Be Dae a Name : Ningsih Ramadant Nim = 20016082 Claes: KI Englith Gducatvon “Measures of Variability ~ “VARIABILITY Vartabiltty —> the amount of Spread among the Scores Measure oj vartability provide mgormation about how similar or diggerent The Ctoree are in relationship €0 Other scorer in Ane duetribution . < > Distributfon A shows greaber similarity {SVEN AAS See arreng the cores. 8 less spread. thowr a greater anreunt % spr > oF variability - arrong the Storer. The common meagurer of variability are the Targe’ the interquartile rarge- ard the standard deviation. THE RANGE The Range (R) 1s one of the steps Involved 10 constructing a group frequency Aisietbation - The range 15 determmed by substracting the “Tower firmit of The lowest score from ae upper Winnie Of The highest score - Re Xur-uigh ~* tow For txampte For the following set of sores, Be BS TFT B09 R+96-25> F a ee Bambos Ant %6 \INES. ee — “The ceorer are Chser together, indicating icclaslepoadn 1a) sarah Set aR Bee SS ee + Distributor @No. : Dawe Gan ——ar INTERQUARTILE RANGE Interquartile range CIQR) descubes the ronge oF Sores tro™ Fhe middle 0% of disiributton . There are asian, Te WGNAAT Q + the point at or below which as% qthescoes Ne Qa « the pent at ‘x Below which 50 7. 04 the cores WE [ ss the pink ak bbw which 357% of tre starr a ees Skepr for Catering re Interquarite Range | 1 Arrange scorer in order from law 4 hgh ] > Divide the detribution of scores inte four equal Parte | 3. Find Me points below which 2577 of the ttorer and 45% o the Scorer he. 4, Wdenttiy dhe two Storer thal surround There points - $ Delermme Ay means of cach OC These two fairs OF scorer 40 deternrire & and Gy C Subtract Q from Qy. The rervihing Value IF The Wierquartile range IQR = Qs-O ‘Tor example * 5.115 , 90,90. 105, 100.110. UD + 95-10 + QS 100 95% OF the fomes 1S% o tre sores We We below ts point Pele this point 6s 9 = 4s 100 L 100105 She Wo. “Me Qs 49S = 92.50 G2 Wo tid = No a 2 Var > Qs -O: = 0-92-50 » x0 Thur. Ye range of the middie 507, of He dstibuiton Ws Bamboo Art 26 (Ines |Se aE _ STANDARD DEVIATION The standard deviation requirer calculating a value Caled the Variance. Mathematically. the standard deviation is the square rook Of ‘he variance - There are two formular for the Stand ar deviation @- Definitiondl formulas: —* Whiten He way that ctatsttcr are depined. there formulas Usually Involve ore Computations but are helpful when initially leaning stares becaure they guide the learner Wrough tre procers o% whal ir rmearured - fomvla jor Are population standard deviatron : o> [eben N +Depatior stores ae obtamed by substraching te mean {rom fe taw rcorer in a distribution. (x-¥) _+ Martance (c*) , to obtain a mean, simply Sum Fe sores and dive 6: SS N + Sum of squares (5), giver ut He sum of the squared dévrations. 4 Mmearuc of ketal Vartabiirey $5. Elx-w)* y the standard deviston iF based on dewation reorer of de by N. Guide for Uefinitonal Formula jor Population Standard Dewation 1. Using the approptate Notation - Create four Columas as follows : 7% =F 7 (x-¥) (x - x)? . Ust the raw scores Under x . 3. Callate Hy rrean [ p) for the second clamn 4. _Subbrack the mean (ror cach raw Score te find the deviawen score . tem. Bambes: Ant 36 \INES. 6)No Date 3. Square eath deviation score and then sur the cea deviattons ws value i the Mumerator In tre standard deviation formula - Ww also te cum of squares Css). ~ Dwide 58 by N. Ths value is We varrance ( 6*). z Obtain he square root of tte varrance to amve at the Standard denation (6). ____ For Example _——— = (x= x # (x-») ——— 7 214 44 19.36 = u 214 26 676 eer | a 2 214 06 36 ee % 214 46 21.16 4 u 214 34 1156 a aes 2xX=107 | yo = =!ania| BOC-p) =0 Jw = 3920 = "Notice that the um of he evition cores qual ero [2 — = which why wees ‘to square the deviation scores in the last columns Final we can inser ur valerate formal fe the standard deviation. — on LHD a = Pe ir 3 Sore. a b+ Computational Formate . oe [ex* - (20 where Ex*: sum of the squared “#W fore; N (Ex)*= square Of the Sum & the raw N Stores Guide for Computational Formula for Population Standard Deviation 1. Create two columns, X and X?, and list the raw scores under X. ae Inara and pl ts os ate ¥en, 3. Sam the X columa to obtain {Site la ul 2 5, Place these valtes into the formula along with the appropriate 6 Sau i an thro ern athe ay sein 22D 7. Subtract this result from EX*. This value is SS. —__—______ '. Divide 55 by N. This value isthe variance (0), 9. Pind the square root of the variance to obtain the standard deviation (o}; TELE nt Bamboo Ant os ines‘Mere is the olgilanae ‘workiup for the standard deviation of the scores prexented in the aijuhs x — sds 7 a9 “ 5% aS aaleiess a a4 ————— % 676 18 4 ——————_—— EX6 107 EX 29 USING sampLes To ESTIMATE POPULATION STANDARD DEVIATIONS Ty ducusea eaitea tre tarda deviation symbol when una wae dove wo eFlimate te population Riandard deviation Ws a smal s « We wil compo © and § gor We gallowiny seh of scores : ‘Using. in the denominator- Using n~ 1 in the denominator; § x xt = ——— — —_— a x) Calculation © Column Width. For many of the Excel exercises, you will probably need to expand the column width in order to accommodate all of the input and output data. If so,select the column or columns that need to be increased in width. From the Home tab, click on the down arrow of the Format command and choose Autofit Column Width. The columns will expand so that you can now see all of the content. Using Excel for Descriptive Statistics In the first chapter, you learned that descriptive statistics seeks to summarize and describe data. Measures of central tendency and measures of variability are some of the descriptive statistics that can be obtained using Excel. Although these and other descriptive statistics will be included in the output that will result from these instructions, we will focus on the standard deviation. We will start with a sample standard deviation that uses n ~ 1 in the formula to get an unbiased estimate of the Population standard deviation. Let's look at the example used in this chapter when you learned this formula under the section Using Samples to Estimate Population Standard Deviations. Follow the steps below: © Enter the data into a spreadsheet by typing the scores (36, 30, 42, 29, 40) into the first column, beginning with cell Al and ending in cell AS. ® Click on the Data tab and then on the Data Analysis command. A Data Analysis dialog box will appear. © Select Descriptive Statistics and click OK. Data Analysis Analysis Tools Anova: Single Factor | Anova: Two-Factor With Replication |Anova: Two-Factor Without Replication: PATaeese nes With the cursor in the Input Range of the Descriptive Statistics dialog box, drag your mouse over the scores in column A of the spreadsheet. Only the cells that contain the scores should appear in the Input Range window (the dollar signs are references used by Excel and will appear automatically in some statistical analy- ses). For Output options, the default is to place the output table in a new work- sheet. If you prefer, you can include the output table on the same spreadsheet by checking Output Range and typing in any empty cell location. Let’s enter C1 to keep our output on the same worksheet. Finally, check the Summary statistics box and then click OK.Input Input Range: Grouped By: D habels in first row Output options © Output Range: O New Worksheet Py: O New Workbook EAfgummary statistics] CDiconpidence tevelforMean: (95 Dixth targest: Oi xth smattest: The resulting output table provides you with various kinds of information, includ- ing the mean, mode, median, sample standard deviation, and sample variance (you will probably need to expand the column width to see all of the output). Notice that the sample standard deviation is 5.81, the same value that you obtained by hand calculations. 36 30, 42, Mean 33.4 a ‘Standard Error 26 40, Median 36 Mode an/A Standard Deviation _5.813776741 | Sample Variance 33.8 | Kurtosis -2.667798747 Skewness -0.073280334 Range 2B { Minimum 2 | ‘Maximum 42 Sum 77 Count: 5 |If you want to obtain a population standard deviation without the n— 1 adjustment factor, a few more steps are required, * In the output table, place your cursor in the cell that contains the value for the sample standard deviation (cell D7), * Go to the Formulas tab, then choose the Insert Function (fx) command from the ribbon. * From the Insert Function dialog box, click the dropdown arrow that allows you to select a category; select Statistical. From the Select a function window, scroll down and highlight STDEV.P. Click OK. A Function Arguments box will appear, (This will be called Formula Builder on a Mac). Insert Function x Search fora function: Type a brief description of what you want to do and then Go lick Go Piast) Or select a category: | Statistical Select a function: STDEV.P(number1.number2,...) Calculates standard deviation based on the entire population given as | arguments (ignores logical values and text), [Tenet] With the cursor in the Number 1 box, drag your mouse over the scores in column Aof the spreadsheet. The cell range A1:A5 should appear in the Number 1 window. Click OK.