TWI i HEAT TREATMENT THE WELDING INSTITUTE Many metals must be given heat treatment before and after welding. The inspector's function is to ensure that the treatment is given and given correctly, to the details supplied. Below are the types of heat treatment available. The temperatures mentioned are for steels. Process Temperature Annealing: 920°C Normalising: 920°C Quench, harden: 920°C Temper: 550-700°C Stress relief: 550-700°C Preheat for 50-250°C welding: N.B. This may be overall or local. WELDING TECHNOLOGY Issue 0191 Cooling Result hold, furnace cool improves ductility decreases toughness makes bending, etc easier lowers yield stress hold, air cool relieves internal stress improves mechanical properties increases toughness hold, quench cool hardens carbon steels prevents carbide precipitation in austenitic steels prevents temper brittleness when cooling after tempering prepares metal for tempering hold, air cool increases toughness of quenched steels hold, air cool relieves residual stresses improves stability during machining reduces hydrogen levels prevents stress corrosion cracking hold during welding, exceptionally higher 18.1TWI 18.2 LL THE WELDING INSTITUTE The inspector, in general, should ensure that: a) Equipment is as specified b) Equipment is in good condition, i.e. temperature control ©) Procedures as specified is being used e.g. Method of application Rate of heating and cooling Maximum temperature "Soak time’ Temperature measurement (and calibration) DOCUMENTATION AND RECORDS. WELDING TECHNOLOGY Issue 0191QUESTIONS. Qi Q2 Q3 a4 Qs HEAT TREATMENT OF WELDMENTS. Give the names of four (4) heat treatments which may be applied to steel weldments. State the maximum temperatures used when heat treating weldments. What temperature is used for tempering weldments? What is the objective of NORMALISING? Which heat treatment is used when maximum toughness is required? Qsi8Qi. Q2. Q3, a4. Q5. 6. Q7. Q8. Q9. Q10. SENIOR WELDING INSPECTOR HEAT TREATMENTS What is the objective of quenching? State two (2) results which may be expected from stress relief of welded products. State two (2) types of cracking which can result from heat treatment. What is the cause of temper-embrittlement? (Give time-temperature conditions). What is the temperature range for stress relief of carbon and carbon-low alloy steels? What would be the result of using temperatures of 1300°C in heat treatment? State the objectives of the following heat treatments: a) Normalising b) Full stress relief co) Tempering d) Welding stress relief Why are components and structures welded at maximum temperature for long periods, i.e, high heat input - subject to a loss of toughness? A 2in, thick steel is to be butt welded and the welding engineer advises a preheat of 150°C in conjunction with the process parameters being used a) Show on a sketch the minimum area/zone of heating b) How would the temperature be assessed? Why is PWHT often specified for low alloy steels (i.e. 1.0%Cr + 1%Mo)? QS18A