 2 - When ‘barium chioride solution is added +0 godium sulphate eolution , Hen a While precipitate of Barium sulphate is Formed along Flt sodium chloride solution. Badly (aa) + NayS04(a)—> Baso4(s)+ 2Nael Cac) Baviumchionide sodium sulphate Barium Suipmiie — Sediumchtovide Cunite ppt) plete, exchange CF IOIS taK€S Pace In thie, ceackio . The ari ions acit#) o& Barium chloride react With sulphate ions (S047) of sodium sulphate to Form Barjum sulphate (@a804) - (Ke pere Sarum eulphale has uitite ppb. wee oe) | , gi | ( | 1 Mixing of Bacio | | iz: a. + 2Nodl L.. [INA =~ Sodium —s } sulphate. | z sauna SD) sawhar LE Barium sui gale ta) Ub) — Cuite poh) @. Take about Smi of sodium sulphate ina test tube. b. Jn another test 4ube, take aml oF Barium chlonde solution. @ Add Barium hidovide solution +o sodium sulphate eoluiod d- A ubile precipitate of Barium sulphate is Formed at ome-| > xampieS— Ie BAUM chloride eouNa? is added 46 copper @lipmale Solupon ‘hen a white preciptate of sarvium éulshale i@ Produced Aleng with capper chloride eoiution . + t= to 4 - Baclgtay)-+ Ciscylay——> Basog(s) + iciplaa) Banumchiorde coppersulphale SomuMsulr copperchiosid € Cahile ppt? ° Example 4- when potassium iddide olution iS added to lead nitmale eo}. hen yellow precipitate of lead iodide is produced alongwith potassium oitrale. . ~ - 4. > Po(Nosplaay+ Zkitw—> PLIZO+ Df WozLaad Lead nitmate Potassium iodide lead iodide Potaseium nitmie (Yenow ppb) * lead nitrate , PLINOs)s is also umitten as lead(it) nitrate. | Example &- when ammonium hydroxide solution ie added -to-ammoniuaa | |Gluminium cnioride solution , then unite precipitate of Aluminium hydroxide 'S Formed alogguath ammonium chloride solution. » Aldis(oa)+ snityoH (ax) —> A(loHgld + BNHACIZaq) Alumoiwn Ammonium Aluminium Ammonium chloride hydroride hydroxide chloride (Cashit® ppt) + these are come Few examples of Pale displeemen? reacion. 5: OX\ DATION AND REOVCTION REACTION= fomgciicn -~¢ he addition of oxggen +0 4 substance ‘scaled oxidation. | @ dhe femoval OF hydragen from a suostaxe is cated Oxidation. be Reduction - q gre sdehen = "yarn é : ees o ts anaes ss < The process af (eduction js just opposi te OF oxidation. (Noe) Morever , oxidation and reduction occurs tagemer. (Note) . + ONDISING AGENT AND REQVONG AGENT deci | » Oxidiaing agen ~1. The substance uilhich gives Oxygen For Oxidation i Called oxidising agent: . 2. Ne sudstane which remove hydrqgen is called oxidisNg agent | « Reducing agent-1. The substance which glves hydrogen For reduction is | Called reducing sagem . ; | |2.dhe CADE uslhich remave Oxygen is cailed reducing agent. |NoTe-ahe oxidation and rediction resdion gre also called REDOX REACTONS Redox stands Far red- reduction and ox- exidahon.r 5 ay 24 Exampe 1- Whe copper Oxide is heated with hydrageN, then copper metal | and water are formed - «CuUold+ Hd cug+t HOO eopperoxide — Hydrogen eopPer udter | 2 in this reactiod cud is changing into cu. That ig, oxygen ts being cemared | prot) copperoxide SO by deriNition removal oF oxygen From a substance ve called reduchoo. copperoxide is being reduce d 40 copper: Jean Anis reaction Ha is changing into H,0. That is Oxygen is being added | to hydeqgen- By addition oF oxygen to a eubstance 18 catied oxidation. “Hydrogen i¢ being oxidised +o water. | Removal of Oxygen - Redudion ! sCuo +H, Hees Cu + HO i‘ Addition oF Oxygen - oxidation 2 IN these reachan , Cud(copper oxide) iS +he oxidisivig agent.and His | reducing agent. @ Gubetance oxidised ~ Ha a substance reduced - Cuo e oxidising agent - Cuo Fe Reducing agent - Hp ledhe reaction betwee capper oxide and hydragen to Form copper and water 16 a0 Oxidation —reduction reacthiod Which is,also a displacement reachion + |Exampeg - When hydrageo Sulphide Peat with chlorine , ten sulehur and [hydrogen chiand'e Gre; Formed ~ «Heat oHys\ \B Cle A> 8 + eH Hydragen‘aulphite chlonne sulpnur —hydrugerchionde | PHere , Has ie changing intes. That is hudrugen ie remored From hydragsy sulgnde, By dee. ane removal oFhydragEN compound is called oxidatieg Hydrogen sulphide is being oxidised -bo au\phur. | e Here , a iS changing ito Hel. Ihab 18 Nudrogen te being added to chlorine - INow by det. the addition of hydrogen +O 4 exbsrance is cailed reduchion. 80, chlorine is beiNg reduced +0 hydrogen chloride. eRemoval of hydrogen - Oxidation i v “gS + cly “SS + bee | | . eAddition oF hydregan— Reduction \° Substance oaidised- HoS (@ Substane rediced= cle © OFidiaING Agent ~ 2 @ Reducing agett - Has+ as |g.jhe exlstance uthich gets oxidiced 1S 4n€ Teducingagent b. The sulstance Which gets reduced isthe oxidising agent. sExample 3~ When zinc oxide ie heated wit) carbon, then zine metal and earto? Monoxide are Formed - ‘ *7Zn0 + ¢@ Het, Zn +0 Zine Oxide — ear’ zine ‘earbat monoxide @ zinc oxide (ZnO) te losing oxyged , 60 itis being reduced +o zine ‘and earbon (6) 16 gaiNing oxygen eo ities beiNa oxidised +0 carbon monoxide . . @ Oxidieing agent~ ZNO e Reducing agent ~ Co eo deis Used in the production oF Zinc metal 19 industry. « Gatbon 18 used in the Form oF cake For Ahe extraction oF zinc meta © Example 4- When manganese dioxide reacts with hydrochloric acid , Her manganese dichlodtide, chlorine and water are Formed . , Heat eMnog + 4H => Mnclp -teGlp it 2h0 Manganese hydrochloric Manganese — chlovinie water dioxide acid dichloride © Oxidiaing Agent - Mndoo * ReduciNg agent - Hd °Mnde istosing oxgen! to Fom=Mnel2 , so» Magnese dioxide Cmndg) is Teduced +o manganese dichloride - e Ho ie logit hydrogen 40 eof Gy, 0 hydrichlovic acid (Ha) is being , oxidised +0 chlorine Clade je Concept oF oxidai6n and reduchon in terms OF Metal and n@metal~ je The additién of NOM Metullle element Cor removal OF metallic element) | jis catled oxidation | e The addition oF metallic element Cor Temayal SF Non-mMetallia element) | 5 Cee RR | 1S called reduction. | |e Example 5 ~ When copper is heated in ait, it reacte with tne oxygen or ait bo form a blac compound caper oxide . | Hear, | ° 2cuis+ O9—> 2cuo | | | ecopper 2 Oxygen ecopper OXide CRed-brown) = Ceromaiv) Clack) ecu ig changing into cud. This is addition of oxygen. But addition oF Oxygen 16 called oxidation, SO copper Cou) is oxidised 40 copper oxide (quo). . i Op is changing into CuO. This 1s addition of copper (cu) which 18 aM |put addition oF metal is catied reduction | 60 in Anis cSaction , oxugen (02) jis reduced +O copper oxide (CU. | [| Oxidising agent — Oo e Reducing agent ~ cy a _| eral.@ Reachon carried out as~ % 1. Take atout tq of au pasder in a china dich . dr be red brown In colose 2, Heat the china dish atrengly over a bummer. BA black subetance is Fotmed.- The black eubsrame is copper oxide, e rhe Oxidation ©F Magnesium is Sifilar to Me Oxidat'on oF copper. 03N Case OF magnesium ribboo , Oxygen is oxidising agent and magnesium is reducing agent: “ «When copper metal ie healed in aif, it gets ch — _ oxidised +o Form copper oxide. This reaction “\ can be reversed by hydragen gas (paseed) over heated copper oxide -ba get back cu metal. 6 © DF hytragen gas is Gussed over heated | capper oxide | then black copper oxide 16 “Wipod / c reduced nd red brown cappe™ metal is ms a—— obtained . i" * oxidldtionjar copper +0 C4. | teat 2 CHOS+ HZD—> CYSt Heo O eopperoxide hydrogen espper ajer Clack) CRed train) * Copper oxide reduced 40 copper metal, whereas hYdragen 1s oxidised +o water. e What A16 the cefeds OF okidation teadion in everyday lire? * oxidation has clamdging eFFeds OO Metals as ce aS on Food. « There dre hoo common eFFede OF OXxidalor reacHons which we Observe in daily life- | 4. Corrosion of Metals 2. Randidity of Rood ¢ Dhe oxidation involved iN the covosign oF metals 06 well as rancidily OF Faod iS caused Naturally by the Oxygen present in air. + CORROSION — ecerragion i the process in Which metal are eaten up graduatly by the achon arair, moisture of a chemical Couch as an add) on their surFacs © Dis caused Mainly by the oxidation oF metala by OXYGEN oF Air. © Rusting of iron metal is the most common Form oF corosion. ¢ When af in object i's leet in damp air For considerable 4ime, it geto Covered uit a red - bron Flasky aubstance called Rust. and +hig iS called Rusting of iron. @ Tron metal is oxidised by Whe oxygen oF air in ane presence OF water 40 Form hydeated ivon (\\) oxide catied rust. o4Fe + 80 + 2xHO ——> Qesdg HO caued Ima erygen — Uler Hydrated inn CWoxide — asoF | ~~ ledhe number of usaler moteulee GO in the rust Vawies ib is not Aled. dhe ructing of imp is a redox reactions. @ Rusting invaves unwanted Oxidation of m9 metal which occurs in nature on ita oot: ¢ Rueting OF DP is a continuats Prmess which, 1F Nor prevented in ime eats up ME whole ivan object. « Corrosion weakens -ne inon and ateel o WjeckS and structure such as railings, car bodies , bridges and ships and cute short their LiFe. eMeTHOpS OF PREVENTION - @ dtoan be prevented by painting. e dt can be pevented by applying grease ar oil. © dk can be prevented by galysnisation. e dr can be prevented by +in plating and chromium plating ed can-be prevented py aliyiNg + Make stainless sieel. « dcan be prevented by coating Or depositing a thio layer oF metal: *RANCIDITY - — ~~ s oxidation also has damaging eFFects on FO04S containing Faterand cils. @ When the Food material prepared iN Fats aad ais are Kept FOr alma time , Aney stats givingeUnpedsant gmel and) taste. these dre said to be randd. | ¢ The conditian pmduced by aenal oxidatiod oF Fats and oils in Foods marked | by unpleasant amet arid taste 6 called Rancidity: © Roncidity WS eated | vikriEgandhita’ iar Hindi, by keeping Foods in a refrgefatory Condition + Refrigerator) Retarded by Storing 19 air - tight containers there is litte exposure TO oxygen oF ait. Randidily prevented by Packing Fate and ails ia @ dhe antioxidant which ave added -+to prevent randdiky are- » BHA- Butylated Hydroxy - Aniaole 2 BHT- Burylated Hydroxy - Toluene By shese Way Food remains Fresh and not become tandd. @ When whe Packed food is Surounded by UNTeachye gas Nitrogen, Aner io Ro oxygen +o cause ite oxidatio? and make rancid:23 edhe refrigerator has a low Femperakire inside It. When the Food ie Kept in Cefrigeratory the oxidaiod of Fars and cile in ik Slowed don due +o low temperature. e Due +0 absence of light , the oxidation oF Pats and ails present in food Te dlowed down and hence the development of randdily is retarded . «These are the some prevention metneds- # Is Oxidation an exothermic of an endothermic reaction ¢ = Mostly oxidation reaction is exotnemmic reackions: but itcan be both exo and endainemic reaction . | &x- Photogynthests in Plants, digestion of food.