I. MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO BRANCHES
Reasoning - is the mental act by which we
OF LOGIC
Material Logic - deals with our understanding of
truth
- provides the guidelines on how the
thought-content of an inference is true.
Formal Logic - deals with the procedure for
presenting truths
- provides the rules on how the
presentation of truth is correct.
II. VOCABULARY - TRUTH, CORRECTNESS, REALITY
Truth - is the conformity of the mind with reality
Reality - the order of things outside of the mind
Correctness - is conformity with rules
III. TRUE OR FALSE - MEANING OF LOGIC
Logic - is derived from the Greek word "logike"
which means "thought".
- The philosopher Aristotle (384-322) began
the study of Logic. For him, Logic is an
"organon" or instrument for knowing and
explaining truth.
- means our ability to reason well and correctly.
- science of correct thinking
- science that deals with how we compose our
thoughts and express them clearly and
correctly
- is an art because it inclines us to acquire the
skill of thinking with orderliness and harmony.
Because Logic deals with the enrichment of the
mind which sets man free or "liberi", we refer
to it as liberal art,
IV. 3 MENTAL OPERATIONS
1. Simple Apprehension - is the mental act by
which we understand the essence of a thing as
it exists outside of the mind.
- produces the concept (mental
representation of what a thing is in
itself)
2. Judgment - is the mental act affirming or
denying the relation of concepts with one
another to express reality
- produces the proposition (a statement
of truth)
3.
present a truth as being supported by given
facts or propositions
- produces the inference (or argument)
V. INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE INFERENCE
Inductive inference - deduces a universal
conclusion from a series of related truths.
Deductive inference - draws a particular conclusion
from universal truths stated as premises.
- expressed in the form of a syllogism.
VI. TWO TYPES OF CONCLUSION
 A conclusion is universal when it applies to a
totality.
For instance, the universal conclusion "all x is y" is
deduced from fact that "x1 is y", "x2 is y", "x3 is y",
"x4 is y" and so forth.
 A particular conclusion applies to an
indeterminate portion of a totality.
For example, we conclude "Some men are rational"
from the universal truth "all men are rational".
VII. SYLLOGISM
Syllogism - is any group of propositions of which
one is claimed to follow from the others which are
presented as evidence or support. It is made up of
the:
 premises
 conclusion
VIII. APPLICATION - IDENTIFICATION WHICH IS THE
MINOR PREMISE, MAJOR PREMISE, AND
CONCLUSION
All men are rational, - Major Premise
But Pedro is a man, - Minor Premise
Therefore, Pedro is rational. – Conclusion
All men are rational predicate
Subject