Rend. Lincei Mat. Appl.

30 (2019), 583–597
DOI 10.4171/RLM/861

Functional Analysis — Linear functionals on variable exponent Bochner–Lebesgue

spaces, by René Erlín Castillo, Oscar M. Guzmán and Humberto
Rafeiro, communicated on March 8, 2019.

Dedicated to Professor Eduard Trousselot on his 72nd anniversary

Abstract. — We characterize the linear functionals on variable exponent Bochner–Lebesgue

spaces in terms of the variable exponent Riesz bounded variation spaces for vector measures, which
are introduced in this paper.

Key words: Modular spaces, variable exponent Bochner–Lebesgue spaces, bounded variation
spaces

Mathematics Subject Classification: 46E30

1. Introduction
Bounded variation spaces with variable exponent and related extensions (in the
Wiener and Riesz sense) have been recently studied (see [1, 3, 4, 5, 12]) simulta-
neously with the lively progress on the study of function spaces with variable
exponent, see the monographs [7, 8, 13, 14, 20]. Recently, in [3, 12], variable ex-
ponent bounded variation spaces in the Riesz sense were introduced from two dif-
ferent perspectives.
On the other hand, linear functionals in abstract valued function spaces, par-
ticularly in Bochner–Lebesgue spaces, have been widely studied, going back to
the foundational paper of Bochner in 1938 in [2]. The case of Orlicz spaces was
studied in 1968 by Rao in [19]. Not long ago the same problem was studied in [6]
on Bochner–Lebesgue spaces with variable exponent Lpð
Þ ð½a; b; BÞ by endowing
the Banach space B with the Radon–Nikodym property.
The purpose of this paper is to define variable exponent Riesz bounded varia-
tion spaces on vector-valued measures and study the linear functionals of variable
Bochner–Lebesgue spaces Lpð
Þ ð½a; b; BÞ without imposing the Radon–Nikodym
property on the Banach space B.
The remainder of this paper is divided as follows: Section 2 consists of some
preliminary results regarding modular spaces, integration with respect to vector
measures, Bochner integral and variable Lebesgue spaces. We state some of them
without further proof. In Section 3 we introduce Riesz bounded variation spaces
over vector-valued measures RBVpð
Þ ðI ; BÞ, we state some properties, and define
the Luxemburg–Nakano norm as well as an alternative norm in the space
584 r. e. castillo, o. m. guzmán and h. rafeiro

RBVpð
Þ ðI ; BÞ. In Section 4 we present the 2 main results in this paper, namely: (a)
the Luxemburg–Nakano norm and the alternative norm defined in Section 3 are
equivalent, and (b) any linear functional in ðLpð
Þ ð½a; b; BÞÞ  can be represented as
a Bartle–Dunford–Schwartz integral with respect to some vector valued-measure
G a RBVqð
Þ ð½a; b; B  Þ where pðxÞ
1 1
þ qðxÞ ¼1F
for almost every x a ½a; b.
Throughout the text we use the symbol to denote disjoint union. By a k b
we mean that there exists a constant C such that a a Cb and a Q b means that
a k b and b k a.

2. Preliminaries

2.1. Modular spaces

Let X be a vector space over K (C or R). A left continuous function r : X !
½0; þl is called a convex pseudomodular on X if for arbitrary x and y, there
holds:
(i) rð0X Þ ¼ 0;
(ii) rðaxÞ ¼ rðxÞ for every a a K such that jaj ¼ 1;
(iii) rðax þ ð1  aÞyÞ a arðxÞ þ ð1  aÞrðyÞ for every a a ½0; 1.
If r is a convex pseudomodular in X then the set defined by




Xr ¼ x a X

lim rðlxÞ ¼ 0
l!0

is called a modular space.

For a convex pseudomodular r in Xr we define the Luxemburg seminorm
on Xr by

  

x


kxkr ¼ inf l > 0
r a1 :
l
The following proposition encapsulate the main properties that we need
regarding modular spaces.
Proposition 1. Let X be a vector space and r be a left continuous convex pseu-
domodular on X. Then, for x a X , we have:
(i) rðxÞ a 1 if and only if kxkr a 1;
(ii) if kxkr a 1, then rðxÞ a kxkr ;
(iii) if kxkr > 1, then rðxÞ b kxkr ;
(iv) for every f a X, kxkr a rðxÞ þ 1.
For more details about modular spaces, see [8, 16, 17].
2.2. Vector measures and Bochner integral
In this section we recall some basic concepts of vector measures and Bochner
integration. We also introduce the variable Bochner–Lebesgue spaces and state
linear functionals on variable exponent bochner–lebesgue spaces 585

some known lemmas for further usage. By doing so, we will mainly follow the
approach of [9, 10]. For the sake of simplicity, we shall consider vector measures
defined in some s-algebra S.
Let ðW; S; mÞ be a measure space and B be a Banach space. A set function
G : S ! B isF said to bePa vector measure if GðE1 t E2 Þ ¼ GðE1 Þ þ GðE2 Þ. If in
l l
addition Gð n¼1 En Þ ¼ n¼1 GðEn Þ, in the norm topology of B, then G is called
a countably additive vector measure. The variation of a vector measure G on a set
A a S is the extended real number defined by

X
ð1Þ kGkðAÞ :¼ sup kGðEj ÞkB ;
J jAJ

where the supremum is taken for all the finite families fEj gj A J of mutually dis-
joint sets of S contained in A. If kGkðWÞ < l, then G will be called a vector mea-
sure of bounded variation.
From now on we will assume that G : S ! B  , where B  denotes the topolog-
P N that fEj g is a finite
ical dual space of B. Given x1 ; . . . ; xN elements of B, assume
sequence of mutually disjoint sets in S. Then, given s ¼ j¼1 xj wEj a simple func-
tion, we define

Z X
N
s dG ¼ 3GðEj Þ; xj 4:
W j¼1

Based on the definition above, we provide the definition of integral of an arbi-

trary function with respect to a vector measure G. For a complete discussion
about integrability with respect to vector measures see [10].

Definition 2 (Bartle–Dunford–Schwartz integral). A function f : W ! B is

said to be integrable with respect to G if there exists a Cauchy sequence fsn gn A N
of simple functions converging m-almost everywhere in B-norm to f . Further, the
integral of f with respect to G is defined as
Z Z
f dG :¼ lim sn dG:
W n!l W

Now, we define the Bochner integral of a simple function s, with respect to a

measure m by
Z X
N
s dm ¼ xj mðEj Þ:
W j¼1

We say that a function f : W ! B is m-measurable if there exists a sequence

fsn gn A N of simple functions converging m-almost everywhere in B-norm to f .
586 r. e. castillo, o. m. guzmán and h. rafeiro

Definition 3 ([9]). A m-measurable function f : W ! B is said to be Bochner

integrable if there exists a sequence fsn gn A N of simple functions such that
Z
lim ksn  f kB dm ¼ 0:
n!l W
R
In this case, the integral E f dm is defined for each E a S by
Z Z
f dm :¼ lim sn dm;
E n!l E
R PN PN
where E sn dm :¼ j¼1 xj mðEj B EÞ when sn ¼ j¼1 xj wEj .

2.3. Variable exponent spaces

Let I be a closed interval of R and E a Lebesgue measurable set. The Lebesgue

measure of E will be denoted by jEj. By an exponent function we mean a mea-
surable function p : I ! ½1; lÞ such that pIþ < l; where pIþ :¼ ess supx A I pðxÞ
and pI :¼ ess inf x A I pðxÞ. For the sake of simplicity we write p þ ¼ pIþ and
p  ¼ pI .
Now, we introduce the Bochner Lebesgue spaces with variable exponent (the
theory of variable exponent spaces in the framework of the Euclidean space can
be found in [7, 8]).

Definition 4. For a B-valued measurable function f : I ! B we define the

modular %pð
Þ by
Z
pðxÞ
%pð
Þ ð f Þ :¼ k f ðxÞkB dx;
I

and the Luxemburg–Nakano norm by


f  


ð2Þ k f kLpð
Þ ðI ; BÞ ¼ k f kLpð
Þ ðBÞ :¼ inf l > 0

%pð
Þ a1 :
l

The variable Bochner–Lebesgue space Lpð
Þ ðI ; BÞ is the set of all B-valued mea-
surable functions f : I ! B for which the modular is finite, i.e. %pð
Þ ð f Þ < l.
Equipped with the Luxemburg–Nakano norm (2) this is a Banach space.

By p a BðI Þ we denote the set of exponent functions such that the Hardy–
Littlewood maximal operator is bounded on Lpð
Þ ðI ; RÞ. By pE we denote the
harmonic mean of p, given by
Z
1 1 1
ð3Þ ¼ dx; 0 < jEj < l:
pE jEj E pðxÞ
linear functionals on variable exponent bochner–lebesgue spaces 587

If p and q are conjugate exponent functions (i.e. if 1=pðxÞ þ 1=qðxÞ ¼ 1), then
1=pE þ 1=qE ¼ 1:
The Lemma 5 is well-known in the Euclidean case, see [7, 8]. The proof for the
variable Bochner–Lebesgue spaces is essentially the same as in the Euclidean
case, mutatis mutandis.

Lemma 5. Let p, q be exponent functions such that pðxÞ a qðxÞ almost every-
where. Then

ð4Þ Lqð
Þ ðI ; BÞ ,! Lpð
Þ ðI ; BÞ:

A Riesz type result is also valid in this framework, namely:

Lemma 6 ([6]). Let f fn gn A N be a Cauchy sequence in Lpð
Þ ðI ; BÞ. Then, f fn gn A N

has a subsequence that converges in B-norm almost everywhere.

The following lemma is a reformulation of the well known fact that the set
of simple functions is dense in the variable Lebesgue spaces Lpð
Þ ðI ; RÞ when
pþ < l (see [7]). The proof in our framework does not involve any significant
change.

Lemma 7. Let p be an exponent function. Then the set of simple functions is dense
in Lpð
Þ ðI ; BÞ.

We now give the definition of variable sequence Lebesgue spaces (see [11, 18])
with a notation adapted to our purposes.

Definition 8. Let Q ¼ fQg be a countable disjoint sequence of intervals and

fxQ gQ A Q be a sequence of real numbers. Given an exponent sequence fpQ gQ A Q ,
pð
Þ
we define the variable exponent Lebesgue sequence space lQ by
( )
pð
Þ
X pQ
lQ :¼ fxQ gQ A Q : spð
Þ ðfxQ gQ A Q Þ :¼ jxQ j < l ;
QAQ

endowed with the Luxemburg–Nakano norm, viz.

 nx o  
Q
kfxQ gQ A Q kl pð
Þ :¼ inf l > 0 : spð
Þ a1 :
Q l QAQ

For a fixed disjoint sequence of intervals Q ¼ fQg the variable exponent

Lebesgue sequence spaces satisfy the following Hölder inequality (cf. [7])
X
ð5Þ jxQ yQ j a 2kfxQ gQ A Q kl pð
Þ kfyQ gQ A Q kl qð
Þ ;
Q Q
QAQ

where p and q are conjugate exponents.

The next result can be found in [15].
588 r. e. castillo, o. m. guzmán and h. rafeiro

Lemma 9. Let p a BðRÞ. Then

 
X 
 
ð6Þ  xQ wQ  Q kfxQ kwQ kpð
Þ gQ A Q kl pð
Þ ;
Q A Q  Q
Lpð
Þ ðRÞ

for all the sequences Q ¼ fQg of disjoint cubes and xQ a R.

We will need the following lemma (see [8, Theorem 4.5.7] for a proof).
1
Lemma 10. Let p a BðRÞ. Then kwQ kLpð
Þ ðRÞ Q jQj pQ :

We end this section with a result that relates the modular with the norm
through some inequalities (see [7]).

Lemma 11. Let p be an exponent. Then, the following estimates hold:

kfxQ gQ A Q k pþpð
Þ a spð
Þ ðfxQ gQ A Q Þ a kfxQ gQ A Q k ppð
Þ ; kfxQ gQ A Q kl pð
Þ a 1;

lQ lQ Q

kfxQ gQ A Q k ppð
Þ a spð
Þ ðfxQ gQ A Q Þ a kfxQ gQ A Q k pþpð
Þ ; kfxQ gQ A Q kl pð
Þ b 1:

lQ lQ Q

3. Variable exponent bounded variation in the Riesz sense

In this section we define the pð
Þ-Riesz bounded variation over the set of vector
measures. We also introduce an auxiliary sequence function space to define an
auxiliary norm in the set of vector measures of pð
Þ-Riesz variation. From now
on we shall deal with vector measures G : B½a; b ! B  , where B½a; b is the Borel
s-algebra restricted to an interval ½a; b.

Definition 12. Let Q ¼ fQg be a finite partition of ½a; b by any kind of dis-
joint non-degenerate intervals and consider p an exponent function defined on
½a; b. We define the pð
Þ-Riesz variation of G on ½a; b by

pð
Þ
X kGðQÞk pQ
V½a; b ðG; B  Þ ¼ sup B
pQ 1
;
Q QAQ jQj

and the space of vector measures of bounded pð
Þ-variation in the Riesz sense is
introduced as
pð
Þ
RBVpð
Þ ð½a; b; B  Þ :¼ fG : V½a; b ðGÞ < lg:

Following the ideas of [3], the Lemma 13 can be proved in a similar

fashion.
pð
Þ
Lemma 13. Let p be an exponent function. Then V½a; b is a convex pseudo-
modular.
linear functionals on variable exponent bochner–lebesgue spaces 589
pð
Þ
Moreover, V½a; b is a continuous pseudomodular. The left continuity follows
from
pð
Þ pð
Þ pð
Þ
l pþ V½a; b ðG; B  Þ a V½a; b ðlG; B  Þ a l p V½a; b ðG; B  Þ; l < 1;

whereas the right continuity can be seen from

pð
Þ pð
Þ pð
Þ
l p V½a; b ðG; B  Þ a V½a; b ðlG; B  Þ a l pþ V½a; b ðG; B  Þ; l b 1:

By virtue of Lemma 13 we are able to introduce a norm on the quotient space

RBVpð
Þ ð½a; b; B  Þ :¼ RBVpð
Þ ð½a; b; B  Þ=C;

where C is the space of all constant vector measures, viz.




pð
Þ G
ð7Þ

kGkRBVpð
Þ ð½a; b; B  Þ ¼ inf l > 0
V½a; b a1 :
l

For other properties of RBVpð
Þ ð½a; b; B  Þ in the case B  ¼ R see [3, 12].
pð
Þ
We now introduce the auxiliary sequence space lQ ðBÞ.

Definition 14. Let Q ¼ fQg be a sequence of disjoint intervals in B½a; b and

pð
Þ
fxQ gQ A Q be a sequence in B. We define the space lQ ðBÞ by
( )
pð
Þ
X pQ
lQ ðBÞ ¼ fxQ gQ A Q : vpð
Þ ðfxQ gQ A Q Þ :¼ jQj kxQ kB < l :
QAQ

Proposition 15. The functional vpð
Þ is a convex pseudomodular.

Proof. Clearly vpð
Þ ðf0gÞ ¼ 0. Given a a R, such that jaj ¼ 1, it is also a

straightforward calculation to show that vpð
Þ ðfaxQ gQ A Q Þ ¼ vpð
Þ ðfxQ gQ A Q Þ. Fi-
pð
Þ
nally, given 0 < b a 1, assume that fyQ gQ A Q , fxQ gQ A Q a lQ ðBÞ. Therefore, the
p
convexity of the function t 7! t for 1 a p < l, t b 0; and the homogeneity of
the norm k
kB yields
X p
vpð
Þ ðfbxQ þ ð1  bÞyQ gQ A Q Þ ¼ jQj kbxQ þ ð1  bÞyQ kBQ
QAQ
X p
X p
ab jQj kxQ kBQ þ ð1  bÞ jQj kyQ kBQ
QAQ QAQ

¼ bvpð
Þ ðfxQ gQ A Q Þ þ ð1  bÞvpð
Þ ðfyQ gQ A Q Þ: r

In virtue of the preceding lemma we can introduce the norm

 nx o  
Q
kfxQ gQ A Q kl pð
Þ ðBÞ ¼ inf l > 0 : vpð
Þ a1 :
Q l QAQ
590 r. e. castillo, o. m. guzmán and h. rafeiro

Theorem 16. Let fxQ gQ A Q be a sequence in lQpð
Þ ðBÞ and fyQ gQ A Q be a sequence
qð
Þ
in lQ ðBÞ where p, q are conjugate exponents. Then
X
ð8Þ jQj kxQ kB kyQ kB k kfxQ gQ A Q kl pð
Þ ðBÞ kfyQ gQ A Q kl qð
Þ ðBÞ :
Q Q
QAQ

Proof. We assume without loss of generality that kfxQ gQ A Q kl pð
Þ ðBÞ ¼

Q
kfyQ gQ A Q kl qð
Þ ðBÞ ¼ 1. By Young’s inequality and Theorem 1 we have
Q

X X 1 1
jQj kxQ kB kyQ kB ¼ jQj pQ kxQ kB jQj qQ kyQ kB
QAQ QAQ
1 X 1 X
p q
k jQj kxQ kBQ þ jQj kyQ kBQ
p þ
QAQ
q þ QAQ
1 1
¼ vpð
Þ ðfxQ gQ A Q Þ þ vqð
Þ ðfyQ gQ A Q Þ k 1;
p þ q þ

and by the homogeneity of the norm k
kB we conclude (8). r

We now introduce a functional in the space RBVpð
Þ ð½a; b; B  Þ.

Definition 17. Let G a RBVpð
Þ ð½a; b; B  Þ. We define the functional kk
kkRBVqð
Þ
by




X




ð9Þ kkGkkRBVqð
Þ ð½a; b; B  Þ ¼ sup
3GðQÞ; xQ 4
:
Q¼fQg finite partition of ½a; b
Q A Q

kfxQ gQ A Q k pð
Þ a1
l ðBÞ
Q

It is straightforward to check that the functional kk
kkRBVqð
Þ satisfies the fol-

lowing properties.

Lemma 18. Given G, H vector measures, suppose a a R. Then

(a) kkGkkRBVqð
Þ b 0 and kkGkkRBVqð
Þ ¼ 0 if and only if GðQÞ ¼ 0 for all intervals
Q a B½a; b ;
(b) kkG þ HkkRBVqð
Þ a kkGkkRBVqð
Þ þ kkHkkRBVqð
Þ ;
(c) kkaGkkRBVqð
Þ ¼ jaj kkGkkRBVqð
Þ .

The next result follows immediately from Definition 17.

Lemma 19. Let Q ¼ fQg be a finite disjoint sequence of intervals in B½a; b and
fxQ gQ A Q be a finite sequence in B. Then




X




ð10Þ
3GðQÞ; xQ 4
a kkGkkRBVqð
Þ kfxQ gQ A Q kl pð
Þ ðBÞ :

Q A Q
Q
linear functionals on variable exponent bochner–lebesgue spaces 591

4. Main results

We start by proving that the Luxemburg–Nakano norm (7) and the norm defined
in (9) are equivalent.

Theorem 20. Let G be a vector measure in RBVqð
Þ ð½a; b; B  Þ. Then

ð11Þ kkGkkRBVqð
Þ Q kGkRBVqð
Þ :

Proof. Let Q ¼ fQg be a finite partition of ½a; b and fxQ gQ A Q be a finite se-
quence of elements in B such that kfxQ gQ A Q kl pð
Þ ðBÞ a 1. We may assume, with-
Q
out loss of generality, that kGkRBVqð
Þ ¼ 1. By Theorem 16 and Proposition 1 we
have
X X
j3GðQÞ; xQ 4j a kGðQÞkB  kxQ kB
QAQ QAQ

X kGðQÞk
B
¼ kxQ kB jQj
QAQ
jQj
 
 kGðQÞk  
 B 
a kfxQ gQ A Q kl pð
Þ ðRÞ  
Q  jQj Q A Q qð
Þ
lQ ðRÞ

 X kGðQÞk qQ 
B
k qQ 1
þ1
QAQ jQj
qð
Þ
k ðV½a; b ðGÞ þ 1Þ:

Since kk
kkRBVqð
Þ is homogeneous, we deduce that

ð12Þ kkGkkRBVqð
Þ k kGkRBVqð
Þ :

qð
Þ
On the other hand, let us assume without loss of generality that V½a; b ðGÞ ¼ 1.
Given e > 0, by the homogeneity of the linear functional 3GðQÞ;
4 we may
choose xQ a B such that
kGðQÞk qQ 1
B
kxQ kB ¼ ;
jQj

and

e
kGðQÞkB  kxQ kB  a j3GðQÞ; xQ 4j;
aQ

where aQ is the cardinality of Q. Let us write {Q ¼ sgn3GðQÞ; xQ 4. Then, by

Lemma 19 and Proposition 1 we estimate as follows
592 r. e. castillo, o. m. guzmán and h. rafeiro

X kGðQÞk qQ X kGðQÞk  qQ 1

B B
qQ 1
e¼ kGðQÞkB  e
QAQ jQj QAQ
jQj
X
a j3GðQÞ; xQ 4j
QAQ




X




¼
3GðQÞ; {Q xQ 4


Q A Q

a kkGkkRBVqð
Þ kf{Q xQ gQ A Q kl pð
Þ ðBÞ

Q
X 
p
a kkGkkRBVqð
Þ jQj kxQ kBQ þ 1
QAQ

 X kGðQÞk qQ 
B
¼ kkGkkRBVqð
Þ qQ 1
þ1
QAQ jQj
qð
Þ
a kkGkkRBVqð
Þ ðV½a; b ðGÞ þ 1Þ:

Since e > 0 is arbitrary we have

qð
Þ qð
Þ
V½a; b ðGÞ a kkGkkRBVqð
Þ ðV½a; b ðGÞ þ 1Þ;

thus

1
a kkGkkRBVqð
Þ ;
2

and by the homogeneity of kk
kkRBVqð
Þ we conclude kGkRBVqð
Þ k kkGkkRBVqð
Þ . r

We now characterize the linear functionals in variable exponent Bochner–

Lebesgue spaces.

Theorem 21. Let p; q a Bð½a; bÞ be conjugate exponent functions. Then, the
mapping G ! lG , from the space RBVqð
Þ ð½a; b; B  Þ to ðLpð
Þ ð½a; b; BÞÞ  , defined
by
Z b
ð13Þ lG ð f Þ ¼ f dG; f a Lpð
Þ ð½a; b; BÞ
a

is a linear isomorphism, and

ð14Þ klG kðLpð
Þ ð½a; b; BÞÞ  Q kGkRBVqð
Þ ð½a; b; B  Þ :

Proof. Let Q be a finite partition of ½a; b. First, we will assume without loss of
generality that kGkRBVqð
Þ ¼ 1 to deduce one of the inequalities in (14) using the
linear functionals on variable exponent bochner–lebesgue spaces 593

homogeneity of the norm k
kRBVqð
Þ . Consider the simple function

X
ð15Þ s¼ xQ wQ ; xQ a B:
QAQ

Then by Lemma 10 and Hölder’s inequality (5) we have

Z b


X








ð16Þ jlG ðsÞj ¼

s dG

¼
3GðQÞ; xQ 4

a
QAQ


X
a j3GðQÞ; xQ 4j
QAQ
X
a kGðQÞkB  kxQ kB
QAQ
X 1
1 1
¼ kGðQÞkB  jQj qQ kxQ kB jQj pQ
QAQ
X 1
1
k kGðQÞkB  jQj qQ kxQ kB kwQ kpð
Þ
QAQ
1
1
k kfkGðQÞkB  jQj qQ gQ A Q kl qð
Þ
kfkxQ kB kwQ kpð
Þ gQ A Q kl pð
Þ :
Q Q

Hence, Proposition 1.(iv) yields

1 1
1 1
ð17Þ kfkGðQÞkB  jQj qQ gQ A Q kl qð
Þ a sqð
Þ ðfkGðQÞkB  jQj qQ gQ A Q Þ þ 1
Q
qð
Þ
a V½a; b ðGÞ þ 1:

On the other hand, using Lemma 9 we get that

 
X 
 
ð18Þ kfkxQ kB kwQ kpð
Þ gQ A Q kl pð
Þ k  kxQ kB wQ 
Q Q A Q 
Lpð
Þ ðRÞ
 
X 
 
¼ xQ wQ 
Q A Q 
Lpð
Þ ðBÞ

¼ kskLpð
Þ ðBÞ :

Taking (16)–(18) into account, we get

ð19Þ jlG ðsÞj k kskLpð
Þ ðBÞ ;

whenever s is a simple function and kGkRBVqð
Þ ¼ 1.

594 r. e. castillo, o. m. guzmán and h. rafeiro

By Lemma 6 and Lemma 7, for any function f a Lpð
Þ ð½a; b; BÞ there exists a
sequence fsn g of simple functions converging to f almost everywhere in B-norm.
Thus, by Definition 2 we have

jlG ð f Þj k k f kLpð
Þ ðBÞ ;

for all f a Lpð
Þ ðBÞ and kGkRBVqð
Þ ¼ 1, hence

klG kðLpð
Þ ðBÞÞ  k 1:

Since laG ð
Þ ¼ alG ð
Þ, for all a a R, the homogeneity of k
kðLpð
Þ ðBÞÞ  implies
that

klG kðLpð
Þ ðBÞÞ  k kGkRBVqð
Þ ðB  Þ ;

for any G a RBVpð
Þ . Thus lG is well defined on Lpð
Þ ðBÞ and

RBVqð
Þ ð½a; b; B  Þ ,! ðLpð
Þ ð½a; b; BÞÞ  :

Now, set l a ðLpð
Þ ð½a; b; BÞÞ  and define G : B½a; b ! B  by

3GðPÞ; x4 ¼ lðxwP Þ; x a B; P a B½a; b :

Let Q ¼ fPg be a finite disjoint collection of sets in B½a; b . Thus

* +
G   X 
G P ; x ¼ lðxwðFP A Q PÞ Þ ¼ l x wP
PAQ PAQ
X X
¼ lðxwP Þ ¼ 3GðPÞ; x4:
PAQ PAQ

Therefore, G is finitely additive. Moreover, we get that

jlðxwP Þj k klk kxkB kwP kLpð
Þ < l:

It follows that G has its values on B  . Without loss of generality we assume

that klk ¼ 1 and let Q ¼ fQg be a finite partition of ½a; b by intervals. Due to
Lemmas 9 and 11 it follows that
X X X 
ð20Þ j3GðQÞ; xQ 4j ¼ jlðxQ wQ Þj ¼ l {Q xQ wQ ;
QAQ QAQ QAQ
   
X  X 
   
a klk  {Q xQ wQ  ¼ klk  kxQ kB wQ 
Q A Q  Q A Q 
Lpð
Þ ðBÞ Lpð
Þ ðRÞ

k klk kfkxQ kB kwQ kpð
Þ gQ A Q kl pð
Þ

Q
linear functionals on variable exponent bochner–lebesgue spaces 595
X 
p pQ a
k klk kxQ kBQ kwQ kpð
Þ
QAQ
X a
p
k klk kxQ kBQ jQj ; a a f1=p ; 1=pþ g;
QAQ

where {Q ¼ sgn lðxQ wQ Þ. Given e > 0 and a finite sequence of non-negative num-
bers fbQ gQ A Q we can choose xQ a B such that kxQ kB ¼ bQ and

e
j3GðQÞ; xQ 4j > kGðQÞkB  kxQ kB  ;
aQ

where aQ is the cardinality of Q. Then, summing in both sides, we obtain

X X
ð21Þ j3GðQÞ; xQ 4j > kGðQÞkB  kxQ kB  e:
QAQ QAQ

By (20) and inequality (21) we have

X X a
p
kGðQÞkB  bQ < klk bQQ jQj þ e;
QAQ QAQ

which implies, since e > 0 is arbitrary, that

X X a
p
ð22Þ kGðQÞkB  bQ < klk bQQ jQj :
QAQ QAQ

kGðQÞkB   qQ

Using (22) and taking bQ ¼ jQj

pQ
, we obtain

X kGðQÞk qQ  X kGðQÞk qQ a

B B
qQ 1
a klk qQ 1
:
QAQ jQj QAQ jQj

Thus
 X kGðQÞk qQ 1a
B
qQ 1
a klk ¼ 1:
QAQ jQj

Since p a Bð½a; bÞ implies that p > 1, we get that 0 < a < 1. Therefore, by the
qð
Þ
arbitrariness of Q we conclude that V½a; b ðGÞ a 1: So

kGkRBVqð
Þ ðB  Þ k klk;

by the homogeneity of the RBVqð
Þ norm. Finally, observe that l and lG coincide
on Lpð
Þ ðBÞ. Take a simple function s as in (15), then
596 r. e. castillo, o. m. guzmán and h. rafeiro
X  X
lðsÞ ¼ l xQ wQ ¼ lðxQ wQ Þ
QAQ QAQ

X Z
¼ 3GðQÞ; x4 ¼ s dG ¼ lG ðsÞ;
QAQ W

hence, l ¼ lG on simple functions. Therefore, by the density of simple functions

on Lpð
Þ ðBÞ, we conclude l ¼ lG on Lpð
Þ ðBÞ and klk ¼ klG kðLpð
Þ ðBÞÞ  . r

Acknowledgments. The research of H. Rafeiro was supported by a Research Start-up Grant of

United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates via Grant No. G00002994.

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Received 20 October 2018,

and in revised form 21 February 2019.

René Erlı́n Castillo

Departamento de Matemáticas
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Bogotá, Colombia
recastillo@unal.edu.co
Oscar M. Guzmán
Departamento de Matemáticas
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Bogotá, Colombia
omguzmanf@unal.edu.co
Humberto Rafeiro
Department of Mathematical Sciences
United Arab Emirates University
Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
rafeiro@uaeu.ac.ae