CHAPTER FIVE THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICSPROBLEM 5.1 KNOWN: Operating data ate provided for a heat pump. Ed! Explain Whether the heat pomp is in violehion of th Clautius Statement. Scnemanic £ C1vEN DATA: See Eemag Duetiend ote CL V\z. Sence both cycles Feceive tHE tame amount ef energy QH, it Fellews that We>Wz, An energy balance for Ro ond I read, respeckvely Wa = OH= Qe Wz 2 Q4- OS Collecting results @4-@e > Qu- QE According ly QL Qe ———_ as was +o be demenrtrated. Thus not only de actval cycles develop lerr work they alte ditcharge mere energy bg head transfer fe their surroundings, therehy tncreat- Wig the effect of thermal! pollu dion, We) Sma Ve>Ve ond WeeWr ZN, NN > Gira Qu” a Fh te et Aaterrrin Ware maintained by, Tay, energy Errno combuthion da fossil fet, cyte T woutd Kane He feat Aajeiremens. Also, note tot Cycle Z also would have toe ensryy ditcharge te tee cold Woable. Asamyvrie, Fo fas Commack Ay co) Wwentd liu lee “FP SlPROBLEM SIZ KNOWN! The Kelvin-Planck Statement of the second la ve) F Weyele $0 (amg lee FIND: Show that all reversible power cycles operating between the Fame tee reservoirs have the tame thermal effrerency. ScHematic d civeN DATA: HoT ASSUMPTION! “The spetems thawn in the accompanying figure tach endergo Hwle power cycles while receiving thetame amevat of energy Qu from the Wet reservoir, AUALYSIS: Let cycle €) operate as a reversible tefnigerstion Ler heat pump exsle). The magnitader of War) Qu, and @e remain the deme bet are new oppositely divected: Further; wth Ry working in the opparife ‘eaution the hot relervorr would experience no me change fa 1% condition Rince it would receive Qu fon Ri while parting Ow te Ra. The demonsivation 1 Completed by Contidering tne Combined tystem fing of the tue cycles and the hot feservoin Sve ite paris execute eyelet or experience mo net change) the Combined tyzfem operates in & cycle. Moreover, ct exchanges energy by heat transfer with & tingle Fetervew : the cold vecerverr, Accordingly, the Combrned fy Siem mest Setehy the Kelvin Planck Statement expresied at one Weyele = 0 unere the equality d Ured becmuse all parts of the combined tystem are hee of frrevertsbilsWes, Evaluating Weyele in ferme of the Work ameuats My end Wea, Wa- Was 0 War >We Sint each of HhE power eyeer cecerver the tame energy Inpud Gu, it flout has NapeVin, and this Completers the demonsty rent ner SiePROBLEM 5:13 KNOWN: The Kelvin reservorr ), Janek statement of the second law: Waele So (timgle FIND: Show that (a) the conffrerent of Performance of an inceverrible Fe- Hrigeration cycle it lest than the ceeffreiend of performance of a revertible. refrigeration cycle when beth exchange energy by heat tans fer with the tame due rererverrs, (h) all reversible refrigeration cycles operating betweer the same two Feserverrs have the same coeffrecent of “performance. For parts (c), (d), taemext page. Hematic £ GIVEN DATA: Qh2Qe+wr A We Ge. Ge HO ASSUMPTIONS: The Systems Eheun in the accompanying figure undergo tebeigeratvon eqetes. Each cycle remeves energy De from the cold reterveir, Ro accomplithes this reversibly while Zit ivreverssbke, AMALYSIS‘G)Let Ro operate ar a reversible power cycle. The magnitudes OF WR Qe and Qu remain the same but are new oppositely directed. Rir~ ther, ‘with R werking in the opposite ditecton , the cold reserverr would experience no net Change in ifs Condihon since rt would recerve Ge from R while pasting Ge fe I. The demons tention completed by consrdering the combined sys~ dem consitding of the two cycles and the cold reserverr. Since its parts eveeute cycles or experience no net change, the Combine d Tysttm operates in & cycle. Moreover , it exchanger entry y by heat trantfer with @ ingle reser vere: the hot reservoir, Accordingly, the com= bined system murt satiety the Kelvin-Planck ttatement expressed af Weyele <0 wrere the equality fe used because ivreversible cycle T is tacluded. Evaluating Weycle in terms of the Werk amounts We and WI Wa -Wz <0 We < Wr Since cach of the refrigeration Cycler receiver the same energy input Ge, Tk follows thas Bar Bz and thir Complete: the demons tratren. S13PROBLEM 5.13 ( Contd.) ANALYSIS (b) This proposstven can be demonttrated in a parallel way by considering tue reversible refrigeraiven cycles Ryand Rz operating beeen the tame two reservoirs. Then, letting Ri play the role of R and Ry the role of T im the previous development ) a combined system consiting of the tue cycler and the hot reservoir mey be formed which must sadt fy Weyele 20 ) where the equality ft uted because all parts of the combsard system are free of irreversibilihes, Thus, it can be concluded that Ways Were and therefore fae Ber. Parts te), Gd) FIND: Show snat (€) the coeshevent of performance of an irreversible Went pump cycle fs lest than the Coetfrerent of performance & reversrble heat pump cycle When both exchange energy _ by heat drantfer with the tame two reservesrs td) all reversible heat pomp cycles operating between the same twe rerervorrs have the same coefficient of performance. eMEUATIC f QWEN DATA: ASSOMPTIONS:OThE systems Shown in the accompanying figure Undergo heat pump cycles .WEach cycle provider energy Qu to the hot reservore, Spake lh act cw eT bZ tle: TUS trevern ble. Q) Gxtm cree ANALYSIS: Cc) The demonsiratron parallel! the approach used in ‘Pertla), However, in the present care the Combsned System would consist ef the two cycles and the hot reservoir. Co). The demonstratren parallels the approach used im parte): S14PROBLEM = 5/4 KNOWN: The aymbel © denotes temperature on Kelvin's Logarithm aeale. €2) Show that Qeln TC , where T is temperature on the Kelvin seale. (0) Determine the range of temperature values on the. logartthmre scale. (e) Obtain on expression for the thermal ciency of a Fevertible power cycle eptrating between Meervoirs at Gy and Oc onthe legarithure scale, AUALNSIS: The fue reales arive From different Sspecfreations of the fonction Y in 64.58% a) =v On 'St0 That Be) kk Kelvin scale On Jorg Th Ge exp F Qe) SP Legeithnce fenle Cole expOn * (0) By Comparison of he lait tue equaivens Te 2 exp Ge 2 enplL@-Ow Te” wpen TP 1 Th WW Terdn THe Ge = On and there fore @zwTee ” OO Where C fe a constant determing the level of tempera tare Corresponding to zero on the logartthmce scale. Go) Temperatures on the Kelvin reale vary From 0 te +02. With the relation Rhip of pert MA), Femparatures on the logarithure Teale vary from~ a +00. ~~ G) Useot Godeg* BEB HS E4S.2 giver om expression for the thermal efhiecenay of s reversible Power cycle while operating betueen reterverrs at Hmpéretures On and Ge on the logarsthure weale = “8 srKMOBM: The gas temperatue scale jntrodued tm Sec, Lb.2 and the Kelvur seale defined uc Sec.5.4. FIND: Demonshate thet fue two scales are Ideuhcal, SCHEMATIC € GiV6M DATA sce 5 G16H) DATA ASSUMOTIONS: (1) The sy Shem shown in tne Aigure consists of a 94s cheying prs RTF here T? denstes temperatere onthe Os seale, @ Toe system onderyoes a revernible cycle wl le, Communi cahing therumily uith reservers at Ty and Te.) The crcle Consist: of Processes (im Secrest 1-2 stothermet at Ty%) 2-3 adiabatic, Bet sBethecmat ot TE Ani adentahe, (4) Kinche and pefenhal energy effete are absent AALYSIS : With astumption (4), an energy balance in d:fferenhax form Aeads dus (6m) — (W/m) Then, since the procesyes are waternally revernible , §(W/n) gas, SUS GAT, Gllechns asruite PIM, Abe, for dhe sdeat Gy dT’= $(6/m)—padv Sy cyst’ S(Olm) ~ gav Bp bd ’= 8m) RF dear Precest 12: The gas temperature is constant et TH, 50 ot 800lm)ioq — RTHAEa 2 Ofm)ig = RTH LAYY) «) Preeess 2-3: These is Ke heat tranifer, and the gat temperature varies From TH t Tey 50 Te . evr’ « $6f) ar 'dber > ced’ -nemir sy [Es RE) , rejected i the process is Reece F4: The gat temperate is custant at Te%yand the heat rejected bs (Op dov® RTE (MAG) > L]Ad als Re MCB) cy Prvcess There 14 me het transfers and the gir demperature varies from Te T TH 50 ars -na (2) > Ss. GSTs — Ri) @) hee wt i From Equations (2) wa), Vy > VAG or /vys YYW). Using Has retail Argetien with Gqvahons Uae GO) aver [@im)sy) Ke (Qinya > Winch coresponds ta Equaher 6.6 underlying the Kelvin Seales This ‘mpl there T denotes temperature on tue Kelvin scale. B The reversible cycle considered here cervesponds te tha. Grnot cycle diseossed in “See. 5.6, FloPropiem 5.16 KNOWN: A system undergoes o reversible power cycle while receiving and dbcharge ing anergy by heat Pranefer with fue thermal rererveins, eo Te increase the thermal effreteney , determine whether it wnuld be better te inevenre Ty ar decrease T% SCHEMATIC 2 GIVEN DATA: ASSUMPTION: The system shown in the accompanging fogure undergoes a reverse Arava ele ale. rccving and dincharging egy by heat anton wh tare at teberveies, AADAC WS: Trends can oedetermined by Uf farnhahion of 7.5.9, Wiens Onpliable ux Hut cove Cig = Tee ee rete ®,, oo + BY AS Te decreases, increases, Quankbive evalvahons alte cn la Kad uring €q.5.8 wink wk TEE te deereated ty € degrees, the thermal effiteng @ increnied zt Gee me 15 SRR Og, " TE TW ireremed by degrees, the thermal effreena fo measard et- we "eS > Bee = Ta-ke +€ Teese 2 ntMee 2 ye Vn Trae Tae aera oo) Combining Eq8-C1), (2) ae < Ne egy Ne tg fe Would be more banefreral te decrease € than increate Th. A sk inerearing thermal effrecency by redveing Te below thet of the cnviconment it net practieal y however, for maintaining Te below “the, ambient temperature would Fequire refrigerator that ueatd have to be Reypled Work to operate. An inte in thermas effeenty by fnerearrng Ty 1S Wuted by the properties of the matervalt used fo fabricate the _tyHem undengemg He Cycle. Accordingly The possi t A diesuerion of the infivence of the demperaturer of heat eliiton and heat rejechen on the thermal affretenty of practren! Prwer eqcies it provided un See. 8.2.3. SltPROBLEM 5.It ble pewar cyclen are arranged in serves. One cqcle Fefects anergy: by heat transfer to a reterveir et T while the. other cycle recetver energy by heat trantfer from the reierverr ot T BIND: Determine T whan (a) the net werk of the Hue cycler fa equal, (0) meres are equal. ASSOMPTION: The tystemr shin in the accompanying figure undergo Feversible power cycles between thermal reserveres. ANALYSIS (> Eqvat net work cate. An energy ba Wee), = Qu- @ Weeds @- ee Ta Aetard with te above atumpiien, 64.56 giver Q2-L, ark an ™ Q Tr nce for each Fy stem gives Sething the werk expressions aval and elimmating Qu and Ge with the Above expressions Qy-O= O- Ge The-@= @-% Be-a@- @-ha Ts Teste CT ©) Equel thermal efficiency ease, Zn accord with the abeve astumphey Eq. 6-8 applies, giving wel g§ sin me Tr Setting ane edfreremetes equal and selyrag r Tt VetPROBLEM 5.18 KNOWN: Syatemt undergo revertible power, refrigeraton) and heat pump cycles While eparating beheeen the came Hum thurmel reservelrs, BIND: Obtain expressions for HA cetivelents of performance of the refrigeration and heat pump cycler i YEPMS Ff Mma, the therm at ehfceency of the power cycle, SCHEMATIC GIVEN DATA: ASSUMPTION: The syrtens shown im the accompa, reversible cycles. ng figure undergo 4510 ASALYSIS! In accord With the Aleve asrumphen Eye 58,6.9, are applicable. For the power cycle et-& Mnen = Accor ingly For the heat pump cycle Be. 4 Yee ae Dy Accordingly ‘ Yau? ey TooPropiem 519% KNOWN: Operating data are provided for " H & system undergerng & power cycle while re my amd discharging enersy by heat traatfer ith fuse thermal fesercerrt at apeushad temperature Fir each of three. sets of dat, determine if any principles of Ahermedynamwer are violated. FIND: Energy balince: Weyele = Qu- @e Definrhon : ays Weyate aa ASSUMPTION: The fystem Bhawn in the accompanying figure undergoes & power eyele. Auaureis: Ga) Que Ted , Weyer s WOOKT , Ge=300_ KT, Three volows coticty waa energy Walance, and give 400 eg ys Wgels = Toe = OST (7.1%) The waginom thernat Sffreeny for any power cycie onder the shted conditions Gy oa 4 ey se iz uae st iia Te BS = 00s (62.5%) Tha the second leur uate aathehied. Thi neappeuud Violation apie frit ant teeend laws GQ = HOT, Wegcles 400 eS, ce MOET. Ther vetats satis fy He entry tema, ond Siva ys WOT - ors (625 *) GHOFS AS ViMnay, $ite power cyte Keort ta Adair. Gad Me appeat Vi mate Hitt ont tecond Lows, ) Qu = OHO EY Wejees400 ET, Mer WORT With tte velmas Ger OH ot Re He tery Lote apie Woyeris Du-e? C40 -200 =44OkT Winer dete met agen with tes giintin Valueg . Accandingty, to Conterva how 4% energy principle & wot satisfied The @ ro need te Consider the Cecend Law unde tue circumstances, 5-28PROBLEM 5:20" KNOWN! Operating data, are provided for a system Undergoing a power cele wile receiving and décchanging energy by heat tran fer with duo thermal verervers at! “specified Temperatures FIND: For each of four sets of data, determine if the cycle i Fevertsbley tere verti ble or imparsr ble, -Scematic 4 given DAvA: Ta=2000°R Wiee ee As B) = ot cetervare atmespnere at TS cold rereevere ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Each of the Systems Shown Inthe accompany frgure undergo reversible cycles, (2) The atmotphere plays the role of O thermal teservere, ASALYSIS:JAn energy balance for the power cycle gives Weysie = Ou-~ Qe An energy balance for the refrigeration cycle gives Weyele = Qo = Combining the last tue expressions Qu-Q= OF- Oe « As each of the systems Undergo reversible cycles between thermal reservoirs, Eg.S-lo is applicable for each. That is Blk ate @) Gr TH 7 Set aH @ . % a) oe eR Suvskvtng Ep 2) ana ca) ate 64.1) oR] %(R-] Sewing fer Ge/@u aw, iB) | Ro cee E-1J Gry ['- ¥) Te fgrh, R/yr 4, Oc/en? OFS, Sanple_ecleolahinst litem Biyat) THe, @efans4s. Um Ware, Bart, Glew S2zPROBLEM 5.22 (Crntd.) (b) Plots. 2 22 24 26 28 3 32 34 36 38 Th! To -O- Te/ To = 0.95 te Tel To= 09 “Tel To = 0.85 - \ oa 087 «088 St | O8S (OS Tel To OTH To= 4 Thi Te=3 -ThIT.=2 Discussion: Wher Te/Te is specitied, lavgev values of fhe readin Aven correspond to Varger values of Tw/To, Thotis, tas Ht When Tel Te is freed. Discgssion s When Te/Te is Specibied , Larger values of the ratio Qe/ Qu Correspond to larger values of Te/To, whitch is Iraited by a value of Unily. Thetis, 264 ao Tt 10 Whar Th! te is Liked. Hise nole that fora Liked vole 6 Yoo yatir Q/@4- eg. avolane of 5 - the vequired value of Ty Woreases as Te decreases,PROBLEM $.23 Emeum: A revernile power cycle receiving Ry fruna het retervoir at TH drs a hand pump teat dischergio By te a pAaperveicet Tae Eid: Develop an expresiion fom BA /GH wi terns of TH, Te, Th!, Tes Gnd determine tha re latinotip among the Heaperatures forthe aha to exceed unity. TS Tyla Te >To, plot Gyan vesus Ta/To and Te/(To, each for Selecks values ef the otvar demperatare mato. sevtmanie ¢ GIVE DATA: OE ASSUMPTION: Each of the aystems shown in the accompany iny figure under~ go reversible cycles. AwaLytt WAn energy balance on the power cycle gives Weyete = Qu-Oe An eneegy balance for the heat pomp cele giver Weyses @4 - QF Combining - oe Qy-@e = O% - OE wo As eth ofthe systems undergo revertible cycles between thermal reservows, Eq.66 (5 applreatle for each. That sr &,z 2 ke ®) Qui Tw Oe HSH BS Vs of EO @) > Eso Suerknkng E95 (2) and (8) inte Ey (1) af B)= of [ Solving for O1/@H Whee] Gn Te [aed gas"PROBLEM 5.23 Clentd.) jhe Co.leuters 4 Tu/Ty*2, Te'/p, =-95 Od lay = 5. TH/Te 16 “4 g a] é 6 poe e ected 4 aan 2 o vu" T 222 24 26 28 9 92 34 96 38. 4 Tul Te 8 TIT. = 0.95 See 9 Se TT 8S 18 “4 2 10 é Zs é 6 fae — cS ane 2 od 085 086 087 088 089 08 091 092 093 094 095 TIT. G26 1 Te'( To *-9 5 Ort /y > Discussion: Wher Te'/To ie fixed, te ratio Qu'lay increases as Tal To increases . That ts, out Ty at« Rt Wha Te!/To ts Liked. Discusesen + When Tr/To is Aided, te vatio Qu'/Au ieroases as Te'/To tncheases, Whers Te'/ Te is limited bya value of unity . That St an Be sno Wher THlte is fixed. Aco, nole that for a fixed value of the rakis Qu/au — €9,6 Vols of 5.0 - He Required value of Ts thoences as Te decreases,PROBLEM 5.24 Krown Operating conc hone, specified for \ system comsting of @ Power cycle drwing a heed pump are Shown on tre tchemaht. END: Obtmin an ewprettion for tne maximum theoreH cat Value of the nawo (Qe O0ae in terme of T/T ant G/Ta- Plot the Anti (Git@2)/ Ge versus Cie/Ti) for Speafied values of To/Ta. SCusmaTic Roi DATA: »4 Pel ASSUMPTIONS! Ir The Systm Shown inthe schematic 1s at Steady SHR. 2+ Ths wenimum treove heat value frm (Qi4Or)/Qs Ww achieved Ute D atecemee 4 internat icrevern bili AWALNSIS:W)Anemeryy rate Balance for ths ty Hews Aadoce fo api @ pid or 0: Gee G,- @,-@, mp G2 Gite.-as a) With asivmphm2, E56 can lag invoked to write powercyele: Or. Qs bx = So @) aT * The cabo (Q4Ga)/Gg nba expuseed oo follnue, with 648-0102): From Sis 7 we Ware, ay=8 as and Go? B Bas fives we £4.61) ae “giving for Gilde Inserting AL MAE Bae Bee 16i-6.> [ESR eI Gi) - (Pla, ] + s Gin \ = (Te/Td) Teta 2, WIG 065 ,rOn/a, Riese) Bias | (0, +6He: Wit er , Wet 20. 45, (8) by) [odes WS Sample caleu lations: 5-27PROBLEM 5.24 (Contd.) Ge) PLOT 16 4 12 's 2" 10 8 a Lge EA oof peer 2 22 24 26 28 3 32 34 36 38 4 ste plot shows thet for fixed G/T, the Aeho (G,+0s)/ de wereates o. Te/Td Mnerenses. Note tes T/T 4 Amaia by nm value of uaihyt the dwelling dempemtere TE coonat never be tees Hea HOt outdoors temperature. Rrovample, when Ty= 293K (20%), ‘feo Alie rabes Shou wi tht plot correipond fo oatdegr Heuaperatures Tos DIBECS*C), BEVK (-98C) ) amd BVGK (-3V) Fespre Muely Tha presence of irrevertibihtes Within the syStm a expecked fe exact a penaltye TE tue systems operating 20 Shown ui tha schematic each arcerve Gs fran a fuel, aad one system hoo tntiemat urreveriibili h'ey omk-thre other does net ) bid ux accerd with intuihon thet the deewrable ontcome: (@)+@2) Wwonna lex grecte tn the dant cate than wife achat cate, Using coneenty fren tor Potent chantir, oF frm Chas 6 and Fe follrry tlic Corclution CA ee de enathy card for mall. 528PROBLEM 5.25 know A system undergoes a reversible cycle while receiving and direlarnng energy by het transfer with heband cold Ceferroirs. Fmd: Determive the therial efherency andthe net work developed. senemanic ¢ SIVEN DATA! RQy= 500 Bre Tue BIER (1 eLO°F) Mere. S30°R (20°F) Assomprions. (1) The tysltm fs shown onthe accompanging figure. (2) Tha fYflem UNE goeS a revertible Cycle wbte communicating fherme ily werk the Wot and cold Aetervoirs only, ABALYSIE With arcmmphm2, Eq. Slo is applicable, giving Qc S30R Some ley * darn 27 Ger UST Gee Fir say tharmedynauar Cycle ) teach ware deveteped equals Ake net Want addeds Wear Ba- Be = S00-125 =375 BEA Wale Fie any power cycin Hae thermal efhreiency o oo Werte zs Neste 2 SIL OFT C7S%) +—— Sot ge 1 OT Alvnabvety ) asthe powar cycle & reversible tha thermar efficiency Con ba eatenleted Using 61.582 4. st. me _ 530 “ Tm! = oes Sh) 2120 Woy s VY) Qir= G-7F)(500 Ba) = SIS Btn S27PROBLEM 5,26 KNoun: Steedy State operating date are providad for a FytHem Undergoing a power cycle while Aeceiving and deceharging energy bg heat tranifir with a bef and cold Veservoreat Hmparturer T and 280©, Asspectively PISD: Debermine tee meinen Hrerehet value fer 7, K- SCHEMATIC ¢ GIVEN DA’ Weyete © 40kW Ge 2 1000 kI/mn ASSUMPTIONS: U1) The syatem it shown on the accompany ing Figure -GIThe syttem undergoes & power cycle . (3) The data provided /S for eperation at steady state. An energy rate valance gives ANALYS!! oO Wepte = Qu- @e Gy = Waele + de + 4onw(sAZe) 4 1000 Ai (UE) = 56.07 «t/a Wa leneur the Y) S Mmae ) thet io = Mace ~ )- Te ee T Tnserting values Aonsk [— Tre 5.674 T > 260 < 1- 40 20.294 r Sbe7 TTuin qasuk <7 =~ = —_——_— “Trin A. Ad steady shite, the cyele enemy balance ond termed efficiency conten tupersied ac terme of rates: Weyete> Qu- Ge Weyele au “ 530PROBLEM 5.27 KNOWN: Systems underge reversible Power cycles while rececviny and discharging energy with thermal reservoirs, The thermal effretemey (FM Same for hot and Cold reservern et (000 and 500 Ky respectively , as for het and cold fererveire at Tand 1000 Ky FIND: Determine the temperature 7 SCHEMATIC € GIVEN Data: 1000 K 1000 & ASSUMPTIONS The systems aheun im the accompanying fyure undergo reversible power eyelet having ta same thermal efficitney, ANALYSIS | Zn accord with the above attumption, Gq. S-B 's applicable, givieg s00K Smee Hye Ma $00 = 1002 wy T2000 K wom +Qc) Bo Ot : rwoeBin/h| . aie x/o® Bho 3 3.41300 2 a. 2 63-4 | arse Tae) te acme theorebnt Au a ulncin snrgy combs tos desc luryich Ao Ae eetng Waker 21 KDE RA/h, =—_____ Comparing tine vatute for Ge Ge, st Kw hh 2 ose Guar De KOT BRA “Tuan, he octal heat discbvar rata ower 2a timer toe Wainimvnn Heer cot Glin inuswnleg bet icreverwbnl Heo woittan the sitemn dances ence oy Wophns conbarahe susnto oti te cpherneet pelt nn [Tae nchat tearm opfieieny 738%, o Concidarstly, Recs thm tea Mel meme vals, 61% ) curing & tre shee t irrevertih ities. 8-35PROBLEM 5.34 Keown: A power Cycta operates behueen surface ocean water at 27°C ond Wate a6 adept 700m what Hunperahin 7 FC EIND! Deternuns fs Dinwimous senerefet tearmce ath ene mfor amy Foun Ye and compere With tH ob: dL thernnnt ot pres eh OTE pour plants sree ce Schamanc 8 Gives DATA: Schamane & even DAT Abe 700 m1 & seoteat) ASSUMOTINE: I- Tue Cystem Sheu in ty echomebe undergoes a poumer Oythe 2. The stttn suchice wher and war nba daghng Food ity tobectes of Cot and ald potenroiry raspoutl wade PIALTIE E (6) The Heart affsutene ang peur cycle under theese comditian, avs Ge Ratt hamy 04 Vat toy elects Wenig hm anerrnbls prunse yon opreoting, latkuseen annica be TBE Sook) AE S280 b Leptin! Bld mW [By Je [6 B88 ]= 006k (6%) Se Mae 22% G) TE Nact #26 HH Nat , 2% Way 6-7% -03 Tate) for tee accumed condohime, achat OTEC cycles oat at 30% of the maximum phiwetrcet value, This indrenter hut Tre may Le Some Scape for improving achat perfrnanen y by m ter percentage pote, Wa Camventinnet Cngrmeersing measures, SHI, Th chevacty’sh cab, [aur unme Nwrene fr OTEC plants suggests thet pewar devutepmot big Tun means Word not be compelschve etonemd catty With otha tyres power Maat wt ute cata PROBLEM 5.357% KNOWN: Hot water at 350°F /3 averlasle from an underground Source. The local atmosphere «at (O°F, EIND: Datermine tha mesimum possible thermal effreency for any Power cycle operating between these temperatures, seuematic ¢ cwven Dara: CContnued) $36PROGLEM 5.3 FC Contd.) Local adwosphere @E S20R (60°F) andergroend bot water Soure at B1O°R (3S0°F) ASSOMPTIONS 19 ‘The system shown in the accompanying figure undergoes war cycle. (2) THE Underground het water Source and tha. local atmorphere play the roles of the het and cold feservsirs, Cexpechively, AMALYSIS! The Mmonimum thermal tffieency corresponds to the case here Gm ib received fram a thermat ruerverr ae BO°R and Gas tn dwcharged @ a thermal cererver at T2O%R, Om he systems operates Lvtbent irrevensibiihes, Thatis, apprying ty SP Vacs |= $22 = 0.358 (35.8%) <——— PROBLEM 5.36 * Known: A pewer cycle opsrates between the ground at a Hupersture of SSF cand the atwecphere at atempenature of —23°R A thermal efpeiane of 10% & claimed. Find: Evaluate this clacm. ScHaMatic 4 GWEN DAH SCHEMATIC | GIVEN DAT wind ground lever ASSUMPTIONS: LU) The system shown in the fgure vndergers a power ole, QL) ThA grund ot SS8C cok He otmephn at -25°F play the moles of Wet and cold reservoirs, respectively ARALTSIS, Tht wenimunn terial Shivency any power cycle “ey have whtn eperahng lahueen Lot ad oul aevervnirs at TH and &, Ferpechvely | o sventy PHSB 2 & Te Sa (460-23) Louise (15s %) GoossyR The Claimed performance Gin agreement with the roeunents 4 tae Tocesed Dace PSR, PN Rtn Cet Le eT eee F Concerns over ECmonrt ea Waa (— satPROGLEM 5.3% Kmown: Steedy- state opernhry data are provided fora solar- ackvated power ak bret Determine thr manimum theoreh ut catlector ouan yeguired. Peat the callector orem vertus power plant thermet 0000 | aa $n aepr rae < 2. For fied 1, tha collector aren “0000 decreases eo € increase also as expected. 20000 ° 0 005 01 015 02 025 03 035 04 ” For comparisoy thr area of a-football field i about 43Som>. S38PROBLEM 5.38 EMOWN! Operatag data are Provided for a power plant that a energy by heat tranche & a river. for environmentet reagent, the tempern qth aaver ouuns beta 1g the pout p land US feshveted. Ep: Eshmet pu neem theoreh Od pry tteo car be devetaped Subject tothe Rerhithen a Aine Hupern ture, Scuamane £ GIVEN DATA Qu, Ths 325°R( 865 °F) —~! Te € F2°F : GA; = amr pals Be {Te = S30°R (70°F) &) River (8) Power Plaxte Assumptions: |. The fan systems Shown Withe scheme are at Stedy stale Trench coun, Ge 6 in tus direchone fthe arene. 2. Fir system ca), effects of deinaht and potenhat energy Corte ignored. 2. Sictnm Gl) underwer a power cycle thet fecewes energy froma Asievvoir at TA and duichezes energy 6 Astervoir ot Tey whan equals The average Miver tempera hace. AALTEUt An eneray rate nalante fv contra! volomel(A) Anducer 10 91% Ger eChe-hy] = Gu. Che-bil. Than, with AZT UELT:)= ool bor Pile, hz=hglT) = 36.09 Bayle) and he < We (72°F) = 40.04 Bile fram Tht A-2E OG. view ¢ (B-]@e) ay Wom [BY Cdednme Tansarhing vets y Eat) qe arte) agave Bie °} = (es eu! = ae JC orend B= asl a) fe hy Weyeee [1 ~ Be] Chaat Be) Weyete € ~ ne = 990.4MW 2 @.mxe By | eet | ah senr | ane cs Qierees) aye 2 990.4MW) Towing tothe affect of WteVerO BINH ly an ached power plant worad! develop Much Lary Powrer thn Hie Uawimunn theore hy Value determined here. = $39PROBLEM 5.34 Known: A power rycle receives energy paees transfer at a specified femparatare omc rejects emery by let Fansfer at ratare Te, The thermal efficiency is one-half of a reversible cycle operating between Vesevvoirs ot the respectie termperatures, EIND: (a) For Te = 400K, delermive the net power developed per unit of radiator surface area and the thermal efficiency. (b) Plet tdee quanhties versus Te and defevmite the manituum Value oF the net power de er Unit Kea. Cc) Dofermine the range of T. for which tHe net Power per unit avea is within 2% of He maximum, Se 1c tv Ga lo Lo Wnt ee oF SEK : -k Wwe N= 08> FS sosttarJ c= tH 41 Tey gents eonTutet ASSUMPTIONS :(1) The system shown in the schematic undargoes a Power cycle Gud oponiies ct cleaad| shake (2) Heat Hanser af Te 1s onl by thermal © veddation, 6s ‘iwdlii onthe Schematic, The surface fecel no radrahon . (3) For-the power cycle, = 0:5 Wwwar- Auarysis: The Mermal elfici: of « Power cycle of rah ok steady she is We Wyde/Qy . Tohredtuciey “the energy cael balance, Weer ® Qu Ge = Ragete vee = (1% \ 8 We epee Mae * GNA Now, from above W205 (i-r) aud Qs CoA TY Thus Wapte (PEO) eran et Stivplifying and solving for Wayle /A Werpta (A = (ert) [e2 *] oo Cer) @) Te #400K, In this case, r+ 400/600 = 0.6667. Thus w 8 4 [(-.eeer) «} fk. Sore 20.u)(5.670d SY) ool [sae cose] haa : bw Ww = ota BY gates Mso UFOS (1-) = 011667 (16.61%) ae ht S40PRORKEM 5.89 (Cmt'd) (b) Plots The following plots are constructed wstip T: 025 = oe a From the computer data, the SI maxiisum value for Wexole/A @ = os is 0.2017 Wim, auc occurs < at T. 2 46BK. This is contirmed g on by inspection of the qraith. 2 005 0 dae 250 300 350 400 450 800 550 600 Te (K) 03 02 @ = o4 ° 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 Te (kK) () For the net power per unit area within 2% of tha marina valice , 098 (Weyeee /4 asa {O1EKO-2017) = 0.1977 bW/ea? By wispectiim of Pre computer date: 441k < Te < 491 Kg Teva Again this is contirmad by inspection of tha groph. 1. Alternat he value of Mec, W: 7 cee be Gobaived by attlebeaict aed) Ginteapect se eas eT Ce ia equal fo Zero, andl salvine fort, The corubt ix 2 06, and Wage /A yg 0.2017. TRis conbirms the computer solubim . os 2. Note that Ho trovmal efPici correspondsing to (Wopte /A man iS 0:1095( 10.95% Ta fis opplicatcnn y weanin sing "A. wad wet Be Yaa osteckdie™ The site ef the : wat rodialor surface mou be a more SiguiF anc considered 541PROBLEM 5.40" KNOWN: Operating data are claimed for a. nyere tron cycle. EIN! Evalecte Fes clana, 3 Seuamane aewes Dam: megane 4m itera Weetes (2 kW Fe 28k PY) G2 25,000 LTA, AswmeTion: The rycen Sheu Wo the cchematic under joer a agerabion eel, We nscewing ansryy hig hart branthr frame Aroervoir at Te and dhichersing tnerag by Met tranife te 6 daservor at TH. AmALTIIG, — Applyany £4. 2-457 fogetion with Clnimed operating lath the Gaiicient 4 performance is ar Ge _ (25,0004) ] 1 kw |} th . Gs SL> Gaew} | tesAlfso000] ~ S14 Tre mernimume coefhicient of Performance any Arrigeration cycha can hone wot eopereking between rererveins a6 Te, TH ow Gien 69 Eq. 54+ ™% ZYsK = aE, AK Luge Games ae (Pas BHR, Siac toe Charmed value for flexesede max , the invents claim sd iavalrd, SePROBLEM 5.41 KNOWN: A tay ef see cubes if placed in a °F performance sf 9.0 operahas Fwd! Determune of the Freezer having a efferent im a pooue at 32°C. cubes Would remarn frozen Scnematic 4 Given DATA! Secroundings at Ty: 305k (22°C) « Freezer aE Te ASSUMPTIONS: (0 The syste Sheer in th aceenpmymny figure undergoes a refrigeration cycle. @) The freezer compartment and the Sarmundings play the roles «f THe aid ond het reseryairs, cespectve ly, AWALYSIS) As diSeested th Sec. SEZ , tM achel Corfficent of performance mest be lecc than) or equal Gy the weffrucnt of preformance of 6 Aawersible Cefigecahion cycle — operatns behucen reservoirs at the specified tempecateres . Then, with Eqvahans4 amd the given value of 90 for tu coef heient of performance. eee 40% Fate * Geaey=I or gyi 5 BE WSK Howeves, to maintain the frozen cubes the freezer must 44 at 473K, or less, Aceordinyy, He cubes would Let cremacn Frozen —PROBLEM sur KNOWN: Steady. : be agate operating date ave provided fora Emp: Deleruwna (a) the Radke energy it rejected Fou pine fe frigerater totus ferveundings % tactlerant fos CO) He lowett theoreh as Hm pare ture we Did tee fe frigerater, and Co) the wrovimunn there het Bower thar coud ma” Seveloped by © power cycle from tin energy rejected. Disease, 4: Sctrmeted ven Bara: Je 301 Te 2 243K (20%) ee) S ASSUMPTIONS! (1) Operahen is at Steady state. (2) Tn part (b) the interior of da Ca [viqerater and the Surrmundings play the nol of com and Atserverre ; ferpechvaty. (3) Sn port Ce), To Coils and turreunds nye Play tha pAalertet tia hetaud Cold bodier, rergectivey . Amacrsis: co) Usrtn €9. 2.45) B= Qin/ We - An enersy balance for tm A troseste reads QH= Qin + Wr. Tnthae expression, Qin Aepresent energg inte +a Cirentahny refrigaront from ta Food and oti content marida thee Antrizera tor, Collecting ret utie B~ Gna Ne > Gue C+ AW R= (14s \o.tew) = AW R (0) Frow Sec, 85:2, wre Broun heat RB 5 Suax, where Smarr ven by E4.5.4, Thus, wrtn Tit= 293 (20°C) and Te deneti Pe ed phe Te Gos THs 249 orc) Senet ® = 4. Gs Tie S 452 Fae FP AST S SST 27 :) e Solving, Te S239 7K . Thur telowart theoretent femperetur ¢ taside te trast ue 239-7K- —— ©) Fortes power cycle shown Hs the teh, +s thvene effreienc SW Nert/ay. Fem See. SS 1 pws amr 1) SMM AK, Che Neax given by T4SB Then we Ter 293K(20°C) asd TH 301K (28°C), we get 5-44Peeacem $-42 (Continusd) Mee g 1- Te ay Waele [17 Jee au TH are [to ERE] @ 4 o.t2kW “Ths watineven theoreti cat power that couse int develops d 69 Hes duergy Asjectd G 0.1K U4, <= 1 Note that THe Surroundings a tw naterak bee feserver fer tha fe Grigercter, and thus we ure TH =223K (20%) and not He covs tempera pure wher Deuid asduce to 2ASK if thatefrigeraty Were un plugged, 2, Alttougatir Aaprigrrater rejects enensg at an appre iets Ants ) FE AKW, Hrs thermodynamic vets thes anne co mentured by ten power ther bag ht to eloped from it “ws relab Tmath Aceordingln, thoes (tle incenhe for atte ping fo ayptece tice heet transfer ) and Qu ww simply sche pel fe tes turwendings without wan: 5-446PROBLEM S43 A ergogence sample must lor Kept at —195°F by annfrigeration oy Stem, Delrmine the minimum thaoreh et power asquired hoy the Aufigera tor, Taemaric 8 cies OATH: Heat Surmundings of HE oasis 4 Gy S3R G0rPD : ASSUMPTIONS [. THe tytn shown wc tn Schamebte Undergoes & fe frisernh in cya ob trendy sink, 2. TH Sample Ce algo at steady the he 3. Tae Temple and Surroundings play the dole of Geld and het Ceserroirs, Meipechvery, MOALTELE. The coatfed end Awacrsis: Parfevmanet 4 te pigs tor mit lor Lose Fine aquet $0, thr coafpreint 4) parfrrmamnan of o pewamable apviyere fir. egos opara has behveen asgervoirs of Tey TH. Thue, with G9.2.96 and 87.54 samy Ge CH ie Veyoue < Te 7 { Be] < eae Te At Steady hota, the Aake Qrovyey most fe feneved from tue sample €9 bale te Ags teary Atak mts fhe Sempta + That, Qe 0-085 Bile , and $0-vs" 5 Be 08s Me (S21 Eye we Weyer 2 0.085 BO =a Power, PRoGLem S44 HMOWN: Sledy-state. opvrating Meta are provid rr an ice maker, EMD! Detarnuans tra Mavi Aste ie can be formed at O°C, perkW of power input Sterrouade'ng at THs 20'S B33 eBleg of emery mut tne Cemnoved ty freaje unter of OFC ASLUMPTIOUSE The cyclen Sheu Us tes fchematic Undergoes a Artriserahim cycle ot Mendy Tete: 2. The wader and the surroundings eres AY cold and Lok Asaeriror?s — PEAC TS: The eonthevent of per formance of the ra frigernhan Cycta mort fos Lest » or Byvel to, ths confficient rf, performance 4 < fevertiole segregpra finn 8h Operating behveen veservews of Te, TH. Thats with E4-TUT ane Cyhd Bs Baav dp Ge ee yet ~ THA, 5 aan ae AN Steady tht jt Anny Antaenad wliks fyretgeny ionter Bex Gar vfeg) 1 whee WA a Ae nate wale free po refs tees Oa ie (233 ealeg) MCroIh) a. (HIS) in Ds) 13600). 14RL kolhe Wevele <@) 333 he ev nN wes Ke 4ProBlem 5. 45 KMOWN: A tefeigerater maintarns @ refrigerated space at a specifred demperniure. Data for opera Ene: mat steady state are provided Determine the Coaffident of performance and the rate of witch energy fy discharged G the Surroundings. Alse, evaluate the Wininaum teereheak power input uniler tm Strtad Condy hors, cHtMATIC 4 GIVEN DATAS surroundings at 75°F ($35°R) a H 5 i _Weetesthp , @ 200 Bts/min at 20°F (450°) ASSUMPTIONS: GW) The Fystem shown in the accompanying figure under= goes a re frigera eyele. 2) The data ate for operation at stead: State, (3) The refrigerated apace and the ed rervsondings Bley” the roles of ANALYSIS .A)By definition of coafiresent of performance and hot reterveirs ) respechvely. = Gn, (200 Bhe/aarm) (sominyh | “: 8 Frm on ergy balance, = Gin + Woycle . asys ty) [1h dooms, + Uhy) | aerezl |e, | = 24nd Sty gt Ths coetticient rforeeny nuget oe lece than, ages! to, te Oscar pees 7 A Aten ble Fetyisara hin cycle operabng pa husen, fetervoinad Te = 480%R, Tit S3S°R. Ur th Gq. 24S and EF5-9 Qn . Weyen 2 Qn ( BOE Weyce THe ba? Te ete) | Fetal [a 2 OM bp Thus, Hhe minimum theoretical power required is 0.54 hp, «—— min power S-4b* PROBLEM & 46 KNOWN: A catecgerator maintains o refrigerated space at @ specified temperature. Data fer operation at steady state are provided. mi Determine the power Input required. Qin = (F000 KT/H Be 0.25 Be ax refrqerated 5 space a 233K (-HO°C) ASSUMPTIONS! (1) The system shown in the accompanying Figure onder- oes a re frigerahion cycle. (2) The data are for operation at steady State. @) The refrigerated space and the surroundings Play $HE coles of the cold and hot reservoirs, respectively. ANALYSIS: The coefficient of performance of a reversible refria- eration cycle operating between reservoirs ot Ty =2%3 K and Te =BBK is given by Eq.6.9 Te AK _g¢9 Brians Te te (28 23S YK A= (0.AS)(3.88)= 0.97 Sine e = Be/Wegee + kT Baus de. Wee) 0.47 th kw suo s |] I kS/s Wopte \S kW <———_—_—_—_——————— 54hPROBLEM 5.47 KNOWN: A refrigershon cycle murntaini a Computer Iaberatory at 18°C on a dey Chen the outside temperature i 30%, Steady state opereting data are provided EMD: Determine the power requiredl KW, and Mmmm thecre Kink power required. ScHemanic 4 G/VEN DATA Ceres ate ot Tex an 18) Y Compare wrth the sd ; . Surrevndings at TH? 303 K( 30% coorth de | oa 7 a0e0eKie Ade 48 fexsveerts, 1 ! B 23.0 mae | + Ji Woyele. ASSoMPTIONS: (1) The Fystem Shown fn the cecempenying Figure Undergsees o fefrigeration eycie, (2) Ail dat provided ou for operation at Steady state, mfgeetin oye 1a pee Rene ca OMS teseevourt, respechve ly, AWALYES: At Sheady state ) THE Aefrigerchen cycle ure remeve energy frown the Computer laboratory at the same mt or trtvsy entire from BU Goureess Dex Bo,000 + EovoIHI/h = BE/CCKI/h. The coef frucnt of per frmance %o gwen as 30, Thus Bio< Uteekth s Weyue 2,000 23 Wee * - Neer (rece eg A), ) = aw a, From SeC5.5.2, we Know then the delved coeffreient of performance mut bs Less than on equst te) the eoefhieent of perfirmance of @ Atprtible refrigeration cycle operatigg Gehween reiervoire at 44. specified temperatures Then, with Equahin 5.4 Gog Te 2 2 adage Weycle wi BEAT Aecerdenghy : 34000 KI/h g Wayue 3435 ses et ¢ Wate * (Weae) ain or sh ira |= O41 KW jreoos ves N FT Vague 2 (4itsez) Biemwng the tahoe ef the mehal pote cajuined tothe wvnmem hecre nent ea 2.3 Lg, garew | HIE it can pe emetuoded lah the debe aaquicement is over & kimet greater than the minimum dhaore beng Asie ment 548