OUR WORLD’S DIVERSITY AND THE ISSUES ARISING FROM IT

I. WHAT IS DIVERSITY? WHAT ARE THE ISSUES WE HAVE BECAUSE OF IT?

Merriam-Webster defines diversity as “the quality or state of having many
different forms, types, ideas, etc.” Another definition of diversity reads: “the state
of having people who are different races or who have different cultures in a group
or organization”. (“Diversity.” Merriam-Webster. N.d., n.p. Web. 11 Aug. 2016.
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/diversity)

Our world is diverse. You might find a dominant culture in your society, but there
will definitely still be subcultures within the dominant culture. This is the reason
why we have cultural pluralism.

Drennan, Malia. "What’s your Culture Type?." Christian Veterinary Mission. N.p., 18 Jun. 2015. Web. 17 Aug. 2016.
http://cvmusa.org/blog/tag/sharing-faith-across-cultures/

Cultural Pluralism is present when you are a smaller group found in a larger
society, and you are able to maintain your unique cultural identity (your cultural
practices, your values, the norms of your small group) while the larger society
accepts and does not mind your unique practices because they are consistent
 with the laws and values of the wider society.

This means that “cultural pluralism” is present when there is

● a dominant or larger society
● a smaller society within the larger one

When the dominant culture/society is weakened, then the society can pass from
having “cultural pluralism” to having “multiculturalism”.

The Philippines is a good example of cultural pluralism. Our dominant culture is

the Filipino culture (family-centric, hospitable towards guests, etc) but at the
same time we have plenty of subcultures (like the cultures of the indigenous
peoples). Clearly, we accept the Ivatan culture or the Igorot culture. The rest of
the Filipinos who are not Ivatan or Igorot are OK with these subcultures because
they don’t go against our country’s laws.

Quismundo, Tarra. "Taiwan’s ‘rock star’ tribal folk share same ancestry with Filipinos." Inquirer.net. Inquirer, 6 Apr.
2015. Web. 17 Aug. 2016.
http://globalnation.inquirer.net/120343/taiwans-rock-star-tribal-folk-share-same-ancestry-with-filipinos

If, for example, there was a subculture in the Philippines where a tribe required
the killing or the sacrifice of a human every year, then this would not be OK. Killing
or taking the life of another human being is against the law. Murder is illegal in all
countries.

Looking at pluralistic societies is a good way to see that although there are
 different ways of looking at things by people all over the world, at the same time,
we can all still live harmoniously.

The video below is an example of how people of the world can differ in their
outlooks and norms. What is beautiful for you? White skin? Long straight hair?
Broad shoulders? In each society, the concept of beauty may vary. Here is a quick
video that explores what is considered beautiful for them.

(Video taken from: TheRichest. “The Definition Of 'Sexy' Around The World.” Online video clip.
YouTube. N.p., 18 May 2015. Web. 21 January 2016.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CzlFh3DZF8g)

Expando/Tabbed:

Racism
Racism is the belief one’s race is better or superior to another race. It is the belief
that a person’s traits will automatically be determined by their inborn biological
characteristics.

Racist people believe that because of your skin color, your customs, your place of
birth, your language, or any such characteristic is enough reason for you to be
treated as if you were less than human.

Sexism
Sexism is prejudice or discrimination based on gender. A sexist attitude stems
from stereotyping people because of a staunch belief in gender roles. Sexist
people believe that a particular sex or particular gender is better than the others.

For example, a man is sexist if he thinks that women are weak and that they are
inferior to men. Another example is a woman who thinks that men are not capable
of being sensitive and believes that only a man should be the one who works as
the breadwinner of a family.

Deviance
If you remember the concept of “conformity” from the previous section’s WIKI,
then deviance is the opposite of conformity. It can be defined as the violation of
cultural norms.
 When there are customs or practices in our society or in our culture that are
required of us to “fit in,” there are 2 possible reactions: to follow or not to follow.
Following the customs of our society would mean that you have chosen
conformity. When you decide not to follow, then you have chosen to be deviant.

Ethnocentrism
Have you ever experienced looking at someone, for the first time, and
immediately you thought something like, ‘He looks like trouble,’ or ‘I think I don’t
like him,’ even though you don’t have a real reason for thinking that way? Most of
us decide whether we like someone or not once we get to meet them and interact
with them. But if you already give a negative label to someone who hasn’t even
done anything to you at all—then it might be because of ethnocentrism.

We grow up learning the cultural environment of OUR OWN society. Because of

this, we end up developing a particular idea of what is considered as “normal”. You
may not always be aware, but the people around you will shape this idea of
‘normal’—what skin color, what hair, what eyes, what language, what food, or
which religion is “normal”.

“Ethnocentrism is the belief that your own cultural or ethnic group is superior to
other cultural or ethnic groups.” (Yelnick, Juli. "Ethnocentrism in Sociology: Definition &
Examples." Study. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Jan. 2016.)

II. WHY DO I NEED TO LEARN THESE ISSUES?

If you don’t know about them, then you could be a victim of these issues that most
people commonly experience. Or worse—if you don’t know about them, you could
already be offending a lot of other people (and you wouldn’t even be aware of it!).

Let’s say that you are a dark-skinned woman and you’re on vacation in a different
country. You’re looking forward to 4 days of relaxing on beautiful beaches and
basically seeing the tourist spots with your friends. On your first day there, you
have to ride a tricycle to get to your hotel. The driver looks at you and he says that
you have to pay double because you are “fat fat”.
Buzzer Joy. "Tricycle Driver Earns Praise for Returning Brand New Cellphone Left by Passenger." Buzz Flare. N.p.,
23 Apr. 2016. Web. 16 Aug. 2016

You try to ignore the comment for the rest of the day, but in the afternoon, when
you are out in the town with your friends, a store owner of a small shop suddenly
laughs when you walk past his store. He is laughing and pointing at you, then he
says, “What a big, black, fat girl!” You are shocked and you want to tell the man
how offended you are with what he said, but then you remember that you are in a
different country. Even if you are hurt, you couldn’t find it in yourself to be mean
to them, too.

James, Brianne. "23 Things You Should Never Say to a Black Woman." Her Campus. N.p., 18 Jan. 2016. Web. 16
Aug. 2016. http://www.hercampus.com/life/23-things-you-should-never-say-black-woman
Things just get worse from then. You couldn’t join your friends when they went on
day tours, because the people who manned the boats required you to pay double
as well. They thought that the boat might sink if you entered it. You didn’t mind
paying extra. It wasn’t about the money. It was really because you couldn’t stand
and sit there in the same space with people who would stare at you, and point, or
laugh, and call you “black” or “fat”.

There was even another time when an old woman from another shop in the town
grabbed your stomach and said, “Why so much fat fat?” While the children who
were there stared at you, and agreed. “Yes, she’s so big, black, and fat fat!
Hahaha!”

You couldn’t enjoy the vacation at all, so for the majority of the 4 days you stayed
in your hotel room, looking longingly out the window, instead of staying out under
the sun on the beach.

If you were really the woman in the example above, you’d feel horrible, right? You
don’t deserve to be treated that way. Even if others from a different
culture/society/country don’t have anything in common with you, it isn’t right to
say and do things that offend you and make you feel like you aren’t good enough.

But why is that the case? We hear this a lot sometimes, and we know that no one
deserves to be treated badly. But why is it wrong?
It is because of something we call Human Rights. Every human, who is born into
this world (whether they want it or not), has human rights. This is why you need to
learn about the issues that stem from our diversity. No matter how diverse the
people in this world, each and every one of them has what YOU have—universal
human rights.

Just imagine a world like what is shown in this video.

<video>
(ADRAInternational. “ADRA Animated Short: Human Rights.” Online video clip. YouTube. N.p., 23 August 2012.
Web. 5 January 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BkDX8D2YUeE.)

The issues that have been mentioned in the video are only some of the things that
plague our diverse world. Unfortunately, these are realities that many people face
even to this day. Can people break out of the chains of these cruel abuses?

There have been efforts for this to happen.

In 1948, the leaders of several countries adopted the Universal Declaration of

Human Rights.

Human rights are the basic rights and the freedoms that you have because you are
a human being. They are applicable to every person in our world. Wherever you
live, whatever your nationality, ethnic origin, sex, religion, skin color, language,
age, or any other characteristic—you have the right to these basic human rights.
 “Human-Rights Quotes." Quotes Gram. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Aug. 2016.
http://quotesgram.com/human-rights-quotes/

Our human rights are based on 6 principles:

● Universal and Inalienable
● Interdependent and Indivisible
● Equal and Non-Discriminatory

Universal and Inalienable

Universal means that these rights are applicable to every single nation, every
State, and to all people, regardless of their economic, political, and cultural
backgrounds. Every State has the duty to uphold these human rights for its
people. They are also inalienable. These human rights cannot be taken away,
unless the situation requires the removal of it based on due process. One example
is how people who are sent to prison will be restricted from their right to liberty if
they are found guilty of a crime.

Interdependent and Indivisible

All of the human rights (civil and political rights, economic, social, and cultural
rights, and collective rights) are interdependent and indivisible. You cannot
remove one without affecting the others negatively. In the same way, when you
improve one, then it helps in the advancement of the others.

Equal and Non-Discriminatory

In all the different treaties and international law agreements, “non-discrimination”
is a principle always mentioned and is ever present as a central theme in these
international conventions. These last 2 principles make sure that every person is
treated the same way. It prohibits discrimination based on a comprehensive list
that has been drafted (including categories such as race, sex, age, color, religion,
geographical origin, birth status, and many more).

Dupre, Deborah. "Miss India Celina Jaitly’s Gay Rights Music Vid Released." Before It’s News. N.p., 3 May 2014.
Web. 16 Aug. 2016.
http://beforeitsnews.com/alternative/2014/05/miss-india-celina-jaitlys-gay-rights-music-vid-released-2949810.html

Each and every one of us can enjoy these human rights. The State and government
has the duty to make sure that we do. At the same time, we must remember that
each person that we meet also has these rights, so we must treat them exactly
how we would like to be treated.
 Mila, Karmila. "PKN: Human Rights." Mila Karmila. N.p., 10 Nov 2013. Web. 16 Aug. 2016.
http://mila-karmila21.blogspot.com/

Because we all ‘look’ different today, is it possible to meet a person who comes
from a different culture or a different society and still think that you are both the
same?

Social anthropologist Wade Davis talks a little bit about what it means to
celebrate culture and sameness in this short video excerpt below:
<video>
(Fontaine, Luc. "Wade Davis from National Geographic." Vimeo. DocuFilm, 4 May 2014. Web. 28 Oct. 2015.
https://vimeo.com/93820499.)

III. WHAT DO THESE ISSUES LOOK LIKE?

Expando/Tabbed:
Racism
The most common example of racism is way back in the 17th century in the United
States. There was rampant racism back then, all the way until the 1960’s!

The “white” Americans were racist against the “black” Americans. This racism
stemmed from the belief that the color of their skin was an indicator that those
who were black would automatically grow up to be criminals or people who would
be no good for their society.
Mila, Karmila. "Apartheid and Racism." Bad News About Christianity. N.p., 10 Nov 2013. Web. 16 Aug. 2016.
http://www.badnewsaboutchristianity.com/gab_racism.htm

"Racial segregation in the United States." Wikipedia. N.p., 8 Aug. 2016. Web. 16 Aug. 2016.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States
Alexis Z. "Themes." tes. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Aug. 2016. https://www.tes.com/lessons/CmFgGjJwxOaEMQ/themes

The racism back then was so bad that the privileges of white Americans
(education, citizenship, land acquisition, voting rights, or due process of criminal
procedure) were not given to those of “inferior races” (Blacks, Asian Americans, or
Latin Americans).

Unfortunately, until today, there are still some traces of this racism. Some people
will still judge others based on the color of their skin. For example, this Thai
beauty ad that came out this 2016 says that you will only “win” if you have white
skin. In the video, you’ll see that the actress’ skin slowly turns black, and that she is
unhappy with this.

Can you imagine how offensive that is for people who are born with dark skin?

People do not become less beautiful just because of skin color. They don’t become
weird or bad or ugly just because they come from a different race.
 Fasciano, Marisa. "Extreme Prejudice." Teaching Tolerance. N.p., 2015. Web. 16 Aug. 2016.
http://www.tolerance.org/magazine/number-51-fall-2015/feature/extreme-prejudice

To learn more about how racism is found in our world today, here is an article you
can check out:

“We’re all racist. But racism by white people matters more” by Mona Chalabi

Here is an excerpt from the article, illustrating its point that we’re all a little bit
racist:

“...when people imagine a racist, they probably envisage a white skinhead

sitting in a pub ready to start a fight with the first black or brown person
who walks through the door. That’s a convenient picture to conjure up – it’s
pretty easy to comfort yourself that you’re nothing at all like that awful
bastard.

In fact, though, everyone – of whatever colour – is racist. As part of a TV

documentary I’ve been working on, I’ve seen how our brains have a
tendency to automatically associate our own race with good and other
races with bad, whoever we are.

Psychological tests showed me this. I looked at the results of 2,846 British

people who took an “Implicit Association Test”, designed to analyse
automatic racial preferences.

On average, white Brits demonstrated a moderately strong bias towards

their own race and black Brits showed a very weak bias towards their own
race. I don’t think white people are born with some sort of racism gene –
 the main thing that explains those different scores is the way that society
has geared up our brains differently.”
(Chalabi, Mona. "We’re all racist. But racism by white people matters more." The Guardian. N.p., 5 Oct. 2015. Web.
5 Jan. 2016.
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/05/racist-racism-racially-white-ethnic-minorities.)

But just because we’re all racist sometimes, does not make racism OK. We are all
capable of change, so we can definitely try our best to avoid saying or doing things
that are racist or discriminating to others.

Sexism
First, watch this video of what our usual interactions would look like if men were
women.
<video>
(BuzzFeedVideo. “If Men Were Women.” Online video clip. YouTube. N.p., 17 July 2014. Web. 5
January 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MgVvswGSZPo.)

What does sexism look like?

 Jones, Gwendolyn. "How People Judge You By Your Skirt Length." Pinterest. N.p., Mar. 2015. Web. 5 Jan. 2016.

Sexism is the belief illustrated by a person who would think that any woman who
wears a short skirt is already a “slut”, or if any woman who wears a skirt up until
their ankles is prudish or matronly. Unless you know the woman personally, and
are aware of their usual behavior, or unless the woman herself admits it, then
there should be no reason to judge a person just because of what they wear.
 Hristov, Miro. "Feminism and the Disposable Male." Miro Hristov. N.p., 23 Oct. 2013. Web. 5 Jan. 2016.

Sexism does not only exist towards women. Men also experience it.

The following videos give examples of the sexist remarks that men and women
often hear.

48 Things Women Hear In a Lifetime (That Men Just Don’t)

<video>
(The Huffington Post. “48 Things Women Hear In a Lifetime (That Men Just Don’t).” Online video clip.YouTube.
N.p., 9 December 2015. Web. 5 January 2016.)

“He picks on you because he likes you.”

“What were you wearing that night?”
“Prioritize your family over your career, but are you sure you want to be a
stay-at-home mom?”
“You like football???”
“You don’t want kids? Aren’t you worried you won’t be fulfilled?”
“Does your husband mind that you make more money than him?”
48 Things Men Hear In A Lifetime (That Are Bad For Everyone)
<video>
(The Huffington Post. “48 Things Men Hear In A Lifetime (That Are Bad For Everyone).” Online video clip.
YouTube. N.p., 21 December 2015. Web. 5 January 2016.)

“Boys don’t play with dolls.”

“Pink is a girl’s color.”
“Boys don’t cry.”
“Stop being so gay!”
“Nice guys finish last.”
“You’re too sensitive for a guy.”

(To know more about what sexism looks like in the 21st century, you can watch the
videos recommended below under the ‘Additional Resources’ section of this WIKI.)

"How it Works." xkcd. N.p., 18 Feb. 2008. Web. 16 Aug. 2016. https://xkcd.com/385/

Awful, right?

Why does it feel bad to hear other people say these things to men or to women?
Why does it feel bad when guys generalize that all women are moody and
irrational? Or why does it feel bad when girls generalize that all men are stupid
and rude?

We know that men are capable of being sensitive. There are men who like art.
There are men who like pink, or violet, or yellow. It doesn’t matter what colors
they like, because it’s how they act as people that matters. Men can be emotional
too, and at the same time, they can still be brave and strong.
We also know that women are capable of being good at different sports (even
basketball, football, etc). There are women who want children, and there are
women who don’t want to have them. Both are OK. It also doesn’t matter what
women wear, because it’s their actions that are more important.

It is clear that, even today, there is discrimination against women (and men). We
mustn’t forget that the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) community
experience a lot of discrimination too.

They are people who do not identify with the sex that they were born with—but
that does not mean that they aren’t people anymore. They are still human, like
everyone else. They have rights as well, just like you and me.
Nunez, Christina. "Map Shows Where Being LGBT Can Be Punishable by Law." National Geographic. N.p., 16 Jun. 2016.
Web. 5 Jan. 2016. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/06/lgbt-laws-gay-rights-world-map/

The map above shows which countries treat same-sex relationships as illegal.
Those colored in dark red are countries where you could be sentenced to death if
you are gay or if you are a lesbian.

There is still a lot of homophobia (the dislike of homosexual people) in several

societies. In extreme cases, this homophobia leads to hate crimes. Homophobes
have murdered gay people, have been violent against gay people, and have called
them derogatory names.
It Helps To Dream. N.p., 3 Aug. 2016. Web. 17 Aug. 2016. http://ithelpstodream.tumblr.com/post/148414466563

Sexism can be found everywhere. The hard part is that sometimes we don’t even
realize that what we’re saying or doing is sexist or discriminatory. But we have to
watch ourselves, and the people around us, too.
Don’t be scared to let others know that their words or their actions are sexist and
can offend other people.

In the future, do we want our children, or our family’s next generation to

experience this kind of oppression? Do we want a society or a culture where men
and women are limited to doing only a few things, just because there are some
who think that women are only good for being at home, or that men are only good
for physical activities?

Do we want a culture where it’s OK to murder fellow human beings just because a
man loves another man or because a woman loves another woman?

When you get better at spotting sexism in everyday life, you’ll be able to do
something about it so we can change our society, for a better future.

Deviance
It is easy to spot deviant behavior when you look at people who commit crimes.
Committing acts that are not acceptable within a culture (such as murder, stealing,
rape, etc.) are definite crimes that show deviant behavior.

But there are crimes that are not necessarily considered as being deviant.

For example: when you commit the crime of parking next to another vehicle along
the road, this is still against the law, but that does not mean that this act of
‘double parking’ is taboo within the culture of your society. The people who are
affected by the double parked car will be annoyed, but this does not mean that
the people of this society will be prejudiced towards him.
Most people don’t always fall under one category. Someone who may be deviant
when they are in social gatherings does not mean that they are deviant when it
comes to their other customs. When someone conforms to some cultural
practices, it does not mean that they will always do so.

“In reality, there is often a blend of conformity and deviance in the ways people
behave. Rarely if ever does a person deviate from or conform to all norms.” ("Social
Deviance." Wikibooks. N.p., 8 Dec. 2015. Web. 5 Jan. 2016. https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Social_Deviance.)

Deviance is also relative, and depends on a lot of other factors. Deviance may
change over time; for example: 20 years ago, it would be deviant behavior for
women to be working, while the men stay at home. But in today’s society, this is
not deviant behavior anymore.
Deviance can also depend on the situational context; for example: laughing at a
party versus laughing at a funeral. The latter is deviant behavior.

It may also depend on the status of the individual involved; for example: a
teenager caught vandalizing a public wall versus an old woman,in her 60’s, who is
caught vandalizing a public wall.

But there is still a lot of deviant behavior that is unacceptable no matter the
circumstance, such as maliciously harming a child or the elderly.
Hou Jianjun. "Early Death of Single Children Drives Parents to Despair." Women of China. N.p., 27 Aug. 2012. Web.
17 Aug. 2016. http://www.womenofchina.cn/womenofchina/html1/news/newsmakers/14/4348-1.htm

Ethnocentrism
To illustrate what ethnocentrism looks like, let’s first check out what it ISN’T.

When someone loves their own culture or their own country, they would be proud
of what their fellow countrymen accomplish, right? Like us, if we were proud of
our Filipino roots, then we would support the good things that are made by our
fellow Filipinos, and we would do our best to be good citizens so we could be
examples that other Pinoys would be proud of.
 Proud To Be Pinoy Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Aug. 2016. https://proudtobepinoyproject.wordpress.com/

These are all good things. There is nothing wrong about loving your own culture
and being patriotic.

The difference between simple patriotism and ethnocentrism is when you start
judging other cultures as inferior to yours.

Tessendorf, Michelle. "When others judge." Michelle Tessendorf. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Aug. 2016.
http://michelletessendorf.com/when-others-judge/
 It is possible to love your own culture and society without thinking that others
have a way of life that isn’t as good as yours.

For example: An anthropologist asked you to go with him to the Cordillera region
so that you can observe how the Igorot culture works. When you are there, one of
the things you notice is that the community has a particular ritual where they
sacrifice some animals, offer the lives of these animals to their gods of nature, and
after some solemn words, they pass around the meat of the animals for sharing
around the community or the family.

Phelan, Wes. "Sacrifice." The Soul of the Beast. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Aug. 2016. http://wesphelan.com/tag/animal-sacrifice/

This ritual caught your attention because you see it being done every now and
then—and you noticed that it is usually done before they plant the next batch of
rice for harvesting, before a wedding, before a newly built house is used by a
family, or pretty much before anything that is important.

You grew up in Metro Manila, which is why animal sacrifice is weird for you. You
don’t understand why it is necessary to do these things, when you feel that they
are not needed.
 After a month-long observation period with your anthropologist friend, you
return home to the city. You tell your friends about your experience up in the
Cordillera region. You tell them about animal sacrifice, calling the whole thing
“barbaric”. You tell them that you think their lives would be better if they used
more of the technology we now have available, instead of praying to their gods of
nature.

Is the scenario above an example of ethnocentrism or does it show a person who

is NOT ethnocentric?

When you often perceive other people from different cultures to not be as
good as you and the society that you are part of, then that is definitely
ethnocentrism. Ethnocentrism is not healthy as this can lead to biases and a
tendency to see cultural differences as negative—when they are not. It is totally
OK to have different opinions and preferences from other people.

IV. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

Human Rights Fundamentals
https://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/edumat/hreduseries/hereandnow/Part-1/whata
re.htm
To learn more about human rights, you can check this site out.

Laura Bates
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LhjsRjC6B8U
The speaker in this video is a woman who shares about what “everyday sexism” is.

Doc Brown
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tZ-pIuL4-sQ
This video is a talk from a male comedian in the UK and he speaks about how he
has observed sexism in his society.

Elayne’s “Worst Holiday” experience in the Philippines

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltlG1GZmp3U&feature=youtu.be
This video is a vlog by Elayne Peddy. She describes why her experience in the
Philippines was the worst holiday she’s ever had, and why she would not want to
return to our country.

V. CITED RESOURCES
Cherry, Kendra. "What Is Ethnocentrism?." About. N.p., 4 Dec. 2014. Web. 5 Jan. 2016.
http://psychology.about.com/od/eindex/fl/What-Is-Ethnocentrism.htm

dachary. "What’s the Best Bra for Women Who Work in Construction?." Bigger Bras. N.p.,
30 Mar. 2015. Web. 17 Aug. 2016.
http://www.biggerbras.com/blog/whats-bra-women-work-construction/

“Diversity.” Merriam-Webster. N.d., n.p. Web. 11 Aug. 2016.

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/diversity

Moffitt, Kimberly. "Deviance in Sociology: Definition, Theories & Examples." Study. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 5 Jan. 2016.
http://study.com/academy/lesson/deviance-in-sociology-definition-theories-examples.htm
l

"Republic Act No. 4136." Official Gazelle. N.p., 20 Jun. 1964. Web. 17 Aug. 2016.
http://www.gov.ph/1964/06/20/republic-act-no-4136/

Rogers-Anderson, Sabrina. "The rise of the stay-at-home dad." Kidspot. N.p., n.d. Web. 17
Aug. 2016.
http://www.kidspot.com.au/parenting/parenthood/dads/the-rise-of-the-stay-at-home-dad

Yelnick, Juli. "Ethnocentrism in Sociology: Definition & Examples." Study. N.p., n.d. Web. 5
Jan. 2016.
http://study.com/academy/lesson/ethnocentrism-in-sociology-definition-examples-quiz.ht
ml

"Your Human Rights." United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 5 Jan. 2016. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Pages/WhatareHumanRights.aspx