34 Past perfect simple 1 Form We form the past perfect with had + past participle. ‘The regular past participle ends in -ed (e.g. finished). POSITIVE I had already seen the film. She had met him before. We had finished early. NEGATIVE [had not (hadn't) seen it before. He had not (hadn’t) met her before. They had not (hadn't) finished the job. QUESTIONS Had you seen the film? (Yes, | had.) Had they finished the job? (No. they hadn't) toes Ere Ones ete Where had he met her before? the first woman commander of a US space flight, but four Irregular past participles, e.g. seen, met, > page 348 years earlier, she had also Pronunciation > 1.15 become the first female American pilot in space.Read these sentences from novels and choose the correct words in italics. Listen and check. 0 Her mother had beautiful voice, both when she(sang) had sung and when she{taked)/ had talked, 1 The girls were still there, standing where he saw /had seen them earlier, 2 Liesel’s treat was a ride in a car. She was never / had never been in one before. 3 The man was very pleasant, reminding him that they met / had met at Adam's wedding. 4 As Joe walked away, he felt / had felt that he said / had said goodbye to the last phase of his youth. 5 She stepped out of the bath, reached / had reached for the towel the maid left / had left for her and wrapped / had wrapped it around her. @:(GEMINI complete the text with the verbs in brackets. Use the past simple or past perfect. SUENEY Listen and check. Leyton stared atthe expanse ofthe Atlantic Ocean in front of him. He () had fonally come. {finally come) tothe end of his journey Several months ago he (1) (not know) whether the journey would relly be possible, After al, he (2) (recover from his illness only weeks before he (3) make) the decision well it was because of the illness that he (4) (decide) to-do this, to prove itwas possible. Then ater a few weeks of planning and worrying, he (5) (Get out, starting from the northemmost point ofthe country and walking, on his own, to the southernmost point. And here he was, atthe end of his journey — he (6) (achieve) his aim, And he (7) (weaise) now that it was the most exciting thing he (@) (ever! do) ~ and probably ever would do in his itePast perfect continuous Francisco Pizarro had been exploring | | Central and South America for twenty years when he led the famous expedition to Peru which destroyed the Inca Empire. Form POSITIVE ‘NEGATIVE QUESTIONS ~ I had been watching them She had been learning the language. We had been working hard. had not (hadn’t) been watching them. He had not (hadn't) been learning the language. They had not (hadn‘t) been working hard. Had you been watching them? (Yes, | had.) Had they been working hard? (No, they hadn’t.) Which language had she been learning?2 Use ‘We use the past perfect continuous to talk about an action or situation that was happening in the past before another action or time: I had been learning French for five years when I went to live in Paris. ‘How long had you been living in the house when you sold it?’ ‘Oh, about a year.’ We usually introduce the second action with when: He'd been taking driving lessons for years when he finally passed the test. The first action can stop when the second action happens, or it can continue: We'd been waiting for forty minutes A A when the bus finally arrived. when Phil became the new sales manager. (The continuous action stops.) (The continuous action doesn't stop.) 0 Pronunciation > 1.16Practice ase Write sentences in the past perfect continuous and the past simple using the words below. Listen and check. 0 The explorers / sail / for days / when they / finally see / land The, explarers. had. been. sailing for. days. when. they finally. caw, land. 1 How long / you / work there / when you / become / a director ? 2 1/not sleep / well / for weeks / when I / have / the accident at work 5 We / not save / hard enough / so we / not can / go on holiday with the othersComplete the email with phrases from A-H below. (DERI Listen and check. | Subject [Expedition to Bolivia i i i | Mirai or ost eatin eee ee oa | bags before she realised that we can only checkin one piece of luggage! i By the way, | haven't got details of the hostel yet. When | spoke to the travel agent yesterday, they (5)... enquiries about a better one earlier in the day, and they were waiting to hear back. They'te going to call me first thing tomorrow morning, They've been really good, actually - they (6) to change the hostel before calling me because they weren't happy with the frst one. | must go. 1(7) 10 pack before I called the students so I'l finish now. I'll see you at the airport | tomorrow evening. Julia A was starting D_ was packing G had decided B had made E_ had packed He had been waiting C had been making —F__ was still waitingReview MODULE 6 UNITS 30, 31 AND 32. Complete the two conversations. Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets — past simple or past continuous. CLERK CALLER CLERK CALLER cork CALLER CLERK CALLER, ELLA BEN EULA BEN Castle Bank. How can | help you? Hello. I'm afraid I've lost my debit card. ‘OK. What (0) .were. you. doing... (you / do) when you last (1) (have) it? LO) (get) cash out of a machine It wasn’t stolen, though. Right. When (3) (this / happen)? ‘Two days ago, I think. OK. We'll check your account and get a new card to you within five days. But I (4) (hope) to go away tomorrow. Can't you send it now? How was your day at the beach? Well, when we (5) (arrive), the sun (6) (shine) brightly and it was really warm. Great! But then it (7) (start) to rain and it (8) (not / stop) raining all day!ALLUNITS Read the article and choose the correct words in italics. Thee have ben many fel eae and acheter but oe of he be kon (a) had bce May Kinsey. om in London 1862, ingey (1) wove had wove opr of ica where ew west voren (were ee taeting had er toveled bee. Mays ether was doctor who) eyed ws eying ling, sting the dierent cuts of people oud he wo Her ether was na nd rh f Mary ety He as hd sper rung her, tse dedi 1892, cn fe weeks ater Man te) used ops nyc pad nay ‘Ac men inthe dg (6) woul / dob espns ote women inthe fey, Mary tayed th er younger rote unl he deed ora o China in 853 Now fe, May roe to West ica ith the tent of completing th bok hither) ote / ad ber wring tthe te fis eth Fath 1895, May taveled down te ost Wes ca, Whi she (2a roving eo ve she) had coc coca specs of pica forthe btn Meu, aswel as meeig the pope red oatering ater erbock. When se retuned to Engandin 195, she (lot ad een wing her bok Tove in Wes A hich eda became aber Mary) fd returned retuned cain 199, ts to Sut i, whee he Boe Wa) jst ren ot stroke ou She elie asa, bt aio ae mors cing fr Boe poner of wat she bec et and hen 1900, a he ae of ai thy seven