St.

Patrick School of Quezon City

Senior High School Department
Module for General Biology 1
SY: 2022-2023

Module 1

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 Module 1
Cell: the basic unit life
What This Module is About
This module demonstrates your understanding of the cell theory, cell
structure and functions, prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells, cell types and modifications,
cell cycle and transport mechanisms which are the major topics of cellular biology.
Learners will be looking into the processes that are important to sustain life.

This module will help you explore the key concepts on topics and immersed
you in various activities and hands-on tasks that will help you answer the questions
pertaining to the cell theory, structure and functions, cell types and modifications,
cell cycle and transport mechanisms.
This module has seven (7) lessons:
 Lesson 1- Cell Theory
 Lesson 2- Cell Structure and Functions
 Lesson 3- Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
 Lesson 4- Cell Types and Cell Modifications
 Lesson 5- Cell Cycle
 Lesson 6- Transport Mechanisms
 Lesson 7- Structures and Functions of Biological Molecules-Enzymes

What I Need to Know

After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Explain the postulates of the Cell Theory (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-1).

2. Describe the structure and function of major and subcellular organelles

(STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-2).

3. Distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according to their distinguishing

features (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-3).

4. Classify different cell types (of plant/animal tissues) and specify the functions of
each (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-4).

5. Describe some cell modifications that lead to adaptation to carry out specialized
functions (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-5).

6. Characterize the phases of the cell cycle and their control points
(STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-6).

7. Describe the structural components of the cell membrane (STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-

11)

8. Relate the structure and composition of the cell membrane to its function
(STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-12)

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9. Explain transport mechanisms in cells (diffusion osmosis, facilitated transport,
active transport) (STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-13).

10. Differentiate exocytosis and endocytosis (STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-14)

11. Describe the components of an enzyme (STEM_BIO11/12-Ii-j-17)

12. Explain oxidation/reduction reactions (STEM_BIO11/12-Ii-j-18)

13. Determine how factors such as pH, temperature, and substrate affect enzyme
activity (STEM_BIO11/12-Ii-j-19)

How to Learn from this Module

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To achieve the learning competencies cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that

Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge
What‘s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.

What‘s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What‘s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.

II

What I Know

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MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct answer.
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which level of organization is the basic unit of life?

A. Cell
B. Tissue
C. Organ
D. System
2. Which of the following is NOT a postulate of a unified cell theory?
A. All living things are composed of cells
B. Cells are the basic unit of life
C. All cells undergo complete development
D. All new cells arise from existing cells
3. Who coined the term cell for the box like structure he observed when viewing cork
tissue?
A. Matthias Schleiden
B. Theodor Schwann
C. Rudolf Virchow
D. Robert Hooke
4. In many cells, the structure that controls the cell activities is the .
A. Cell Membrane
B. Organelle
C. Nucleolus
D. Nucleus
5. Which part of the cell serves as venue for cellular respiration and is known as the
powerhouse of the cell?
A. Nucleolus
B. Chromosome
C. Mitochondrion
D. Nucleus
6. Which type of tissue would be found in the epidermis and form the lining of internal
organs such as the intestines?
A. Nervous tissue
B. Muscular tissue
C. Connective tissue
D. Epithelial tissue
7. The process by which the nucleus divides to produce two new nuclei that results in two
daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the parental cell from which
they came.
A. Meiosis
B. Interphase
C. Mitosis
D. Cytokinesis
8. A type of passive transport which relies on carrier proteins in order for the substances
to move down their concentration gradient.
A. Active transport
B. Facilitated diffusion
C. Osmosis
D. Sodium-potassium pump

9. Which of the following is an example of passive transport which occurs when particles
move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration?
A. Phagocytosis
B. Pinocytosis

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 C. Diffusion
D. Osmosis
10. This process utilizes additional metabolic energy against the concentration gradient to
move molecules across the membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of
higher concentration.
A. Active Transport
B. Passive Transport
C. Osmosis
D. Exocytosis

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The Cell Theory
Lesson

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What I Need to Know

Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things. The human body is
composed of trillions of cells. They provide structure for the body, take in nutrients
from food, convert those nutrients into energy, and carry out specialized functions.
Cells also contain the body’s hereditary material and can make copies of
themselves.

Cells have many parts, each with a different function. Some of these
parts, called organelles, are specialized structures that perform certain tasks within
the cell.

In this lesson, you are to explain the postulates of the cell theory. The
three postulates of the cell theory offer the basis on how an organism is considered
as a living thing.

Plant cell Animal cell

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 What’s New

Guess What?

Direction: Complete the three basic components of the cell theory by arranging
these words in proper order. All your answers must be written on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. LIVING OF CELLS OR ONE ALL MORE
THINGS COMPOSED ARE

2. IS UNIT THE BASIC CELL LIFE OF THE

3. FROM ARISE CELLS PRE-EXISTING CELLS ALL

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 What Is It

Prior to the invention of the very first microscope, everything that could not
be seen by the naked eye was unexplainable. In 1665, English physicist Robert
Hooke used of the first light microscopes to look at thin slices of plant tissues. One
of these, a slice of cork, especially caught his eye. Under the microscope, cork
seemed to be made of thousands of tiny chambers. Hooke called this
chambers ―cells‖ because they reminded him of a monastery‘s tiny rooms, which
were also known as cells. Until 1676, Anton van Leeuwenhoek published his
observations on tiny living organisms which he named animalcules. It was believed
that Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe under his microscope the structure of a
red blood cell of different animals as well as a sperm cell.

One of the leading botanists in his time, Robert Brown in 1831 was able to
compare diverse kinds of plant specimens under the microscope. He markedly
indicated that there is a common thing about them-they are all composed of cells,
and inside the cell is a dark dense spot which he termed as the nucleus. A few years
later, German botanist Matthias Schleiden (1838) concluded that all plant parts are
made of cells. Theodor Schwann (1839), also a botanist and a close friend of
Schleiden, stated that all animal tissues are composed of cells, too. In 1858, Rudolf
Virchow concluded that all cells come from pre-existing cells.

Figure 1.1. Structure of cork using a microscope as seen by Robert Hooke (1665)

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 The discoveries made by Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, Schwann,
Virchow, and others led to the formulation of the cell theory. The cell theory
describes the properties of all cells. This theory can be summed up into three basic
components: (1) all living things are composed of one or more cells; (2) the cell is
the basic unit of life; and (3) all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Now, that you have an understanding of the history of the cell theory, answer
the activity that follows.

What’s More

A. The Discovery of Cell

Matthias Schleiden Anton Robert Hooke Theodor Schwann

van Leeuwenhoek Rudolf Virchow

Direction. Research on the ―Cell Theory‖ which tells about the discovery of
cell. Take note of the scientists and their respective works. Choose from the box
which scientist gave the following statements.

1. All cells come from pre-existing cells (1858).

2. All animals are made up of cells (1839).
3. All plants are made up of cells (1838).
4. Tiny living organisms are observed (1676).
5. Thousands of tiny empty chambers in cork are called cells (1665).

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 What’s New

Reflection: Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What is the cell theory and what does it state?

_ _ _
2. What do we call the basic generalizations that are accepted by modern science
about cell?
_ _ _
3. Among the scientists, who advanced the cell theory with his conclusion that cells
could only come from other cells?
_ _ _
4. What discovery is Van Leeuwenhoek noted for?
_ _ _
5. What caused scientists to discover the existence of cells?
_ _ _

What I Have Learned

Direction: The figure below indicates events that lead up to the cell theory. Complete
the table by filling in the blank spaces.
Date Scientist Discovery
1665 a. Observed the remains of
dead plant cells
b. Anton van Leeuwenhoek c.
1838 Matthias Schleiden d.
e. f. Stated that all animals are
made of cells
1858 g. h.

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 What I Can Do

Performance Task:

Research on the theory of spontaneous generation or theory of abiogenesis by

Stanley Miller and Francesco Redi and Louis Pasteur‘s experiment. Compare the two
theories on the origin of life.

Enrichment Activity:

Watch a video through YouTube link below entitled “Theories on the Origin of Life”,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2QLW7I_XBqo https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=NNijmxsKGbc

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 Lesson Cell Structure and Functions
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What’s In

In lesson 1, you have learned about the cell theory and the discoveries made
by scientists.
In this next topic, you will learn on the cell structure and functions that carry
out basic life processes.

What I Need to Know

All living organisms are made up of one or many cells. The cells are the
building block of life just as atoms are the basic building blocks of all matter. Each
cell contains materials that carry out basic life processes. Cell structures can only be
observed under high magnification electron microscope and are separated internally
into numerous membranous compartments called organelles (little organs). These
organelles perform a variety of functions like production of proteins, storage of
important materials, harvesting energy, repairing cell parts, digestion of substances,
and maintaining the shape and structure of the cell.

In this lesson, you will describe the structure and function of major subcellular
organelles.

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 What’s New

Direction: Write all the descriptions of cell organelles which are shown through the
illustration.

1. Control center, stores DNA

2. Center of the nucleus, produces ribosomes

3. Controls passage of organic molecules, ions,

water, oxygen and wastes into and out of the cell.

4. Provides structure to cell; gel-like fluid in

which organelles are found

5. ―Powerhouse of the cell‖, releases energy from

food

6. Small structures for protein synthesis

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7. Modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids

8. Modifies, sorts, tags, packages

and Distributes lipids and proteins

9. Garbage disposal, digestion of

macro- molecules; recycling or worn
out organelles

10. Storage and transport; digestive

function in plant cells.

11. Site of photosynthesis, trap

sunlight to make food

12. Protection, structural support

and maintenance of cell shape

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 What Is It

Cell Structure and Functions

Cells’ Structures Functions
1. Cell Membrane 1. Separates cell from external
environment; controls passage of
organic molecules, ions, water, oxygen
and wastes into and out of the cell
2. Cytoplasm 2. Provides structure to cell; site of
many metabolic reactions; medium in
which organelles are found
3. Nucleolus 3. Location of DNA
4. Nucleus 4. Cell organelle that houses DNA and
directs synthesis of ribosomes and
proteins
5. Ribosomes 5. Protein synthesis
6. Mitochondria 6. ATP production or cellular respiration
7. Peroxisomes 7. Oxidizes and breaks down fatty acids
and amino acids and detoxifies poisons
8. Vesicles and Vacuoles 8. Storage and transport; digestive
function in plant cells
9. Centrosome 9. Unspecified role in cell division in
animal cells; organizing center of
microtubules in animal cells
10. Lysosomes 10. Digestion of macromolecules;
recycling or worn out organelles
11. Cell wall 11. Protection, structural support and
maintenance of cell shape
12. Chloroplast 12. Photosynthesis
13. Endoplasmic reticulum 13. Modifies proteins and synthesizes
lipids
14. Golgi apparatus 14. Modifies, sorts, tags, packages and
distributes lipids and proteins
15. Cytoskeleton 15. Maintains cell‘s shape, secure
organelles on specific positions, allows
cytoplasm and vesicles to move within
the cell, and enables unicellular
organisms to move independently
16. Flagella 16. Cellular locomotion
17. Cilia 17. Cellular locomotion, movement of
particles along extracellular surface of
plasma membrane, and filtration

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 What’s More

Direction: Below are drawing of plant and animal cells. Label the parts of the cell.
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper according to letters and numbers.

PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL

What I Have Learned

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Direction: Using a Venn Diagram or Tabular form show the difference between a
plant cell and animal cell.

Features Plant Cell Animal Cell

Cell Shape Rectangular (fixed shape) Round (irregular shape)
Cell Wall Present and is formed of Absent
cellulose
Cell Membrane Present and is covered by Present
the cell wall
Nucleus Present Present
Vacuole A large central vacuole One or more small
taking up 90% of the cell vacuoles
volume
Plastids Present Present
Chloroplast Present and make their Absent
own food
Endoplasmic Reticulum Present Present
Ribosomes Present Present
Mitichondria Present Present

What I Can Do

Direction: Construct a 3D model of a plant/animal cell using indigenous or recyclable

materials and label the parts.

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