ALLEN Career Institute Presents A unique Initiative to provide all important information and Career Updates on your mobile _ TEE (Advanced) | JEE (Main) | NEET (UG) | AIIMS | NTSE | Olympiads SALIENT FEATURES Ce ea See dt i Important Information regarding different |Z Revision notes of various topics to prepare rounds of counselling for engineering and medical exams @ Branch wise opening and closing rank details @Z Chapter-wise analysis of weightage and level of toughness Guidance regarding which college, branch | @ Tips & Strategies to score maximum marks to choose and why @% Registration dates & information regarding Details of other forms that can be filled various exams from class 6th to 12th TTT Mc ee ce Register at www.allen.ac.in/allen-success-mantra ORPORATE OFFICE : HELPLINE ‘SANKALP’, CP-6, Indra Vihar, Kota (Raj), India, 324005 0744-2757575 (Ter)Manis: ROTATIONAL MOTION Rigid body is defined as a system of particles in which distance between each pair of particles remains constant (with respect to time) that means the shape and size do not change, during the motion, Pure Translational Motion Eg: Fan, Pen, Table, stone and so on. Type of Motion of rigid bod Combined Translational and Rotational Motion Pure Rotational Motion Moment of Inertia The virtue by which a bady revolving about an axis ‘opposes the change in rotational motion isknown ‘as moment of inertia. ‘© The moment of inertia of a particles with respect to an axis of ‘rotation is equal to the product of mass of the particle and square of distance from rotational axis. mr? T= perpendicular distance from axis of rotation ‘+ Moment of inertia of system of particle [axis Continuous body T= ein For Rigid Bodies : Moment of inertia of a rigid body about any axis I=Jamy? Radius of Gyration (K) of rotation. K has no meaning without axis of rotation. MK? Kisascalarquantity Raxlus of gyaration Perpendicular axis Theorems : (ody fies on the x-y plane) =L+h (Valid only for 2-dimensional body) Parallel axis Theorem :1=.,, + Md? (or all type of bodies) J_= moment of inertia about the axis Passing through the centre of mass ——v MOMENT OF INERTIA OF SOME REGULAR BODIES ‘Shape of, the body Position of the axis of rotation Figure Moment of Inertia Q) (1) Circular (a) About an axis, perpendicuar to the plane and passes through the centre (6) About the diametric axis, About anaxis ‘tangential to the rim ‘and perpendicularto the planeof the ring (@ About an axis tangential to the rim andlinginthe plane fing (2) Circular Disc fa) Aboutanaxis passing through the centre andl perpendicular tothe plane of dise (8) About a diamettic axis @) Aboutan axis tangential to the rim and Wingin the plane of the dise @ Aboutanaxis tangential to the im, & perpendicularto the plane of disc (@) Aboutananis passing through the centre and, perpendioular tothe plane of dsc‘Shape of Position of the axis Momentof | Radius of the body of rotation Inertia () | _ gyration (K) fo) About a diameteric axis Mire +R] 4 (4) Solid Sphere fa) Aboutits diametric 2 B soem ae | > through ts centre of mass M=Mass R= Radius fo) About a tangent to 7 Sphere MR? the Sph 5 (@) Hollow fa) About diametric axis z ‘Sphere passing through centre gu’ (Thin spherical] of mass Shell M= Mass |{b) About a tangent to R = Radius the surface Thickness negligible @ Holiow fa) About its geometrical MR? R Cylinder axis which is parallel to i) = M=Mass—_|(b) About an axis which ee R = Radius is perpendicular to its se L=Length Jength and passes a 18 through its centre of mass E ——_ 3Shape of, Position of the axis the body of rotation (0) About an axis perpendicular to its length and passing through one end of the oylinder () Solid (@) About its geometrical Cylinder axis, which is along M-= Mass itslength Radius Length © About anaxis tangential to the cylinderical surface and parallel to its geometrical axis () About an axis passing through the centre of mass and perpendicular to its length @ ThinRod | (@) About an axis passing through centre CESS) J tras ana Thicknessis| perpendicular to its negligible length wart length Mass (©) About an axis ME L Length = L, passing through one = eB end and perpendicular tolength of the rod (9) Rectangular | (a) About an axis passing Met b Prato through centre of mass a 2 and perpendicular to LF | satiispine M = Mass (©) About an axis se Length passing through centre om Breadth of mass and perpendicular to side ain its plane,jana tte ey. Physics HandBook I vw ‘Shape of, Position of the axis Figure ‘Moment of | Radius of the body of rotation Inertia @) _| gyration (K) ©) Atoutanaxis passing throught centre of massand perpendicular to plane About an axis passes through centre of mass and perpendicular to face Mass = M Sidea ay About ananis Uniform thin rod Passing through tentintoshapeof | centerand an arcof mass m perpendicdarto the ‘Plane containing theare a About anaxis Sectorofa Passing through uniform disk centerand of mass m perpendicuarto the ‘Plane containing the sector C ‘Torque about point =F Magnitude of torque = Force xperpendicuilar distance of fine of action of force from the axis of rotation, teiFsine Direction of torque can be determined by using right hand thumb rule. ROTATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM Ifa rigid body isin rotational equilibrium under the action of several coplanar forces, the resultant torque of athe forces about any axis perpendicular to the plane containing the forces must be zero. In the figure a body is shown under the action of several external coplanar forces F,, F,,...F, and F, Le Here Pis a point in the plane of the forces about which we calculate torque of all the external forces acting on the body. The flexibility available in selection of the point P provides us with advantages thet we can select, such a point about which torques of several unknown forces will become zero or we can make as many numer of equations as desired by selecting E ——neem Physics_ HandBook EY. Mes Y 6 v several diferent points. The fit stuation yieids to simpler equation to be solved and second situation though docs not give independent equation, which can be used to determine adkitional unknowns yet may be used to check the sohtion, ‘The above contition reveals that abody cannot bein rotational equilibrium under the action ofa single force unless the line of action passes through the mass center ofthe body. ‘A case of particular interest arises where only three coplanar forces are involved and the body's in rotational equilibrium. It can be shown that ifa body is in rotational equilibrium under the action of three forces, the lines of action of the three forces must be either concurrent or parallel. This condition provides us with a graphical technique to analyze rotational equilibrium. Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies A rigid body is said to be in equilibrium, if its in translational as well as rotational equilibrium both, To analyze such problems conditions for both the equilibriums must be applied. Rotation about fixed axis not passing through mass center In this kind of rotation the axis of rotation remains fixed and does not passes through the mass center. Rotation of doors a common example of this category. Doorsare hinged about their edges; therefore their axis of rotation does not pass through the mass center. In this kind of rotation motion the mass center executes circular motion about the axis of rotation. In the figure, free body diagram and kinetic diagram of a body rotating about a fixed axis through point Pis shown. Itis easy to conceive that as the body rotates its mass center moves on a circular path of radius Tye The mass center of the body isin translation motion with acceleration on circular path of radius fp. To deal with this kind of motion, we have +o make use of both the force and the torque equations. ‘Translation of mass center BF = Mi. = Maxi, Centroidal Rotation Making use of parallel axis theorem we can write the following equation also. Pure Rotation about P zi, Lit (MOMENT OF LINEAR MOMENTUM) ‘Angular momentum of a particle about a given axis is | @ According to Newtons Second Law's for rotatory the product of its linear momentum and perpendicular distance of line of action of linear momentum vector from la a|F motion ¢ the axis of rotation, L= 7x © Angular Impulse = Change in angular momentum. © Ifa large torque acts on a body for a small time then, angular impulse= zat Conservation of Angular Momentum Angular momentum of a particle or a system remains constant if x _., = O about that point or axis of rotation Magnitude of Angular momentum = Linear momentum x Perpendiculer distance aL of line of action of momentum from the | If t= Othen"/-=0=>L= constant axis of rotation L = mv xr sind Direction of angular momentum can be used by using tight hand thumb rule. >L=L ole, = Le, ————e E—____¥¥V Phy C \ vw Examples of Conservation of Angular Momentum © fa person skating on icefolds his amsthen his Ml. | @ A diver jumping from a height folds his armsand legs decreases and ‘a increases. (decrease) in order to increase no. of rotation in air by increasing ' © fa person moves towards the centre of rotating platform then TT decrease and ‘a increase. ROTATIONAL KINETIC ENERGY lo? Kinetic Energy of Rotation KE, ae tt Other forms K wa. 772 © If extemal torque acting on a body is equal to zero (r= 0}, L=constant K “h Keo © Rotational Work = W,= 10 fftorquets constant) W, = [ rd0 ff torque i variable) 5 © The work done by torque = Change in kinetic energy of rotation. W= do -21af = S1yo§ - 0%) aw _ de aw © Instantaneous power = {W. =7%°- werage power P,, = “W. Instantaneous pe Warr Average power P,, = “WY COMBINED TRANSLATIONAL AND ROTATIONAL MOTION OF A RIGID BODY When a body perform translatory motion as well as rotatory ‘motion then itis known as rolling, InPure Rolling @) Ifthe velocity of point of contact with respect to the surface is zero then itis known as pure rolling. E ——_— 7Physics HandBook OY. Nelang ! Gi) Ifa bodyis performing rolling then the velocity of any point of the body with respect to the surface is given by lem + Bey XR Fey-WR=O Pure rolling motion Only Translatory motion + Only Rotatory Motion = Rolling motion. For pure rong above body Va Var Mem AB Vow Ve= VB Vou Va 0 Velocity at a point on rim of sphere ne = V0" + RX + 2uR@cos0 Rolling body surface Roling Kinetic Energy Low? tie? = toma (5) E=3mv +3to" = 5mm? (i For pure rolling v= Ro ‘oling Hineic’Eheny E=tiw?l ie ing Kinetic Energy = Fm(1+ Bs Yaa = 20082 ot 2 2 iB K a a BF Ene Ring 1 1 12 172 Disc v2 2 2/3 v3 Solid sphere 2/5 5/2 5/7 2/7 ‘Spherical shell 2/3 3/2 3/5 2/5 Solid evinder 12 2 2/3 13 Hollow cylinder 1 1 172 V2 8 —. Ejana Manis: RY Physics HandBook General Plane Motion: Rotation about axis in translation motion Rotation of bodies about an axisin transiation motion canbe dealt with either as superposition of translation of mass center and centroidal rotation or assuming pure rotation about the instantaneous axis of rotation. In the figure is shown the free body diagram and kinetic diagram of a body in general plane motion. Translation of mass center DA = Mae Centroidal Rotation =laé This kind of situation can also be deat with considering it rotation about IAR. It gives sometimes quick solutions, especially when IAR is known and forces if acting at the IAR are not required to be found, Rolling Motion on an inclined plane Rolling body Applying Conservation of energy © Linear accleration on reaching the lowest point a gsind Li? +o? “ae pin lat 14K 7R © Time taken to reach the lowest point ofthe plane is din? +2mk?{ fast +? /R®) oe Re gaind Ke K of Least, will reach first 2 R Faw?{ 144] (ay R Ke wr Maximum, will reach last h=ssino (2) R from (1) & (2) K a R equal, will each together © When ing, disc, hollows sphere, solid sphere rolls fon same inclined plane then Vg > Vy > Vy > Ve apa > a> a te and cannot be neglected. Obviously linear momentum of the system is not conserved. The angular impulse of the reaction of hinge about the hinge is zero. Therefore angular momentum of the system about the hinge is conserved. Let velocity of the ball afterthe impact becomes V, and angular efor theimract_ Irma set velocity of the rod becomes o. ‘We denote angular momentum of the ball and the rod about the hinge before the impact by L,, and L,, and after the impact by L,, and L, Applying conservation of angular momentum about the hinge, we have Tg + Egy = Lap + Egg > Vf +0 = mug +1 Substituting EMC for , we have mv, + MCoy = 3mv, Oy ‘The velocity of the lower endl of the rod before the impact was zero and immediately after the impact it becomes (6) towards right. Employing these facts we can express the coelficient of restitution according to ea, ) From eq, (1) and (2), we have (3m-em)v, Ans. 3m+M Velocity of the ball immediately after the impact v 3(l+e)mv, ‘Angular velocity ofthe rod immediately alter the impact = "Teepe Ams. —— W