INTRODUCTION TO

FOREST SURVEYING
 SURVEYING
• the art and science of determining angular
and linear measurements to establish the
form, extent, and relative position of points,
lines, and areas on or near the surface of
the earth or on other extraterrestrial bodies
through applied mathematics and the use
of specialized equipment and techniques.
 PLANE AND GEODETIC
SURVEYING
• Plane Surveying - is that type of surveying in
which the earth is considered to be a flat
surface and where distances and areas
involved are of limited extent that the exact
shape of the earth is disregarded.
• With regard to horizontal distances and
directions, a level line is considered as
mathematically straight, the direction of the
plumb line is assumed to be the same at all
points within the limits of the survey, and all
angles are considered to be plane angles.
 PLANE AND GEODETIC
SURVEYING
• Geodetic Surveying - are surveys of wide
extent which take into account the
spheroidal shape of the earth. These
surveys employ principles of geodesy, are
of high precision, and the related
calculations involve the solving of
equations derived from advanced
mathematics particularly spherical
trigonometry, calculus, and some
applications of the theory of least squares.
PLANE AND GEODETIC
SURVEYING
 TYPES OF SURVEYS.
• Cadastral Surveys - are usually closed
surveys which! are undertaken in urban
and rural locations for the purpose of
determining and defining property lines
and boundaries corners, and areas.
 TYPES OF SURVEYS.
• City Surveys - are surveys of the areas in
and near a city for the purpose of planning
expansions or improvements, locating
property lines, fixing reference monuments,
determining the physical features and
configuration of the land, and preparing
maps.
 TYPES OF SURVEYS.
• Construction Surveys - these are surveys
which are undertaken at a construction site
to provide data regarding grades,
reference lines, dimensions, ground
configuration, and the location and
elevation of structures which are of concern
to engineers, architects, and builders.
 TYPES OF SURVEYS.
• Forestry Surveys - a type of survey
executed in connection with forest
management and mensuration, and the
production and conservation of forest
lands.
 TYPES OF SURVEYS.
• Hydrographic Surveys - refer to surveying
streams, lakes, reservoirs, harbors, oceans,
and other bodies of water. These surveys
are made to map shore lines, chart the
shape of areas underlying water surfaces,
and measure the flow of streams. They are
of general importance in connection with
navigation, development of water supply
and resources, flood control, irrigation,
production of hydroelectric power,
subaqueous constructions, and recreation.
 TYPES OF SURVEYS.
• Industrial Surveys - sometimes known as
optical tooling. It refers to the use of
surveying techniques in ship building,
construction and assembly of aircraft,
layout and installation of heavy and
complex machinery, and in other industries
where very accurate dimensional layouts
are required.
 TYPES OF SURVEYS.
• Mine Surveys - are surveys which are
performed to determine the position of all
underground excavations and surface
mine structures, to fix surface boundaries of
raining claims, determine geological
formations, to calculate excavated
volumes, and establish lines and grades for
other related mining work.
 TYPES OF SURVEYS.
• Photogrammetric Surveys - a type of survey
which makes use of photographs taken
with specially designed cameras either
from airplanes or ground stations.
Measurements are obtained from the
photographs which are used In conjunction
with limited ground surveys.
 TYPES OF SURVEYS.
• Route Surveys - involves the determination
of alignment, grades, earthwork quantities,
location of natural and artificial objects in
connection with the planning, design, and
construction of highways, railroads,
pipelines, canals, transmission lines, and
other linear projects.
 TYPES OF SURVEYS.
• Topographic Surveys - are those surveys
made for determining the shape of the
ground, and the location and elevation of
natural and artificial features upon it. The
features shown include such natural objects
as hills, mountains, rivers, lakes, relief of the
ground surface, etc; and works of man,
such_as roads, buildings, ports, towns,
municipalities, and bridges.
 MEASUREMENTS
• A measurement is the process of
determining the extent, size or dimensions
of. a particular quantity in comparison to a
given standard.
 MEASUREMENTS
• Direct Measurements. A direct
measurement is a comparison of the
measured quantity with a standard
measuring unit or units employed for
measuring a quantity of that kind.
 MEASUREMENTS
• Indirect Measurements - In this type of
measurement, the observed value is
determined by its relationship to some
other known values.
 THE METER
• The international unit
of linear measure
• Originally, the meter
was defined as
1/10,000,000 of the
earth's meridional
quadrant. (1789)
 THE METER
• The international unit of
linear measure
• International Meter which
was initially based on an
iron meter bar
standardized in Paris in
1799.
• The meter was defined as
the distance between two
lines engraved across the
surface (near the ends) of
a bar with an X-shaped
cross-section, composed of
90 percent platinum and
10 percent iridium, when
the temperature of the bar
is 0 degrees Celsius.
 THE METER
• The international unit of linear measure
• In October 1960, the meter, was redefined
as a length equal to 1,650,763.73
wavelengths of the orange-red light
produced by burning the element krypton
at a specified energy level in the spectrum.
 INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM
OF UNITS
• January 1, 1983 the English System was
officially phased out in the Philippines and
only the modern metric system and
eventually the SI system was allowed to- be
used.
• meter – distances
• square meter – areas
• cubic meter – volume
• Radian - angles
 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
• When using SI, all
linear
measurements, are
based upon the
meter. Larger and
smaller units are
derived from it in
decimal steps, and
their names are
formed by adding
prefixes.
 LINEAR, AREA AND VOLUME
MEASUREMENTS
• The common units for length are kilometer,
meter, centimeter, and the millimeter.
• The unit of area, in SI is the square meter
• The hectare (ha), although not an SI unit, is
commonly used for the measurement of
large tracts of land.
• The common metric units for volume are the
cubic meter, liter, and the milliliter.
 ANGULAR
MEASUREMENTS
• RADIAN (SI)- The radian is defined as an
angle subtended by an arc of a circle
having a length equal to the radius of the
circle.
• 2TT rad = 360 deg
• 1 rad = 57 deg, 17 min, 44.8 sec or 57.2958
deg
• 0.01745 rad = 1 deg
 ANGULAR
MEASUREMENTS
• 1 deg = (3.1416/180) rad
• 1 min = (3.1416/10800) rad
• 1 sec = (3.1416/648000) rad.
 ANGULAR
MEASUREMENTS
• Sexagesimal Units - the sexagesimal units of
angular measurement are the degree,
minute, and second.
• The unit of angle used in surveying is the
degree which is defined as 1/360th of a
circle
 ANGULAR
MEASUREMENTS
• Centesimal Units - In this system the
circumference of a circle (360 deg) is
divided into 400 grads.
• The grad is divided into 100 centesimal
minutes or 0.9 degrees
• the minute is subdivided into 100 centesimal
seconds or 0 deg, 00 min, 32.4 sec
• Grads are usually expressed in decimals.
• 194g 45c 82cc is expressed as 194.4582 grads
 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
• the number of significant figures in any
value includes the number of certain digits
plus one digit that is estimated and,
therefore, questionable or uncertain.
 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Rule 1 -Zeroes between other significant figures are
Significant, as, for example in the following values
each of which contains 4 significant figures: 12.03,
35.06, and 4009.
Rule 2 - For values less than one, zeroes immediately
to the right of the decimal are not significant. They
merely show the position of the decimal such as in
the following values which contain three significant
figures: 0.00325, 0.000468, and 0.0230.
Rule 3 - Zeroes placed at the end of decimal
numbers are significant such as: 169.30, 366.00, and
11.000 These three values all have five significant
figures.
 ROUNDING OFF
NUMBERS
Rounding off a value is the process of
dropping one or more of the final digits so
that the value contains only the significant
figures required for further computation or for
portraying the final results.
 ROUNDING OFF
NUMBERS
Digit is Less Than 5 - When the digit to be
dropped is less than 5, the number is written
without the digit.
Digit is Greater Than 5 - When the digit to be
dropped is greater than 5, the number is
written with the preceding digit increased by
one.
Digit is Equal to 5 - When the digit to be
dropped is exactly 5, the nearest even
number is used for the preceding digit.
 SURVEYING FIELD NOTES
Surveying field notes constitute the only
reliable, and permanent record of actual
work done in the field.
The official record of the survey. It is for this
reason that notes must be complete, legible,
concise and comprehensive, and logically
arranged according to recognized practice.
Field work observations should be recorded
directly in the notebook at the time
observations are made.
THE FIELD NOTEBOOK
THE FIELD NOTEBOOK
 TYPES OF NOTES
Sketches
• rarely made to exact scale, but in most
cases they are made approximately to
scale
• are drawn freehand and of liberal size
• a good sketch must not be crowded with
data and symbols.
 TYPES OF NOTES
Tabulations
A series of numerical values observed in the
field are best shown in a tabulated format.
Tabulated form of note keeping conveys the
required information in a simple and definite
manner.
 TYPES OF NOTES
Explanatory Notes
• Explanatory notes provide a written
description of what has been done in the
field.
• These are employed to make clear what the
numerical data and sketches fail to do.
 TYPES OF NOTES
• Computations - Most surveying type
computations are made algebraically by
the use of simple arithmetical steps and
trigonometric functions.
• The portrayal of calculations should be clear
and orderly in arrangement in order that
these will easily be, understood by persons
other than the one who made the
computations.
 INFORMATION FOUND IN
FIELD NOTEBOOKS
• Title of the Field Work or Name of Project.
• Time of Day and Date.
• Weather Conditions.
• Names of Group Members and Their
Designations.
• List of Equipment.
• As an added requirement, it is important to
have a table of contents at the beginning of the
field, notebook to allow easy referencing of
desired data.
 THE FIELD SURVEY PARTY
• Chief of Party - the person who is
responsible for the overall direction,
supervision, and operational control of the
survey party.
 THE FIELD SURVEY PARTY
• Assistant Chief of Party - the person whose
duty is to assist the chief of party in the
accomplishment of the task assigned to the
survey party.
 THE FIELD SURVEY PARTY
• Instrumentman - the person whose duty is to
set up, level, and operate surveying
instruments such as the transit, engineer's
level, theodolite, etc.
• sees to it that instruments to be used in a
survey operation are in good working
condition and In proper adjustment.
 THE FIELD SURVEY PARTY
• Technician - the person who is responsible
for use and operation of all electronic
instruments required in a field, work
operation.
• also responsible for the establishment of a
two-way communication link by radio
between members of the survey party and
the home office and, between members of
the survey party where distant stations or
long survey lines are involved.
 THE FIELD SURVEY PARTY
Recorder - the person whose duty is to keep
a record of all sketches, drawings,
measurements and observations taken or
needed for a field work operation.
 THE FIELD SURVEY PARTY
Head Tapeman - the person responsible for
the accuracy and speed of all linear
measurements with tape.
Rear Tapeman - -the person whose duty is to
assist the head tapeman during taping
operations and in other related work.
 THE FIELD SURVEY PARTY
Flagman - the person whose duty is to hold
the flagpole or range pole at selected- points
as directed by the instrumentman.

Rodman - the person whose primary duty is to

hold the stadia or leveling rod when sights
are to be taken on it.
 THE FIELD SURVEY PARTY
Pacer - the person whose duty is to check all
linear measurements made by the tapeman.

Axeman/lineman - the person whose duty is

to clear the line of sight of trees, brush, and
other obstructions in wooded sites. He is also
responsible for the security and safety of the
members of the survey party at the survey
site.
 THE FIELD SURVEY PARTY
Aidman - the person whose duty is to render
first iid treatment to members of the survey
party who are involved in snake and insects
bites^ accidents, and other cases involving
their health, safety, and. well being.
 THE FIELD SURVEY PARTY
Utility men - the persons whose duties are to
render other forms, of assistance needed by the
survey party or as directed by the chief of party
such as:
• driving
• setting up the camp site
• prepare and serve meals
• look after the security of the camp site
• responsible for the handling and transporting of
surveying equipment, accessories, and
supplies.