Learning Math - 8 Solution

Mat
Ma s
8
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LEARNING MATHS- 8
1 Rational Numbers
EXERCISE - 1.1
1. Represent the following numbers on the number line :
2 1 3 5
(i) (ii) 3 (iii) – (iv) –2
7 2 4 6
2 2
Sol. (i) , we know that is greater than 0 and lesser than 1, so it lies between 0 and 1.
7 7
Draw a number line and divide the unit length between 0 to 1 into seven equal parts.
Take two parts out of seven to the right side of 0. Let it be represented byA.
2
– 7
–=1
7 7
2 –2 –1 0A 1 2
Hence,Arepresents .
1 1 7
(ii) 3 , we know that 3 = [(3×2 + 1)] = 2 is greater than 3 and lesser
2 2 2
than 4, so it lies between 3 and 4.
Draw a number line. Take full units to both sides of zero i.e., from 0 to 3 and from 0 to
–3.
Divide the unit length between 3 to 4 into two equal parts. Take 1 part out of 2 after 3
to the right side of 0. Let it be represented byA. 1
3–
2
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 A 4 5
1
Hence,Arepresents 3 .
3 2 3
(iii) , we know that is greater than –1 and lesser than 0, so it lies between
4 4
–1 and 0.
We first draw a number line and divide the unit length between 0 to –1 into four equal
parts. Take three parts out of four to the left
–3
side of 0. Let it be represented byA.
–
4
–2 –1 0 1 2
A
3
Hence,Arepresents .
4
5 5 17
(iv) –2 , we know that –2 = [– (2×6 + 5) ] = – 6 is greater than –3 and lesser
6 6 6
than –2, so it lies between –3 and –2.
Little Wings 2 Learning Maths-[8]
Draw a number line. Take full units to both sides of zero i.e., from 0 to 2 and from 0 to –2.
Divide the unit length between –2 to –3 into six equal parts.
Take 5 parts out of six after –2 to the left side of 0. Let it be represented byA.
5
Hence,Arepresents –2 . 5
–2 –
6 6
–5 –4 –3A –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
2. Express the following as a rational number with positive denominator :

5 –12 45 –220
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
–9 –19 –120 –93
Sol. To make denominator positive, we multiply both numerator and denominator of
given fraction by –1.
5 5 × (–1) –5 –12 –12 × (–1) 12
(i) = = (ii) = =
–9 –9× (–1) 9 –19 –19 × (–1) 19
(iii) 45 = 45 × (–1) = –45 (iv) –220 = –220 × (–1) = 220
–120 –120 × (–1) 120 –93 –93 × (–1) 93
3
3. Express – as a rational number with denominator?
5
(i) 20 (ii) –30 (iii) 35 (iv) 15
3 –3 × (4) 12 3 –3 × (–6) 18
Sol. (i) – = = – (ii) – = =
5 5× (4) 20 5 5 × (–6) –30
3 –3 × (7) 21 3 –3 × (3) 9
(iii) – = = – (iv) – = = –
5 5 × (7) 35 5 5 × (3) 15
4. Express the –9 as a rational number with numerator :
15
(i) –63 (ii) 36 (iii) –225 (iv) –117
= –63 36
–9 –9 × (7) –9 –9 × (–4)
Sol. (i) = (ii) 15 = =
15 15 × (7) 105 15 × (–4) –60
= –225 = –117
–9 –9 × (25) –9 –9 × (13)
(iii) = (iv) =
15 15 × (25) 375 15 15 × (13) 195
5. Express each of the following rational numbers in standard form :
24 –36 549 –209
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
–64 –63 756 589
(i) 24 = 24 × (–1)
Sol. –64 –64 × (–1)
= –24 [To make denominator positive]

64
[Dividing both numerator and denominator
= –24 ÷ 8 by H.C.F. of 24 and 64 is 8.]
64 ÷ 8
= –3
is in standard form.
8
(ii) –36 = –36 × (–1) = 36 [To make denominator positive]
–63 –63 × (–1) 63
36 ÷ 9 [Dividing both numerator and denominator
=
63 ÷ 9 by H.C.F. of 36 and 63 is 9.]
= 4 is in standard form.
7
549 ÷ 9 [Dividing both numerator and denominator
(iii) 549 =
756 756 ÷ 9 by H.C.F. of 549 and 756 is 9.]
= 61 is in standard form.
84
–209 = –209 ÷ 19 [Dividing both numerator and denominator

(iv)
589 589 ÷ 19 by H.C.F. of 209 and 589 is 19.]
= –11 is in standard form.

31
06. Which of the two rational numbers is greater in each pair?
–6 3 –2 –3
(i) – 4 or 1 (ii) or (iii) 77 or –36 (iv) or
13 3 21 –7 –165 78 3 2
Sol. (i) – 4 or 1
13 3
L.C.M. of 13 and 3 is 39.
– 4 = –4 × (3) = –12
13 13 × (3) 39
1 × (13)
also
1 = = 13
3 3 × (13) 39
Here, 13 > – 12 [Every positive integer is greater than negative integer.]
Clearly, 13 > –12

39 39
Thus, 1 > –4
3 13
(ii) – 6 or 3
21 –7
First we make given fraction's denominator positive.
3= 3 × (–1)
= –3
–7 –7 × (–1) 7
Now, L.C.M. of 21 and 7 is 21.
– 6 = –6 × (1) = –6
21 21 × (1) 21
–3 = –3 × (3) = –9
also 7 × (3)
7 21
Here, –6 > – 9
Clearly, –6 > –9
21 21
Thus, –6 > 3
21 7
(iii) 77 or –36
–165 78
First we make given fraction's with positive denominator.
77 × (–1)
77 = = –77 = –7 and = –36 = –6
–165 –165 × (–1) 165 15 78 13
Now, L.C.M. of 15 and 13 is 195.
–7 = –7 × (13)
= –91
15 15 × (13) 195
– 6 = –6 × (15) = –90
also 13 × (15)
13 195
Here, –90 > – 91
–90 > –91

Clearly,
195 195
–36 > –77
Thus,
78 165
(iv) –2 or –3
3 2
– 2 = –2× (2) = –4
3 3× (2) 6
– 3 = –3 × (3) = –9
also 2 × (3)
2 6
Here, –4 > – 9
–4 > –9
Clearly,
6 6
–2 > –3
Thus,
3 2

7. Fill in the boxes with the correct symbol out of >, = and < :
6 (ii) 5 –35 –3 –8 –9
(i) –3 (iii) 0 (iv)
7 –13 –13 91 –5 9 10
–3 6 5 –35
(i) (ii)
7 –13 –13 91
L.C.M. of 7 and 13 is 91. L.C.M. of 13 and 91 is 91.
– 3 = –3× (13) = –39 5 = 5× (–1) = –5
7 7 × (13) 91 – 13 –13× (–1) 13
6 = 6 × (–1) = –6 =
–5 × (7)
= –35
also (–13) × (–1) 13 × (7)
–13 13 91
6 = –6 × (7) Here, –35 = – 35
Now, = –42
–13 13 × (7) 91 –35 = –35
Clearly,
Here, –39 > –42 91 91
–5 –35
i.e.,
Clearly, –39 > –42 i.e., –3 –6 –13 91
91 91 7 13
–3 –8 –9
(iii) 0 (iv)
–5 9 10
– 3 = –3× (–1) = 3 L.C.M. of 9 and 10 is 90.
–5 –5 × (–1) 5 –8 = –8× (10) = –80
3 9 9× (10) 90
Clearly 0 <
5 –9 = –9 × (9) = –81
Because of every positive integer is also 10 × (9)
10 90
greater than 0, so clearly
Here, –80 > – 81
–3 –80 > –81
0 Clearly,
–5 90 90
–8 > –9
Thus,
9 10
8. Arrange the following rational number in ascending order :
4 –5 7 –2 –3 5 –7 9
(i) , , , (ii) , , ,
–9 12 –18 3 4 –12 16 –24
3 –7 –11 –13 –4 –9 3 –23
(iii) , , , (iv) , , ,
–5 10 15 20 7 14 –28 42
Sol. 4 –5 7 –2
(i) We have, , , ,
–9 12 –18 3
First we make given fractions with positive denominators.
We get, 4 = 4× (–1) = –4
–9 –9× (–1) 9
7 = 7×(–1) = –7
– 18 –18×(–1) 18
L.C.M. of 9, 12, 18 and 3 is 36.
4 = –4×(4) = –16 , –5 –5×(3) –15
9×(4) = 12×(3) =
–9 36 12 36
–7 = –7×(2) = –14 and –2 –2×(12) –24
18×(2) = 3×(12) =
18 36 3 36
Now all fractions have same denominator 36.
Since, –24 < –16 < –15 < –14
Therefore, –24 < –16 < –15 < –14 .
36 36 36 36
Hence, the given fractions can be arranged in ascending order as
–2 , 4 , –5 , 7
3 –9 12 –18
–3 5 –7 9
(ii) We have, , , ,
4 –12 16 –24
First we make given fractions with positive denominators,
5 = 5 × (–1)
We get, = –5
– 12 –12 × (–1) 12
9 = 9×(–1)
and = –9
– 24 –24×(–1) 24
L.C.M. of 4, 12, 16 and 24 is 48.
–3 = –3×(12) = –36 , –5 = –5×(4) = –20
4 4×(12) 48 12 12×(4) 48
–7 = –7×(3) = –21 –9 = –9×(2) = –18
16×(3) and 24×(2)
16 48 24 48
Now all fractions have same denominator 48.
Since, –36 < –21 < –20 < –18
Therefore, –36 <–21 < –20 < –18 .
48 48 48 48
–3 , –7 , 5 , 9
4 16 –12 –24
3 –7 –11 –13
(iii) We have , , , ,
–5 10 15 20
We get, 3 = 3× (–1) = –3
–5 –5× (–1) 5
L.C.M. of 5, 10, 15 and 20 is 60.
–3 = –3×(12) = –36 , –7 –7×(6) –42
5×(12) = 10×(6) = 60
5 60 10
–11 = –11×(4) = –44 and –13 –13×(3) –39
15×(4) = 20×(3) =
15 60 20 60
Now, all fractions have same denominator 60.
Since, –44 < –42 < –39 < –36
Therefore, –44 <–42 < –39 < –36
60 60 60 60
–11 , –7 , –13 , 3
15 10 20 –5
–4 –9 3 –23
(iv) We have, , , ,
7 14 –28 42
We get, 3 = 3× (–1) = –3
– 28 –28× (–1) 28
L.C.M. of 7, 14, 28 and 42 is 84.
–4 = –4×(12) = –48 , –9 –9×(6) –54
7×(12) = 14×(6) = 84
7 84 14
–3 = –3×(3) = –9 and –23 –23×(2) –46
28×(3) = 42×(2) =
28 84 42 84
Since, –54 < –48 < –46 < –9
Therefore, –54 < –48 < –46 < –9 .
84 84 84 84
–9 , –4 , –23 , 3
14 7 42 –28
09. Arrange the following rational number in descending order :
(i) –2 –13 8 1 (ii) –3 , 7 , –11 , 7
, , ,
3 6 –3 3 10 –15 20 –30
(iii) –5 –7 –13 23 (iv) –10 , –19 , –23 , –39
, , ,
6 12 18 24 11 22 33 44
Sol. (i) We have, –2 , –13 , ,8 1
3 6 –3 3
We get, 8 = 8× (–1) = –8
–3 –3× (–1) 3
–2 –2×(2)
= = –4
3 3×(2) 6
–13 = –13×(1) = –13
6 6 ×(1) 6
–8 = –8×(2) =–16 1 = 1× (2) = 2
3×(2) and 3× (2)
3 6 3 6
Now, all fractions have same denominators 6.
Since, 2 > – 4 > –13 > –16
Therefore, 2 > – –4 > –13 >–16
6 6 6 6
Hence, the given fractions can be arranged in descending order as
1 , –2 , –13 , 8
3 3 6 –3
–3 –7 –11 7
(ii) We have, , , ,
10 –15 20 –30
7 = 7× (–1)
We get, = –7 (Making denominator positive)
– 15 –15× (–1) 15
7 = 7× (–1)
= –7 (Making denominator positive)
– 30 –30× (–1) 30
–3 –7 –11 –7
Now, we have , , ,
10 15 20 30
L.C.M. of 10,15,20 and 30 is 60.
–3 = –3×(6) = –18 , –7 –7×(4) –28
10×(6) = 15×(4) = 60
10 60 15
–11 = –11×(3) = –33 and –7 –7×(2) –14
20×(3) = =
20 60 30 30×(2) 60
Now, all fractions have same denominators 60.
Since, –14 > –18 > –28 > –33
Therefore, –14 > –18 > –28 > –33
60 60 60 60
7 , –3 , 7 , –11
–30 10 –15 20
–5 –7 –13 23
(iii) We have , , , ,
6 12 18 24
L.C.M. of 6, 12, 18 and 24 is 72.
–5 = –5×(12) = –60 , –7 –7×(6) –42
6×(12) = 12×(6) =
6 72 12 72
–13 = –13×(4) = –52 and 23 23×(3) 69
18×(4) = 24×(3) = 72
18 72 24
Since, 69 > – 42 > –52 > –60
Therefore, 69 > –42 > –52 > –60
72 72 72 72
23 , –7 ,–13 , –5
24 12 18 6
(iv) We have, –10 , –19 , –23 , –39
11 22 33 44
L.C.M. of 11,22,33 and 44 is 264.
–10 = –10×(24) = –240 , –19 –19×(12) –228
= =
11 11×(24) 264 22 22×(12) 264
–23 = –23×(8) = –184 and –39 –39×(6) –234
= =
33 33×(8) 264 44 44×(6) 264
Since, –184 > – 228 > –234 > –240
Therefore, –184 > –228 > –234 > –240
264 264 264 264
–23 –19 –39 –10
, , ,
33 22 44 11
10. Which of the following statements are true or false :
(i) 3– lies to the left of 0 on the number line. True
5
(ii) –2 is a positive rational number. True
–3
(iii) All positive rational numbers are less than zero. False
(iv) The rational numbers 1 and – 5 are opposite sides
3 2
of 0 on the number line. True
(v) The rational number –18 lies to the left of 0 on the number line. False
–13
(vi) '0' is not a rational number. False
EXERCISE - 1.2
1. Find the sum of the following :
(i) æ11æ + æ–7æ (ii) æ–5æ æ –8æ (iii) æ 7 æ æ–23æ
ç ç ç ç ç ç +ç ç ç ç+ç ç
è15è è15è è12è è12è è40è è 40 è
–8 4 æ –7æ æ 1 æ –3 2
(iv) æç æç + æç æç (v) ç 11ç+ ç 6 ç (vi) æç æç + æç æç
è25è è25è è è è è è–7è è 5 è
Sol. (i) We have, (ii) We have,
æ11æ æ–7æ æ–5æ æ –8æ
ç ç+ç ç ç ç +ç ç
è15è è15è è12è è12è
= 11 + (–7) = (–5) + (–8)
15 12
= 11 –7 = 4 = –5 –8 = –(5+8) = –13
15 15 12 12 12
(iii) We have, (iv) We have,
æ 7 æ æ–23æ æ–8æ æ 4 æ
ç ç+ç ç ç ç +ç ç
è40è è 40 è è25è è25è
= 7 + (–23) = –16 = –2 = –8 + 4 = – 4
40 40 5 25 25
(v) We have, (vi) We have,
æ–7æ æ 1 æ æ–3æ æ 2 æ 3 2
ç ç+ç ç çæ ç +ç ç = +
è11è è 6 è è–7 è 5 è 7 5
Then we have, (–7×6)+ (1 × 11) Then we have, (3×5)+ (2 ×7)
66 35
= –42 +11 = –31 = 15+14 = 29
66 66 35 35
2. Add the following rational numbers :
–2 4 –7 1
(i) and (ii) –6 and –4 (iii) –11 and 5 (iv) and
5 5 11 11 8 8 3 3
Sol. (i) We have, –2 4 (ii) We have, –6 and –4
5 and 5 11 11
–2 4 –2 + 4 2 –6 (–4) = (–6) + (–4)
5+ 5 = 5
= 5 11 + 11 11
= –6 – 4 = – 10
11 11
(iii) We have, –11 5 –7 1
(iv) We have,
8 and 8 3 and 3
–11 5 = –11 + 5 –7 1 = –7 + 1
8 +8 8 3 + 3 3
= –6 = –3 = –6 = –2
8 4 3
03. Fill in the blanks :
æ–4æ æ–3æ –5
(i) ç ç + ç ç = (ii) + = 0
è13è è26è 14
(iii) –7 + =
–7 (iv) +
15
= 0
5 5 33
Sol. (i) æ–4æç + æ–3æç
ç ç
è13è è26è
(–4×2)+(–3) = –8–3 = –11
L.C.M. of 13 and 26 is 26. Then, we have,
26 26 26
Hence, the required value for fillup of blank place is –11
26
(ii) –5
+ = 0
14
–5 5 –5 5 0 =
Additive inverse of is . So, + = –5 + 5 = 0
14 14 14 14 14 14
5
Hence, the required value for fillup of blank place is .
14
(iii) –7 + =
–7
5 5
a æ aæ a
Existence of Additive identify æç + 0ç = æç 0 + ç =
èb è è bè b
æ –7 æ æ –7æ –7
So, ç + 0ç = ç 0 + ç =
è 5 è è 5è 5
–7
5
15
(iv) + = 0
33
15 –15 –15 15 = –15+15 = 0 =
Additive inverse of is . So, + 0
33 33 33 33 33 33
–15 or –5
33 11
4. Verify and name the properties of addition for the following :
5 4 4 5 3 ù –3 7 ù ù 3 æ–3æ ù 7
(i) + = + (ii) +ú + = +ç ç +
12 3 3 12 8 û 4 2 úû úû 8 è 4è úû 2
æ æ æ æ
(iii) ç 3 ç + ç–3ç = 0 (iv) æ 5 æ æ 4 æ is a rational number
ç ç+ ç ç
è7è è 7è è6 è è 3 è
5 4 4 5
Sol. (i) We have, + = +
12 3 3 12
5 4
L.H.S. = +
12 3
5+ 4 × 4
= (L.C.M. of 12 and 3 is 12.)
12
5+ 16 21 7
= = =
12 12 4
4 5
R.H.S. = +
3 12
4× 4 + 5
= (L.C.M. of 12 and 3 is 12.)
12
16 + 5 21 7
= = =
12 12 4
Here, L.H.S. = R.H.S.
5 4 4 5
Hence, + = + is verified by commutative property.
12 3 3 12
(ii) We have, 3 + ùú –3 + 7 ùú = ùú 3 + æç–3æç ùú + 7
8 û 4 2 û û 8 è 4è û 2
+é + é
3 –3 7
L.H.S. =
8 ë4 2ë
+é
3 (–3×2) +(7×4)é
=
8 ë 8 ë
–6+28 é = 3 + 22 = 25
+é
3
=
8 ë 8 ë 8 8 8
R.H.S. = é + é +
3 –3 7
ë8 4ë 2
= é3 – 3é + 7
ë8 4ë 2
= é 3 –3×2 é + 7
ë 8 ë 2
= é 3 –6 é + 7 = –3 + 7
ë 8 ë 2 8 2
–3 + (7×4) –3+ 28 25
= = =
8 8 8
3 é–3 7é é 3
+ æç çé + is verified by associative property.
–3æ 7
Hence, + + =
8 ë4 2ë ë 8 è 4 èë 2
æ æ æ æ
(iii) We have, ç 3 ç + ç–3ç = 0
è7è è 7è
æ 3 æ æ–3æ
L.H.S. = ç ç + ç ç
è7è è 7è
3 3 3 –3 0
= – = = = 0
7 7 7 7
R.H.S. = 0
3 æ–3æ
Hence, + ç ç = 0 is verified by Additive inverse property.
7 è7è
æ æ æ æ
(iv) We have, ç 5 ç + ç 4 ç
è6 è è 3 è
5 4 5 4× 2
= + = +
6 3 6 3× 2
5 8 5+8 13 , which is a rational number.
= + = =
6 6 6 6
So, it is proved by closure property.
05. Verify the following :
æ–5æ æ –9 æ æ –9 æ æ–5æ
(i) æç–12æç + æç 2 æç = æç 2 æç + æç–12æç (ii) ç ç+ ç ç = ç ç+ç ç
è 5 è è 7è è 7è è 5 è è 8 è è 13 è è 13 è è 8 è
ùæ 3 æ æ–2æù æ –7 æ æ 3 æ ùæ–2æ æ –7 æù
(iii) úç ç + ç çú + ç ç = ç ç + úç ç + ç çú
ûè 4 è è 5 èû è 10 è è 4 è ûè 5 è è 10 èû
ùæ–2æ æ –3 æù ù æ –2æù 3
(iv) –1 + úç ç + ç çú = ú–1 + ç çú +
ûè 3 è è 4 èû û è 3 èû 4
Sol. (i) We have, æç–12æç + æç 2 æç = æç 2 æç + æç–12æç

è 5 è è 7è è 7è è 5 è
æ–12æ æ 2 æ
L.H.S. = ç ç + ç ç
è 5 è è 7è
(–12×7) + (2×5) ( L.C.M. of 5 and 7 is 35.)
=
35
–84 + 10
= = –74
35 35
æ 2 æ æ –12æ
R.H.S. = ç ç + ç ç
è7 è è 5 è
= æç 2 æç – æç 12 æç = (2×5) – (12×7) ( L.C.M. of 7 and 5 is 35.)

è 7 è è 5 è 35
10 – 84
= = –74
35 35
æ–12æ æ 2 æ æ 2 æ æ–12æ
Hence, ç ç + ç ç = ç ç + ç ç is verified.
è 5 è è 7è è 7è è 5 è
æ–5æ æ –9 æ æ –9 æ æ–5æ
(ii) We have, ç ç + ç ç = ç ç + ç ç
è 8 è è 13 è è 13 è è 8 è
æ–5 æ æ –9 æ
L.H.S. = ç ç + ç ç
è 8 è è 13 è
–5 9 (–5×13) – (9×8) ( L.C.M. of 8 and 13 is 104.)
= – =
8 13 104
–65 – 72
= = –(65+72) = –137
104 104 104
æ –9 æ æ –5 æ
R.H.S. = ç ç + ç ç
è 13 è è 8 è
–9 5 (–9×8) – (5×13) ( L.C.M. of 13 and 8 is 104.)
= – =
13 8 104
–72 – 65
= = –(72+65) = –137
104 104 104
Here, L. H. S. = R. H. S.
æ æ æ –9 æ æ –9 æ æ –5 æ
Hence, ç –5 ç + ç ç = ç ç + ç ç is verified.
è 8 è è 13 è è 13 è è 8 è
ùæ 3 æ æ–2æù æ –7 æ æ 3 æ ùæ –2æ æ –7 æù
(iii) We have, úç ç + ç çú + ç ç = ç ç + úçè çè + çè çèú
ûè 4 è è 5 èû è 10 è è 4 è û 5 10 û
ùæ 3 æ æ–2æù æ –7 æ
L.H.S. = úç ç + ç çú + ç ç
ûè 4 è è 5 èû è 10 è
ù 3 2 ù æ –7 æ
= ú – ç ç
5 ûú
+
û 4 è 10 è
ù ù
= ú(3×5) – (2×4) ú + æç çæ
–7
û 4×5 û è 10 è
ù ù 7 7
= ú(15 – 8) ú + æç æç =
–7 7 – 14
– = = –7
û 20 û è 10 è 20 10 20 20
3 ùæ–2æ æ –7 æù
R.H.S. = æç æç + úç ç + ç çú
è 4 è ûè 5 è è 10 èû
3 ù æ–2 æ æ 7 æù
= æç æç + ú ç ç – ç çú
è 4 è û è 5 è è10 èû
3 ùæ –2×2 æ æ 7 æù
= æç æç + úç ç – ç çú
è 4 è ûè 10 è è10 èû
3 ù æ– 4æ æ 7 æù ù(– 4 – 7) ù
= æç æç + ú ç ç – ç çú = æç æç + ú
3
è 4 è û è10 è è10 èû è 4 è û 10 û
ú
3 ùæ–11æù 3 11
= + úç çú = –
4 ûè 10 èû 4 10
(3 ×10) – (11×4)
= = 30 – 44 = –14 = –7
40 40 40 20
Since, L.H.S. = R.H.S.
Hence, úç ç + ç çú + ç ç = ç ç + úç ç + ç çú is verified.
ûè 4 è è 5 èû è 10 è è 4 è ûè 5 è è 10 èû
ùæ–2æ æ –3 æù ù æ –2æù 3
(iv) We have, –1 + úç ç + ç çú = ú–1 + ç çú +
ûè 3 è è 4 èû û è 3 èû 4
ùæ–2æ æ –3 æù
L.H.S. = –1 + úç ç + ç çú
ûè 3 è è 4 èû
ùæ–2æ 3 ù
= –1 + úç ç –
ûè 3 è 4 úû
ù (–2×4) – (3×3) ù
= –1 + ú ú
û (3×4) û
ù –8 –9 ù 1 17 –12 –17
= –1 + ú ú = – – =
û 12 û 1 12 12
–29
=
12
ù ù 3
L.H.S. = ú–1 + æç–2æç ú +
û è 3 èû 4
ù 2ù 3
= ú–1 –
3 úû 4
+
û
ù –3–2 ù 3
= ú ú+
û 3 û 4
–5 3 (–5×4) + (3×3)
= + =
3 4 12
–20 + 9 –11
= =
12 12
Since, L.H.S. ¹ R.H.S.
Sol. æ –3 ö æ –12 ö æ –12 ö æ –3 æ
(i) ç ÷+ç ÷ = ç ÷ +ç ç
è 17 ø è 5 ø è 5 ø è 17 è
æ æ æ–21 æ æ–21æ æ æ
(ii) ç–9 ç + ç ç = ç ç + ç –9ç
è è è 8 è è 8è è è
æ –8 3 ö æ –13 ö æ –8æ é 3 æ –13 ö ù

(iii) ç + ÷+ç ÷ = çè 13çè + ê + ç ÷ú
è 13 7 ø è 4 ø ë 7 è 4 øû
–16 æ–16æ –16

(iv) + 0 = 0 + ç ç =
7 è 7 è 7

07. Find the additive inverse of each of the following :
15 –16 –3
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) 0
–4 –5 11
(i) 15 –15
Sol. can be written as . So,
–4 4
–15 15
additive inverse of is .
4 4
(ii) –16 16
can be written as . So,
–5 5
16 –16
additive inverse of is .
5 5
–3 3
(iii) can be written as – . So,
11 11
3 3
additive inverse of – is .
11 11
(iv) Additive inverse of 0 is 0.
EXERCISE - 1.3
01. Subtract :
3 1 –5 1 –8 –3 –9
(i) from (ii) from (iii) from (iv) from –1
4 3 6 3 9 5 7
3 1
Sol. (i) We have to subtract from . So,
1 3 4 3
–
3 4
(1 × 4) – (3 ×3)
= (By cross multiplication)
3×4
4–9 –5
= = .
12 12
–5 1
(ii) We have to subtract from . So,
6 3
1 æ–5æ 1 5 2 5 7
–ç ç = + = + = .
3 è 6è 3 6 6 6 6
–8 –3
(iii) We have to subtract from . So,
9 5
3 æ–8æ –3 8
– –ç ç = + =
–27 + 40 13 (By cross multiplication)
= .
5 è 9è 5 9 45 45
–9
(iv) We have to subtract from –1. So,
7
æ–9æ 9 –7 + 9 2
–1 – ç ç = –1 + = = .
è 7è 7 7 7
02. Find the value of :
13 19 æ–8æ æ–3æ 1 2 9 4
(i) – (ii) ç ç – ç ç (iii) – (iv) –
–36 9 è9 è è 5è 3 9 11 5
13 19 æ–8æ æ–3æ
Sol. (i) We have, – (ii) We have, ç ç – ç ç
–36 9 è9 è è 5è
L.C.M. of 36 and 9 is 36. So,
æ–8æ æ–3æ –8 3
–13 19×4 –13 76 So, ç ç – ç ç = +
– = – è9 è è 5è 9 5
36 9×4 36 36
(–8×5) +(3×9)
–13 –76 =
= 45
36 –40 + 27
–89 =
= 45
36
–13
=
45
1 2 9 4
(iii) We have, – (iv) We have, –
3 9 11 5
(1×3) –2 (9×5) – (4×11)
= =
9 55
3–2 1 45 – 44 1
= = . = = .
9 9 55 55
3 –5 7
03. If x = , y = and z = .
4 6 8
Find the value of (x – y) – z and x – (y – z) and examine whether (x – y) – z and
x – (y – z) are equal or not.
Sol. Given x = 3 , y = –5 and z = 7
4 6 8
Putting these values in (x–y) – z we get,
= é – ç çé –
æ–5æ
3 7
ë 4 è 6 èë 8
= é3 + 5é – 7
ë4 6ë 8
= é(3×3)+(5×2)é – 7 ( L.C.M. of 4 and 6 is 12.)
ë 12 ë 8
= é 9 +10 é– 7
ë 12 ë 8
19 7
= –
12 8
(19×2) – (7×3) 38– 21 17 (L.C.M. of 12 and 8 is 24.)
= = =
24 24 24
17
So, (x–y)–z =
24
Again putting x = 3 , y = –5 and z = 7 in x –(y–z)
4 6 8
3 æ–5 7æ
we get, –ç – ç
4 è6 8è
= 3 – æç (–5×4)–(7×3) æç (L.C.M. of 6 and 8 is 24.)
4 è 24 è
= 3 – æç –20–21 æç
4 è 24 è
= 3 æ – 41 æ
–ç ç
4 è 24 è
= 3 + 41
4 24
18+41 59
= =
24 24
59
So, x – (y – z) =
24
17 59
Since, g
24 24
Hence, (x–y) – z g x – (y –z)
–1 5
04. The sum of two rational number is if one of the numbers is , find the other.
2 6
Sol. Let the other number be x. Then, according the questions
5 –1
+x =
6 2
–1 – 5
x =
2 6
(–1×3) – 5
=
2×3 6
–3 – 5
=
6 6
–3–5 –8 –4
x = = =
6 6 3
–4
Hence, the required number is .
3
–5 –3
05. What number should be added to so as to get ?
8 2
Sol. Let x be the required number then, according to question,
–5 –3
+x =
8 2
–3 5
x = +
2 8
–3×4 5 –12 5
x = + = +
2 ×4 8 8 8
–12+5 –7
x = = .
8 8
4 –8 –5 1
06. From the sum of and subtract the sum of and .
7 9 14 3
4 –8 –5 1
Sol. First we add and and also and .
7 9 14 3
4 æ –8 æ –5 1
So, + ç ç +
7 è9 è 14 3
4 8 (–5×3) + 1×14
= – =
7 9 42
(4×9) – (8×7) –15 + 14 –1
= = =
63 42 42
36 – 56 – 20
= =
63 63
–1 – 20
Now, we subtract from .
42 63
– 20 æ– 1 æ
– ç ç
63 è 42 è
– 20 1
+
63 42
– 20 × 2 + 1×3
126
– 40 + 3 –37
126 126
–2 –1
07. What number should be subtracted from to get ?
3 6
Sol. Let x be the required number then, according to question
–2 – x = –1
3 6
–1 2 1
–
2 1–4 –3 –1
–x = + or x = or x = = =
6 3 6 3 6 6 2
Hence, the required number is –1 .
2
08. Using the rearrangement property, find the sum :
(i) æ 4 æ æ 3 æ æ–2æ æ –11æ (ii) æ –8 æ æ –1æ æ–11æ æ –3æ
ç ç +ç ç+ç ç + ç ç ç ç + ç ç + ç ç +ç ç
è 3 è è 5è è 3 è è 5 è è3 è è 4è è 6è è 8è
(iii) æç–13æç + æç11 æç + æç –5 æç + æç 7 æç (iv) æ –6 æ æ –5æ æ – 4æ æ–15æ

ç ç+ ç ç + ç ç + ç ç
è 20è è14è è 7 è è 10 è è7 è è 6è è 9è è7 è
æ 4 æ æ 3 æ æ–2æ æ –11æ
Sol. (i) ç ç +ç ç+ç ç + ç ç
è 3 è è 5è è 3 è è 5 è
by rearrangement property we get,
æ 4 æ æ–2æ æ 3 æ æ –11æ
ç ç + ç ç + èç çè + ç ç
è3 è è 3 è 5 è 5è
æ4 2æ æ3 11 æ
= ç – ç + èç – ç
è3 3è 5 5è
æ 4 –2 æ æ 3 –11æ
= ç ç + ç ç
è 3 è è 5 è
2 æ –8 æ ( L.C.M. of 3 and 5 is 15.)
= +ç ç
3 è 5 è
2 8 (2×5) – (8×3)
= – =
3 5 15
10 – 24 –14
= =
15 15
æ –8 æ æ –1æ æ–11æ æ –3æ
(ii) ç ç + ç ç + ç ç +ç ç
è3 è è 4è è 6è è 8è
æ–8æ æ–11æ æ–1æ æ –3 æ
ç ç + ç ç + èç çè + ç ç
è3 è è 6 è 4 è8 è
æ–8 11 æ æ–1 3 æ æ 8 11 æ æ1 3æ
= ç – ç + èç – çè = – çè + çè – èç 4 + 8 çè
è3 6è 4 8 3 6
= – éç
æ 8×2 11 æ æ 1×2 3 æé éæç 16 + 11æç + æç 2 + 3 çæé
=–
ëè 3×2 + 6 çè + çè 4×2 + 8 èçë ëè 6 6è è 8 8 èë
= – éç
æ16+11 æ æ 2+3 æé
ëè 6 çè + çè 8 èçë
=– é
27 5é
ë6 + 8ë
– 41
=– é
27×4 + 5 ×3é – é108 + 15 é – 123
= = =
ë 24 ë ë 24 ë 24 8
æ–13æ æ11 æ æ –5 æ æ 7 æ
(iii) We have, ç ç + ç ç +ç ç + ç ç
è 20è è14è è 7 è è 10 è
æ–13æ æ 7 æ æ11 æ æ –5 æ
ç ç+ç ç + ç ç + ç ç
è 20è è 10 è è14è è 7 è
æ–13 7 æ æ11 5 æ
= ç + ç+ ç – ç
è 20 10 è è14 7 è
æ –13 7×2 æ æ 11 5×2 æ
= ç + ç+ç – ç
è 20 10×2 è è14 7×2 è
æ–13 14 æ æ11 10æ
= ç + ç+ ç – ç
è 20 20 è è14 14è
æ14 – 13 æ æ11 – 10 æ
= ç ç +ç ç
è 20 è è 14 è
1 1
= +
20 14
= 1×7 + 1 × 10
140
= 7 +10 = 17
140 140
æ –6 æ æ –5æ æ – 4æ æ–15æ
(iv) We have, ç ç+ ç ç + ç ç + ç ç
è7 è è 6è è 9è è7 è
æ–6 æ æ–15æ æ–5æ æ –4 æ
ç ç+ç ç + ç ç + ç ç
è 7 è è 7 è è 6è è 9 è
æ–6 15 æ æ–5 4 æ
= ç – ç+ ç – ç
è7 7è è6 9è
æ6 15 æ æ 5 4æ
= –ç + ç– ç6 + ç
è7 7 è è 9è
éæ 6 + 15 æç + æç (5×3) + (4×2) æçé
=– ç
ëè 7 è è 18 èë
=–é
21 15+ 8 é
+
ë 7 18 ë
–77
= – é3 +
23 é
=–é
54 + 23 é
=
ë 18 ë ë 18 ë 18
09. State ‘T’for true or ‘F’for false statements :
(i) The negative of a negative rational number is a positive rational number.
(ii) æ– 4æ æ 7 æ æ 7 æ æ– 4æ
ç ç–ç ç= ç ç–ç ç
è 7 è è 8è è 8è è 7 è
(iii) –3 – ç 2 – 7 ç = ç –3 – 2 ç– 7
æ æ æ æ
4 è 9 12 è è 4 9 è 12
(iv) The difference of two rational numbers is always a rational number.
Sol. (i) True (ii) False (iii) False (iv) True
EXERCISE - 1.4
01. Find each of the following products :
æ– 6æ æ – 5 æ æ– 12æ æ 10 æ æ– 13æ æ–25æ æ 16 æ æ 14 æ
(i) ç ç × ç ç (ii) ç ç × ç ç (iii) ç ç×ç ç (iv) ç ç× ç ç
è 11è è 3 è è 5 è è –3 è è 15 è è 26 è è 21 è è 5 è
æ– 6æ æ – 5æ
Sol. (i) We have, ç ç × ç ç
è 11è è 3 è
æ– 6æ æ – 5æ ù(– 6)×(–5) ù 30 10
ç ç × ç ç = ú ú =
è 11è è 3 è û 11×3 û 33 11
æ– 12æ æ 10 æ – 12×10 –120
(ii) We have, ç ç × ç ç = = 8
è 5 è è –3 è 5×(–3) –15
æ– 13æ æ–25æ
(iii) We have, ç ç × ç ç = (– 13)×(–25) =
æ(– 1)×(–5)æ 5
ç ç
è 15 è è 26 è 15×26 è 3×2 è 6
æ 16 æ æ 14 æ 16 ×14 16 ×2 32
(iv) We have, ç ç × ç ç = =
è 21 è è 5è 21×5 3×5 15
02. Verify each of the following :
æ 3 æ æ– 5æ æ– 5æ æ 3 æ æ–13æ æ–13æ
(i) ç ç ×ç ç = ç ç ×ç ç
(ii) (–8) ´ ç ç =ç ç ´ (–8)
è 7è è 9 è è 9 è è 7è è 12 è è 12 è
5 12 7 5 12 7
(iii) æç ´ ö÷ ´ = ´ æç ´ ö÷
è 7 13 ø 8 7 è 13 8 ø
(iv) ùæç – 9 æç × æç–10æçù × æç 21 æç = æç – 9 æç × ùæç–10æç × æç 21 æçù
úè è è èú è è è è úè è è èú
û 5 3 û –4 5 û 3 –4 û
Sol. æ 3 æ æ– 5æ æ– 5æ æ 3 æ
(i) We have, ç ç × ç ç = ç ç × ç ç
è 7è è 9 è è 9 è è 7è
æ 3 æ æ– 5æ (3)×(–5) –5
L.H.S. ç ç × ç ç = =
è 7è è 9 è 7×9 21
æ–5æ æ 3 æ (–5)×(3) –5
R.H.S. ç ç × ç ç = =
è 9è è 7 è 9×7 21
Since, L.H.S. = R. H. S.
æ 3 æ æ– 5æ æ– 5æ æ 3 æ
Hence, ç ç × ç ç = ç ç × ç ç is verified.
è 7è è 9 è è 9 è è 7è
æ–13æ æ–13æ
(ii) We have, (–8) ´ ç ç = ç ç ´ (–8)
è 12 è è 12 è
æ– 13æ ( –8)×(–13) 26
L.H.S. (–8) × ç ç = =
è 12 è 12 3
æ–13æ (–13)×(–8) 26
R.H.S. ç ç × (–8) = =
è 12 è 12 3
æ–13æ æ–13æ
Hence, (–8) ´ ç ç = ç ç ´ (–8) is verified.
è 12 è è 12 è
æ 5 12 ö 7 5 æ 12 7 ö
(iii) We have, ç ´ ÷ ´ = ´ç ´ ÷
è 7 13 ø 8 7 è 13 8 ø
æ 5 12 ö 7
L.H.S. ç ´ ÷´
è 7 13 ø 8
60 7 60 ´ 7 15
= ´ = =
91 8 91 ´ 8 26
5 æ12 7 ö
R.H.S. ´ ç ´ ÷
7 è13 8 ø
5 æ 12 × 7 ö
´ ç ÷
7 è 13 × 8 ø
5 ´ 21 15
=
7 ´ 26 26
Since, L.H.S. = R. H. S.
æ 5 12 ö 7 5 æ 12 7 ö
Hence, ç ´ ÷ ´ = ´ ç ´ ÷ is verified.
è 7 13 ø 8 7 è 13 8 ø
ùæ – 9 æ æ–10æù æ 21 æ æ – 9 æ ùæ–10æ æ 21 æù
(iv) We have, úç ç × ç çú × ç ç = ç ç × úç ç × ç çú
ûè 5 è è 3 èû è – 4 è è 5 è ûè 3 è è – 4 èû
ùæ – 9 æ æ–10æù æ 21 æ
L.H.S. úçè çè × çè çèú × çè çè
û 5 3 û –4
ù(– 9) × (–10)ù æ 21 æ
ú ×ç ç
û 5 × 3 úû è – 4 è
ù ù æ 21 æ æ–21æ –63
ú(– 3) × (–2) ú × çè çè = 6 ç
è 4è
ç
û û –4 2
æ–9æ ùæ–10æ æ 21 æù
R.H.S. ç ç × úç ç×ç çú
è 5 è ûè 3 è è – 4 èû
æ –9 æ ù(– 10)× ( 21)ù æ –9 æ ù(– 5) × (7) ù
= çè ç× ú ú = ç ç× ú ú
5 è û (3) × (–4) û è 5 è û –2 û
(–9) × (35) –9×7 –63
= = =
(5) ×(2) 2 2
ùæ – 9 æ æ–10æù æ 21 æ æ – 9 æ ùæ–10æ æ 21 æù
Hence, úç ç × ç çú × ç ç = ç ç × úç ç × ç çú is verified.
ûè 5 è è 3 èû è – 4 è è 5 è ûè 3 è è – 4 èû
Sol. (i) æ–23æ æ 18 æ æ 18 æ æ–23 æ
ç ç×ç ç = ç
è 17 è è 35 è
ç×
è 35 è ç ç by commutative property.
è 17 è
æ æ æ –7 æ æ –7 æ æ æ
(ii) ç–38ç × çè çè = çè çè × ç–38ç by commutative property.
è è 19 19 è è
(iii) úçè çè × çè çèú × çè çè = ç ç × úçè çè × çè çèú by associative property.
û 7 10 û 6 è 7 è û 10 6 û
æ–12æ ùæ 4 æ æ 25 æù ùæ–12æ æ 4 æù æ 25 æ
(iv) ç ç × úç ç × ç çú = úç ç × ç çú × ç ç by associative property.
è 5 è ûè 5 è è–16èû ûè 5 è è 5 èû è–16 è
04. Find the multiplicative inverse (i.e., reciprocal) of :
13 –17 –3
(i) (ii) (iii) –16 (iv)
25 2 –5
Sol. 13 25
(i) Multiplicative inverse of is .
25 13
–17 –2
(ii) Multiplicative inverse of is .
2 17
–1
(iii) Multiplicative inverse of –16 is .
16
–3 –5 5
(iv) Multiplicative inverse of = = .
–5 –3 3
–1 –1 –1
–5 –4 1
(i) æç ö÷ (ii) æç ö÷ (iv) æç ö÷
–1
(iii) (–7 )
è 8 ø è 9 ø è –3 ø
–1
–9
–1
æ –5 ö –8 æ –4 ö
Sol. (i) ç ÷ = (ii) ç ÷ =
è 8 ø 5 è 9 ø 4
–1 æ 1 ö
–1
(iii) (–7 ) = (iv)
–1
7 ç ÷ –3
è –3 ø
06. Simplify the following and verify the distributive property multiplication over
addition a × (b + c) = (a × b) + (a × c)
3 –6 2 5 1 –6
(i) a = , b = , c = (ii) a = , b= , c=
4 7 5 2 9 11
Sol. (i) We have to verify a ×(b +c) = (a ×b) + (a ×c)
3 –6 2
Given that, a = 4 , b = 7 , c = 5
Putting these values in a × (b +c) = (a ×b) + (a ×c)
3 éæ –6 2 æé éæ 3 æ æ–6æé éæ 3 æ æ 2 æé
We get, 4 × ëçè 7 + 5 çèë = ëçè 4 çè × çè 7 çèë + ëçè 4 çè × çè 5 çèë
3 éæ –6 2 æé
L.H.S. 4 × ëçè 7 + 5 çèë
3 é(–6×5) + (2×7)é
4 ×ë 7 ×5 ë
3 é–30 + 14 é
4 × ë 35 ë
3 é –16 é 3 ×(–16) –12
= = 35
4 × ë 35 ë 4 × 35
R.H.S.
éæç 3 æç × æç–6æçé + éæç 3 æç × æç 2 æçé
ëè 4 è è 7 èë ëè 4 è è 5 èë
é(3) × (–6) é + é 3×2 é
ë 4 × 7 ë ë 4×5 ë
é –9é + é 3 é
ë 14ë ë 10ë
(–9×10) +(3×14) ( LCM of 14 and 10 is 140.)
140
–90 +42 – 48 –12
140 = 140 = 35
Hence, a × (b+c) = (a ×b) + (a ×c) is verified.
(ii) We have to verify a ×(b+c) = (a×b) + (a×c)
5 1 –6
Given that, a = , b = ,c =
2 9 11
Putting these values in a ×(b+c) = (a ×b) + (a ×c)
5 é 1 æ–6æé éæ 5 1 æé é 5 æ–6æé
We get, 2 × ë 9 + çè11çèë = ëçè 2 × 9 çèë + ë 2 × çè11çèë

L.H.S. = 2 × é + ç–6çé
5 1 æ æ
ë 9 è11èë
5 é 1 6é
= 2 × –
ë 9 11 ë
= 2 ×é
5 (1×11) – (6×9) é
ë 99 ë
5 é 11 – 54 é
= 2 ×
ë 99 ë
5 é –43 é 5 ×(–43) –215
= 2 × = = 198
ë 99 ë 2 × 99
R.H.S. = éç × çé + é
æ5 1æ 5 æ–6æé
×ç ç
ëè 2 9 èë ë 2 è11èë
= é 5 × 1é + é
5×(–6)é
ë 2 ×9 ë ë 2×11 ë
5 æ–15æ
= 18 + ç 11 ç
è è
5 – 15
=
18 11
= (5×11) – (15×18)
198
= 55 – 270 = – 215
198 198
Hence, a × (b +c ) = (a ×b) + (a ×c) is verified.
07. Name the property of multiplication illustrated by the following statements :
Sol. (i) æç–15æç × æç–12æç = æç–12æç × æç–15æç Commutative Property
è 8 è è 7 è è 7 è è 8 è
(ii) ùæ –2 æ æ 7 æù æ –9 æ æ –2 æ ùæ 7 æ æ –9 æù
úçè çè × çè çèú × çè çè = çè çè × úçè çè × çè çèú Associative Property
û 3 9 û 5 3 û 9 5 û
Distributive Property
(iii) æç –3æç × ùúæç–5æç + æç 7 æçùú = ùúæç –3 æç × æç –5 æçùú + ùúæç –3 æç × æç 7 æçùú of Multiplicative over
è 4 è ûè 6 è è 8 èû ûè 4 è è 6 èû ûè 4 è è 8 èû
Addition
(iv) æç–16 æç × 1 = 1× æç–16 æç = –16 Property of

è 9 è è 9 è 9 Multiplicative Identity

EXERCISE - 1.5
01. Simplify :
æ 4 æ æ–5æ –12
(i) ç ç ¸ ç ç (ii) æç æç ¸ (–18) (iii) æç–16æç ¸ æç–15æç (iv) æç–65æç ¸ æç13æç
è9 è è12è è 7 è è 35 è è 14 è è 14 è è 7 è
Sol. (i) We have, æç 4 æç ¸ æç–5æç (ii) We have, æç–12æç ¸ (–18)

è9 è è12è è 7 è
= 4 × –12 æ–12æ æ –1æ
ç ç× ç ç
9 5 è 7 è è 18 è
= 4 × (–12) = (–12)× (–1)
9×5 7 × 18
–48 –16 (–2)× (–1) 2
= = =
45 15 7×3 21
(iii) We have, æç–16æç ¸ æç–15æç (iv) We have, æç–65æç ¸ æç13æç
è 35 è è 14 è è 14 è è 7 è
= æç–16æç × æç–14æç æ–65æ æ 7 æ
ç ç× ç ç
è 35è è 15 è è 14 è è 13 è
= (–16)× (–14) = (–65)× (7)
×
35 15 14 × 13
(–16)× (–2) 32 (–5)× (1) –5
= = = =
5 × 15 75 2×1 2
02. Verify whether the given statement is true or false :
13 26 26 13 æ 3æ æ 3æ
(i) ¸ = ¸ (ii) (–9) ¸ ç ç = ç ç ¸ (–9)
5 10 10 5 è 4è è 4è
–7 3 3 –7 æ5 1 æ 5 5 æ1 5æ
(iii) æç æç ¸ æç æç = æç æç ¸ æç æç (iv) ç ¸ ç¸ = ¸ç ¸ ç
è 24è è 16è è–16è è 24è è9 3 è 2 9 è3 2è
Sol. 13 26 26 13
(i) We have, ¸ = ¸
5 10 10 5
13 26
L.H.S. = ¸
5 10
13 10 1×2
= × = =1
5 26 1×2
26 13
R.H.S. = ¸
10 5
26 5 2×1
× = =1
10 13 2×1
Since, L.H.S. = R. H.S.
Hence, the given statement is true.
æ 3æ æ 3æ
(ii) We have, (–9) ¸ ç ç = ç ç ¸ (–9)
è 4è è 4è
3
L.H.S. = (–9) ¸
4
4
= –9 × = –12
3
æ 3æ
R.H.S. = ç ç ¸ (–9)
è 4è
3 æ –1æ 3 × –1 1
= ×ç ç = –
4 è 9 è 4× 9 12
Since, L.H.S. g R. H.S.
Hence, the given statement is false.
æ –7æ æ 3 æ æ 3 æ æ –7æ
(iii) We have, ç ç ¸ ç ç = ç ç ¸ ç ç
è 24è è 16è è–16è è 24è
æ –7æ æ 3 æ
L.H.S. = ç ç ¸ ç ç
è 24è è 16è
–7 16 –7 × 2 –14
= × = =
24 3 3×3 9
æ 3 æ æ –7æ
R.H.S. = ç ç ¸ ç ç
è–16è è 24è
3 (–24) 3 × (–3) –9 9
= × = = =
–16 7 (–2) × 7 –14 14
Since, L.H.S. g R. H.S.
æ5 1 æ 5 5 æ1 5æ
(iv) We have, ç ¸ ç ¸ = ¸ ç ¸ ç
è9 3 è 2 9 è3 2è
æ5 1 æ 5
L.H.S. = ç ¸ ç ¸
è9 3 è 2
æ5 3 æ 5
= ç × ç ¸ = æç × æç ¸ = × =
5 1 5 5 2 2
è9 1 è 2 è 3× 1 è 2 3× 5 3
5 æ1 5æ
R.H.S. = ¸ç ¸ ç
9 è3 2è
5 æ1 2 æ
= ¸ç × ç
9 è3 5 è
5 æ 1×2 æ 5÷2 5 15 5 ×5 25
= ¸ç ç= = × = =
9 è 3 × 5 è 9 ÷15 9 2 3×2 6
Since, L.H.S. g R. H. S.
–4
03. The product of two rational numbers is –16 . If one of the number is , find the
other. 9 3
Sol. Let x be the required number.
–4
Given number =
3
Then, according to question,
–4 –16
× x =
3 9
æ–16æ æ–4 æ
x = ç ç ÷ç ç
è 9 è è 3 è
æ–16æ æ–3 æ
=ç ç ×ç ç
è 9 è è 4 è
= æç æ
–16 × –3
ç
è 9×4 è
–4 × –1 4
3×1 3
4
3
8 1
04. By what rational number should be multiplied to obtain ?
39 26
8
Given number =
39
8 1
× x =
39 26
1 8
x = ÷
26 39
=
1 39 1×3 3
× = = .
26 8 2×8 16
–3 1
05. By what rational number should be divided to get ?
8 26
–3
Given number =
8
–3 1
x
8 26
–3 1 1
Þ
8 x 26
–3 1
Þ
8x 26
Þ 8 x = –3 × 26
x = –3 × 26
8
x = –39
4
Hence, the required number is –39 .
4
13 –12 –31 1
06. Divide the sum of and by the product of and .
5 7 7 –2
Sol. According to question
=
é 13 + æç–12æçé ÷ æç–31æç × æç 1 æç
ë 5 è 7 èë è 7 è è–2 è
æ 13 12æ æ–31æ æ–1 æ
= ç 5 – 7 çè ÷ ç 7 çè × ç 2 çè
è è è
(13×7) – (12×5) æ 31æ
=
5×7 ÷ çè 14çè
14 31 14 2
= 91 – 60 × 31 = 35 × 31 = 5
35
65 8
07. Divide the sum of and by their difference.
12 3
Sol. According to question
æ 65 8 æ æ æ
÷ ç 65 – 8 ç
ç
3 èç
+
è 12 è 12 3 è
æ 65 8×4 æ æ 65 8×4 æ
= ç 12 + 3×4 ç ÷ç – ç
è è è 12 3×4 è
æ 65 32 æ ÷
æ 65 32 æ
= ç 12 + 12 ç ç – ç
è è è 12 12 è
æ 65 + 32 æ æ 65 – 32 æ
= ç 12 ç ÷ ç ç
è è è 12 è
= 97 ÷ 33
12 12
97 12 97
= = .
12 × 33 33
9 –3 æ –7 ö
(i) ÷ (__) = (ii) (__) ÷ ç ÷ = 10
8 2 è 5 ø 19
–4 –6
(iii) (__) ÷ (–3) = (iv) (–12) ÷ (__) =
15 5
Sol. Let x to be filled.
9 –3
Then we have, ÷ x =
8 2
9 1 –3
Þ × =
8 x 2
9 –3
Þ =
8x 2
Þ –24x = 9 × 2
Þ x = 9×2
–24
Þ x 18 –3
–24 4
Hence, the –3 is to be filled in blank.
4
(ii) Let x to be filled.
æ –7 ö 10
Then we have, x ÷ ç ÷ =
è 5 ø 19
æ –5 ö 10
Þ x × ç ÷ =
è 7 ø 19
æ 10 ö æ–5 ö
Þ x = ç ÷ ¸ç ÷
è 19 ø è 7 ø
æ 10 ö æ–7 ö
Þ x = ç ÷× ç ÷
è 19 ø è 5 ø
(10) × (–7)
Þ x =
19 ×5
–14
Þ x =
19
Hence, the –14 is to be filled in blank.
19
–4
(iii) Let x to be filled. Then we have, x ÷ (–3) =
15
æ–1 æ –4
Þ x ×ç ç =
è 3è 15
æ –4 æ æ æ
Þ x = ç ç ÷ ç–1 ç
è15 è è 3è
æ –4 æ
Þ x = ç ç × (–3)
è15 è
(–4) × (–3)
Þ x =
15
4
Þ x =
4 5
Hence, is to be filled in the blank.
5
–6
(iv) Let x to be filled. Then we have, (–12) ÷ (x) =
5
1 –6
Þ (–12) × x =
5
–12
Þ = –6
x 5
Þ – 6x = –12×5
–60
Þ –x =
6
Þ x = 10
Hence, 10 is to be filled in the blank.
3 3
09. From a rope 11m long, two pieces of lengths 2 m and 3 m are cut off. What is
the length of the remaining rope? 5 10
Sol. Total length of rope = 11 m
3 13
Length of I piece = 2 m = m
5 5
Length of II piece = 3 3 m = 33 m
10 10
æ 13 33 æ
Total length of cut off rope = ç + çm
è5 10 è
æ 13×2 + 33 æ m
= ç ç
è 10 è
æ 26 + 33 æm 59 m
= ç ç =
è 10 è 10
Now, remaining length of rope = Total length of rope –Total length of cut off rope
59 m
= 11 m –
10
110 –59 m 51 m 1 m
= = =5
10 10 10
1 m.
Hence, the remaining length of rope is 5
10
1 3
10. A drum full of rice weighs 40 kg. If the empty drum weight 13 kg, find the
weight of rice in the drum. 6 4
1
Sol. Total weight of drum full of rice = 40 kg
6
Weight of empty drum = 13 3 kg
4
Weight of rice = Total weight of full drum – weight of empty drum
æ 1 3æ
= ç 40 6 13 ç kg
è 4è
æ 241 55 æ
= kg
ç 6
è 4 çè
(241×2) – (55×3)
= kg
12
482 – 165 5
= kg = 317 kg = 26 12 kg
12 12
Hence, the weight of rice is 26 5 kg.
12
2 3
11. Find the cost of ` 3 metres of cloth at ` 36 per metre.
5 3 4
Sol. Cost of 1 m cloth = ` 36
4
2 æ 3 2æ
Cost of 3 m cloth = ` ç36 × 3 ç
5 è 4 5è
147 17
= ` ×
4 5
147×17 2499 19
= ` = ` = ` 124
4×5 20 20
2 19
Hence, the cost of 3 m of cloth is ` 124 .
5 20
5
12. In a school, of the students are boys. If there are 240 girls, find the number of
8
boys in the school.
Sol. Let the total number of student be x.
5 5 5x
Number of boys = of x = × x =
8 8 8
Number of girls = 240
Now, total number of students = No. of boys + No. of girls
5x
x = + 240
8
5x
x – = 240
8
8x – 5x = 240 × 8
3x = 240 × 8
x = 80× 8
x = 640
Therefore, total number of students is 640.
5
Then according to question No. of boys = × 640 = 5 × 80 = 400
8
Hence, the number of boys is 400.
3
13. At a cricket test match, of the spectators were in a covered place while 12000
7
were in open. Find the number of spectators.
Sol. Let total number of spectators be x.
3x
No. of covered spectators =
7
No. of spectators in open = 12000
Now, total number of spectators = No. of covered spectators + No. of spectators in
open
3x
x = + 12000
7
7x = 3x +12000 × 7
7x – 3x = 12000 × 7
4x = 12000 × 7
x = 12000 × 7 or x = 21000.
4
Hence, the total number of spectators are 21000.
EXERCISE - 1.6
01. Find a rational number between –1 and 1.
1 1
Sol. Rational number between –1 and 1 is = × (–1 + 1) = × 0 = 0
2 2
Hence, the required rational number between –1 and 1 is 0.
1 1
02. Find a rational number between and .
3 2
Sol. Rational number between 1 and 1 .
3 2
æ1 1æ
= ç + ç ÷2
è3 2è
æ 2 + 3 æ
= ç ç÷2
è 6 è
5 1
= ×
6 2
5
=
12
1 1 5
Hence, a rational number between and is .
3 2 12
–3 3
3. Check whether the following rational numbers are between and :
8 8
Sol. Both rational numbers have common denominator. So, we take rational numbers
between – 3 and 3 i.e., between – 3 and 3 will have [ 3–(–3) –1] = 5 integers.
–3 3
Thus, we have 5 rational numbers between and .
8 8
Such that –2 , –1 1 2
, 0 , , and .
8 8 8 8
–1 1 –3 3
From above, we can say that and lies between and .
8 8 8 8
7 –21 –3 3
Similarly and lies between and .
24 64 8 8
–1 –3
04. Find two rational numbers between and .
2 4
–1 –3
Sol. Rational numbers between and
2 4
= éæç–1æç + æç–3æçé ÷ 2
ëè 2 è è 4 èë
æ –1 3 æ
= ç – ç ÷2
è2 4è
æ –2 –3æ
= çè 4 çè ÷ 2
= –5 × 1 = –5
4 2 8
–1 –5
Now, rational number between and
2 8
= éæç–1ç + æç–5çé ÷ 2
æ æ
ëè 2 è è 8 èë
æ –1 5 æ
= ç 2 – 8 ç ÷2
è è
æ–4 –5 æ
= ç 8 ç ÷2
è è
= –9 1 = –9
×
8 2 16
–3 –5 –9
Hence, the required rational numbers between –1 and are and .
2 4 8 16
05. Find four rational numbers between –1 and –1 .
2
Sol. First Method :
–10 –1 –5
Here –1 = and =
10 2 10
Between integers –10 and –5,we get –5 + 10 –1 = 4 integers.
–1
So, it easy to locate four rational numbers between –1 and .
2
–9 –8 –7 –6 –5
Thus, –1 < < < < <
10 10 10 10 10
æ–1æ
Second Method : é–1 + ç ç é ÷ 2
ë è 2 èë
= æç –1 –
1æ
ç ÷2
è 2è
–3 –3
= ÷2=
2 4
–3 –1
lies between –1 and .
4 2
–3
Again we find rational number between –1 and .
4
= é–1 + æç–3æç é ÷ 2
ë è 4 èë
= æç –1 –
3æ
ç ÷2
è 4è
–7 1 –7
= × =
4 2 8
–7 –3
lies between –1 and .
8 4
–3 –1
Again we find rational number between and
4 2
æ–3 æ æ–1 æ
= éç ç + ç ç é ÷ 2
ëè 4 è è 2 è ë
= æç –
–3 1 æ
ç ÷2
è4 2è
–3–2 1 –5 1 –5
= × = × =
4 2 4 2 8
–5 –3 –1
lies between and .
8 4 2 –1 –5
Again we find rational number between and
2 8
= éæç–1æç + æç–5æç é ÷ 2
ëè 2 è è 8 è ë
= é –
–1 5 é
÷2
ë2 8ë
= é
– 4 –5é ÷ 2 –9 1 –9
= × =
ë 8 ë 8 2 16
–1 –3 –7 –5 –9
Hence, the required four rational numbers between –1 and are , , , .
2 4 8 8 16
Note : Second Method is too long so, we use first method to find more than 1
rational number between two given rational numbers.
06. Find six rational numbers between 3 and –1 .
3 –1 –4 8 2
Sol. Here and =
8 2 8
Between integers 3 and –4, we get 6 required rational numbers.
2 1 –1 –2 –3
Such as , , 0, , , .
8 8 8 8 8
1 1 –1 –2 –3
Hence, the required numbers as , , 0, , ,
4 8 8 4 8
7 –4
07. Find ten rational numbers between and .
7 –4 11 11
Sol. Here and have common denominators 11.
11 11
7 –4 Such as 6 , 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 , 0 ,
So, we find numbers between and .
11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
–1 –2 –3
, , .
11 11 11
7 –4
All above rational numbers lies between and .
11 11
4
08. Find any three rational numbers between the difference of 5 and and the sum
9
3 1
of and .
4 2
4 3 1
Sol. First we find the difference of 5 and and sum of and .
9 4 2
4 5×9– 4 45–4 41 3 1 3+(1×2) 3+2 5
So, 5– = = = and + = = =
9 9 9 9 4 2 4 4 4
41 5
Now, we find rational numbers between and .
9 4
41 164 5 45 Between 164 and 45 we get (164 – 45–1) = 118
Here, = and = ,
9 36 4 36
164 45
integers i.e., between and .
36 36
163 , 162 , 161 ...... 44 .
we can get 118 rational numbers, such as
36 36 36 36
But we need to find only three rational numbers, So we can take any three rational
56 , 160 , 162 or 28 , 80 , 81
numbers as .
36 36 36 18 18 18
2 Exponents
EXERCISE - 2.1
01 . Write each of the following in power notation :
4
Sol. (i) –3 –3 –3 –3 = æ –3 æ
× × × ç ç
8 8 8 8 è 8è
4
3 3 3 3 æ3æ
(ii) × × × = ç ç
4 4 4 4 è4è
6
–1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 æ–1 æ
(iii) × × × × × = ç ç
5 5 5 5 5 5 è 5è
3
–5 –5 –5 æ–5 æ
(iv) × × = ç ç
7 7 7 è 7è
02 . Express each of the following rational number in power notation :

144 –125 –216 64
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
225 729 343 15625
2
3×3×4×4 = 3 ×4 = (3×4) = æ12æ = æ 3×4æ = æ4 æ
2 2
Sol. (i) 144 2 2
= ç ç ç 3×5ç ç ç
è è5 è
2
225 3×3×5×5 32×52 (3×5) è15è è
3
–5
= æç æç
–125 (–5)×(–5)×(–5) (–5)3
(ii) = =
729 9×9×9 (9)3 è 9è
3
(iii) –216 = (–6)×(–6)×(–6) (–6)3 æ–6æ
= = ç ç
343 7×7×7 73 è 7è
6
2
= æç æç
6
64 2×2×2×2×2×2
(iv) = = 26
15625 5×5×5×5×5×5 5 è 5è
03. Find the reciprocal of each of the following :
2 95 3
7 æ3ö æ –6 ö æ –3 ö
(i) 2 (ii) ç ÷ (iii) ç ÷ (iv) ç ÷
è5ø è 31 ø è –8 ø
Sol. 7
æ1ö
2 2
7
(i) Reciprocal of (2) = ç ÷ æ 3ö æ5ö
(ii) Reciprocal of ç ÷ = ç ÷
è2ø è5ø è3ø
95 95 3 3
–31ö –8 ö
Reciprocal of æç ö÷ = æç ÷ Reciprocal of æç ö÷ = æç ÷
–6 –3
(iii) (iv)
è31ø è 6 ø è–8ø è –3ø
04. Simplify the following :
3 2 2 3
3 æ 1 ö 2 æ –1 ö
(i) (–2) ´ ç ÷ (ii) (–4) ´ ç ÷ (iii) æ 1 ö
2 (iv) æç –6 ö÷ ¸ 35
5 ´ç ÷
è2ø è 3 ø è –5 ø è 7 ø
3 3
æ1ö æ 1ö
(i) (–2) ´ ç ÷ =
3
ç –2 ´ ÷ = (–1)
3
= –1. [ am×bm = (ab)m]
è2ø è 2ø
2 2
æ –1 ö é(–4) ´ æç–1ö÷é 4 2 16
(ii) (–4)2 ´ ç ÷ = = æç ö÷ = [am×bm = (ab)m)]
è 3 ø ë è3 øë è3 ø 9
2 2
æ1ö æ 1ö
(iii) 5 ´ ç ÷
2
= ç 5 ´ ÷ = (–1)2 = 1. [am × bm = (ab)m]
è–5ø è –5 ø
3 3
–6 ö æ 1 ö = –6 × –6 × –6× 1 × 1× 1× 1× 1 = – 216
5
æ–6ö
+ æ
(iv) ç ÷ 3 = ç ÷ × ç ÷
5
è 7ø è 7 ø è 3ø 7 × 7 × 7 × 3 × 3× 3 ×3× 3 343 × 243

–8
=
3087
5. Evaluate :
3 7 4 3 3
(i) æ 5 ö ´ æ 5 ö (ii) æ –2 ö ´ æ –2 ö ´ æ –2 ö
ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷
è2ø è2ø è 3 ø è 3 ø è 3 ø
6 4 3 3
(iii) æ 4 ö ¸ æ 4 ö (iv) éæ 3 ö3 ù éæ 3 ö 2 ù
ç ÷ ç ÷ êç ÷ ú ¸ êç ÷ ú
è9ø è9ø êëè 5 ø úû êëè 5 ø úû
3 7
Sol. (i) æ5ö æ5ö
ç ÷ ´ ç ÷
è2ø è2ø
3 7 3+7 10
æ5ö æ5ö æ5ö æ5ö 5×5×5×5×5×5×5×5×5×5 9765625
=ç ÷ ´ ç ÷=ç ÷ = ç ÷ = =
è2ø è2ø è2ø è2ø 2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2 1024
4 3 3
æ –2 ö æ –2 ö æ –2 ö
(ii) ç ÷ ´ ç ÷ ´ ç ÷
è 3 ø è 3 ø è 3 ø
4 3 3
æ–2ö æ–2ö æ–2ö
=ç ÷ ´ ç ÷×ç ÷
è3ø è3ø è3ø
4+3+3 10
= æç ö÷ æ–2ö 1024
–2 –2×–2×–2×–2×–2×–2×–2×–2×–2×–2
= ç ÷ = =
è3ø è3ø 3×3×3×3×3×3×3×3×3×3 59049
6 4
(iii) æç ö÷ ¸ æç ö÷
4 4
[ am ¸ an = am–n]
è9ø è9ø
6 4 6–4 2
æ4ö æ4ö æ4ö = æ4ö 4×4 16
=ç ÷ ÷ ç ÷= ç ÷ ç ÷ = =
è9ø è9ø è9ø è9ø 9×9 81
3 3
é 3 3ù éæ 3 ö 2 ù
(iv) êæç ö÷ ú ¸ êç ÷ ú [ am ¸ an = am–n]
ëêè 5 ø ûú êëè 5 ø úû
9 6 9–6 3
æ3ö æ3ö æ3ö = æ3ö 3×3×3 27
=ç ÷ ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷= ç ÷ = 5×5×5 =
è5ø è5ø è5ø è5ø 125
06. Simplify :
0 0 0 0
éæ 5 ö 2 æ 2 ö –1ù æ 5 ö0
(i) (4 + 3 ) ÷ (2 + 5 ) (ii) êç ÷ ¸ ç ÷ ú ¸ ç ÷
ëêè 4 ø è 5 ø ûú è 4 ø
é 4 7 4 9ù 4 3 æ3ö
–3
æ4ö
–3
(iii) êæç ö÷ ¸ æç ö÷ ú ´ æç ö÷ (iv) ç ÷ ´ç ÷
ëêè 3 ø è 3 ø ûú è 3 ø è7ø è5ø
Sol. (i)
0 0 0 0
We have, (4 + 3 ) ÷ (2 + 5 )
= (1 + 1) ÷ (1 + 1) [a° =1]
= 2÷2 = 1
éæ 5 ö 2 æ 2 ö –1ù æ 5 ö0 éæ 4 ö 7 æ 4 ö9 ù æ 4 ö3
(ii) We have, êç ÷ ¸ ç ÷ ú ¸ ç ÷ (iii) We have, êç ÷ ¸ ç ÷ ú ´ ç ÷
ëêè 4 ø è 5 ø ûú è 4 ø ëêè 3 ø è 3 ø ûú è 3 ø
éæ 5 ö æ5 ö1ù
2
7–9 3
= êç ÷ ¸ ç ÷ ú ¸ 1 æ4ö æ4ö
êëè 4 ø è2 ø úû = ç ÷× ç ÷
è3ø è3ø
–2 3 –2+3
æ25 2 ö 5 æ4ö æ4ö æ4ö æ4ö
= ç × ÷ ¸1 = = ç ÷× ç ÷ = ç ÷ = ç ÷
è16 5ø 8 è3ø è3ø è3ø è3ø
–3 –3
æ 3ö
(iv) We have, ç ÷ ´ ç ÷ æ 4ö
è7ø è5ø
–3
æ3 4ö [am × an = (ab)m]
= ç ´ ÷
è7 5ø
–3 3
æ 12ö æ 35ö 35 ×35×35 42875
= ç ÷ = ç ÷ = =
è 35ø è 12ø 12×12×12 1728
07. Separate true and false statements :
2
4 2
æ –4 ö æ –4 ö 16 æ –7 ö 49
(i) ´ (ii) ç ÷ ¸ = –1
ç ÷ ç ÷ = 25 è 9 ø 81
è 5 ø è 5 ø
7–7
æ1ö
(iii) (iv)
0 0 0
4 ×5 = 1 ç ÷ =2
è3ø
4 2
We have, çæ ÷ö ´ æ –4 ö 16
Sol. –4
(i) ç ÷ = 25
è 5 ø è 5 ø
4 2
æ –4 ö æ –4 ö
L.H.S. = ç ÷ ´ ç ÷
è 5 ø è 5 ø
4+2 6
æ –4 ö æ –4 ö
= ç ÷ = ç ÷
è 5 ø è 5 ø 2
16 æ –4 × –4 ö æ –4 ö
R.H.S. = = ç ÷ = ç 5 ÷
25 è 5×5 ø è ø
Comparing : L.H.S. and R.H.S.
6 2
Þ æç ö÷ ? æ –4 ö
–4
= ç ÷
è 5 ø è 5 ø
6 2
Þ æç ö÷ æ –4 ö
–4
¹ ç ÷
è 5 ø è 5 ø
Since, L.H.S. ¹ R.H.S
2
We have, çæ ÷ö ¸
–7 49
(ii) = –1
è 9 ø 81
2
æ –7 ö æ 49 ö
L.H.S. = ç ÷ ¸ ç ÷
è 9 ø è 81 ø
2
æ –7 ö æ 49ö
= ç ÷ ¸ ç ÷
è 9 ø è 81ø
49 81
= × =1
81 49
R.H.S. = –1
Since, L.H.S. g R.H.S.
(iii) We have, 4 × 5 = 1
0 0
L.H.S. = (4 × 50)
0
= 1×1 = 1 [a° = 1]
R.H.S. = 1
7–7
(iv) æ1ö 0
ç ÷ =2
è ø
3
7–7 )
æ1ö =æ1ö = 1 [a° = 1]
L.H.S. = ç ÷ ç ÷
è3ø è3ø
R.H.S. = 2° =1
2 0 3
a æ3ö æ3ö æaö
08. If = ç ÷ ¸ ç ÷ , find ç ÷, express the answer in exponential form.
b è4ø è4ø èbø
2 0
a æ3ö æ3ö
Sol. =ç ÷ ¸ ç ÷ (Given)
b è4ø è4ø
9 9
= ¸1= ( a° = 1)
16 16
a 9
=
b 16
3 3
æ a ö æ 9ö
ç ÷ =ç ÷
è b ø è16ø
2 3
é æ 3ö é
= ç ÷
ëè 4 ø ë
6
æ 3ö
=ç ÷
è4ø
12 8 5x –5
æ–2
–ö æ––2ö æ–2 ö
09. Find the value of x if ç ÷ ´ ç ÷ = ç ÷
è5 ø è5 ø è 5ø
12 8 5x –5
Sol. æ –2 ö æ –2 ö æ –2 ö
ç ÷ ´ç ÷ =ç ÷
è 5 ø è 5 ø è 5 ø
12+8 5x – 5
æ –2 ö æ –2 ö
Þ ç ÷ = ç ÷
è 5 ø è 5 ø
20 5x – 5
æ –2 ö æ –2 ö
Þ ç ÷ = ç ÷
è 5 ø è 5 ø
Þ 20 = 5x –5 (Comparing powers)
Þ 5x = 25
Þ x = 5
Hence, the required value of x is 5.
–3 0
æ –2 ö æ 49 ö 2
10. If x = ç ÷ ¸ ç ÷ , find the value of x .
è 5 ø è 94 ø
–3 0
We have, x = æç ö÷ ¸ æ 49 ö
–2
Sol. ç ÷
è 5 ø è 94 ø
–3
x = çæ ÷ö ¸
–2
Þ 1
è 5 ø
3
x = çæ ÷ö
–5
Þ
è 2 ø
125
Þ x=–
8
Now, according to question,
2
æ –125 æ
x ç2 =
ç
è 8 è
–125×–125
Þ x2 =
8×8
15625
=
64 15625
Hence, the required value of x2 is .
64
EXERCISE - 2.2
01. Express as rational number :
–3 –1 –1 –1
æ –5 ö æ 3ö æ 4ö –3
(iii) æç ö÷
–3
(i) ç ÷ (ii) ç ÷ ´ ç ÷ (iv) (–7)
è 7 ø è7ø è5ø è 4 ø
–3
We have, æç ö÷
Sol. –5
(i)
è 7 ø
–3 3
æ –5 ö
= ç ÷ = ç ÷ æ –7 ö
è 7 ø è 5 ø
(–7) ×(–7)× (–7) –343
= =
5×5×5 125
–1 –1
æ3ö æ4ö
(ii) We have,ç ÷ ´ ç ÷
è7ø è5ø
–1 –1 –1
æ3ö æ4ö æ3 4ö [ a–m× b–m = (ab)–m ]
ç ÷ ´ ç ÷ = ç ´ ÷
è7ø è5ø è7 5ø
–1
æ 3×4 ö
= ç ÷
è 7×5 ø
–1
35
1
æ 12 ö æ 35 ö
= ç ÷ = ç ÷ = .
–1
è 35 ø è 12 ø 12
(iii) We have, æç ö÷
–3
è 4 ø
–1 1
æ–3ö = æ–4ö –4
ç ÷ ç ÷ = .
è4ø è3ø 3
(iv) We have, (–7)

–3
3
æ–1ö –1
ç ÷ =
è7ø 343
02. Express as a power of a rational number with positive exponent :
3 –3 –3 –2
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
–5
æ 4 ö æ 6 ö éæ 3 ö5 ù –5 –2 –3
(i) (ii) (iii) ê (iv) (7 ÷ 7 ) × 3
ç ÷ ´ç ÷ ç ÷ ´ ç 11 ÷ ç ÷ú
è9ø è9ø è5ø è ø ëêè 8 ø ûú
3 –5
We have, æç ö÷ ´ æç ö÷
Sol. 1 1
(i)
è9ø è9ø
3 –5 3+(–5) 3–5 –2
æ1ö æ1ö æ1ö æ1ö æ1ö
éa–m = 1mé
2
ç ÷ ´ ç ÷ = ç ÷ = ç ÷ = ç 9 ÷ = (9) a ë
è9ø è9ø è9ø è9ø è ø ë
–3 –3
We have, æç ö÷ ´ æç ö÷
4 6
(ii)
è5ø è 11 ø
–3 –3 –3 –3 –3 3
æ4ö æ6ö æ4 6ö æ 4×6 ö = æ 24 ö = æ 55 ö
ç ÷ ´ç ÷ = ç ´ ÷ = ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷
è 5 ø è11ø è 5 11ø è 5×11ø è 55 ø è 24 ø
–2
éæ 3 ö5 ù
(iii) We have, êç ÷ ú
ëêè 8 ø ûú
–2 10
éæ 3 ö5 ù æ3ö
5×(–2)
æ3ö
–10
æ 8ö
êç ÷ ú = ç ÷ = ç ÷ = ç ÷
ëêè 8 ø ûú è8ø è8ø è3ø
(iv) –5 –2
We have, (7 ÷ 7 ) × 3 –3
–5 –2 –3
= (7 ÷ 7 ) × 3
–5 –(–2) –3
[ am ¸ an = am–n ]
= (7 )×3
–5 +2 –3
= 7 ×3
–3 –3 [ am × bm = (ab)m ]
= 7 ×3
–3
= (7 × 3)
–3
= (21)
3 éa–n = 1n é
= é1 é ë a ë
ë21 ë
03. Express each of the following as a power of rational number with negative
exponent : 4 –3
1 æ –3 ö æ –3 ö
(i) 2 × 4
5
(ii) ç ÷ ×ç ÷
4 è 7 ø è 7 ø
10
3æ –1 ö
–3
æ 4 ö ù æ 4 ö2 3 4 4
æ 4ö ù
(iii) (–6) × ç ÷ (iv) ç ÷ × ú ç ÷ ÷ ç ÷ ú
è 2 ø è 5 ø û è5ø è5ø û
1
Sol. (i) We have, 2 × 4
5
4
5
1 5 4
2 × 4
= 2
4 4
æ –3
= æç 1 ç
5–2
= 4 = 43
è 4è
4 –3
We have, æç ö÷ × æç ö÷
–3 –3
(ii)
è 7 ø è 7 ø
4 –3 4 +(–3)
æ –3 ö æ –3 ö æ –3 ö
ç ÷ ×ç ÷ = ç ÷
è 7 ø è 7 ø è 7 ø
4 –3 1 –1
æ –3 ö = æ –3 ö = æ –7 ö
= ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷
–3 è 7 ø è 7 ø è 3 ø
We have, (–6)3 × æç ö÷
–1
(iii)
è 2 ø
–3 –3 –3
3 æ –1 ö æ –1 ö æ –1 ö
(–6) × ç ÷ = ç ÷ × ç ÷
è 2 ø è 6 ø è 2 ø
[am × bn = (ab)m]
–3
= éæç ö÷ × çæ ö÷é
–1 –1
ëè 6 ø è 2 øë
–3 –3
ù (–1)×(–1)ù 1
= ú ú = æç ö÷
û 6×2 û è 12 ø
æ 4 ö
10
ù æ 4 ö2 3 æ 4ö ù
4 4
(iv) We have, ç ÷ × ú ç ÷ ÷ ç ÷ ú
è 5 ø û è5ø è5ø û
10
ù æ 4 ö6 æ 4 ö16 ù [ (am)n = amn ]
æ 4 ö
= ç ÷ úç ÷ ÷ ç ÷ ú
è 5 ø û è5ø è5ø û
æ 4 ö
10
ù æ 4 ö6–16 ù m
= ç ÷ × úç ÷ ú [ a n = am–n ]
è 5 ø û è5ø û a
10 –10
æ 4 ö æ 4ö
= ç ÷ × ç ÷
è 5 ø è5ø
10+(–10)
æ 4 ö
= ç ÷ [ am × am = am+n ]
è 5 ø
10–10 0
æ 4 ö æ 4 ö
= ç ÷ = ç ÷ = 1 = (1)1 [ a° = 1]
è 5 ø è 5 ø
= (1)–1

04. Simplify :
–3 4 –5 –5
æ–2ö
(i) ç ÷ ´ ç ÷æ–2ö
(ii) æ3ö æ5ö
ç ÷ ´ ç ÷
è5ø è5ø è5ø è9ø
æ2ö
–5
æ2ö æ2ö
2 3
éæ –8 ö –1 æ 16 ö –1 ù æ 4 ö –1
(iii) ç ÷ ´ ç ÷ ´ ç ÷ (iv) êç ÷ + ç ÷ ú + ç ÷
è3ø è3ø è3ø ëêè 13 ø è 5 ø ûú è 5 ø
–3 4
Sol. (i) We have, æç–2ö÷ ´ æ–2ö

ç ÷
è5ø è5ø
–3 4 –3+4
æ–2ö æ–2ö æ–2ö
ç ÷ ´ ç ÷ = ç ÷
è5ø è5ø è5ø [am × an = am+n ]
1
æ–2ö –2
= ç ÷ =
è5ø 5
–5 –5
We have, æç ö÷ ´ æ5ö
3
(ii) ç ÷
è5ø è9ø
–5 –5 –5
æ3ö æ5ö æ3 5ö
[ am × bm = (ab)m ]
ç ÷ ´ ç ÷ = ç ´
è5ø è9ø è5 9 ÷ø
–5
æ1 ö (3)5
= ç ÷ =
è3 ø
–5 2 3
æ2ö æ2ö æ2ö
(iii) We have, ç ÷ ´ ç ÷ ´ç ÷
è3ø è3ø è3ø
–5+2+3 [ am × an = am+n ]
æ2ö æ2ö = æ2 ö
–5 2 3
æ2ö
ç ÷ ´ ç ÷ ´ç ÷ ç ÷
è3ø
è3ø è3ø è3ø
0
æ2 ö [ a° = 1]
= ç ÷
è3ø
= 1
éæ –8 ö –1 æ 16 ö –1 ù æ 4 ö –1
(iv) We have, êç ÷ + ç ÷ ú + ç ÷
ëêè 13 ø è 5 ø ûú è 5 ø
æ–13ö æ5 ö æ5ö –13 5 5 1
[ a–m = m ]
ç ÷ + ç ÷ + ç ÷ = 8 + 16 + 4 a
è 8ø è 16 ø è4ø
L.C.M. of 8, 16 and 4 is 16.
(–13×2) + 5 + (5×4)
=
–26 + 5 + 20
16 16
–1
= .
16
–3 1
05. By what number (4) be multiplied so that the product becomes ?
16
Sol. Let (4) is to be multiplied by x.
–3
Then according to question.

1
We have, (4)–3 × x =
16
1
x =
–3
÷ (4)
16
æ1 æ
2
–3
= ç ç ÷ (4)
è4 è
–2 –3
= (4) ÷ (4)
–2–(–3)
= (4)
–2+3
= (4)
1
= 4 =4
Hence, the required number x is 4.
0
æ 11 ö
0
æ5ö
06. By what number should ç ÷ be multiplied so that the product becomes ç ÷ ?
0 è9ø è 13 ø
Sol. æ 5ö
Let ç ÷ is to be multiplied by x.
è9ø
Then according the question
0 0
æ 5ö æ 11 ö
We have, ç ÷ × x = ç ÷
è9ø è 13 ø
1× x = 1
x = 1.
Hence, the required number is 1.
–2
æ2ö
07. By what number should ç ÷ be multiplied so that the product is 12 ?
–2 è3ø
Sol. æ 2ö
Let ç ÷ is to be multiplied by x.
è3ø
Then according to questions,
–2
æ2ö
We have, ç ÷ × x = 12
è3ø
2
æ 3ö
= ç ÷ × x = 12
è2ø
2
æ 3ö
x = 12 ÷ ç ÷ = 12 ÷
9
è2ø 4
4 = 12 × 4 = 4 × 4 = 16
= 12 ×
9 9 3 3
16
Hence, the required number x is .
3
–3
æ3ö
08. By what number should ç ÷ be divided so that the quotient become 128 ?
–3 è4ø
Sol. æ 3 ö
Let ç ÷ is to be divided by x.
è4ø
Then according to question
–3
æ3ö
We have, ç ÷ ÷ x = 128
è4ø
3
æ4ö 1
ç ÷ × x = 128
è3ø
64 1
× x = 128
27
64
27x =
128
64
x =
128 × 27
1
x =
54
1
54
–2
æ2ö
09. By what number should ç ÷ be divided so that the quotient may be equal to 5?
–2 è5ø
Let æç ö÷ is to be divided by x.
2
Sol.
è5ø
Then according the question.
–2
æ2ö
We have, ç ÷ ÷ x=5
è5ø
2
æ5ö 1
ç ÷ × x =5
è2ø
25 1
× x =5
4
25
= 5
4x
20 x = 25
25
x =
20
5
x =
4
5
4

–1 –3
æ1ö æ4ö
10. Find the reciprocal of the rational number ç ÷ ¸ ç ÷ .
–1 –3 è3ø è5ø
Sol. æ 1 ö
We have ç ÷ ¸ ç ÷ æ 4 ö
è3ø è5ø
–1 –3 3
æ1ö æ4ö æ5ö
ç ÷ ¸ ç ÷ = 3 ¸ ç ÷
è3ø è5ø è4ø
64 192
= 3× =
125 125
192 125
Now, reciprocal of is .
125 192
0 –2
æ3ö æ4ö
11. Simplify : (i) ç ÷ ´ ç ÷ (ii) 30 + 2–2
è2ø è5ø
0 –2
Sol. (i) We have, æç 3 ö÷ ´ æç 4 ö÷
è2ø è5ø
0 –2 2
æ3ö æ4ö æ5ö
ç ÷ ´ç ÷ = 1´ç ÷
è2ø è5ø è4ø
25 1
= [ a0 = 1 and a–m = m]
16 a
(ii) We have, 3 + 2
0 –2
2
0 –2 æ1ö
3 +2 = 1+ ç ÷
è2ø
1 4 +1
= 1+ =
4 4
5
=
4
5 –2 x
æ3ö æ3ö æ3ö
12. Find x, if ç ÷ ´ ç ÷ = ç ÷
è7ø è7ø è7ø
5 –2 x
Sol. We have, çæ 3 ÷ö ´ çæ 3 ÷ö = çæ 3 ÷ö
è7ø è7ø è7ø
5+(–2) x
æ3ö æ3ö
Þ ç ÷ = ç ÷
è7ø è7ø
5–2 x 3 x
æ3ö æ3ö
Þ ç ÷ = ç ÷ Þ æç ÷ö = çæ ÷ö
3 3
Comparing powers of both fractions.
We have, x = 3 , Hence, the value of x is 3.
–3 5 x
æ7ö æ7ö æ7ö
13. Find x so that ç ÷ ´ ç ÷ = ç ÷
è8ø è8ø è8ø
–3 5 x
Sol. We have, æ 7 ö ´ æ 7 ö æ7ö
= ç ÷
ç ÷ ç ÷
è8ø è8ø è8ø
–3+5 x
æ7ö æ7ö
Þ ç ÷ = ç ÷
è8ø è8ø
5–3 x 2 x
æ7ö æ7ö æ7ö æ7ö
Þ ç ÷ = ç ÷ Þ ç ÷ = ç ÷
We have, x = 2 , Hence, the value of x is 2.
–3 5 m
æ5ö æ5ö æ5ö
14. Find m if ç ÷ ´ ç ÷ = ç ÷
è 11 ø è 11 ø è 11 ø
–3 5 m
Sol. æ 5 ö æ 5
We have, ç ÷ ´ ç ÷ = ç ÷ ö æ 5 ö
è 11 ø è 11 ø è 11 ø
–3+5 m
æ5ö æ5ö
ç ÷ ç ÷
è 11ø è11ø
5–3 m 2 m
æ5ö æ5ö æ5ö æ5ö
ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷
è11ø è11ø è 11ø è 11ø
We have, m = 2 , Hence, the value of x is 2.
15. For any rational number a ¹ 0 which of the following statements are true?
Sol. (i) a–m × an = a–m–n is not true. (ii) (am)–n = a–mn is true.
m m m m n m–n
(iii) a × b = (ab) is true. (iv) a ÷ a = a is true.
.
–m
(v) a × a = a is not true.
0 0
3 Squares and Square Roots

EXERCISE - 3.1
1. Which of the following numbers are perfect squares :
11, 12, 16, 32, 36
Sol. 11 Þ Prime factors of 11 = 1×11
As we can see that there is no any pairs of factors . So, 11 is not a perfect
square.

12 Þ Prime factors of 12 = 1×2×2×3
Grouping the factors into pairs of equal factors, we find that 3 is left alone. Since, the
prime factors of 12 do not exist in pairs.
So, 12 is not a perfect square.
16 Þ Prime factors of 16 = 2×2×2×2
Grouping the factors into pairs of equal factors, we find that there is no factor left
alone.
Since, the prime factors of 16 exist in pairs. So, 16 is a perfect square.
32Þ Prime factors of 32 = 2×2×2×2×2
Grouping the factors into pairs of equal factors, we find that one 2 is left alone.
Since, the prime factors of 32 does not exist in pairs, So, 32 is not a perfect square.
36 Þ Prime factors of 36 = 2×2×3 ×3
Grouping the factors into pairs of equal factors, we find one pair of 2 and one pair 3,
and no factor left alone. So, 36 is a perfect square.
2. Which of the numbers are squares of even numbers :
121, 225, 256, 1296, 6561
Sol. We know that the squares of even numbers are even.
Since, 256, 1296 are even.
So, 256 and 1296 are squares of even numbers.
3. Which of the following number are perfect squares :
100, 1000, 330550, 12345600000
Sol. 100 is a perfect square. [ number of 0 is even.]
04. Without actual squaring, find the value of :
(i) 232 – 222 (ii) 1012 – 1002 (iii) 5512 – 5502
Sol. (i) We have , (232 –222)
(232 –222) = (23+22) (23–22) [ a2 – b2 = (a+b) (a–b)]
= 45 × 1
= 45
(ii) We have , (1012 –1002)
(1012 –1002) = (101+100) (101–100) [ a2 – b2 = (a +b) (a–b)]
= 201 × 1
= 201.

(iii) We have , (551 –550 )
2 2
(5512 –5502) = (551+550) (551–550) [ a2 – b2 = (a+b) (a–b)]

= 1101 × 1
= 1101
05. Without actual squaring, find the value of : (Hint : using Vedic Method)
2 2 2
(i) 65 (ii) 75 (iii) 45
Sol. (i) We have, 65
2
Here, a = 6 and b = 5
I II III
a
2
2ab b
2
2
6 = 36 2 × 6×5 52= 2 5
+6 =60
42 +2
62
42 2 5
65 = 4225.
2
2
(ii) 75
2
We have, 75
Here, a = 7 and b = 5
I II III
a
2
2ab b2
2
7 = 49 2×7× 5 52= 2 5
+7 =70
56 +2
72
56 2 5
75 2= 5625
2
(iii) 45 I II III
2
We have, 45 2
2ab
a b2
Here a = 4 and b = 5 2
4 = 16 2× 4×5 52= 2 5
+4 =40
20 +2
42
20 2 5
45 = 2025
2

6. What are Pythagorean triplets? Find Pythagorean triplets, whose one number
is :
(i) 4 (ii) 6 (iii) 16
Sol. We know that for every natural number m>1 (2m, m2–1, m2 +1) is a Pythagorean
triplet.
(i) 4
Here, 2m = 4
m = 2
Putting m = 2 in (2m, m2–1, m2 +1) we get
2m = 4
m –1 = 22–1 = 3
2
m2+1 = 22+1 = 5
Thus, the Pythagorean triplet is (4, 3, 5)
(ii) 6
Here, 2m = 6
m = 3
2m = 6
m –1 = 32–1 = 8
2
m2+1 = 32+1 = 10
(iii) 16
Here, 2m = 16
m = 8
2m = 16
m –1 = 82–1 = 63
2
m2+1 = 82+1 = 65
7. (a) Find the square of the following numbers, using the identity = (a + b)2 = a2
+ 2ab + b2.
(i) 211 (ii) 625
(b) Find the square of the following numbers, using the identity = (a – b)2 = a2
– 2ab + b2
(i) 491 (ii) 1890
Sol. (a) (i) We have, 211
211 = (200 + 11)
Using identity (a + b) a2 + 2ab + b2 , we get
2
=
(200)2 + 2 ×200×11 + (11)2
2
(200 + 11) =
= 40,000 + 4400 + 121
= 44,400 + 121
= 44,521
(ii) We have, 625
625 = 600 + 25
Using identity (a +b) 2
= a2 + 2ab + b2 , we get
(600 + 25)2 = (600)2 + 2 × 600 ×25 + (25)2
= 3,60,000 + 30,000 + 625
= 3,90,000 + 625
= 3,90,625
(b) (i) We have, 491
491 = (500 –9)
Using identity (a–b) 2
= a2 – 2ab + b2 , we get
(500 – 9)2 = 5002 – 2 × 500 ×9 + (9)2
= 2,50,000 – 9000 + 81
= 2,41,000 + 81
= 2,41,081
(ii) We have, 189
189 = 200 – 11
Using identity (a–b) 2
= a2 – 2ab + b2 , we get
(200 – 11)2 = 2002 – 2 ×200×11 + (11)2
= 40,000 – 4400 + 121
= 35,600 + 121
= 35,721
08. The square of a three digit number 5ab starting with 5 is (250 + ab) thousand +
(ab)2.
Thus, 5112 = (250 + 11) thousand + 112 = 261121
use this method to write the square of :
(i) 509 (ii) 534 (iii) 580
Sol. (i) 509 is a 3-digit number starting with 5. So using (250 + ab) thousand + (ab)
2
We get
509 = (250 + 9) thousand + (9)2
= 259000 +81
= 259081
(ii) 534 = (250+34) thousand + (34)
2
= 284000 +1156
= 285156
(iii) 580 = (250+80) thousand + (80)2
= 330000 +6400
= 336400
09. Express each of the following perfect square numbers as sum of odd numbers :
(i) 49 (ii) 64 (iii) 81
Sol. (i) 49
2
= 7
2
7 = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11+ 13
(ii) 64 = 82
82 = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11+ 13 + 15
(iii) 81 = 92
92 = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11+ 13 + 15 + 17
10. Without actual adding, find the sum :
(i) 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 (ii) 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13
(iii) 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19 + 21 + 23 + 25
Sol. (i) 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 52 = 25
(ii) 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 = 72 = 49
(iii) 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19 + 21 + 23 + 25 = 13 = 169.
2
11. Using prime factorization method, find which of the following numbers are
perfect squares :
(i) 189 (ii) 343 (iii) 4096 (iv) 3451
(v) 4566 (vi) 2025 (vii) 11025 (viii) 3549
Sol. (i) 189
Resolving 189 into prime factors, 3 189
3 63
we obtained, 3 21
189 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 7 7 7
Grouping the factors into pairs of equal factors we find 1
only one pair of 3 and one 3, one 7 left alone. Therefore
189 is not a perfect square.
(ii) 343 7 343
we obtained, 7 7
1
343 = 7 × 7 × 7
Grouping the factors into pairs of equal factors we find
that, one 7 is left alone.
Therefore 343 is not a perfect square.
2 4096
(iii) 4096 2 2048
we obtained, 2 512
2 256
4096 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2× 2 × 2× 2 × 2× 2 × 2× 2 × 2
2 128
Grouping the factors into pairs of 2 64
equal factors we find that, 6 pairs of 2 32
2 and there is no factor left alone. 2 16
Therefore 4096 is a perfect square. 2 8
2 4
2 2
(iv) 3451 1
Resolving 3451 into prime factors,
7 3451
we obtained, 17 493
3451 = 7 × 17 × 29 29 29
There is no factors in pairs. Therefore, 3451 is not a 1
perfect square.
(v) 4566
3 2283
we obtained, 761 761
4566 = 2 × 3 × 761 1
There is no factors in pairs. Therefore, 4566 is not a
perfect square. 3 2025
(vi) 2025 3 675
we obtained, 3 75
5 25
2025 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3× 5 × 5 5 5
Grouping the factors into pairs of equal factors we find 1
that, there is no factor left alone.
Therefore, 2025 is a perfect square.
(vii) 11025 3 11025
we obtained, 5 1225
5 245
11025 = 3 × 3 × 5 × 5× 7 × 7 7 49
Grouping the factors into pairs of equal factors we find 7 7
that, there is no factors left alone. 1
Therefore, 11025 is a perfect square.
(viii) 3549
Resolving into prime factors, we obtained, 3 3549
7 1183
3549 = 3 × 7 × 13 × 13 13 169
Grouping the factors into pairs of equal factors. 13 13
we find only one pair of 13 and one 3, one 7 left alone. 1
Therefore, 3549 is not a perfect square.
12. Observe the following patterns and find the missing numbers :
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 +2 +2 =3 2 +3 +6 =7 3 + 4 + 12 = 13
2 2 2 2 2 2
(i) 4 + 5 + ____ = 21 (ii) 5 + ____ + 30 = 31
2 2
(iii) 6 + 7 + ___ = ____
2 2 2 2
Sol. (i) 4 + 5 + 20 = 21 (ii) 5 + 6 + 30 = 31 (iii) 6 + 7 + 42 = 43
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
13. Find the squares of the following numbers using the column method. Verify the
result by finding the square using the usual method :
(i) 37 (ii) 54 (iii) 71
Sol. (i) 37 (ii) 54
Here a = 3 and b = 7 Here a = 5 and b = 4
I II III I II III
a
2
2ab b2 a
2
2ab b
2
2 2 2
3 = 9 2×3 ×7 7 = 4 9 5 = 25 2×5 ×4 42 = 1 6
+4 =42 +4 =40
13 +4 29 +1
46 41
13 6 9 29 1 6
(37) = 1369 (54) = 2916
2 2
(iii) 71
Here a = 7 and b = 1
I II III
a
2
2ab b2
2 2
7 = 49 2 ×7 ×1 1 = 1
+1 =1 4
50
50 4 1
(71) = 5041
2
14. Find the squares of the following numbers using column method :
(i) 89 (ii) 293 (iii) 161
Sol. (i) 89
(100 –11) = 89
Using identity (a –b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2, we get
(100 –11)2 = (100)2 – 2 × 100 × 11 + (11)2
= 10000 – 2200 + 121
= 7800 + 121
= 7921.
(ii) 293
(300 –7) = 293
Using identity (a –b)2 = a2 – 2 ab + b2, we get
(300 –7)2 = (300)2 – 2 × 300 × 7 + (7)2
= 90000 – 4200 + 49
= 85800 + 49
= 85849.
(iii) 161
(150 +11) = 161
Using identity (a+b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2, we get
(150 +11)2 = (150)2 + 2 × 150 × 11 + (11)2
= 22500 + 3300 + 121
= 22500 + 3421
= 25921.
EXERCISE - 3.2
1. Find the square roots of 121 and 196 by method of repeated subtraction.
Sol. 121 196
(i) 121 – 1 = 120 (i) 196 – 1 = 195
(ii) 120 – 3 = 117 (ii) 195 – 3 = 192
(iii) 117 – 5 = 112 (iii) 192 – 5 = 187
(iv) 112 – 7 = 105 (iv) 187 – 7 = 180
(v) 105 – 9 = 96 (v) 180 – 9 = 171
(vi) 96 – 11 = 85 (vi) 171 – 11 = 160
(vii) 85 – 13 = 72 (vii) 160 – 13 = 147
(viii) 72 – 15 = 57 (viii) 147 – 15 = 132
(ix) 57 – 17 = 40 (ix) 132 – 17 = 115
(x) 40 – 19 = 21 (x) 115 – 19 = 96
(xi) 21 – 21 = 0 (xi) 96 – 21 = 75

Since, total number of subtraction (xii) 75 – 23 = 52
is 11. (xiii) 52 – 25 = 27
Therefore Ö121 = 11 (xiv) 27 – 27 = 0
Since, total number of subtraction is 14
Therefore Ö196 = 14
2. Find the square root of the following by prime factorization method :
(i) 11664 (ii) 298116 (iii) 108241 (iv) 5774409
Sol. (i) 11664 2 11664
11664 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 ×3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 2 5832
Ö 11664 = Ö 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 ×3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2916
2 1458
= 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 ×3 3 729
= 108 3 243
3 81
3 27
3 9
3 3
1
(ii) 298116 2 298116
298116 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 ×7 × 7 × 13 × 13 2 149058
Ö 298116 = Ö 2 × 3 × 7 × 13 3 74529
2 2 2 2
3 24843
= 2 × 3 × 7 × 13
7 8281
= 546 7 1183
13 169
(iii) 108241 13 13
1
108241 = 7 × 7 × 47× 47
Ö 108241 = Ö 7 × 47 7 108241
2 2
= 7× 47 7 15463
47 2209
= 329 47 47
(iv) 5774409 1
5774409 = 3 × 3 × 3× 3 × 3× 3 × 89× 89 3 5774409
3 1924803
Ö 5774409 = Ö 3 × 3 × 3 × 89
2 2 2 2
3 641601
= 3× 3 × 3 × 89 3 213867
= 27× 89 3 71289
= 2403 3 23763
89 7921
89 89
1
3. Find the smallest number by which 4851 must be multiplied so that the product
is a perfect square.
Sol. 4851
Resolving into prime factors, we get
4851 = 3 × 3 × 7× 7 × 11
Grouping the factors into the pairs of equal factors we find
3 4851
that only 11 is left alone.
3 1617
So, we multiply 4851 × 11 to get 4851 × 11 = 3 × 3 × 7× 7 × 11× 11 7 539
Now each prime factor is in a pair. 7 77
Therefore, 4851× 11 = 53361 is a perfect square. 11 11
Hence, the required smallest number is 11. 1
4. A General arranges his soldiers in rows to form a perfect square. He finds that
in doing so, 60 soldiers are left out. If the total number of soldiers be 8160. Find
the number of soldiers in each row.
Sol. Total number of soldiers = 8160
Number of soldiers left out = 60
Since, soldiers would be arranged in a perfect square so, number of soldiers which
can be arranged in a perfect square = 8160 –60 = 8100
3 8100
In a square number of rows are equal to number of columns. 3 2700
Ö8100 = Ö 3 × 3 × 3 × 3× 10× 10 3 900
3 300
= 3× 3 × 10 10 100
= 90. 10 10
Hence, there are 90 soldiers in each row. 1
5. Find the smallest number by which 28812 must be divided so that the quotient
becomes a perfect square.
Sol. 28812 = 2 ×2 × 3×7× 7 × 7× 7 2 28812
Grouping the factors into pairs of equal factors, 2 14406
we find that only 3 is left alone. 3 7203
7 2401
Therefore, 28812 is not a perfect square. 7 343
But if we divide 28812 by 3, then 7 49
7 7
28812 ÷ 3 = 2 × 2 × 7 × 7× 7 × 7 1
9604 = 2 ×2 × 7 ×7 × 7 ×7
Here each primes occurs in pairs. Therefore required smallest number is 3.
6. Find the number by which 1152 must be divided so that it becomes a perfect
square.Also, find the square root of the number so obtained.
Sol. 1152
Resolving into prime factors, we get 2 1152
1152 = 2 ×2 × 2 ×2 × 2 ×2 × 2× 3 × 3 2 576
Grouping the factors into pairs of equal factors, 2 288
2 144
we find that only one 2 is left alone. 2 72
If we divide 1152 by 2, then 2 36
1152 ÷2 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 2 18
3 9
576 = 2 ×2 × 2 ×2 × 2 ×2 × 3 × 3
3 3
Now, each prime occurs in pairs. Therefore required the 1
smallest number is 2.
2 2 2 2
Hence, 576 = 2 ×2 ×2 ×3
= 2×2×2×3
= 24
7. A society collected `9216. Each member collected as many paisa as there were
members. How many members were there and how much did each contribute?
Sol. Given that number of members are equal to sum 2 9216
of money collected by each member. 2 4608
2 2304
Total sum of money collected by members = ` 9216 2 1152
Sum of money collected by each member = Ö 9216 2 576
2 288
Ö 9216 = Ö 2 ×2 × 2 ×2 × 2 ×2 × 2 × 2× 2 × 2× 3 × 3 2 144
= 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 96 2 72
So, each member collects ` 96 2 36
2 18
Therefore total number of members are 96. 3 9
3 3
1
8. The student of class VIII of a school donated `2401 for Prime Minister’
National Fund. Each student donated as many rupees as the number of
students in the class. Find the number of students in the class.
Sol. Given that sum of rupees donated by students is equal to number of students.
Total sum of rupees donated by students = ` 2401
Sum of rupees donated by each student = Ö 2401
Ö 2401 = Ö 7 ×7 × 7 ×7 = 7 × 7 = 49 7 2401
7 343
So, each students donates ` 49 7 49
Therefore, the number of students in the class is 49. 7 7
1
9. Find the square root of 169 by repeated subtraction method.
Sol. 169
(i) 169 – 1 = 168 (ii) 168 – 3 = 165
(iii) 165 – 5 = 160 (iv) 160 – 7 = 153
(v) 153 – 9 = 144 (vi) 144 – 11 = 133
(vii) 133 – 13 = 120 (viii) 120 – 15 = 105
(ix) 105 – 17 = 88 (x) 88 – 19 = 69
(xi) 69 – 21 = 48 (xii) 48 – 23 = 25
(xiii) 25 – 25 = 0. Since, total number of subtraction is 13.
Therefore, Ö 169 = 13
EXERCISE - 3.3
1. Find the square root of :
(i) 54756 (ii) 99856 (iii) 390625
(iv) 1234321 (v) 82264900 (vi) 3915380329
Sol. (i) 54756
Applying long division method, we have,
234
2 54756
4
43 147
129
464 1856
1856
0
Hence, the square root of 54756 is 234.
i.e., Ö54756 = 234
(ii) 99856 (iii) 390625
Applying long division method, Applying long division method,
we have, 316 we have, 625
3 99856 6 390625
9 36
61 98 122 306
61 244
626 3756 1245 6225
3756 6225
0 0
Since, the remainder is 0. Since, the remainder is 0.
Hence, the square root of 99856 is Hence, the square root of 390625 is
316. 625.
i.e., Ö99856 = 316 i.e., Ö390625 = 625
(iv) 1234321
1111
1 1234321
1
21 23
21
221 243 Since, the remainder is 0.
221 Hence, the square root of 1234321 is
2221 2221 1111.
2221 i.e., Ö1234321 = 1111
(v) 82264900 0
9070
9 82264900
81
180 126
0
1807 12649 Since, the remainder is 0.
12649 Hence, the square root of 82264900 is
18140 00 9070.
00 i.e., Ö82264900 = 9070
(vi) 3915380329 0
62573
6 3915380329
36
122 315
244
1245 7138
6225
12507 91303
87549 Since, the remainder is 0.
125143 375429 Hence, the square root of 3915380329
375429 is 62573.
0 i.e., Ö3915380329 = 62573

2. Find the least number which must be subtracted from 2361 to make it a perfect
square.
Sol. Given number = 2361
Applying long division method we have,
48
4 2361
16
88 761
704
57
Since, the remainder is 57 instead of 0.
This means, if 57 is subtracted from 2361, remainder will 0 and new number will be
a perfect square.
Hence, the least number is 57.
3. What least number must be subtracted from 16160 to get a perfect square?
Also find the square root of this perfect square.
Applying long division method we have, 127
1 16160
1
22 61
44
247 1760
1729
31
This means if 31 is subtracted from 16160, remainder will be 0.
New number = 16160 – 31 = 16129
Using long division method 127
1 16129
1
22 61
44
247 1729
1729
Hence, Ö16129 = 127. 0
4. Find the least number which must be subtracted from 18265 to make it a
perfect square.
135
1 18265
1
23 82
69
265 1365
1325
40
This means, if 40 is subtracted from 18265, remainder will 0 and new number will be
a perfect square.
Hence, the least number is 40.
5. Find the least number which must be added to 4931 to make it a perfect square.
70
7 4931
49
140 31
0
31
2 2
Since, we observe that here (70) < 4931 < (71)
So, the required number to be added in 4931
2
= (71) – 4931
= 5041 – 4931 = 110
Thus, the sum of 4931 + 110 = 5041 will be a perfect square.
Hence, the required least number is 110.
6. What least number must be added to 5607 to make the sum of a perfect square?
Find the perfect square and its square root.
74
7 5607
49
144 707
576
131
2 2
Since, we observe that here (74) < 5607 < (75)
So, the required number to be added in 5607
2
= (75) – 5607
= 5625 – 5607 = 18
Thus, the sum of 5607 + 18 = 5625 will be a perfect square.
Hence, the required least number is 18.
Now, Ö5625
Applying long division method, we have
75
7 5625
49
145 725
725
Since, the remainder is 0. 0
So Ö5625 = 75 .
7. Find the least number of 4-digit which is a perfect square.
Sol. The smallest number of 4-digit = 1000
Applying long division method we have, 31
3 1000
9
61 100
61
39
Now, we must find the least number which when added to 1000, gives a perfect
square.
2 2
Here (31) < 1000 < (32)
The required number to be added
2
= (32) – 1000
= 1024 – 1000 = 24
Hence, the required 4-digit number = 1000 + 24 = 1024.
8. Find the greatest number of 6-digit which is a perfect square. Find also the
square root of this number.
Sol. The greatest number of 6-digit = 999999
999
Applying long division method, we have 9 999999
81
189 1899
1701
1989 19899
17901
1998
Since, the remainder is 1998 instead of 0. This means, if we subtract 1998 from
999999, remainder will be zero and new number will be a perfect square.
So, the required number of 6-digit number
which is a perfect square = 999999 – 1998
= 998001
Now Ö998001
Applying long division method, we have 999
9 998001
81
189 1880
1701
1989 17901
0
So Ö998001 = 999 .
9. Find the least number of 6-digit which is a perfect square. Find the square root
of this number.
Sol. The smallest number of 6-digit = 100000
316
3 100000
9
61 100
61
626 3900
3756
144
2 2
We observe that here (316) < 100000 < (317)
The required number to be added to the given number
= (317)2 – 100000
= 100489 – 100000 = 489.
Now, the sum of 100000 + 489 = 100489 will be a perfect square which is the
required least 6-digit number.
Again, Ö100489 = ?
317
3 100489
9
61 104
61
627 4389
4389
0
So Ö100489 = 317 .
EXERCISE - 3.4
(i) 9.3025 (ii) 150.0625 (iii) 0.053361
(iv) 37.0881 (v) 0.00053361
Sol. (i) We have, 9.3025 3.05
Applying long division method we have, 3 9.3025
9
60 30
0
605 3025
Ö9.3025 = 3.05 0
(ii) We have, 150.0625 (iii) We have, 0.053361

Applying long division method Applying long division method
we have, we have,
12.25 0.231
1 150.0625 0 0.053361
1 0
22 050 2 05
44 4
242 606 43 133
484 129
2445 12225 461 461
12225 461
0 0
Since, the remainder is 0. Since, the remainder is 0.
Ö150.0625 = 12.25 Ö0.053361 = 0.231
(iv) We have, 37.0881 (v) We have, 0.00053361
we have, we have, 0.0231
0 0.00053361
6.09 0
6 37.0881 0 00
36 0
120 108 02 005
0 04
1209 10881 043 133
10881 129
0 461 461
461
Ö37.0881 = 6.09 Since, the remainder is 0.
Ö0.00053361 = 0.0231.
2. Find the value of the following upto three places of decimal :
(i) 3 (ii) 7 (iii) 17 (iv) 231 (v) 122
Sol. Since we have to find the value correct upto three places of decimals. So we will find
the square root of it upto four decimal places.
(i) 3 = 3.00000000 (ii) 7 = 7.00000000

we have, we have,
1.7320 2.6457
1 3.00000000 2 7.00000000
1 4
27 200 46 300
189 276
343 1100 524 2400
1029 2096
3462 7100 5285 30400
6924 26425
34640 17600 52907 397500
0 370349
27151
3 = 1.7320 upto 4 places of 7 = 2.6457 upto 4 places of
decimal decimal
= 1.732 correct upto 3 places = 2.646 correct upto 3 places
of decimal of decimal
Hence, 3 = 1.732 Hence, 7 = 2.646
(iii) 17 = 17.00000000
Applying long division method
we have,
4.1231
4 17.00000000
16
81 100
81
822 1900
1644
8243 25600
24729 17 = 4.1231 upto 4 places of
82461 87100 decimal
82461 = 4.123 correct upto 3 places
4639 of decimal
Hence, 17 = 4.123
(iv) Ö 231 = Ö231.00000000 (v) Ö122 = Ö122.00000000
we have, we have,
15.1986
1 231.00000000 11.0453
1 1 122.00000000
25 131 1
125 21 022
301 600 21
301 2204 10000
3029 29900 8816
27261 22085 118400
30388 263900 110425
243104 220903 797500
303966 2079600 662709
1823796 134791
255804
Ö 231 = 15.1986 upto 4 places of Ö122 = 11.0453 upto 4 places of
decimal decimal
= 15.199 correct upto 3 place = 11.045 correct upto 3 place
of decimal of decimal
Hence, Ö231 = 15.199 Hence,Ö 22 = 11.045
3. Find the square root of the following upto two places of decimal :
(i) 20 (ii) .01 (iii) 0.016 (iv) 0.9 (v) .07
Sol. (i) We have, 20 = 20.00000000 (ii) We have, 0.01
Using long division method Using long division method
we have, we have,
4.472 0.1
4 20.000000 0 0.01
16 0
84 400 01 0 01
336 01
887 06400 0
6209 \ Ö0.01 = 0.1
8942 19100
17884 Ö0.01 = 0.10 correct upto 2 places
1216 of decimal.
Ö20 = 4.472 upto 3 places of Hence, Ö0.01 = 0.10
decimal
= 4.47 correct upto 2 place
of decimal
Hence,Ö 20 = 4.47
(iii) We have 0.016000 (iv) We have 0.9 = 0.900000
Using long division method Using long division method
we have, we have,
0.126
0 0.016000 0.948
0 9 0.900000
01 0 01 81
0 01 184 900
022 060 736
44 1888 16400
0246 1600 15104
1476 1296
124
Ö0.016 = 0.126 upto 3 places of Ö 0.9 = 0.948 upto 3 places
decimal. of decimal
Ö0.016 = 0.13 correct upto Ö 0.9 = 0.95 correct upto
2 place of decimal. 2 place of decimal.
Hence,Ö 0.016 = 0.13
Hence,Ö 0.9 = 0.95
(v) We have 0.07 = 0.070000
Using long division method
we have,
0.264
2 0.070000
4 Ö0.07 = 0.264 upto 3 places
46 300 of decimal
276 = 0.26 correct upto
524 2400 2 place of decimal.
2096
304 Hence, Ö 0.07 = 0.26
4. Adecimal fraction is multiplied by itself. If the product is 251953.8025. Find the
fraction.
x
Sol. Let y be required decimal fraction then, according to question
We have,
x x
y × y = 251953.8025
x2
y 2 = 251953.8025
x Ö 251953.8025
y = Ö 251953.8025 =
Ö10000
Using long division method, we have
x Ö 2519538025
y =
Ö10000
x = Ö2519538025 y = Ö10000
50195
100
5 2519538025
1 10000
25
100 19 1
20 000
0
1001 1953 0
200 000
1001
10029 95280 00
90261 0
100385 501925
501925
0
Now, x = 50195 and y = 100
x 50195 10039
y = 100 = 20
Hence, the required fraction is 10039 .
20
5. What is the fraction which when multiplied by itself gives 227.798649 ?
x
Sol. Let y be required decimal fraction then, according to question
We have,
x x
y × y = 227.798649
x2
y 2 = 227.798649
x 227798649
y = 227.798649 = 1000000
x 227798649
Using long division method, we have, y =
Ö1000000
x = 227798649 y = 1000000
15093
1000
1 227798649
1 1000000
1
25 127 1
20 00
125
300 279 0
200 00
0
3009 27986 0
2000 00
27081
30183 90549 0
90549 0
0
x 227798649 = 15093
y =
1000000 1000
Hence, the required fraction is 15093 .
1000
6. The area of a square playground is 256.6404 square metres. Find the length of
one side of the playground.
16.02
Sol. Area of the square = (Side)2 1 256.6404
(Side)2 = 256.6404 sqm (Given) 1
26 156
Side = 256.6404 sqm
156
= 16.02 m 320 64
Hence, the required side of square playground is 16.02 m. 0
3202 6404
6404
59.29 – 5.29 0
7. Simplify :
59.29 + 5.29
Sol. We have, 59.29 – 5.29 .............. (i)
59.29 + 5.29
Finding square root of 59.29 and 5.29 we get
7.7 2.3
7 59.29 2 5.29
49 4
147 1029 43 129
1029 129
0 0
59.29 = 7.7 5.29 = 2.3
Putting 59.29 = 7.7 and 5.29 = 2.3 in equation (i) we get,
59.29 – 5.29
= 7.7 – 2.3 = 5.4 = 0.54.
59.29 + 5.29 7.7 + 2.3 10
8. Simplify : 0.2304 + 1764

0.2304 – 1764
Sol. We have, 0.2304 + 1764 ............. (i)
0.2304 – 1764 0.48 42
Finding square root of 4 0.2304 4 1764
0.2304 and 1764 we get. 16 16
88 704 82 164
704 164
0 0
0.2304 = 0.48 1764 = 42
Putting 0.2304 = 0.48 and 1764 = 42 in equation (i) we get,
0.2304 + 1764 = 0.48 + 42 = 42.48 = –1.02
0.2304 – 1764 0.48 – 42 –41.52
EXERCISE - 3.5
(i) 110889 (ii) 1024 (iii) 9 49 (iv) 23 394
308025 1225 64 729
110889
(i) We have,
308025
333 555
3 110889 5 308025
9 25
63 208 105 580
189 525
663 1989 1105 5525
1989 5525
0 0
110889 = 333 308025 =555
110889 110889
= Ñ a aÒ
308025 308025 =
Ï b bÐ
110889 333
=
308025 555
49
(ii) We have,
1024 (iii) We have, 9
1225 64
32 35 49 9×64+49 576 +49 625
9 = = =
3 1024 3 1225 64 64 64 64
9 9 Now,
62 124 65 325
124 325 625 625 Ñ a aÒ
= =
0 0 64 64 Ï b bÐ
1024 1024 Ñ a aÒ
= = 625 = 25 and
1225 Ï bÐ
1225 b 64 = 8
1024 = 32 and 1225 = 35 625 = 25 = 3 1

8
1024 = 32
64 8
1225 35
394
(iv) 23
729
We have,
394 23×729+394
23 =
729 729
16767 +394
=
729
17161
=
729
Now,
17161 17161
=
729 729
17161 = 131 and 729 = 27
17161 = 131 = 4 23
729 27 27
2. Find the value of each of the following upto three places of decimal :
(i) 1 (ii) 3 (iii) 7 (iv) 5
2 287
7 7 8 8
1
Sol. (i) 2
7
1 15 15
We have, 2 = =
7 7 7
Now we find the square roots of 15 and 7.
3.872 2.645
3 15.000000 2 7.000000
9 4
68 600 46 300
544 276
767 5600 524 2400
5369 2096
7742 23100 5285 30400
15484 26425
7616 3975
15 = 3.872 and 7 = 2.645 15

=
3.872
= 1.464
7 2.645
3
(ii)
7
3 3
We have, =
7 7
1.732 2.645
1 3.000000 2 7.000000
1 4
27 200 46 300
189 276
343 1100 524 2400
1029 2096
3462 7100 5285 30400
6924 26425
176 3975
3 = 1.732 and 7 = 2.645
3 1.732
= = 0.655
7 2.645
7
(iii)
8
7 7
We have, =
8 8

2.645 2.828
2 7.000000 2 8.000000
4 4
46 300 48 400
276 384
524 2400 562 1600
2096 1124
5285 30400 5648 47600
26425 45184
3975 2416
7 = 2.645 and 8 = 2.828
7 2.645
= = 0.935
8 2.828

(iv) 287
5 47.968
8 4 2301.000000
5 = 287×8+5 16
We have, 287 87 701
8 8 609
2296+5 949 9200
= 8541
8 9586 65900
2301 57516
= 2301 =
8 8 95928 838400
767424
2.828 70976
and 2 8.000000
4
48 400
384
562 1600 2301 = 47.968 and 8 = 2.828
1124
5648 47600 2301 = 47.968 = 16.961
45184 8 2.828
2416
3. Evaluate 50625 and using its value. Find the value of 506.25 + 5.0625.
Sol. We have, 50625
Using long division method 50625 = 225
225
2 50625 506.25 + 5.0625 = 50625 + 50625
4 100 10000
42 106 225 225
84 = +
445 2225 10 100
2225 = 22.5 + 2.25 = 24.75
0
Hence, 50625 = 225 506.25 + 5.0625 = 24.75
4. Find the value of 0.0441 and hence, evaluate 441 and .000441.
Sol. We have, 0.0441
0.21
2 0.0441 0.0441 = 0.21
4 441 21
41 041 441 = 21 and 0.000441 = =
1000000 1000
41
0 = 0.021
Hence, 0.0441 = 0.21, 441 = 21 and 0.000441 = 0.021
(i) 45 × 20 (ii) 98 × 162
(iii) 99 × 396 (iv) 1024 × 11025
Sol. (i) 45 × 20 (ii) 98 × 162
= 45 × 20 = 98 × 162
= 2
900 = 30 × 30 = 30 = 30 = 15876
45 × 20 Þ 900 = 30 Using long division Method :
126
1 15876
1
22 58
44
246 1476
1476
0
= 98 × 162 = 15876 = 126
(iii) 99 × 396 (iv) 1024 × 11025
= 99 × 396 32 105
3 1024 1 11025
= 39204
9 1
Using long division Method : 62 124 20 10
198 124 0
1 39204 0 205 1025
1 1025
29 292 0
261 1024 = 32 and 11025 = 105
388 3104
3104 1024 × 11025 = 32 × 105
0 = 3360
99 × 396 = 39204 = 198
4 Cubes and Cube Roots

EXERCISE - 4.1
1. Find the cubes of the following numbers :
(i) 7 (ii) 12 (iii) 21 (iv) 100
Sol. (i) 7 (ii) 12
Cubes of 7 = 7×7×7 = 343 Cubes of 12 = 12×12×12 = 1728
(iii) 21 (iv) 100
Cubes of 21 = 21×21×21 Cubes of 100 = 100×100×100
= 9261 = 1000000
2. Write cubes of all natural numbers between 10 and 20 and verify the following
statements.
(i) cubes of all odd natural numbers are odd.
(ii) cubes of all even natural numbers are even.
Sol. First we write all natural numbers between 10 and 20 separately odd and even.
Odd Even
11 12
13 14
15 16
17 18
19
cubes of all odd natural numbers are as follow :
113 = 11×11×11 = 1331 – odd
3
13 = 13×13×13 = 2197 – odd
3
15 = 15×15×15 = 3375 – odd
3
17 = 17×17×17 = 4913 – odd
3
19 = 19×19×19 = 6859 – odd
cubes of all even natural numbers are as follow :
123 = 12×12×12 = 1728 – even
3
14 = 14×14×14 = 2744 – even
3
16 = 16×16×16 = 4096 – even
3
18 = 18×18×18 = 5832 – even
(i) From the above, we observed that cubes of all odd natural numbers are odd.
(ii) From the above, we observed that cubes of all even natural numbers are even.
3. Write cube of 5 natural numbers which are multiples of 3 and verify the
following :
‘The cube of a natural number which is a multiple of 3 is divisible by 27’.
Sol. Cubes of five multiples of 3 are as follow :
33 = 3×3×3 = 27
3
6 = 6×6×6 = 216
3
9 = 9×9×9 = 729
3
12 = 12×12×12 = 1728
153 = 15×15×15 = 3375
Verification :
27 ÷ 27 = 1
216 ÷ 27 = 8
729 ÷ 27 = 27
1728 ÷ 27 = 64
3375 ÷ 27 = 125
From above observations, we observed that cubes of all five natural numbers of
multiples of 3 are divisible by 27.
4. Which of the following are cubes of odd numbers :
(i) 512 (ii) 729 (iii) 125 (iv) 1728
Sol. (i) 512 is an even number so, it is a cube of even number.
(ii) 729 is an odd number so, it is a cube of odd number.
(iii) 125 is an odd number so, it is a cube of odd number
(iv) 1728 is an even number so, it is a cube of even number.
From above observations, we observed that (ii) 729 and (iii) 125 are cubes of odd
numbers.
5. Which of the following are cubes of even numbers :
(i) 216 (ii) 512 (iii) 91125 (iv) 9261
Sol. (i) 216 is an even number so, it is a cube of even number.
(ii) 512 is an even number so, it is a cube of even number.
(iii) 91125 is an odd number so, it is a cube of odd number.
(iv) 9261 is an odd number so, it is a cube of odd numbers.
From above observations, we observed that (i) 216 and (ii) 512 are cubes of even
number.
6. Which of the following numbers are perfect cubes :
(i) 216 (ii) 243 (iii) 1728 (iv) 106480
Sol. (i) 216
Resolving 216 into prime factors, we have
216 = 2×2×2×3×3×3
Grouping the factors in triplet of equal factors, we get there is no prime factor
left alone.
Therefore, 216 is a perfect cube.
(ii) 243
Resolving 243 into prime factors, we have 3 243
243 = 3×3×3×3×3 3 81
3 27
Grouping the factors in triplets of equal factors, 3 9
we get 243 = 3×3×3×3×3 3 3
Clearly, in grouping the factors in triplet of equal factors, 1
we are left two factors of 3. Therefore, 243 is not a perfect cube.
(iii) 1728 2 1728
Resolving 1728 into prime factors, we have 2 864
1728 = 2×2×2×2×2×2×3×3×3 2 432
2 216
Grouping the factors in triplets of equal factors, we get,
2 108
1728 = 2×2×2×2×2×2×3×3×3 2 54
Clearly, in grouping there is no factors left alone. 3 27
Therefore, 1728 is a perfect cube. 3 9
3 3
1
(iv) 106480
2 106480
Resolving 106480 into prime factors, we have
2 53240
106480 = 2×2×2×2×5×11×11×11 2 26620
Grouping the factors in triplets of equal factors, we get, 2 13310
106480 = 2×2×2×2×5×11×11×11 5 6655
11 1331
Clearly, in grouping, one 2 and one 5 are left alone. 11 121
Therefore, 106480 is not a perfect cube. 11 11
1
7. What is the smallest number by which 392 must be multiplied so that the
product is a perfect cube?
Sol. Resolving 392 into prime factors, we have
392 = 2×2×2×7×7 2 392
We notice that factors of 2 is in triplet but 7 occurs as a prime 2 196
factor only twice. 2 98
7 49
Thus, if we multiply 392 by 7, the product would be 2744.
7 7
The prime factors of 2744 = 2×2×2×7×7×7, which is a perfect cube. 1
Hence, the required smallest number is 7.
8. What is the smallest number by which 8640 must be divided 2 8640
2 4320
so that the quotient is a perfect cube ? 2 2160
Sol. Resolving 8640 into prime factors, we have 2 1080
8640 = 2×2×2×2×2×2×3×3×3×5 2 540
2 270
Grouping into triplets of equal factors we find that one is 5 left alone.
3 135
Thus, if we divide 8640 by 5, we get 1728 which is a perfect cube. 3 45
Therefore, the required smallest number is 5. 3 15
5 5
9. If one side of a cube is 13 metres, find its volume. 1
Sol. Side of cube = 13m
Volume of cube = (Side)3
3
= 13×13×13 m
3
= 2197 m
3
Hence, the volume of cube is 2197 m
10. Find the cube of :
7 3 1
(i) (ii) 12 (iii) 2 (iv) 3
9 7 5 4
7
Sol. (i)
9
æ 7 æ3 = 73 = 7×7×7 = 343
ç 9ç 3
729
è è 9 9×9×9
æ12æ 3 12 = 12×12×12 = 1728
3
(ii) ç ç =
è 7è 7
3
7×7×7 343
3 13
(iii) 2 =
5 5
æ13æ 3 = 133 = 13×13×13 = 2197
3
ç 5ç 125
è è 5 5×5×5
1 13
(iv) 3 =
4 4
æ13æ 3 = 133 = 13×13×13 = 2197
3
ç 4ç 64
è è 4 4×4×4
EXERCISE - 4.2
1. Find the cube root of :
(i) 343 (ii) 1000 (iii) 2744 (iv) 74088
Sol. (i) 343 (ii) 1000
By prime factorization By prime factorization
we have, we have,
343 = 7×7×7 1000 = 2×2×2×5×5×5
3 343 = 3 73 3 1000 = 3 23×53 = 3 (2×5)3 = 2×5
= 7 = 10
(iii) 2744 2 2744
By prime factorization 2 1372
we have, 2 686
2744 = 2×2×2×7×7×7 7 343
7 49
3 2744 = 3 23×73 = 3 (2×7)3 7 7
= 2×7 = 14 1
(iv) 74088 2 74088
we have, 2 18522
74088 = 2×2×2×3×3×3×7×7×7 3 9261
3 3087
74088 = 3 23×33×73 = 3 (2×3×7)3
3
3 1029
= 2×3×7 = 42 7 343
7 49
7 7
1
2. Find the cube root of :

(i) 134217728 (ii) 48228544 (iii) 74088000 (iv) 1000000
Sol. (i) 134217728

By prime factorization we have, 2 134217728
134217728 = 23×23×23×23×23×23×23×23×23 2 67108864
2 33554432
3 134217728 = 3 23×23×23×23×23×23×23×23×23 2 16777216
2 8388608
= 3 (2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2)3 2 4194304
= 2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2 2 2097152
2 1048576
= 512 2 524288
2 262144
2 131072
2 65536
2 32768
2 16384
2 8192
2 4096
2 2048
2 1024
2 512
2 256
2 128
2 64
2 32
2 16
2 8
2 4
2 2
1
(ii) 48228544 (iii) 74088000
By prime factorization By prime factorization
we have, we have,
2 48228544 2 74088000
2 24114272 2 37044000
2 12057136 2 18522000
2 6028568 2 9261000
2 3014284 2 4630500
2 1507142 2 2315250
7 753571 3 1157625
7 107653 3 385875
7 15379 3 128625
13 2197 5 42875
13 169 5 8575
13 13 5 1715
1 7 343
7 49
48228544 = 23×23×73×133 7 7
3 48228544 = 3 23×23×73×133
1
3
74088000 = 23×23×33×53×73
= (2×2×7×13)
3
= 2×2×7×13 3 74088000 = 3 23×23×33×53×73

= 364 = 3 (2×2×3×5×7)3
= 2×2×3×5×7
= 420
(iv) 1000000 2 1000000
we have, 2 250000
2 125000
1000000 = 23×23×53×53 2 62500
3 1000000 = 3 2 ×2 ×5 ×5
3 3 3 3 2 31250
5 15625
= 3 (2×2×5×5)3 5 3125
= 2×2×5×5 5 625
5 125
= 100 5 25
5 5
1
3. Find the cube root of 216 through repeated subtraction.
Sol. Given number is 216.
Now, using the pattern of the following steps :
216 – 1 = 215
215 – 7 = 208
208 – 19 = 189
189 – 37 = 152
152 – 61 = 91
91 – 91 = 0
We subtract 6 times to reach at 0.
3 216 = 6.
4. Find the smallest number by which 137592 must be multiplied so that the
product becomes a perfect cube.
Also find the cube root of the product so obtained.
2 137592
Sol. We have, 137592
2 68796
137592 = 2×2×2×3×3×3×7×7×13 3 17199
= (2×2×2)×(3×3×3)×(7×7)×(13) 3 5733
3 1911
Therefore, 7×13×13 = 1183 is the smallest number that 7 637
has to be multiplied to 137592, so that the product becomes 7 91
a perfect cube. 13 13
1
Cube root of product = 3 137592 × 1183 = 3 (2×3×7×13) = 2 ×3×7×13 = 546
3
5. Find the smallest number by which 26244 must be divided so that the quotient
becomes a perfect cube.Also find the cube root of the quotient.
Sol. We have, 26244 2 26244
26244 = 2×2×3×3×3×3×3×3×3×3 3 6561
3 2187
= (2×2)×(3×3×3)×(3×3×3)×(3×3) 3 729
for it to become a perfect cube, we need to divide 3 243
26244 by 2×2×3×3 = 36 3 81
3 27
So that quotient becomes a perfect cube. 3 9
Therefore,36 is the smallest number by which 26244 has to be divided. 3 3
3 3
Cube root of quotient = 3 × 3 = (3×3) = 3×3 = 9
3 3 3 1
6. The volume of a cube is 512 cubic meter. Find the length of the side of the cube.
Sol. Volume of a cube = 512 cu.m (Given)
3
Volume of the cube = (Side)
3
512 = (Side)
3
Side = 512 cu.m
= 8 m.
So, the length of the side of the cube is 8 m.
7. Find the smallest number that must be added to 210 so that it becomes a perfect
cube.
Sol. Given number is 210.
By repeated subtraction, we have
210 – 1 = 209
209 – 7 = 202
202 – 19 = 183
183 – 37 = 146
146 – 61 = 85
85 – 91 = –6
From above observation, we observed that if 6 is added to 85 it becomes 91 i.e., 85+6
= 91 and 91 – 91 = 0
Therefore 6 is the smallest number that must be added to 210, so that 210 + 6 = 216
becomes a perfect cube.
EXERCISE - 4.3
1. Which of the following numbers are cubes of negative integers :
(i) –64 (ii) –2197 (iii) –1056 (iv) –3888
Sol. (i) –64 (iii) –1056 = –(2×2×2×2×2×3×11)
3
–64 = – 3 64 We observed that all primes do
= – 3 23×23 not occur in triplets.
= – 3 (2 ×2)3 Therefore, –1056 is not cube
2 64
= –(2×2) 2 32 of integer.
= –4 2 16
2 8 2 1056
2 4 2 528
2 2 2 264
1 2 132
(ii) –2197 2 66
3 33
3
–2197 = – 3 2197 11 11
13 2197 1
= – 3 133 13 169
= –13 13 13
1
(iv) –3888 2 3888
–3888 = – (2×2×2×2×3×3×3×3×3) 2 1944
2 972
We observed that all primes do not occur 2 486
in triplets. 3 243
Therefore, –3888 is not cube of negative integer. 3 81
3 27
Hence, (i) and (ii) are the cubes of negative integers. 3 9
3 3
1
2. Find the cube roots of :

(i) –125 (ii) –5832 (iii) –17576 (iv) –2744000
Sol. (i) –125
3
–125 = – 3 125
= – 3 5×5×5
= – 3 53
= –5
Cube root of –125 is –5.
(ii) –5832 2 5832

3 2 2916
–5832= – 3 5832 2 1458
= – 3 23×33×33 3 729
= – (2×3×3) 3 243
= – 18 3 81
Cube root of –5832 is –18. 3 27
3 9
3 3
1
(iii) –17576 2 17576

2 8788
3
–17576 = – 3 17576 2 4394
= – 3 23×133 13 2197
= – (2×13) 13 169
13 13
= – 26
1
Cube root of –17576 is –26.
(iv) –2744000 2 2744000
3 3
–2744000 = – 2744000 2 1372000
3 3 3
2 686000
= – 3 2 ×7 ×10 7 343000
= –3 (2×7×10)3 7 49000
= – 140 7 7000
Cube root of –2744000 is –140. 10 1000
10 100
10 10
1
3. Find the cube root of each of the following numbers :
(i) 8 × 64 (ii) 27 × (–2744)
(iii) (–125) × (–3375) (iv) (729) × 15625
Sol. (i) 8×64 (ii) 27 × (–2744)
3 3
8×64 = 8 × 3 64 3
27 × (–2744) = 3
27 × 3 –2744
3
= 2×2×2 × 3 4×4×4 = 3 3 3
3×3×3×(– 3 2 ×7 )
= 3 3
2×3 4
3
= 3 × – 3 (2×7)
3 3 3
= 2×4 = – (3×14)
= 8 = – 42
(iii) (–125) × (–3375)

3 3
–125 ×(–3375) = –125 × 3 –3375 3 3375
= ( 3 5×5×5 ( ×(– 3 15×15×15) 3 1125
3 375
= 3
(5) ×
3 3
(15)
3
5 125
= –5 × –15 5 25
= 75 5 5
1
(iv) (729) × (15625)
3 3 3
729×15625 = 729 × 15625
3 3
= 3×3×3×3×3×3 × 5×5×5×5×5×5
= 3 3
3 ×3 ×
3 3
5 ×5 =
3 3 3 3
(3×3) × 3
(5×5)
3
= (3×3) × (5×5)
= 9 × 25
= 225
4. Find which of the following numbers are cubes of rational numbers :
(i) 27 (ii) 125 (iii) .001331 (iv) .04
64 128
27
Sol. (i) (ii) 125 2 128
64 128 2 64
3 3
27 27 125 125 2 32
3 3
=3 =3 2 16
64 64 128 128
3
2 8
3×3×3 3 2 4
= 5×5×5
3
2×2×2×2×2×2 = 2 2
3 3
3
2×2×2×2×2×2×2 1
33 (3)3
=3 3 3 = 3
2 ×2 3
(2×2)3 53 5
= = 1
3 3
23×23×2
3 ×3
= 2×2 2
4 5
27 3 =
is cube of . 432
64 4
125
is not a perfect cube.
128
(iii) .001331
1331
.001331 = 1000000
3
3
1331 1331
=
1000000 3
1000000
3 3
11×11×11 (11)3
= 3
= 3
2×2×2×2×2×2×5×5×5×5×5×5 23×23×53 ×53
= æ 11 æ3
3
ç 2×2×5×5 ç
è è
11 11
= =
4×5×5 100
(iv) .04
0.04 4
.04 = =
100 100
Now,
3
4 2×2
= 3
100 2×2×5×5
0.04 is not a perfect cube.
5. Find the cube root of each of the following numbers :
8 –64 27 –2197
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
125 1331 – 4096 –9261
8 –64
Sol. (i) (ii)
125 1331
3 3
3
8 8 3
–64 –64
= =
125 3
125 1331 3
1331
3 3
2×2×2 2×2×2×2×2×2
= 3
= 3
5×5×5 11×11×11
3 3
23 (2×2)3
= =
3
53 3
(11)3
= 2 =
–(2×2) = –4
5 11 11
27
(iii) (iv)
–2197 2197
– 4096 –9261 9261
3
27 27 3
3
= 3
2197 2197
–4096 3
–4096 9261 3
9261
3
3×3×3
= 3
3 3
2 ×2 ×2 ×2
3 3 3 13×13×13
3
3
(3)3 3×3×3×7×7×7
= 3 3 3
(2×2×2×2) (13)3
3 –3 3
(3×7)3
=
(2×2×2×2) 16 13 13
3×7 21
6. The volume of a cubical box is 32.768 cubic metres. Find the length of a side of
the box.
Sol. Volume of the cubical box = 32.768 cu.m
length of side of box = a
a
3
= 32.768 cu.m
3 3
32768 = 32768 = 3 3
2 ×2 ×2 ×2 ×2
3 3 3
a = 3
1000 3
1000 3
2 ×5
3 3
3
(2×2×2×2×2)3 32 m = 3.2 m
= =
(2×5)
3 3 10
Therefore length of side of cubical box is 3.2m.
7. Prove that :
3
(i) 345 3
345 (ii)
3
–9261 3
–9261
= =
3
1000 1000 3
–42875 –42875
3
Sol. (i) 345 345
3
= 3
1000 1000
3
L.H.S. 345
3
1000
3
3×5×23
3
10×10×10
3
345
10
3
R.H.S. 345
3
1000
3
345
æ 3 a a æ
3
ç b =
3
1000
3 è
3
b çè
345
3 3
10
3
345
10
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
3
345 345
Therefore = 3 Hence Proved
3
1000 1000
3
–9261 –9261
(ii) = 3
3
–42875 –42875
3
L.H.S. –9261
3
–42875
– 3 9261
Ñ Ò
Ï
– 3 42875
3
–x = – 3 x Ð
3
3×3×3×7×7×7
3
5×5×5×7×7×7
3 3 3 3 3
3 ×7 (3×7) 3×7 3
3 3 3 3 3
5 ×7 (5×7) 5×7 5
3 3
–9261 9261
R.H.S. 3 3
–42875 42875
3 3 3 3
3×3×3×7×7×7 3 ×7
3 5×5×5×7×7×7 3
53×73
(3×7)3 3
3×7 3
=
3
(5×7)
3
5×7 5
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
3
–9261 –9261
Therefore, 3 Hence Proved.
3
–42875 –42875
8. Find the cube root of the following :
(i) 1.331 (ii) 0.001728 (iii) 0.068921 (iv) 0.103823
Sol. (i) 1.331 (ii) 0.001728
1331 1728
1.331 = 0.001728 =
1000 1000000
3 3
1331 1331 1728 1728
Now, 3 Now, 3
1000 3
1000 1000000 3
1000000
3
11×11×11 3
12×12×12
3
10×10×10 3
100×100×100
3
(11)3 11 12
= 1.1 3 æ 12 æ
3
= 0.12
3
(10)3 10 ç100ç 100
è è
(iii) 0.068921 (iv) 0.103823
68921 103823
0.068921 = 0.103823 =
1000000 1000000
3 3
68921 68921 103823 103823
Now, 3 Now, 3
1000000 3
1000000 1000000 3
1000000
3
3
41×41×41 47×47×47
3
3
100×100×100 100×100×100
3 3 3 3
(41) (47)
3 3 3 3
(100) (100)
41 47
= 0.41 100
100
5 Playing with Numbers
EXERCISE - 5.1
1. A number of 2-digit has 3 on its ones place and the sum of digits is 1 of the
number itself. What is the number? 7
Sol. Let the original number be (10 a+b)
According to question, b = 3
1
and a + b = (10 a + b) .......... (i)
7
Putting b = 3 in Eq. (i) we get
1
a +3 = (10 a+ 3)
7
7 ( a +3) = 10 a + 3
7a + 21 = 10 a +3 or 10 a – 7a = 21 –3
3a = 18
a = 6
Putting a = 6 and b = 3 in (10 a + b) we get
(10 × 6 + 3) = 60 +3 = 63
2. A 2-digit number becomes five-sixth of itself when its digits are reversed. The
two digits differ by one. What is the number?
Sol. Let the original number be (10 a + b)
According to question, 10 b + a = 5 (10 a + b) .......... (i)
6
and a – b = 1 .......... (ii)
From Eq. (i) and (ii) we get,
5
[ 10 b + (1+b) = [10 (b+1) + b ]
6
6 (11 b + 1) = 5 [10 b + 10 + b ]
66 b + 6 = [ 50 b + 50 + 5b ]
66 b + 6 = 55 b + 50
66 b – 55 b = 50 – 6
11 b = 44
b = 4
Putting b = 4 in Eq. (ii) we get ,
a–4 = 1

a = 5
Hence, the required number
10 a + b = 10 × 5 + 4
= 50 + 4 = 54
3. A 2-digit number exceeds the sum of the digits of that number by 18. If the digit
at the units place is double the digit in the tens place. What is the number?
Sol. Let the original number be (10 a + b).
According to question a + b = (10 a + b) + 18 ............. (i)
b = 2a ............ (ii)
From Eq. (i) and Eq. (ii) we get,
a+2a = 10 a + 2 a + 18
3a = 12 a + 18
12 a – 3 a = 18
9a = 18
a = 2
Putting a = 2 in Eq. (ii) we get
b = 2×2
b = 4
Hence, the required number (10 a + b) = 10 × 2 + 4 = 24
4. The difference between a 2-digit number and the number obtained by
interchanging the positions of its digit is 63. What is the difference between the
two digits of that number?
Sol. Let the original number be ( 10 a + b)
According to question (10 a +b) – (10 b + a) = 63
10 a + b – 10 b – a = 63
9a–9b = 63
9 (a – b) = 63
(a– b) = 7
5. The difference between a 2-digit number and the number obtained by
interchanging the digit is 36. What is the difference between the sum and the
difference of the digits of the number if the ratio between the digits of the
number is 1 : 2 ?
Sol. Let the original number be (10 a + b)
According the question (10 a + b) – (10 b + a) = 36
10 a + b – 10 b – a = 36
9 a – 9 b = 36 or 9 (a – b) = 36
36
(a – b) =
9
(a– b) = 4 .............. (i)
Also given ratio is 1 : 2
b 1
=
a 2
Þ a = 2b ................. (ii)
Putting a = 2b in Eq. (i) we get
2b–b = 4
b = 4.
Putting b = 4 in Eq. (ii) we get a = 8.
Hence, the required number
= (a + b) – (a – b)
= (8+4) – (8–4)
= 12 – 4 = 8
So, required number is 8.
EXERCISE - 5.2
1. Which of the following numbers are divisible by 2?
63, 92, 38, 47, 56, 120, 999, 417, 332, 225
Sol. Since, we know that 2-digit or 3-digit numbers are divisible by 2 if its ones digit is 0
or multiples of 2.
Therefore, 92, 38,56,120,332 are divisible by 2.
12, 71, 93, 48, 86, 127, 455, 671, 994, 548
Sol. Since, we know that 2- digit or 3-digit numbers are divisible by 3 if and only if the
sum of their digits is divisible by 3.
Therefore, 12, 93, 48 are divisible by 3.
42, 25, 90, 48, 30, 135, 406, 924, 631, 555
Sol. Since, we know that 2- digit or 3-digit numbers are divisible by 5 if its ones digit is 0
or 5.
Therefore, 25, 90, 30, 135, 555 are divisible by 5.
81, 29, 54, 36, 78, 243, 199, 263, 477, 153
Sol. Since, we know that 2- digit or 3-digit numbers are divisible by 9 if the sum of their
digits is divisible by 9.
Therefore, 81,54,36,243,477 and 153 are divisible by 9.
90, 45, 20, 85, 55, 300, 210, 105, 790, 505
Sol. Since, we know that 2- digit or 3-digit numbers are divisible by 10 if and only if its
ones digits is 0.
Therefore, 90, 20, 300, 210, 790 are divisible by 10.
6. Find whether 6024 is divisible by 6 or not.
Sol. Since, we know that a number is divisible by 6 in it is divisible by 2 and 3 both.
i.e., 6024 is divisible by 2 (Its ones digit is 4)
6024 is divisible by 3 (Sum of digits is 12)
Therefore, 6024 are divisible by 6.
7. Determine whether the following numbers are divisible by 4 and 8.
(i) 3692 (ii) 5102 (iii) 11248
Sol. (i) 3692 is divisible by 4 because 23 × 4 = 92.
3692 is not divisible by 8 because 692 is not divisible by 8.
(ii) 5102 is not divisible by 4 because 02 is not divisible by 4.
5102 is not divisible by 8 because 102 is not divisible by 8.
(iii) 11248 is divisible by 4 because 48 = 12 × 4
11248 is divisible by 8 because 248 = 31 × 8
8. Test the divisibility of :
(i) 10000001 by 11 (ii) 27395830 by 11
Sol. (i) 10000001
digits at even place : 0, 0, 0, 1
digits at odd place : 1, 0, 0, 0
1 –1 = 0, which is divisible by 11.
10000001 is divisible by 11.
(ii) 27395830
digits at even place : 7, 9, 8, 0
digits at odd place : 2, 3, 5, 3
(7+ 9 + 8 ) – ( 2 + 3 + 5 + 3)
24 –13 = 11, which is divisible by 11.
27395830 is also divisible by 11.

EXERCISE - 5.3
1. Complete the magic squares given below :
(i) (ii)
18 3 3
15 0
12 –1 –3
(iii) 1 15 6 (iv) 13 12
8 3 10 15
9 7 14
16 2 11 16 5 9 4
Sol. (i) 18 3
15
12
In the above given number box we deserved that sum of the numbers in the
diagonal
= 18+ 15+12 = 45
Now, we start with first row which has only one blank.
According to pattern 18 + 3 + = 45
= 45 – 21 18 3 24
= 24
Now, we take third column, which has only one blank.
Then according to pattern 24 + + 12 = 45 24
= 45–36 9
= 9 12
Now, we take second row, which has one blank.
Then, according to pattern + 15 + 9 = 45
= 45 – 24 21 15 9
= 21
Now, we take first column, which has one blank. 18
According to pattern 18 + 21 + = 45 21
= 45 – 39 = 6 6
Now, we take third row which has only one blank. Then, according to pattern
6+ + 12 = 45
= 45 –18
= 27 6 27 12
18 3 24
Hence, the completed magic square is
(ii) 21 15 9
3
6 27 12
0
–1 –3
As shown in number box the sum of the number in diagonal is 0.
i.e., 3 + 0 + (–3) = 0
Now, we take first column, which has only one blank.
Then according to pattern 3 + + (–1) = 0 3
= 0–2 –2
= –2 –1
Now, we take third row, which has one blank.
Then, according to – 1 + + (–3) = 0
= 0+4
= 4 –1 4 –3
Now, we take second row, which has only one blank.
Then, according to pattern – 2 + 0 + = 0
= 0+2
= 2 –2 0 2
Now, we take third column which has only one blank.
Then, according to pattern, + 2 + (–3) = 0 1
= 0+1 2
= 1 –3
Now, we take first row, which has only one blank.
Then, according to pattern 3 + +1 = 0
3 –4 1
= 0–4
= –4
3 –4 1
Hence, the completed magic square is –2 0 2
–1 4 –3
(iii) 1 34 15 6 (iv) 13 8 12 1
13 8 3 10 3 10 6 15
4 9 14 7 2 11 7 14
16 5 2 11 16 5 9 4
Note : Follow the steps as above described in (i) and (ii).

2. In the adjoining figure, five circles are empty. Put five different numbers in
these circles so that the sum of the four numbers in each line of the figure is 28.
Sol. 8
6 7 5 10
4 3
6
9 12
3. In the adjoining figure, fill in the circles with appropriate numbers so that each
side of the following magic triangles adds up to 10.
3
6 2
1 4 5
4. Find out the name formed by working out the code given below, if A = 1, B = 2, C
= 3 and so on.
19, 1, 3, 8, 9, 14
Sol. 19 1 3 8 9 14
S A C H I N
Therefore, the name SACHIN formed by given code.
5. Write the Fibonacci series starting from 1 up to 15 numbers (steps).
Sol. First number = 1
Second number = 2
Third number = First number + Second number = 1 + 2 = 3
Fourth number = Second number + Third number = 2+ 3 = 5
Fifth number = Third number + Fourth number = 3+ 5 = 8
Sixth number = Fourth number + Fifth number = 5+ 8 = 13
Seventh number = Fifth number + Sixth number = 8 + 13 = 21
Eight number = Sixth number + Seventh number = 13 + 21 = 34
Ninth number = Seventh number + Eighth number = 21 + 34 = 55
Tenth number = Eighth number + Ninth number = 34 + 55 = 89
Eleventh number = Ninth number + Tenth number = 55 + 89 = 144
Twelfth number = Tenth number + Eleventh number = 89 + 144 = 233
Thirteenth number = Eleventh number + Twelfth number = 144 + 233 = 377
Fourteenth number = Twelfth number + Thirteenth number = 233 + 377 = 610
Fifteenth number = Thirteenth number + Fourteenth num. = 377 + 610 = 987
Hence, the required Fibonacci Series is :
1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987.
6. Find the 2-digit number which is divisible by 2, 3, 4 and 5.
Sol. First we find the L.C.M. of the given numbers :
2 2, 3, 4, 5
2 1, 3, 2, 5
3 1, 3, 1, 5
5 1, 1, 1, 5
1, 1, 1, 1
L. C.M. = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 = 60
60 60
Now, = 30 = 15
2 4
60 = 20 60 = 12
3 5
7. A 3-digit number less than 300 is divisible by 2 and 5, but not 4. If the sum of the
digits is 7, find the number.
Sol. Since the number is to be divisible by both 2 and 5, it is divisible by 10.
Therefore it ends in a 0. So the sum of its digits are just the sum of the first two digits.
Since it has to be less than 300, the first digit can only be 1 or 2.
We just need to find two digits whose sum is7, with the first 1 or 2.
1 and 6 have sum 7, and 160 is the required number, but 160 is not correct answer,
because 160 is divisible by 4.
We see that 2 and 5 have sum 7, and 250 is not divisible by 4.
So, our correct answer is 250.
8. Find the missing number in each third circles :
Sol. (i)
4 9 16
9 6 16 12 25 20
(ii)
9 16 25
4 6 9 12 16 20
9. Find the values of a, b, c, d and e if :

a+3=8 4+5=b
Sol. (i) 4 5 6 4 a a=8–3 b=9
+ e 9 c 5 3 a=5
6+c=7 5+9=d
1 4 d 7 b 8
c=7–6 d=4
= 1
Hence, the required values of 4 + e + 1 = 14
a = 5, b = 9, c = 1, d = 4 e = 14 – 5
and e = 9 e=9
(ii) 8 d 3 2 7 7–a=2 b = 12–8 = 4, c = 2–1 = 1

– 2 5 1 8 a a=5
e 3 c b 2 d–5 = 3 e=8–2
d = 3+5 = 8 e = 6
Hence, the required values of a = 5, b = 4, c = 1, d = 8 and e = 6.
(iii) b 3 (iv) b 7 1
× c a a=5 × c a a=6
1 1 5 b=2 2 2 2 6 b=3
+ 9 2 × c=4 +1 8 5 5 × c=5
1 0 3 5 2 0 7 7 6
6 Algebraic Expressions
EXERCISE - 6.1
1. Which of the following expressions are polynomial?
2
2 1 –3 2
(i) x + 7x + 12 (ii) x 3 + x 3 (iii) 4x – x + x + 3
1
5 2 2 2 2 2 2
(iv) 7x 2 + y 2 – 5xy (v) +x+3 (vi) x y + y z + z x
x
Sol. (i) x + 7x + 12 is a polynomial because it has positive exponents.
2
2 1
(ii) x + x is not a polynomial because it has rational root as exponents.
3 3
(iii) 4x – x +1 x + 3 is not a polynomial because it has negative exponent.

–3 2
(iv) 7x + y 2 – 5xy is not a polynomial because it has also rational root as

2
exponent.
5
(v) + x + 3 = 5x + x + 3 is not a polynomial because it has a negative variable.
–1
x
(vi) x y + y z + z x is a polynomial because it has positive exponents.
2 2 2 2 2 2
From above descriptions , we can say (i) and (vi) are polynomials.
2. State the degrees of the following polynomials :
2 3 2 2 6 4 2 4 3
(i) 5x + 3x + 4 (ii) 7x + 8x y – 9xy (iii) x + x y + xy + y
3 4 3 2 3 6 4 2
(iv) 8a + 3ab – 6a b + 4b (v) 3x + x y + y (vi) 4x – 4x – 2x + 3
Sol. Polynomial Degree
(i) 5x + 3x + 4
2
2
2
(ii) 7x + 8x y – 9xy
3 2
3
(iii) x + x y + xy + y
6 4 2 4 3
6
(iv) 8a + 3ab – 6a b + 4b
3 4
5
(v) 3x + x y + y
3 2 3
3
(vi) 4x – 4x – 2x + 3
6 4 2
6
3. Given below are polynomials of one variable. Arrange the terms according to
the descending order of their degrees :
2 3 4 4 2 5 3
(i) 6x + 4x – 7x + 3x + 4 (ii) 7x + 8x – 8x + 4x + x + 5
2 3 2 3
(iii) – x + 2x + 4x + 6 (iv) 6 + 4x – 5x + x
2 3 5 3 4 2
(v) 3x + 4x + 5x – 7 (vi) 3x + 2x + 6x + x + 9x +1
Sol. (i) 6x + 4x – 7x + 3x + 4
2 3 4
Comparing exponents of variable we get

4>3>2>1
So, the given expression can be written in descending order of degrees as :
–7x + 4x + 6x + 3x + 4
4 3 2
(ii) 7x + 8x – 8x + 4x + x + 5
4 2 5 3
Comparing exponents of variable we get

5>4>3>2>1
So, the given expression can be written in descending order of degrees as :
5 4 3 2
4x + 8x + x – 8x + 7x + 5
2
(iii) – x + 2x + 4x + 6
3
3 2
can be written in descending order of degrees as : 2x – x + 4x + 6
(iv) 6 + 4x – 5x + x
2 3
3 2
can be written in descending order of degrees as : x – 5x + 4x + 6
(v) 3x + 4 x + 5 x – 7
2 3
3 2
can be written in descending order of degrees as : 5x + 3x + 4x – 7
(vi) 3x + 2x + 6x + x + 9x +1
5 3 4 2
5 4 3 2
can be written in descending order of degrees as : 3x – 6x + 2x + x + 9x+ 1
4. Add the following by column method :
2 2 2
(i) 7x –4x + 5, – 3x + 2x – 2 and 7x – 2x – 9
2 2
(ii) 9x – 5x + 4 and – 4x + 2x – 1
(iii) 5x – 8y + 2z, 3z – 4y – 2x, 6y – z – x and 3x – 2z – 3y
Sol. (i) 7x –4x + 5, – 3x + 2x – 2 and 7x – 2x – 9
2 2 2
Arrange the given expression in column, we get

7x – 4 x + 5
2
– 3x + 2x – 2
2
+ 7x – 2 x – 9
2
2
11x – 4x – 6
(ii) 9x – 5x + 4 and – 4x + 2x – 1
2 2

9x – 5 x + 4
2
– 4x + 2 x – 1
2
2
5x –3x + 3
(iii) 5x – 8y + 2z, 3z – 4y – 2x, 6y – z – x and 3x – 2z – 3y
5x – 8y + 2z,
–2x – 4y + 3z
– x + 6y – z
3x – 3 y – 2 z
5x –9y + 2z
5. Add the following by horizontal method :
3 2 2 3 2 3
(i) 2x – 9x + 8, 3x – 6x – 5, 7x – 10x + 1 and 3 + 2x – 5x – 4x
(ii) 6p + 4q – r + 3, 2r – 5p – 6, 11q – 7p + 2r – 1 and 2q – 3r + 4
2 2 2 2 2 2
(iii) 4x – 7xy + 4y – 3, 5 + 6y – 8xy + x and 6 – 2xy + 2x – 5y
Sol. (i) 2x – 9x + 8, 3x – 6x – 5, 7x – 10x + 1 and 3 + 2x – 5x – 4x
3 2 2 3 2 3
(2x – 9x + 8) + (3x – 6x – 5) + (7x – 10x + 1) + (3 + 2x – 5x – 4x )

3 2 2 3 2 3
= (2x + 7x – 4x ) + (–9x + 3x – 5x ) + (–6x – 10x + 2x) + (8 – 5 +1+ 3)

3 3 3 2 2 2
3 2
= 5x – 11x – 14x + 7
(ii) 6p + 4q – r + 3, 2r – 5p – 6, 11q – 7p + 2r – 1 and 2q – 3r + 4
(6p + 4q – r + 3) + (2r – 5p – 6) + (11q – 7p + 2r – 1) + (2q – 3r + 4)
= (6p – 5p – 7p) + (4q + 11q + 2q) + (– r + 2r + 2r – 3r) + (3 – 6–1+ 4)
= (6 – 5 – 7) p + (4 + 11 + 2) q + (– 1 + 2 + 2 – 3) r + (3 –6–1+ 4)
= – 6p + 17q + 0 + 0
= – 6p + 17q
(iii) 4x – 7xy + 4y – 3, 5 + 6y – 8xy + x and 6 – 2xy + 2x – 5y
2 2 2 2 2 2
(4x – 7xy + 4y – 3) + (5 + 6y – 8xy + x ) + ( 6 – 2xy + 2x – 5y )

2 2 2 2 2 2
= (4x + x + 2x ) + (4y + 6y – 5y ) + (–7xy – 8xy – 2xy) + (–3+5+6)

2 2 2 2 2 2
= (4+1+2) x + (4+6–5) y + (–7–8–2) xy + (–3+5+6)

2 2
2 2
= 7x + 5y –17xy + 8 .
6. Subtract the following by column method :
(i) 2a – 5b + 2c – 9 from 3a – 4b – c + 6
3 2 3 2
(ii) x + 3x – 5x + 4 from 3x – x + 2x – 4
4 3 2 4 3 2
(iii) 5x – 3y + 2y + y + 1 from 4x – 2y – 6y – y + 5
Sol. (i) 2a – 5b + 2c – 9 from 3a – 4b – c + 6
3a – 4b – c + 6
2a – 5b + 2c – 9
– + – +
a + b – 3c + 15
(ii) x + 3x – 5x + 4 from 3x – x + 2x – 4
3 2 3 2

3x – x + 2x – 4
3 2
x + 3x – 5 x + 4
3 2
– – + –
3 2
2x – 4 x + 7 x – 8
(iii) 5x – 3y + 2y + y + 1 from 4x – 2y – 6y – y + 5
4 3 2 4 3 2

4x – 2y – 6y – y + 5
4 3 2
5x – 3y + 2y + y + 1
4 3 2
– + – – –
4 3 2
– x + y – 8y – 2y + 4
7. Subtract the following by horizontal method :
2 2 2 2 2 2
(i) 4p + 5q – 6r + 7 from 3p – 4q – 5r – 6
3 2 3 2
(ii) 2x – 4x + 3x + 5 from 4x + x + x + 6
2 2
(iii) 4x + 2x – 1 from 9x – 5x + 4
Sol. (i) 4p + 5q – 6r + 7 from 3p – 4q – 5r – 6
2 2 2 2 2 2
= (3p – 4q – 5r – 6) – (4p + 5q – 6r + 7)
2 2 2 2 2 2
= (3p – 4p ) – (4q + 5q ) – (5r – 6r ) – (6+7)

2 2 2 2 2 2
= (3 – 4)p – (4 +5) q – (5–6)r – (6+7)

2 2 2
2 2 2
= –p –9q + r – 13
(ii) 2x – 4x + 3x + 5 from 4x + x + x + 6
3 2 3 2
= (4x + x + x + 6) – (2x –4x + 3x + 5)

3 2 3 2
= 4x + x + x + 6 – 2x + 4x – 3x – 5
3 2 3 2
= (4x – 2x ) + ( x + 4x ) + (x – 3x) + (6–5)

3 3 2 2
= (4 – 2)x + (1+ 4) x + (1 – 3) x + (6 –5)

3 2
3 2
= 2x + 5x – 2x +1
(iii) 4x + 2x – 1 from 9x – 5x + 4
2 2
= (9x – 5x + 4) – (4x + 2x – 1)
2 2
= 9x – 5 x + 4 – 4 x – 2 x + 1
2 2
= (9x – 4x ) – (5x + 2x) + (4+1)

2 2
= (9 – 4)x – (5 + 2) x + (4+1)
2
2
= 5x – 7x + 5
2 2 2 2
8. What must be subtracted from 3a – 6ab – 3b – 1 to get 4a – 7ab – 4b + 1 ?
Sol. Let x be subtracted.
According to question,
(3a – 6ab – 3b – 1) – x = 4a – 7ab – 4b +1
2 2 2 2
or x = (3a – 6ab – 3b – 1) – (4a – 7ab – 4b +1)

2 2 2 2
= 3a – 6ab – 3b – 1 – 4a + 7ab + 4b –1
2 2 2 2
= (3a – 4a ) – (6ab – 7ab) – (3b – 4b ) – (1+1)

2 2 2 2
= (3 – 4)a – (6 – 7)ab – (3– 4)b – (1+1)

2 2
2 2
= –a + ab + b – 2
Little Wings 106
64 Learning Maths-[8]
2 2 2
9. The two adjacent sides of a rectangle are 5x – 3y and x + 2xy. Find the
perimeter.
Sol. = 5x – 3 y
2 2
Length of rectangle
Breadth of rectangle = x + 2xy
2
(Adjacent sides of rectangle)
We know that,
Perimeter of rectangle = 2 (Length + Breadth)
= 2 (5x – 3y + x + 2xy)
2 2 2
= 2 (6x – 3y + 2xy)
2 2
2 2
= 12x – 6y + 4xy
2 2
10. The perimeter of a triangle is 6p – 4p + 9 and two of its sides are p – 2p + 1 and
2
3p – 5p + 3. Find the third side of the triangle.
Sol. Since, we know that,
Perimeter of < = Sum of its all three sides
So, third side = Perimeter – (Sum of two sides)
= (6p – 4p + 9) – (p – 2p + 1+3p – 5p + 3)
2 2 2
= (6p – 4p + 9) – (4p – 7p + 4)
2 2
= 6p – 4p + 9 – 4p + 7p – 4
2 2
= 6p – 4p + 7p – 4p + 9 – 4
2 2
= (6 – 4)p + (7 – 4)p + (9 – 4)
2
2
= 2p + 3p + 5
EXERCISE - 6.2
1. Find each of the following products by column method :
(i) (5x + 7) × (3x) (ii) (4x + 8) × (x3)
(iii) (2x + 5) × (4x2) (iv) (3y – 8) × (5y – 1)
(v) (7x + 2y) × (x + 4) (vi) (9x + 5y) × (4x + 3y)
2 2
(vii) (3m – 4n) × (2m – 3n) (viii) (x – a ) × (x – a)
2 2 2 2 2 2
(ix) (x – y ) × (x + 2y) (x) (3p + q ) × (2p – 3q )
2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2
(xi) (2x – 5y ) × (x + 3y ) (xii) (x – y ) × (x + y )
Sol. (i) (5x + 7) × (3x)
Using column method, we get 5x + 7
×3x
2
15x +21x
3 2
(ii) (4x + 8) × (x ) (iii) (2x + 5) × (4x )
Using column method, we get Using column method, we get
4x + 8 2x + 5
3 2
×x × 4x
4 3 3 2
4x + 8x 8x + 20x
(iv) (3y – 8) × (5y – 1) (v) (7x + 2y) × (x + 4)

3y – 8 7x + 2y
× 5y – 1 ×x+4
– 3y + 8 28x + 8y
15y – 40y 7x +2xy
2 2
2 2
15y – 43y + 8 7x + 28x + 2xy + 8y
(vi) (9x + 5y) × (4x + 3y) (vii) (3m – 4n) × (2m – 3n)
9x + 5y 3m – 4n
× 4x + 3y × 2m – 3n
27 xy + 15y2 – 9mn + 12n2
36x + 20 xy 6m – 8mn
2 2
36x + 47 xy + 15y 6m –17mn + 12n

2 2 2 2
2 2
= 36x2 + 15y2 + 47xy = 6m + 12n – 17mn
(viii) (x2 – a2) × (x – a) (ix) (x2 – y2) × (x + 2y)
2
x –a x – y
2 2 2
×x–a × x + 2y
–ax + a 2x y – 2y
2 3 2 3
x3 – a2x x3 – xy2
3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3
x – a x –ax + a x + 2x y –xy – 2y
(x) (3p + q ) × (2p – 3q ) (xi) (2x – 5y ) × (x + 3y )

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3p + q 2x – 5y
2 2 2 2
× 2p – 3q
2 2
× x2 + 3y2
– 9 p q – 3q
2 2 4
6x2y2 – 15y4
6p + 2p q
4 2 2
2x4 – 5x2y2
4 2 2
6p – 7p q – 3q
4
2x4 + x2y2 – 15y4
4 4 2 2
= 2x – 15y + x y

(xii) (x – y ) × (x + y )
3 3 2 2
Using column method, we get

x –y
3 3
× x2 + y2
x3y2 – y5
x5– x2y3
5 3 2 2 3 5
x +xy –xy–y
2. Multiply the following by horizontal method :
(i) æ 4 1 ö (ii)
2
(x – 3x + 7) × (2x )
2
ç x + 4 ÷ ´ (x)
è x ø
(iii) (3x + 5x – 9) × (3x3)
2
(iv) (x2 – xy + y2) × (x + y)
2 2 3 2
(v) (x + xy + y ) × (x – y) (vi) (x – 2x + 5) × (4x – 1)
2 2 2 2
(vii) (9x – x + 15) × (x – 3) (viii) (x – 5x + 8) × (x + 2)
3 2 2
(ix) (x – 5x + 3x + 1) × (x – 3) (x) (3x + 2y – 4) × (x – y + 2)
2 2 2 2
(xi) (x – 5x + 8) × (x + 2x – 3) (xii) (2x + 3x – 7) × (3x – 5x + 4)
Sol. (i) æ 4 1 ö
ç x + 4 ÷ ´ (x)
è x ø
Using horizontal method, we get
æ 1 ö x x 1
x ´ çx4 + 4 ÷ = x5 + 4 = x5+ 3 = x +
5
è x ø x x×x x3
(ii) (x2 – 3x + 7) × (2x2)
2x2 × (x2– 3x + 7)
= 2x × x – 2x ×3x+2x × 7
2 2 2 2
4 3 2
= 2x – 6x + 14x
(iii) (3x + 5x – 9) × (3x )
2 3

3x × (3x + 5x –9)
3 2
= 3x × 3x +3x ×5x –3x ×9

3 2 3 3
= (3× 3) (x × x ) + (3×5)(x × x) – (3×9)x

3 2 3 3
5 4 3
= 9x + 15x – 27x
(iv) (x – xy + y ) × (x + y)
2 2

(x+y) × (x – xy +y )
2 2
= x ×x –x × xy +x×y + y× x – y×xy + y× y
2 2 2 2
= x –x y + xy + x y – xy + y
3 2 2 2 2 3
3 3
=x+y
2
(v) (x + xy + y ) × (x – y)
2

(x–y) × (x + xy +y )
2 2
= x ×x +x×xy +xy –y×x – y× xy– y×y

2 2 2 2
= x +x y +xy – x y – xy – y
3 2 2 2 2 3
3 3
=x–y
(vi) (x – 2x2 + 5) × (4x – 1)
3

(4x–1) × (x – 2x +5)
3 2
= 4x ×x – 4x × 2x + 4x× 5– x +2x – 5
3 2 3 2
= 4x – 8x + 20x – x + 2x – 5
4 3 3 2
4 3 2
= 4x – 9x + 2x + 20x– 5
(vii) (9x – x + 15) × (x – 3)
2 2

(x –3) × (9x – x +15)
2 2
= x ×9x – x × x + x × 15 – 3×9x +3×x – 3×15

2 2 2 2 2
= 9x – x + 15x – 27x + 3x– 45

4 3 2 2
4 3 2
= 9x – x – 12x + 3x– 45
(viii) (x – 5x + 8) × (x + 2)
2 2

(x +2) × (x – 5x +8)
2 2
= x ×x – x × 5x+ x × 8 + 2x –2× 5x + 2 × 8
2 2 2 2 2
= x – 5x + 8x + 2x – 10x + 16
4 3 2 2
4 3 2
= x – 5x + 10x – 10x+ 16
(ix) (x – 5x + 3x +1) × (x – 3)
3 2 2

(x –3) × (x – 5x + 3x + 1)
2 3 2
= x ×x – x × 5x + x × 3x + x –3x + 15x – 9x–3

2 3 2 2 2 2 3 2
= x – 5x + 3x + x – 3x + 15x –9x–3
5 4 3 2 3 2
5 4 2
= x – 5x + 16x – 9x – 3
(x) (3x + 2y – 4) × (x – y + 2)
(x–y + 2) × (3x + 2y – 4)
= x ×3x + x × 2y – 4x – y × 3x – y × 2y + y × 4 + 2× 3x + 2 × 2y –2×4
= 3x2+ 2xy – 4x – 3xy – 2y2+ 4y + 6x + 4y – 8
= 3x + 2x – xy– 2y + 8y –8
2 2
2
= 3x – xy + 2x – 2y + 8y – 8
2

(xi) (x – 5x + 8) × (x + 2x – 3)
2 2

(x +2x – 3) × (x – 5x + 8)
2 2
= x × x – x × 5x + x × 8 + 2x × x –2x × 5x + 2x ×8 –3× x + 3×5x –3×8

2 2 2 2 2 2
= x4 –5x3 + 8x2 + 2x3 – 10x2 + 16x – 3x2 + 15x – 24

= x4–3x3– 5x2 + 31x –24 (adding and subtracting like terms)
(xii) (2x + 3x – 7) × (3x – 5x + 4)
2 2

(3x –5x + 4) × (2x + 3x – 7)
2 2
= 3x × 2x + 3x × 3x –3x × 7–5x × 2x – 5x×3x +5x × 7+ 4 × 2x +4×3x–28

2 2 2 2 2 2
= 6x +9x – 21x – 10x – 15x + 35x + 8x + 12x – 28

4 3 2 3 2 2
= 6x + (9x – 10x ) – (21x + 15x – 8x ) + (35x + 12x) – 28

4 3 3 2 2 2
4 3 2
= 6x –x – 28x + 47x – 28 (adding and subtracting like terms)
EXERCISE - 6.3
1. Multiply :
(i) (y + 3) (y – 3) (ii) (2x + 5y) (2x + 5y) (iii) (3p – 4q) (3p – 4q)
2 2 æ 1öæ 1ö æ 1öæ 1ö
(iv) (3x – y) (3x – y) (v) çx + ÷çx + ÷ (vi) çy – ÷çy – ÷
è xøè xø è yøè yø
2 2
(vii) (3x + 5y) (3x – 5y) (viii) (x + xy) (x – xy)
2 1 2 1
(ix) æç x 2 – y 2 ö÷ æç x 2 + y 2 ö÷
è3 2 øè3 2 ø
Sol. (i) (y + 3) (y –3)
= y2 – 32 [Using a – b = (a+b) (a–b)]
2 2
= y2 – 9
(ii) (2x + 5y) (2x + 5y)
= ( 2x + 5y)2
= ( 2x )2 + 2 × 2x × 5y + (5y)2 [Using (a+ b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 ]
= 4x 2 +20xy +25y2
(iii) (3p – 4q) (3p – 4q)
= (3p – 4q)2
= (3p)2 – 2×3p ×4q + (4q)2 [Using (a– b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2 ]
= 9p2 – 24pq +16q2
(iv) (3x – y) (3x – y)
2 2
= (3x –y) [Using (a– b) = a – 2ab + b ]

2 2 2 2 2
= (3x ) –2×3x ×y + (y)

2 2 2 2
4 2 2
= 9x – 6x y + y
æ 1öæ 1ö æ 1öæ 1ö
(v) (vi) çy – ÷çy – ÷
çx + ÷çx + ÷ è yøè yø
è xøè xø
2 2
æ 1ö æ 1ö
= çx + ÷ = çy – ÷
è xø è yø
1 æ1 ö
2
= y2– 2 × y ×
1 æ 1 ö2
= x+ 2 × x × + ç ÷
2 + ç ÷
x èx ø y èy ø
1
1 = y2–2 + 2
= x2+ 2 + 2 y
x
(vii) (3x + 5y) (3x – 5y) (viii) (x + xy)( x –xy)

2 2
= [(3x) – (5y) ]
2 2
= [(x ) – (xy) ]
2 2 2
2 2
= 9x – 25 y = x
4
– x y
2 2
æ2 2 1 2öæ2 2 1 2ö
(ix) ç x – y ÷ç x + y ÷
è3 2 øè3 2 ø
2 2
æ 2 2ö æ 1 2 ö
ç x ÷ –ç y ÷
è3 ø è2 ø
4 4 1 4
x – y
9 4
2. Simplify : 2 2
1 2 1 2
(ii) æç x 2 + y 2 ö÷ – æç x 2 – y 2 ö÷
2 2
(i) (3x + 5) – (3x – 5)
2 2 è2 3 ø è2 3 ø
æ3 ö æ3 ö
(iii) ç xy–1÷ – ç xy + 1÷
è4 ø è4 ø
Sol. (i) (3x + 5) – (3x – 5)
2 2
= [(3x +5) + ( 3x – 5) ] [(3x + 5) – 3x – 5)]

(3x + 5 + 3x –5) (3x + 5 –3x + 5) [Using a – b = (a+b) (a –b)]
2 2
=
= (6x) × (10) = 60 x

2 2
(ii) æ1 2 2 2ö æ1 2 2 2ö
ç x + y ÷ –ç x – y ÷
è2 3 ø è2 3 ø
= éç x + y ÷ + ç x – y ÷ù éç x + y ÷ – ç x – y ÷ù
æ1 2 2 2ö æ1 2 2 2ö æ1 2 2 2ö æ1 2 2 2ö
ëè 2 3 ø è 2 3 øû ëè 2 3 ø è 2 3 øû
æ1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2ö æ1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2ö
= ç x + y + x – y ÷ ç x + y – x + y ÷
è2 3 2 3 ø è2 3 2 3 ø
= æç x 2 + x 2 + y 2 – y 2 ö÷ æ1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2ö
1 1 2 2
ç x – x + y + y ÷
è2 2 3 3 ø è2 2 3 3 ø
= æç x 2 + 0 ö÷ æç 0 +
2 4 2ö
y ÷
è2 ø è 3 ø
= æç x 2 ö÷ × æç y 2 ö÷
4
è ø è 3 ø
4 2 2
3 x y
=
2 2
æ3 ö æ3 ö
(iii) ç xy –1÷ – ç xy +1÷
è4 ø è4 ø
éæç 3 xy –1ö÷ + æç 3 xy +1ö÷ù éæç 3 xy –1ö÷ – æç 3 xy +1ö÷ù

ëè 4 ø è 4 øû ëè 4 ø è 4 øû
æ3 3 ö æ3 3 ö
ç xy –1 + xy + 1 ÷ ç xy –1 – xy –1÷
è4 4 ø è4 4 ø
æ3 3 ö æ3 3 ö
ç xy + xy + (–1+1)÷ ç xy – xy – (1+1) ÷
è4 4 ø è4 4 ø
æ6 öæ ö 6
ç xy + 0 ÷ ç–2 ÷ × –2xy = –3xy
è4 øè ø 4
3. Find the value of the following expressions :
2 9 2 2 2
(i) 4x + 6xy + y , when x = 2, y = 4 (ii) 81x –90xy + 25y , when x =3, y =2
4
Sol. (i) 4x + 6xy + 9 y
2 2
4
Given that,
x = 2 and y = 4
9 2
Putting these values in given expression 4x + 6xy + y , we get
2
4
9
= 4 × (2) + 6 ×2 × 4 +
2
× 4 ×4
4
= 16 + 48 + 36
= 100
2 2
(ii) 81x – 90xy + 25y , when x = 3, y = 2
Sol. (ii) Given that,
x = 3 and y = 2
Putting these values in given expression 81x – 90xy + 25y , we get,
2 2
2 2
81× (3) – 90 ×3 × 2 + 25 × (2)
= (81×9) – 540 + ( 25 ×4)
= 729 – 540 + 100
= 189 + 100 = 289
4. Find the value of p if 4 p = 99 – 39
2 2
Sol. We are given that

4 p = 99 – 39
2 2
= (99 + 39) (99–39)

= (138) (60)
8280
4p = 8280 Þ p =
4
= 2070
Hence, the required value of p is 2070.
1
5. If 2x – = 13, find the value of :
2x
2 1 4
1
(i) 4x + (ii) 16x +
4x 2
16x4
Sol. (i) Squaring on both sides we get
2
æ 1 æ
ç2 x –
2
ç = (13)
è 2x è
1 æ1ö
2
Þ (2 x) –2× 2x ×
2
+ ç ÷ = 169
2x è 2x ø
1
4x2
1
4x +
2
– 2 = 169
4x2
1 1
4x +
2
= 169 + 2
4x2 4x2

1
(ii) 16x +
4
4
16x
1 Squaring on both sides, we get
Given, 2x– = 13
2x
2
æ 1 ö
ç 2 x – 2x ÷ = (13)
2
è ø
1 æ1 ö
2
Þ (2 x) –2 ×2x ×
2
+ ç ÷ = 169
2x è 2x ø
1
Þ 4 x2 –2 + 2 = 169
4x
1
Þ 4 x2 + 2 – 2 = 169
4x
1 1
Þ 4 x2 + 2 = 169 + 2 Þ 4x2 + 2 = 171
4x 4x
Again squaring on both sides, we get
2
æ 2 1 æ
ç4 x + 4x2 ç = (171)
2
è è
2
(4 x ) +2 × 4x × 2 + æç 2 æç = 29241
2 2 1 2
1
4x è4x è
1
Þ 16 x4+ 2 + 4 29241
16x
1
Þ 16 x4 + = 29241–2
16x4
1
Þ 16 x4 + = 29239
16x4
EXERCISE - 6.4
1. Divide :
2 2 2
(i) (24x y ) by (3xy) (ii) (36xyz ) by (–9xz)
2 2 3 2
(iii) (–72x y z) by (–12xyz) (iv) (5m – 30m + 45m) by (5m)
(8x y – 6xy + 10x y ) by (2xy) (vi) (9x2y – 6xy + 12xy2) by (– 3xy)
2 2 2 2 3
(v)
2 2
Sol. (i) (24x y ) by (3xy)
24x y
2 2
3xy
24 x×x×y×y
= 3 × = 8xy
x ×y
(ii) (36xyz2) by (–9xz)
36xyz
2
–9xz
36 x×y×z×z
= –9 × = –4 × yz = –4yz
x ×z
(iii) (–72x2y2z) by (–12xyz)
2 2 2
–72x y z
–12xyz
–72 x2×y2×z x×x×y×y×z
= × = = 6 × xy = 6xy
–12 xyz x×y×z
(iv) (5m – 30m + 45m) by (5m)
3 2
5m – 30m +45m
3 2
5m
5m 30m2 45m
3
= 5m 5m 5m
m 30 m m
3 2
5 45
= 5 × m – 5 × m + 5 × m
2
= m – 6m + 9
(v) (8x y – 6xy + 10x y ) by (2xy)
2 2 2 2 3
8x y – 6xy +10x y
2 2 2 2 3
2xy
8x y 6xy 10x2y3
2 2 2
2xy 2xy + 2xy

xy xy xy
2 2 2 2 3
= 8 6 10
2 xy 2 xy 2 xy
= 4xy – 3y + 5xy 2
or 5xy2+ 4xy – 3y
(vi) (9x y – 6xy + 12xy ) by (– 3xy)
2 2
9x y– 6xy +12xy
2 2
–3xy
9x y – 6xy 12xy
2 2
+
–3xy –3xy –3xy
9 xy
2
xy xy2
× xy + 6 × xy – 12 ×
–3 3 3 xy
= –3x+ 2 – 4y
or –3x– 4y + 2
2. Divide the following and write the quotient and remainder :
2 2
(i) (x – 4x + 4) by (x – 2) (ii) (x – 4) by (x + 2)
2 2
(iii) (x + 12x + 35) by (x + 7) (iv) (15x + x – 6) by (3x + 2)
2 2
(v) (14x – 53x + 45) by (7x – 9) (vi) (6x – 31x + 47) by (2x – 5)
Sol. (i) (x – 4x + 4) by (x – 2) (ii) (x – 4) by (x +2)
2 2
x – 2 ) x – 4x + 4 x – 2
2
x +2 ) x – 4 x–2
2
x – 2x
2
x + 2x
2
– + – –
–2x + 4 –2x – 4
–2x + 4 –2x – 4
+ – + +
0 0
Quotient = (x –2) Quotient = (x –2)
Remainder = 0 Remainder = 0
(iv) (15x + x – 6) by (3x + 2)

2
(iii) (x + 12x + 35) by (x + 7)
2
x + 7 ) x + 12x + 35 x + 5 3x + 2 ) 15x + x – 6 5x – 3
2 2
x + 7x 15x +10x
2 2
– – – –
5x + 35 –9x – 6
5x + 35 –9x – 6
– – + +
0 0
Quotient = (x +5) Quotient = (5x –3)
Remainder = 0 Remainder = 0
(vi) (6x – 31x + 47) by (2x – 5)

2
(v) (14x – 53x + 45) by (7x – 9)
2
2x –5 ) 6x – 31x + 47 3x – 8
2
7x – 9 ) 14x – 53x + 45 2x – 5
2
6x – 15x
2
14x –18x
2
– + – +
–35x + 45 –16x + 47
–35x + 45 –16x + 40
+ – + –
0 07
Quotient = (3x –8)
Quotient = (2x –5)
Remainder = 7
Remainder = 0
3. Divide and verify the answer :
3 2 3
(i) (2x + x – 5x – 2) by (2x + 3) (ii) (x + 1) by (x + 1)
4 3 2 2
(iii) (x – 2x + 2x + x + 4) by (x + x + 1)
3 2 2 3 2 2
(iv) (5x – 12x + 12x + 13) by (x – 3x + 4) (v) (2x – 5x + 8x – 5) by (2x – 3x + 5)
4 3 2 2
(vi) (8x + 10x – 3x – 4x + 1) by (2x + x – 1)
Sol. (2x + x – 5x – 2) by (2x + 3)
3 2
(i) Verification:
Dividend = Quotient × Divisor
2x + 3 ) 2x + x –5x –2 x2 – x – 1
3 2
+ Remainder
2x +3x
3 2
= (x2 –x– 1) (2x+ 3) + 1
– –
= 2x +3x – 2x –3x– 2x–3 + 1
3 2 2
–2x – 5x
2
= 2x + x – 5x –2
3 2
–2x – 3x
2
Þ Dividend = 2x + x – 5x – 2
3 2
+ +
–2x – 2 2
Quotient = (x –x–1)
–2x – 3 Remainder = 1
+ +
1
(ii) (x + 1) by (x + 1)
3
Verification:
Dividend = Quotient × Divisor
x +1 ) x + 1 x –x+1
3 2
+ Remainder
x +x
3 2
– – = (x2 –x+ 1) (x+ 1) + 0

–x + 1 = x +x–x–x+x+1
2 3 2 2
= x + (x – x )– ( x – x) + 1 = x + 1
3 2 2 3
–x – x
2
+ + = Dividend
x+1 2
Quotient = (x – x + 1)
–x –+ 1 Remainder = 0
0
(iii) (x – 2x + 2x + x + 4) by (x + x + 1)
4 3 2 2
x +x +1 ) x – 2x + 2x + x + 4 x – 3x + 4
2 4 3 2 2
x4 + x3 + x2 Verification:
– – – Dividend = Quotient × Divisor
–3x + x + x + 4
3 2
+Remainder
–3x – 3x –3x = (x –3x+4) (x + x+ 1) + 0
3 2 2 2
+ + +
= x ×x + x ×x+ x –3x ×x –3x×x
2 2 2 2 2
4x + 4x + 4
2
–3x ×1+4x2 +4x+4
4x + 4x + 4 = x + x + x –3x –3x –3x +4x +4x+4
2 4 3 2 3 2 2
– – –
= x +(x – 3x )+(x –3x + 4x )
4 3 3 2 2 2
0
–(3x–4x)+4
= x – 2x +2x +x + 4
4 3 2
= Dividend
2
Quotient = (x –3x +4)
Remainder = 0
3
(iv) (5x – 12x + 12x + 13) by (x – 3x + 4)
2 2
2
x – 3x + 4 ) 5x – 12x + 12x + 13 5x + 3
2 3
5x – 15x + 20x
3 2
Verification:
– + –
Dividend = Quotient ×Divisor
3x – 8x + 13
2
+ Remainder
3x – 9x + 12
2
x – 3x + 4
2
– + –
x+1 × 5x + 3
3x – 9x + 12
2
5x – 15x + 20x
3 2
(5x – 12x + 11x +12)+ x +1

3 2
= 5x3–12x2+ 12x +13

Quotient = 5x + 3
Remainder = (x + 1)
(v) (2x – 5x + 8x – 5) by (2x – 3x + 5)
3 2 2
2x – 3x + 5 ) 2x – 5x + 8x – 5 x – 1
2 3 2
2x – 3x + 5x
3 2
Verification:
– + – Dividend = Quotient ×Divisor
–2x + 3x – 5
2
+Remainder
–2x + 3x – 5 (x –1) (2x – 3x +5)+ 0
2 2
+ – +
= 2x – 3x +5x –2x +3x –5
3 2 2
0
= 2x –(3x + 2x )+(5x + 3x) –5
3 2 2
= 2x – 5x +8x – 5
3 2
= Dividend
Quotient = (x – 1)
2 Remainder = 0
(vi) (8x +10x –3x –4x +1) by (2x +x –1)
4 3 2
2
2x +x –1 ) 8x +10x –3x –4x +1 4x2 + 3x – 1
2 4 3
2
8x + 4x – 4x
4 3
Verification:
– – + Dividend = Quotient × Divisor
2
6x + x – 4x +1
3
+ Remainder
2 2
6x + 3x – 3x
3
(4x +3x–1) ( 2x2 + x–1)
– – +
= 4x ×2x +4x ×x+4x ×(–1)+3x× 2x
2 2 2 2 2
–2x – x +1
2
+3x×x + 3x ×(–1) –1×2x – x+1
2
2x – x + 1 = 8x +4x –4x +6x +3x –3x–2x –x+1

2 4 3 2 3 2 2
+ + –
0 = 8x4+(4x3+6x3) – (4x2–3x2+2x2)
–(3x+x) +1
= 8x4+10x3–3x2– 4x +1
2
Quotient = 4x + 3x –1
Remainder = 0
4. Without actually multiplication, find the value of:
2 2
(i) (52) (ii) (97)
2 2
(3.9) – (1.7)
(iii) (235 × 235) – (115 × 115) (iv)
(3.9 – 1.7)
(4.73 × 4.73) – (2.23 × 2.23)
(v) (vi) (5.2 × 4.8)
(4.73 + 2.23)
Sol. (i)
2
(52)
2
= (50 + 2)
[(a+b) = a + 2ab + b ]
2 2 2
= (50)2 + 2 ×50 ×2 + (2)2
= (2500 + 200 + 4)
= 2704
(ii)
2
(97)
= (100 – 3)2
[(a+b) = a + 2ab + b ]
2 2 2
2 2
= (100) – 2×100 ×3 + (3)
= (10000 – 600 + 9)
= (9400 + 9)
= 9409
(iii) (235 × 235) – (115 × 115)
2 2
= (235) – (115)
[ a –b = (a+b) (a–b)]
2 2
= (235+115) (235–115)
= (350) × (120)
= 42000
2 2
(iv) (3.9) – (1.7)
(3.9 – 1.7)
(3.9 + 1.7) (3.9 –1.7)
=
(3.9 – 1.7)
= 3.9 + 1.7 [ a –b = (a+b) (a–b)]
2 2
= 5.6
(v) (4.73 × 4.73) – (2.23 × 2.23)

(4.73 + 2.23)
2
(4.73) – (2.23)
2
(4.73 + 2.23) (4.73 – 2.23)
= = (4.73 + 2.23)
(4.73 – 2.23)
= 4.73 – 2.23 [ a2–b2 = (a+b) (a–b)]
= 2.5

(vi) (5.2 × 4.8)
(5 + 0.2) (5 –0.2)
[ (a+b) (a –b) = a – b ]
2 2 2 2
= (5) – (0.2)
= 25 – 0.04
= 24.96
7 Factorization of Algebraic Expressions

EXERCISE - 7.1
Factorize :
2
1. 7x + ay – 7y – ax 2. 9xy + 5y – 9y – 5x
Sol. 7x + ay – 7y – ax Sol. 9xy – 9y – 5x + 5y
2
(7x–7y) – (ax– ay) (9xy – 9y ) – (5x –5y)

2
= =
= 7 (x–y) –a (x–y) = 9y ( x–y) –5 (x–y)
= ( x–y) (7–a) = ( x–y) (9y–5)
2 2
3. 2ax – bx – 2a + b 4. 2a x – bx + 2a – b
Sol. 2ax –2a – bx + b Sol. 2a2x + 2a2 – bx – b
(2ax–2a) – (bx– b) (2a x + 2a ) – (bx +b)
2 2
= =
2a ( x–1) –b (x–1) 2a ( x+1) –b (x+1)
2
= =
2
= ( x–1) (2a–b) = ( x +1) (2a –b)
2 2
5. a – (b + 5) a + 5b 6. b (c – d) – a (d – c) + 5 (c – d )
Sol. a –ab – 5a + 5b Sol. b (c – d )2 – a (d – c) + 5 (c – d )
2
(a –ab) – (5a– 5b) b (c– d ) +ac – ad +5(c–d )

2 2
= =
a ( a–b) –5 (a–b) b ( c–d ) +a (c–d ) +5 (c–d )
2
= =
= (a–b) (a–5) = ( c–d ) {b (c–d ) +a +5}
= (c–d ) (bc –bd + a+5)
= (c–d ) (bc –bd + a +5)
2
7. x + x + x + x y + xy + y 8. a (b – c) (b + c) – d (c – b)
3 2
Sol. x + x + x + x y + xy + y Sol. a (b – c) (b + c) + d (b – c)
3 2 2
x ( x + x +1)+ y (x + x + 1) (b – c) {a (b + c) + d }
2 2
= =
2
= ( x + x +1) (x + y) = (b – c) (ab+ac + d )

2 2 2
9. a – 16a (b – c)
Sol.
2
[a ] – [4a (b – c)]
2
[ a2 –b2 = (a+b) (a–b)
= [a + 4a (b–c)] [a –4a (b –c)]
= (a + 4ab – 4ac) (a –4ab + 4ac )
2 2
10. 4 (a + b) – (c + d )
[ a –b = (a+b) (a–b)
2 2
Sol. [2 (a + b)] – [(c + d )]
2 2
= [2 (a+ b) + (c+d )] [2(a+b)– (c +d )]

= (2a + 2b + c + d ) ( 2a + 2b –c–d)
a
4
81
11. = –
16 64
a
4
81
Sol. – [ a –b = (a+b) (a–b)
2 2
16 64
æa æ æ9 æ
2 2 2
= ç4 ç – ç8 ç
è è è è
2 2
æa 9æ æa 9æ
= ç4 + 8ç ç4 – 8 ç
è è è è
2 2 2
12. x – a + 4ab – 4b
Sol. x – [(a – 4ab + 4b ]
2 2 2
x – [(a ) – 2a (2b) + (2b) ]

2 2 2
=
x – (a – 2b)
2 2
=
= [x + (a – 2b)] [( x – ( a –2b)]
= (x + a – 2b) ( x – a +2b)
2 2 2
13. x – a – 9b + 6ab
Sol. x2 – a 2 – 9b2 + 6ab
2
= x – (a2 + 9b – 6ab )
2
[ a +b –2ab = (a–b) ]
2 2 2
= x2 – [(a)2 + (3b)2 – 2a (3b)]

[ a –b = (a+b) (a–b)]
2 2
= x – (a – 3b)2
2
= [x + (a – 3b)] [ x – (a –3b)]
= (x + a –3b) (x – a + 3b)

2 2
14. 81x + 144xy + 64y
[ a +2ab + b = (a+b) ]
2 2 2
Sol. 81x + 144xy + 64y
2 2
(9x) + 2 × 9x × 8y +(8y)
2 2
=
(9x + 8y)
2
=
= (9x + 8y) (9x + 8y)
2 2
9x 6xy 16y
15. – +
16 5 25
9x 6xy 16y
2 2
Sol. – +
16 5 25
æ 9x – 6xy + 16y æ
2 2
= ç 16
è 5 25 çè
æ 3x æ – 2× 3 x × 4 y + æ4y æ
2 2
= ç4 ç ç5ç
è è 4 5 è è
æ 3x – 4y æ
2
= ç4
è 5 çè
æ 3x – 4y æ æ 3x – 4y æ
= ç4
è 5 çè çè 4 5 çè
2 9
16. 4x + 12 + 2
x
9
Sol. 4x + 12 + 2
2
x 2 2
3 æ3 æ æ 3 æ
(2x) + 2× 2x × + ç ç = ç2x +
2
=
x èx è è x çè
= æ 2x + 3 æ æ2x + 3 æ
ç x çè çè x çè
è
2 1
17. 9z – 6 + 2
z [ a – 2ab +b = (a–b) ]
2 2 2
1
Sol.
2
= 9z – 6 + 2
z 1 æ1 æ
2
(3z) – 2× 3z ×
2
z çè z çè
= +
2
= æ3z – 1 æ
ç z çè
è
= æ3z – 1 æ æ3z – 1 æ
ç z çè çè z çè
è
2 2 2
18. 4x + y + 9z – 4xy + 6yz – 12xz
Sol. 4x + y + 9z – 4xy + 6yz – 12xz
2 2 2
= (–2x ) + (y ) + (3z ) +[ 2× (–2x) ×y] + (2×y× 3z) + [2 ×(–2x) × 3z]

2 2 2

(–2x + y + 3z)
2
=
= (–2x + y + 3z) (–2x + y + 3z)
3 3 2 2
19. 27x – 8y – 54x y + 36xy
Sol. 27x – 8y – 54x y + 36xy
3 3 2 2
(3x) –(2y) – 18xy (3x– 2y)

3 3
=
(3x–2y) [(3x) + (2y) +3x×2y]–18xy (3x– 2y)
2 2
=
(3x–2y) [(3x) + (2y) +6xy–18xy]
2 2
=
(3x–2y) [(3x) + (2y) –12xy]
2 2
= [ a +b –2ab = (a–b) ]
2 2 2
(3x–2y) [(3x) + (2y) –2×3x×2y]

2 2
=
(3x–2y) [(3x –2y) ]
2
=
3
= (3x–2y) (3x –2y) (3x –2y) or (3x –2y)
3 3 2 2
20. x + 64y + 12x y + 48xy
Sol. x + 64y + 12x y + 48xy
3 3 2 2
(x) + (4y) + 12xy (x + 4y)

3 3
=
(x+4y) [x – x × 4y+ (4y) ] +12xy (x + 4y)
2 2
=
(x+4y) [x – 4xy+ (4y) + 12xy]
2 2
=
(x+4y) [(x + (4y) + 8xy]
2 2
=
[ a +b –2ab = (a+b) )
2 2 2
(x+4y) [(x + 4y) ]
2
=
= (x+4y) (x + 4y) (x + 4y)
3
= (x+4y)
3 3 2 2
21. 8y – 125z – 60y z + 150yz
Sol. 8y – 125z – 60y z + 150yz
3 3 2 2
(2y) – (5z) – 30yz (2y– 5z)

3 3
=
(2y–5z) [(2y ) + (5z) + 2y ×5z]–30yz (2y –5z)
2 2
=
(2y–5z) [(2y) + (5z) + 10yz]–30yz (2y –5z)
2 2
=
(2y–5z) [(2y) + (5z) + 10yz–30yz]
2 2
=
(2y–5z) [(2y) + (5z) – 20yz]
2 2
=
(2y–5z) [(2y) + (5z) – 2×2y×5z]
2 2
=
(2y–5z) [(2y – 5z) ]
2
=

= (2y–5z) (2y – 5z)(2y – 5z)
= (2y–5z)3
3 3 2 2
22. x + 125z + 15x z + 75xz
Sol. x3 + 125z3 + 15x2z + 75xz2
= (x)3 +(5z)3 + 15xz (x+ 5z)
= (x+5z) [x2 + (5z)2– 5xz]+15xz (x +5z)
= (x+5z) [x2 + (5z)2– 5xz +15xz]
= (x+5z) [x2 + (5z)2+ 10xz]
= (x+5z) [(x + 5z)2]
= (x+5z) (x + 5z) (x + 5z)
= (x + 5z)3
23. 27x3 – 108x2 + 144x – 64
Sol. 27x3 – 108x2 + 144x – 64
27x – 64 –108x + 144x
3 2
=
= (3x)3 –(4)3 – 36x (3x – 4)
= (3x–4) [(3x )2 + (4)2+ 3x×4]–36x (3x –4)
= (3x–4) [(3x )2 + (4)2+ 12x]–36x (3x –4)
= (3x–4) [(3x )2 + (4)2+ 12x–36x]
= (3x–4) [(3x )2 + (4)2– 24x]
= (3x–4) [(3x – 4)2]
= (3x–4) (3x – 4)2
= (3x – 4)3
24. 8x3 + 125y3 + 60x2y + 150xy2
Sol. 8x3 + 125y3 + 60x2y + 150xy2
= (2x)3 + (5y)3 + 30xy (2x+ 5y)
= (2x +5y) [(2x )2 + (5y)2– 2x×5y]–30xy (2x +5y)
= (2x +5y) [(2x )2 + (5y)2– 10xy]+30xy (2x +5y)
= (2x +5y) [(2x )2 + (5y)2– 10xy +30xy]
= (2x +5y) [(2x )2 + (5y)2+ 20xy]
= (2x +5y) [(2x + 5y)2
= (2x + 5y)3
EXERCISE - 7.2
Factorize the following :
2 2
1. x – 8x – 20 2. 2x – x – 15
Sol. x – 8x – 20
2
Sol. 2x – x – 15
2
x – 10x + 2x –20 2x –6 x +5x– 15

2 2
= =
(x – 10x) + (2x –20) (2x –6 x) +(5x– 15)
2 2
= =
= x (x– 10) + 2(x –10) = 2x(x –3) +5 (x– 3)
= (x– 10) (x +2) = (x –3) (2x+ 5)
2 2
3. 12x + 7x – 10 4. 3 – 4x – 7 x
Sol. 12x + 7x – 10 Sol. 3 – 4x – 7x
2 2
12x + 15x – 8x –10 3+ 3x –7x – 7x

2 2
= =
(12x +15x) – (8x +10) (3 +3x) – (7x+7x )
2 2
= =
= 3x (4x +5) – 2(4x +5) = 3(1 +x) –7x (1+ x)
= (4x+ 5) (3x –2) = (1 +x) (3 – 7x)
2 2
5. 10 – 58x – 12x 6. 15 + x – 2x
Sol. 10 – 58x – 12x Sol. 15 + x – 2x
2 2
2 (5 – 29x – 6x ) 15+ 6x –5x – 2x

2 2
= =
2 [5 +x –30x –6x ] (15 + 6x) – (5x+2x )
2 2
= =
2 [(5 +x) –(30x +6x )] 3 (5 +2x) –x (5+ 2x)
2
= =
= 2 [1(5 +x) – 6x (5+x)] = (5 +2x) (3 – x)
= 2 [(5 +x) (1– 6x)]
= 2 (5 +x) (1– 6x)
2 2
7.
2
120a + 110ab + 20b
2 8. 9a – 22ab + 8b
Sol. 120a + 110ab + 20b
2 2 Sol. 9a2 – 22ab + 8b2
= 9a2 –18ab – 4ab + 8b2
10 (12a + 11ab + 2b )
2 2
=
= (9a2 –18ab) – (4ab – 8b2)
10 [12a + 8ab + 3ab+ 2b ]
2 2
=
= 9a (a –2b) –4b (a – 2b)
10 [(12a + 8ab) + (3ab+ 2b )]
2 2
= = (a –2b) (9a – 4b)
= 10 [4a (3a + 2b) +b (3a+ 2b)]
= 10 [(3a + 2b) (4a+ b)]
= 10 (3a + 2b) (4a + b)
2 2 2 2
9. a – 32ab – 105b 10. 22x + xy – 6y
Sol. a – 32ab – 105b
2 2
Sol. 22x2 + xy – 6y2
= a2 + 3ab – 35ab –105b2 = 22x2 –11xy + 12xy –6y2
= (a2 + 3ab) – (35ab +105b2) = (22x2 –11xy) + (12xy –6y2)
= a (a + 3b) –35b(a +3b) = 11x (2x – y) + 6y (2x – y)
= (a + 3b) (a –35b) = (2x – y) (11x + 6y)
11. 3x2 + 77xy – 980y2 12. 3 (a + b)2 – 5 (a + b) + 2
Sol. 3x2 + 77xy – 980y2 Sol. 3 (a + b)2 – 5 (a + b) + 2
= 3x2 + 105xy – 28xy – 980y2 = 3 (a + b)2 – 2 (a + b) – 3 (a+b) +2
= (3x2 + 105xy) – ( 28xy + 980y2) = [3 (a + b)2 – 2 (a + b)] – [3 (a+b) –2]
= 3x (x + 35y) –28y ( x + 35y) = (a + b) [3 (a + b) –2] –1 [3 (a+b) –2]
= (x + 35y) (3x – 28y) = [3 (a + b) –2] [ (a+b) –1]
= (3a +3b –2) (a+b –1]
13. 6 + 7 (a + b) – 3 (a + b)2
Sol. 6 + 7 (a + b) – 3 (a + b)2
= 6 + 9 (a + b) – 2 (a+b) –3 (a + b)2
= [6 + 9 (a + b)] – [2 (a+b) + 3 (a + b)2]
= 3 [2 + 3 (a + b)] – (a+b) [2 + 3 (a + b)]
= (2 + 3a + 3b) [ 3 – (a + b)]
= (2 + 3a + 3b) ( 3 – a – b)]
14. 4 (2a – 3b)2 – (2a – 3b) – 14
Sol. 4 (2a – 3b)2 – (2a – 3b) – 14
= 4 (2a – 3b)2 – 8 (2a – 3b) +7(2a – 3b) – 14
= [4 (2a – 3b)2 – 8 (2a – 3b)] +[7(2a – 3b) – 14]
= 4 (2a – 3b) [ (2a – 3b) –2] +7[(2a – 3b) – 2]
= [(2a – 3b) –2][4 (2a – 3b) +7]
= (2a – 3b –2) (8a – 12b +7)
15. 5 (3a + b)2 + 6 (3a + b) – 8
Sol. 5 (3a + b)2 + 6 (3a + b) – 8
= 5 (3a + b)2 + 10 (3a + b) – 4(3a + b) –8
= [5 (3a + b)2 + 10 (3a + b)] –[4(3a + b) +8]
= 5 (3a + b) [(3a + b) + 2 ]–4 [(3a + b) +2]
= (3a + b +2) [5 (3a + b) – 4]
= (3a +b +2) (15a + 5b – 4)
2 2 2
16. 6xy – 4xy – 2x 17. 8x – 49xy + 6y
Sol. 6xy – 4xy – 2x Sol. 8x – 49xy + 6y
2 2 2
= 2x (3y – 2y – 1) = 8x – 48xy – xy + 6y
2 2 2
= 2x (3y – 3y +y –1) = (8x – 48xy) – (xy – 6y )

2 2 2
= 2x [(3y – 3y) +(y –1)] = 8x (x – 6y) –y (x – 6y)

2
= 2x [3y (y – 1) + 1 (y –1)] = (8x – y) (x – 6y)

= 2x [(y – 1) (3y +1)]
= 2x (y – 1) (3y +1)
2 2 2 2
18. 15x – 49xy + 12y 19. 3x – 11xy + 10y
Sol. 15x – 49xy + 12y Sol. 3x – 11xy + 10y
2 2 2 2
15x – 45xy – 4xy + 12y = 3x – 6xy – 5xy + 10y

2 2 2 2
=
(15x – 45xy) – (4xy – 12y ) = (3x – 6xy) – (5xy – 10y )
2 2 2 2
=
= 15x (x – 3y) –4y (x – 3y) = 3x (x – 2y) –5y (x – 2y)
= (x – 3y) (15x – 4y) = (x – 2y) (3x – 5y)
2 2
20. 6x – 5xy – 6y
Sol. 6x – 5xy – 6y
2 2
6x – 9xy+ 4xy – 6y
2 2
=
(6x – 9xy) + (4xy – 6y )
2 2
=
= 3x (2x – 3y) + 2y (2x – 3y)
= (2x – 3y) (3x + 2y)
EXERCISE - 7.3
Factorize the following :
3 3
1. 8a + b
Sol. 8a + b
3 3
(2a) + b
3 3
=
(2a +b)[(2a) – 2a × b + b )]
2 2
=
2 2
= (2a + b) (4 a – 2ab + b )
3 3 3
2. a –b c
Sol. a –b c
3 3 3
=
a – (bc)
3 3
=
2 2 2
= (a –bc) ( a + abc + b c )

3 3
3. 64h – k 4. h3 – 8m3n3
Sol. 64h – k
3 3
Sol. h3 – 8m3n3
= (4h) – (k) = (h) – (2mn)
3 3 3 3
= (4h– k) [ (4h) + 4hk + k ] = (h – 2mn) {(h) +h × 2mn + (2mn) }

2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
= (4h – k) (16h +4 hk + k ) = (h – 2mn) (h + 2hmn + 4m n )
6 3
5. 1+z 6. 128h – 54
Sol. Sol. 128h – 54
6 3
1+z
= (1) + (z ) = 2 (64h – 27)
3 2 3 3
4
= (1 + z ) (1 – z + z ) = 2 [(4h) – (3) ]
2 2 3 3
= 2 (4h–3) [(4h)2+ 4h× 3 + (3)2 ]

2
= 2 (4h–3) (16h + 12h + 9)
1
7.
3
8a + 8. x3 – 27 y3
27 8
1 3 y3
Sol. 8a3 + Sol. x –
3
27 3 2
æ1æ æ3 y æ
3
(2a) + ç ç
3
= (x) – ç
3
è3è ç
2 è2 è
æ 1æ æ 1 æ 1æ æ æ3
2
yæç
3
ç2a + 3 ç ç(2a) –2a × = æçx – y æç æç(x) + x × y + ç
2
3
3 çè 3çè çè
= + 2
è è è 2 è2 è
è 2 èè
æ 1 æ æ 2 2a 1æ
= ç 2a + 3 ç ç 4a – 3 + 9 çè
3y 3xy 9y2 æ
è è è = æçx – æç æçx2 + +
9. x – 8xy 3
è 2èè 2 4 çè
Sol. x – 8xy3
= x ( 1 –8y3)
= x [( 1)3 – (2y)3]
= x [( 1–2y) (12 + 2y + (2y)2]
= x ( 1–2y) (1+ 2y +4y2)
10. a6 + b 6
Sol. a6 + b6
(a ) + (b )
2 3 2 3
=
= (a2+b2) [(a2)2– a2b2+ (b2)2]
2 2 4 2 2 4
= (a +b ) (a – a b + b )

6 3
11. x –a
Sol. x6 – a3
(x ) – (a)
2 3 3
=
(x –a) [(x ) + x a + a ]
2 2 2 2 2
=
2 4 2 2
= (x –a) (x + x a+ a )
6 6
12. 125x + y
Sol. 125x + y
6 6
(5x ) + (y )
2 3 2 3
=
= (5x2+y2) [(5x2)2– 5x2y2 + (y2)2]
2 2 4 2 2 4
= (5x +y ) (25x – 5x y + y )
3 3
13. a +b +a+b
Sol. a3 + b3 + a + b
= (a3 + b3) + (a + b)
(a + b)(a – ab + b ) + (a+b)
2 2
=
2 2
= (a + b) (a – ab + b + 1)
3 3
14. a – 8b + 2ax – 4bx
Sol. a – 8b + 2ax – 4bx
3 3
a – (2b) + 2x (a – 2b)
3 3
=
(a –2b) [(a +2ab + 4b ] +2x (a–2b)
2 2
=
(a –2b) [(a +2ab + 4b +2x ]
2 2
=
2 2
= (a –2b) (a +2ab + 4b +2x )
9 9
15. 2a + 54b
Sol. 2a + 54b
9 9
2 (a + 27b )
9 9
=
2 [(a ) + (3b ) ]
3 3 3 3
=
2 [(a + 3b ) [(a ) – 3a b + (3b ) ]
3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2
=
3 3 6 3 3 6
= 2 (a + 3b ) (a – 3a b +9b )
3
343x – 729
16.
49x2 + 63x + 81
343x – 729
3
Sol.
49x2 + 63x + 81
(7x) – (9)
3 3
= (7x –9) [(72x) + 7x × 9 + (9) ]

2 2
=
49x2 + 63x + 81 49x + 63x + 81
(7x –9) (49x + 63x + 81) =
2
= ( 7x –9)
(49x2 + 63x + 81)
143 × 143 × 143 – 85 × 85 × 85
17.
143 × 143 + 143 × 85 + 85 × 85
143 × 143 × 143 – 85 × 85 × 85
Sol.
143 × 143 + 143 × 85 + 85 × 85
Let a = 143, b = 85
143 × 143 × 143 – 85 × 85 × 85 a×a×a –b×b×b
\ =
143 × 143 + 143 × 85 + 85 × 85 a×a+a×b+b×b
a –b
3 3
=
a + ab + b2
2
(a – b) (a + ab + b )
2 2
=
(a2+ ab + b2)
= (a – b)
= (143 – 85) = 58
0.46 × 0.46 × 0.46 + 0.24 × 0.24 × 0.24
18.
0.46 × 0.46 – 0.46 × 0.24 + 0.24 × 0.24
0.46 × 0.46 × 0.46 + 0.24 × 0.24 × 0.24
Sol.
0.46 × 0.46 – 0.46 × 0.24 + 0.24 × 0.24
Let a = 0.46, b = 0.24
0.46 × 0.46 × 0.46 + 0.24 × 0.24 × 0.24 a×a×a +b×b×b
\ =
0.46 × 0.46 – 0.46 × 0.24 + 0.24 × 0.24 a×a–a×b+b×b
a +b
3 3
=
a2 – ab + b2
(a + b) (a – ab + b )
2 2
=
(a2– ab + b2)
= (a + b)
= 0.46 + 0.24 = 0.7
19. Find the correct option :
2
Sol. (i) a + bc + ab + ac is equal to :
a + bc + ab + ac
2
= a + bc + ab + ac
2
= a + ab + ac + bc
2
= a (a + b) + c (a + b)
= (a + b) (a + c) So, the option (c) is correct.
2
Sol. (ii) 4a – 25 is equal to :
4a – 25
2
= (2a) – (5)
2 2
= (2a + 5) ( 2a–5)
So, the option (a) is correct.
2
Sol. (iii) 8x – 18x + 9 is equal to :
8x – 18x + 9 is equal to :
2
= 8x – 12x –6x + 9
2
= (8x –12x ) – (6x – 9)

2
= 4x (2x –3) – 3 (2x – 3)

= (4x –3) (2x – 3)
So, the option (c) is correct.
8 Linear Equations in One Variable

EXERCISE - 8.1
1. Solve :
(i) 4a = 6a + 1 (ii) 4x = 2x + 30 (iii) 11m = 42 + 4m
(iv) –3x = –5x + 22 (v) 3y = 8 – 13y (vi) 33x + 22 = –11 – 77x
(vii) 12 (3 – a) = 24 (viii) 5 (x – 9) = 25 (ix) 8 (x + 3) + 2 = 42
Sol. (i) 4a = 6a + 1
Transposing 6a to the L.H.S., we get
4a – 6a = 1
1 1
–2a = 1 Þ –a Þa = – ( dividing both sides by 2)
2 2
(ii) 4x = 2x + 30
Transposing 2x to the L.H.S. we get,
4x – 2x = 30
2x = 30
2x 30
= ( dividing both sides by 2)
2 2
x = 15
(iii) 11m = 42 + 4m
Transposing 4m to the L.H.S. we get,
11m – 4m = 42
7m = 42
7m 42
= ( dividing both sides by7)
7 7
m = 6
(iv) –3x = –5x + 22
Transposing 5x to the L.H.S. we get,
–3x + 5x = 22
2x = 22
2x 22
2 2
x = 11
(v) 3y = 8 – 13y
Transposing 13y to the L.H.S. we get,
3y + 13y = 8
16y = 8
16y 8
16 16
1
y =
2
(vi) 33x + 22 = –11 – 77x
Transposing 22 to the R.H.S. and –77x to the L.H.S. ,we get,
33x +77x = –11 –22
110 x = –33
110x –33
110 110
–3
x =
10
(vii) 12 (3 – a) = 24
36 – 12 a = 24
Transposing 36 to the R.H.S. we get,
–12 a = 24 – 36
–12 a = –12
–12a –12
12 = 12 ( dividing both sides by 12)
–a = –1
a = 1
(viii) 5 (x – 9) = 25
5x – 45 = 25
Transposing 45 to the R.H.S. we get,
5x = 25+ 45
5x = 70
5x 70
5 5
x = 14
(ix) 8 (x + 3) + 2 = 42
8x + 24 + 2 = 42
8x + 26 = 42
Transposing 26 to the R.H.S. We get,
8x = 42 – 26
8x = 16
8x 16
8 8
x = 2
2. Solve the equation and check your solution :
(i) 3x + 5 (ii) 2y + 5 = 1 (iii) 2x + 1 5
= 4 =
2x + 7 y+4 3x – 2 9
(iv) 5x – 3 = 8 (v) 1 – 9y 5 (vi) 2x – 3 –2
= =
2x 9 19 – 3 y 8 3x + 2 3
3x + 5
Sol. (i) = 4
2x + 7
3x + 5 4
= =
2x + 7 1
(3x + 5) = 4 (2x + 7) (by cross multiplication)
3x + 5 = 8x + 28
Transposing 5 to the R.H.S. and 8x to the L.H.S.
3x – 8x = 28 – 5
– 5x = 23
–5x 23
= (dividing both sides by 5)
5 5
–23
x =
5
2y + 5 2y + 5 1
(ii) = 1Þ =
y+4 y+4 1
By cross multiplication, we get
2y + 5 = y+4
Transposing 5 to the R.H.S. and y to the L.H.S.
2y – y = 4 – 5
y = –1

(iii) 2x + 1 5
=
3x – 2 9
9 (2x + 1) = 5 ( 3x – 2)
18 x + 9 = 15 x – 10
Transposing 9 to the R.H.S. and 15 x to the L.H.S. , we get,
18x – 15x = –10 – 9
3x
= –19
–19
x =
3
5x – 3 8
(iv) =
2x 9
9 (5x – 3) = 2x × 8
45 x – 27 = 16 x
Transposing –27 to the R.H.S. and 16 x to the L.H.S., we get,
45x – 16x = 27
29x = 27
27
x =
29
1 – 9y 5
(v) =
19 – 3y 8
By cross multiplication, we have
8 (1 – 9y) = (19 – 3y) × 5
8 – 72y = 95 –15 y
Transposing 8 to the R.H.S. and –15 y to the L.H.S. , we get
– 72 y + 15 y = 95 – 8
– 57 y = 87
87 29 –29
–y = = Þy =
57 19 19
2x – 3 –2
(vi) =
3x + 2 3
–2 (3x + 2) = 3 (2x – 3)
–6x – 4 = 6x – 9
Transposing – 4 to the R.H.S. and 6x to the L.H.S. , we get
– 6 x – 6 x = –9 + 4
– 12 x = –5
–5 5
–x = Þx =
12 12
3. Solve the following equations :
(i) 4z – 3 –7 (ii) 5y – 3 2 (iii) 2x + 1 = 5
= =
15z + 9 5 2y + 1 5 3x – 2 9
(iv) 2x (v) 17 (2 – x) – 5 (x + 12)
= –3 =8
3x + 1 1 – 7x
5x– 1
(vi) = 6
7 2
Sol. (i) 4z – 3 –7
=
15z + 9 5
5 (4z – 3) = –7 (15z + 9)
20z – 15 = –105z – 63
Transposing –15 to the R.H.S. and –105z to the L.H.S. , we get
20 z + 105 z = –63 + 15
125 z = – 48
z = –48
125
5y – 3 2
(ii) =
2y + 1 5
5 (5y – 3) = 2 (2y +1)
25y – 15 = 4y + 2
Transposing –15 to the R.H.S. and 4y to the L.H.S. , we get
25 y – 4 y = 2 + 15
21 y = 17
17
y =
21
2x + 1 = 5
(iii)
3x – 2 9
9 (2x + 1) = 5 (3x –2)
18x + 9 = 15x – 10
Transposing 9 to the R.H.S. and 15x to the L.H.S. , we get
–19
18 x – 15 x = –10 – 9 Þ 3 x = –19 Þ x =
2x 3
(iv) = –3
3x + 1

2x = – 3 (3x +1)
2x = –9x – 3
2x + 9x = – 3
11x = – 3
x = –3
11
(v) 17 (2 – x) – 5 (x + 12)
=8
1 – 7x
By cross multiplication, we get,
17 (2 –x) –5 ( x +12) = 8 (1 –7x)
34 – 17x – 5x –60 = 8 –56x
–22x – 26 = 8 – 56x
–22x + 56 x = 8 + 26
34 x = 34
34
x =
34
x = 1
(vi) 5x– 1
= 6
7 2
5 x 1
= 6+
7 2
5 x 12+1
=
7 2
5 x 13
=
7 2
7
x = 13 ×
2 5
1
x = 91 = 9
10 10
EXERCISE - 8.2
1. The sum of two numbers is 45 and their Ratio is 7 : 8, find the numbers.
Sol. Let the required numbers be x and y, then according to question
x+y = 45 ....................(i)
also given x:y = 7:8

x
or = 7 .................(ii)
y 8
From (ii) we have,
8x = 7y
7y
x =
7y 8
Putting x = in (i) we get
8
7y
x + y = 45 Þ + y = 45
8
7y + 8y
Þ = 45
8
Þ 15 y = 45 × 8
45 × 8
Þ y =
15
Þ y = 24
Again putting y = 24 in (i) we get,
x + y = 45 Þ x + 24 = 45
x = 45 – 24
x = 21
Hence, the required numbers are 21 and 24.
2. The sum of the digits of a two digit number is 12. If the new number formed by
reversing the digits is greater than the original number by 18. Find the original
number. Check your answer.
Sol. Let the original number be 10 x + y.
According to question
x + y = 12 ............(i)
Also given, 10 y +x = 10x+y + 18 ........... (ii)
Solving (ii) we get
10y + x = 10x + y + 18
10y +x – 10x – y = 18
9y – 9x = 18
y–x = 2
y = 2+x
Putting y = 2 + x in (i) we get
x + 2 + x = 12
2x = 12 – 2
2x = 10
x = 5
Putting x = 5 in (i) again, we get
5 + y = 12
y = 12 – 5
y = 7
Hence, the required number 10x + y = 10 × 5 + 7 = 57
Checking :
Reversing number 57 we get 75
75 = 57 + 18 (According to condition)
75 = 75
Then, our answer is correct.
3. The distance between two station is 340 km. Two trains start simultaneously
from these station on parallel tracks to cross each other. The speed of one of
them is greater than that of the other by 5 km/hr. If the distance between the
two trains after 2 hours of the start is 30 km, find the speed of each train, check
your solutions.
Sol. Let speed of the first train be r km/hr.
Then speed of the second train is (r+5) km/hr. (Given)
Distance = Speed × Time
Distance travelled by first train in 2 hours.
= 2 × r = 2r km
Distance travelled by 2nd train in 2 hours = 2 × (r + 5) km
Now, distance between these two train after 2 hours of the start is 30 km
i.e., 2r + 2 (r + 5) = 340 – 30
2r + 2r + 10 = 310 Þ 4 r = 310 – 10
300
4r = 300 Þ r = = 75 km/hr
4
r = 75km/hr.
Speed of the first train = 75km/hr.
Speed of the second train = (r +5) km/hr = (75+5)km/hr. = 80 km/hr.
Checking : Distance travelled by first train = 75 × 2 = 150 km
Distance travelled by second train = 80 × 2 = 160 km
Distance travelled by both trains = (150 +160) km
= 310 km
Distance between two stations = Distance travelled by two trains
310 km = 310 km
Hence, our answer is correct.
4. A submarine goes downstream and covers the distance between two ports in 4
hours while it covers the same distance upstream in 5 hours. If the speed of the
stream is 2 km per hour. Find the speed of the submarine in still water.
Sol. Let the speed of submarine in water be r km/hr.
Speed of the stream = 2km/hr.
Speed of the submarine downstream = (r +2) km/hr.
Speed of the submarine upstream = (r – 2) km/hr.
Now, we know that
Distance travelled downstream = 4 (r + 2) km
and distance travelled upstream = 5 (r – 2) km
According to the condition,
5 (r – 2) = 4 (r + 2)
5r – 10 = 4r + 8
5r – 4r = 8 + 10
r = 18 km/hr
Hence, the speed of the submarine in still water is 18 km/hr.
5. The numerator of a rational number is less than its denominator by 3. If the
numerator becomes three times and the denominator is increased by 20, the
new number becomes 1 . Find the original number.
8
Sol. Let the denominator by a.
According the questions.
numerator = a – 3 (We are given that numerator is less than it denominator)
So, rational number becomes a – 3 ........... (i)
a
Now, the numerator becomes thrice and denominator is increased by 20,
number becomes 1/8.
3 (a –3) 1
i.e., =
a + 20 8
3a –9 1
Þ =
a + 20 8
8 (3a – 9) = a + 20
Þ 24 a – 72 = a + 20
Þ 24 a – a = 20 + 72
Þ 23 a = 92
92
Þ a = [By Transposition]
23
Þ a = 4
Now, putting a = 4 in (i) we get the original (required) rational number
4–3 = 1
4 4
Hence, the required rational number is 1 .
4
6. Leena’s mother is four times as old as Leena. After five years her mother will be
three times as old as she will be then. What are their present ages?
Sol. Suppose Leena's present age is x years
Her mother's age = 4x years (Given)
After fiver years her mother's age will be thrice of Leena's age i.e.,
4x + 5 = 3 (x + 5) . ........... (i)
Solving (i) we get,
4x + 5 = 3x + 15
4x – 3x = 15 – 5 ( By transposition)
x = 10
Now , Leena's present age is 10 years.
Leena's mother's age is 4 times as leena's age i.e,
4 × 10 = 40 years
Hence, the present age of Leena is 10 years and her mother's age is 40 years.
7. The digit of at the tens place of a two digit number is three times the digit at the
once place, If the sum of this number and the number reversing its digit is 88.
Find the number.
Sol. Suppose the original two digit number be 10 x + y
Then according to question, the digit at tens place is thrice of digit at ones place i.e.,
x = 3y ........... (i)
Sum of two numbers = 88 (Given)
(10x + y) + ( 10 y + x) = 88
10 x + y + 10 y + x = 88
11x + 11y = 88
11 ( x + y) = 88
x+ y = 8 ............... (ii)
From (i) put x = 3y, we get
3y + y = 8
4y = 8
y = 2
Putting y = 2 in (ii) we get

x+y = 8
x+2 = 8
x = 8–2
x = 6
Hence, the required original number (10 x + y) = ( 10 × 6 + 2) = 62
8. The length of a rectangle exceed breadth by 4 cm. If length and breadth are
each increased by 3 cm. The area of the new rectangle is 81 sq. cm more than
the given rectangle find length and breadth of the given rectangle. Check your
solution.
Sol. Let the breadth of rectangle be x cm.
Then according to question , length of rectangle exceed breadth by 4 cm i.e.,
length = (x + 4) cm ............ (i)
Now, length and breadth both increased by 3 cm, area becomes 81 sq.cm more than
the given rectangle thus, we have,
(x + 4 + 3 ) (x + 3) = x (x + 4) + 81
(x + 7) (x + 3) = x + 4x + 81
2
x + 3x + 7x + 21 = x +4x + 81
2 2
x +10x + 21 = x + 4x + 81
2 2
x +10x – x – 4x = 81 – 21
2 2
(by transposition)
6x = 60
x = 10 cm
Now, put x = 10 in (i) we get
Length = 10 + 4 = 14 cm
Hence, the required length of rectangle is 14 cm and breadth of rectangle is 10 cm.
[Check the solution do your self.]
9. An altitude of a triangle is five-third of the length of its corresponding base. If
the altitude were increased by 4 cm and the base decreased by 2 cm. The area of
the triangle would remain the same. Find the base and altitude of the triangle.
Sol. Suppose the length of base be x cm.
5
Then altitude of < becomes x cm. ............ (i)
3
Now if altitude increased by 4 cm and base decreased by 2 cm, area of < remain
same. i.e,
5
altitude = ( x + 4 ) cm
3
base = (x – 2) cm
1 5 1 5
Now, according the question = [(x –2) × ( x + 4)] = [x ( x)] (Given)
2 3 2 3
1 é5 2 10 1 æ 5 2æ
Þ x + 4x – x – 8é = x
2 ë3 3 ë 2 è3 è
5 2 10 5 2
Þ x +4x– x –8 = x
3 3 3
10
Þ 4x – x –8 = 0
3
Þ 12x – 10x – 24 = 0
Þ 2x = 24
Þ x = 12cm
5
Now, put x = 12 in (i) we get altitude of triangle i.e, × 12 = 20 cm
3
Hence, the altitude of < is 20 cm and its corresponding base is 12 cm.
10. A field can be ploughed in 14 days, if 20 hectars of land is ploughed more daily.
The work will be finished in 10 days. Find the area of the land which can be
ploughed daily.Also find the area of field.
Sol. Suppose x hectares of field be ploughed daily
Field can be ploughed in 14 days.
The total area of field will be 14x hectares.
Now, 20 hectares of field ploughed more per day to finish it in 10 days.
The area of field would be 10 (x + 20) hectares.
Thus, we have,
Area of field ploughed in 14 days = Size of field ploughed in 10 days
14x = 10 (x + 20)
14x = 10 x + 200
14x – 10 x = 200
4x = 200
x = 50 hectares.
i.e., 50 hectares of field can be ploughed per day.
Also, total area of field = 14x = 14 × 50 = 700 hectares.
Hence, the 50 hectares of field can ploughed per day and total area of field is 700
hectares.
11. The sum of two numbers is 2490. If 6.5% of one number is equal to 8.5% of the
other. Find the number.
Sol. Let the numbers be x and y.
According to I bet :
x+y = 2490 ...............(i)
Now, according to II bet :
6.5% of x = 8.5 % of y
6.5 8.5
×x = ×y
100 100
65x 85y
= [ Denominator is same]
1000 1000
65 x = 85y
85y
x = ............. (ii)
65
85y
Putting x = , in equation (i), we get
65
85y
+ y = 2490
65
85y + 65y
= 2490
65
150 y
= 2490
65
y = 2490 × 65 =
161850
150 150
y = 1079
Again, we shall put the value of y = 1079 in equation (i) and get,
x + 1079 = 2490
x = 2490 – 1079
x = 1411
Hence, the required numbers are 1411 and 1079.
12. One of the angles of a triangle is equal to the sum of other two angles. If the ratio
of the other two angle is 4 : 5, find the angle of the triangle.
Sol. Let the two angles of triangle be 4x and 5x.
Given that, sum of two angles = Third angle
i.e, 4x + 5x = Third angle
9x = Third angle.
Now, I angle = 4x
II angle = 5x
III angle = 9x
Also, we know that sum of all three angles = 180°
4x + 5x + 9x = 180°
18x = 180°
x = 10°
Thus, we have, I angle 4x = 4 × 10° = 40°
II angle 5x = 5 × 10° = 50°
and III angle 9x = 9 ×10° = 90°
Hence, the required angles of a triangle are 40°, 50°, 90°.
9 Profit, Loss and Discount

EXERCISE - 9.1
1. Find the profit and profit percentage in the following :
C.P. S.P. Profit Profit %

__________ __________
(i) 3400 3808
__________ __________
(ii) 2500 2700
__________ __________
(iii) 3750 4125
Sol. (i) C.P. = 3400
S.P. = 3808 (Given)
S.P. > C. P.
Profit = (S.P. – C.P.)
= (3808 – 3400)
= 408
Profit × 100
and, Profit % = __________
C.P.
408
__________
= × 100
3400
= 12%
(ii) C.P. = 2500
S.P. = 2700 (Given)
S.P. > C. P.
= (2700 – 2500)
= 200

Profit × 100
and, Profit % = __________
C.P.
200 × 100
= __________
2500
= 8%
(iii) C.P. = 3750
S.P. = 4125 (Given)
S.P. > C. P.
= (4125 – 3750)
= 375
Profit
and, Profit % = __________ × 100
C.P.
375 × 100
= __________
3750
= 10%
2. Find the loss and loss percentage in the following :
C.P. S.P. Loss Loss %
__________ __________
(i) 3630 2920
__________ __________
(ii) 380 361
__________ __________
(iii) 4750 4275
Sol. (i) C.P. = 3630
S.P. = 2920 (Given)
C.P. > S. P.
Loss = (C.P. – S.P.)
= (3630 – 2920)
= 710
Loss × 100
and, Loss % = __________
C.P.
710
= __________ × 100
3630
= 19.5%

(ii) C.P. = 380
S.P. = 361 (Given)
C.P. > S. P.
= (380 – 361)
= 19
Loss × 100
and, Loss % = __________
C.P.
19 × 100
= __________
380
= 5%
(iii) C.P. = 4750
S.P. = 4275 (Given)
C.P. > S. P.
= (4750 – 4275)
= 475
Loss × 100
and, Loss % = __________
C.P.
475
= __________ × 100
4750
= 10%
3. Madan bought an iron safe for 5580 and paid 170 for its transportation.
Then, he sold it for 6440. Find the gain percent earned by him.
Sol. Cost price of iron safe (C.P.) = 5580
Transportation charge of safe = 170
Total cost price of safe (C.P.) = (5580 + 170)
(C.P.) = 5750
He sold it for 6440
i.e., S.P. = 6440
S.P. > C.P.
Profit (gain) = (S.P. – C.P.)
= (6440 – 5750)
= 690
Profit
Profit % = __________× 100
C.P.
690 × 100
= __________
5750
= 12%
Hence, he earned (profit of 690) with profit of 12%.
4. Ram purchased an old car for 73500. He spent 10300 on repairs and paid
2600 for its insurance. Then he sold it to a mechanic for 84240. What was his
percentage gain or loss ?
Sol. Cost price of old car = 73500
Repairing charges for = 10300
Amount given for insurance = 2600
Total cost price of old car = Price of car + Other expenses
= ( 73500 + 10300 + 2600)
= 86400.
He sold it to mechanic for 84240
i.e., S.P. = 84240
C. P. > S. P.
= ( 86400 – 84240)
= 2160
Loss
Loss % = __________ × 100
C.P.
2160 × 100
= __________
86400
1
= 2.5% or 2 %
2
5. Tom bought 20 kg of rice at 18 per kg and 25 kg of rice at 16 per kg. He
mixed the two varieties and sold the mixture at 19 per kg. Find the gain % in
whole transaction.
Sol. Cost of 1 kg rice of first quality = 18
Cost of 20 kg rice of first quality = ( 20 × 18)
= 360
Cost of 1 kg rice of other quality = 16
Cost of 25 kg rice of other quality = ( 25 × 16)
= 400
Thus , we have cost price of mixture = Price of 1st quality + Price of other
quality

Cost price of (20 +25) kg mixture = (360 + 400)
= 760
Now, selling price of 1 kg mixture = 19
Selling price of 45 kg mixture = (45 × 19)
= 855
Now, selling price of mixture is more than cost price of mixture
i.e., 855 > 760
Profit = (855 – 760)
= 95
Profit
Profit % = __________ × 100
C.P.
95 × 100
= __________
760
1 1
= __________ × 100 = 12.5 % or 12 %
8 2
6. Coffee costing 230 per kg was mixed with Chicory costing 75 per kg in the
ratio of 5 : 2 for a certain blend. If the mixture was sold at 230 per kg, find the
gain or loss percent.
Sol. The ratio of mixture = 5:2 (Given)
i.e., Mixture is prepared with 5 kg of coffees and 2 kg of chicory.
Cost of 1 kg coffee = 230
Cost of 5 kg coffee = ( 230 × 5)
Cost of 5 kg coffee = 1150
Cost of 1 kg Chicory = 75
Cost of 2 kg Chicory = (75 × 2)
= 150
Total cost of mixture ( 5 kg coffee + 2 kg Chicory) = ( 1150 + 150)
Cost of 7 kg of mixture = 1300
If the mixture was sold at 230 per kg Then,
selling price of 7 kg mixture = (7 × 230)
= 1610
Now , selling price of mixture is more than cost price of mixture i.e.,
1610 > 1300
Profit = ( 1610 – 1300)
= 310
Profit
__________
Profit % =C.P. × 100
310 × 100
= __________
1300
11
= 23 %
13
7. If the selling price of 16 milk bottles is equal to the cost price of 17 milk bottles.
Find the gain percent earned by the dealer.
Sol. Let the selling price of each milk bottle is x
Selling price of 16 such bottles = 16 x
Selling price of 16 milk bottles = Cost price of 17 milk bottles
Cost price of 17 milk bottles = 16 x
i.e., cost price of 1 bottle = 16 x
__________
17
Selling price is greater than cost price
Profit = x – __________ 16 x = __________ x
17x – 16x = __________
17 17 17
Profit
__________
Profit = × 100
C.P.
x
__________
17
= __________ × 100
16 x
__________
17
17x
__________
= × 100
16x × 17
100
= __________
16
25 = 6 1 %
= __________
1 4 4
Hence, the dealer earned profit by 6 %.
41
8. Manju sells a pen for 54 and loses __________ of her outley. Find (i) the cost price of the
pen, and (ii) the loss percent. 10
Sol. Let the cost price of pen be x
Selling price of a pen = 54
1
__________
According to question losses of of C.P. ( Given)
10
i.e., Loss = (C.P. – S.P.)
x
= x – 54
10
x
– x = – 54
10
x – 10x = –540
– 9x = –540
9x = 540
x = 60
Cost price of a pen = 60
1
Losses = × 60 = 6
10
Loss
__________
Loss % = C.P. × 100
6
= __________ × 100 = 10 %
60
Hence, the cost price of pen is 60 and loss % is 10%
9. A dealer gets 470 more if he sold of selling a table at a Profit of 10%. Find the
cost price of the table.
Sol. Profit gained by dealer = 470
Profit % earned by dealer = 10 %
Let the cost price of table = x
We know that
Profit
Profit % = __________ × 100
C.P.
Profit × 100
or C.P. = __________
Profit %
x = 470 × 100
__________
10
= 4700
10. A cycle was sold at a gain of 10%. If it had been sold for 65 more, the gain
would have been 14%. Find the cost price of the cycle.
Sol. Let the cost price of cycle is x.
Cycle was sold at profit of 10%
S.P. = (100 +Profit %) × C. P.
__________
100
= 100
__________+ 10 × x
100
110 x
= __________
100
So, the selling price of cycle was 110
__________ x
100
But if it had sold at 65 more then selling price
110
__________ 11x
__________
= x + 65 = + 65 ......... (i)
100 10
At 14% gain,
100
__________+ 14
S.P. = x
100
114 x
__________
= 100 ........... (ii)
From (i) and (ii) we get
Þ 114 x
__________ = 11x + 65
__________
100 10
114 x
__________ 11x + 650
__________
Þ =
100 10
Þ 10 (114x) = 100 ( 11x + 650)
Þ 114 x = 110x + 6500
Þ (114 x – 110x) = 6500
Þ 4x = 6500
6500
__________
Þ x =
4
Þ x = 1625
Thus, the cost price of cycle was 1625.
11. Shobhit buys 40 kg of wheat at 6.25 per kg and 30 kg of wheat at 7 per kg. At
what rate per kg should he sell the mixture to gain 5% on the whole?
Sol. Cost price of 40 kg wheat at 6.25/ kg = ( 40 × 6.25) = 250
Cost price of 30 kg wheat at 7/kg = ( 30 × 7) = 210
So. the cost price of mixture = ( 250 + 210)
= 460
Gain % = 5% ( Given)
(100 + Gain%)
Selling price of mixture = __________ × C.P.
100
100 + 5
= __________ × 460
100
105
__________
= 100 × 460 = 483
Now, selling price of ( 40 + 30) kg = 70 kg mixture = 483
483
Selling price of 1 kg mixture = 70
= 6.9/ kg
Hence, the mixture should be sell at 6.90 per kg.
12. Ritu sold two sarees for 2185 each. On one, she lost 5% while on the other, she
gained 15%. Find her gain or loss percent in whole transaction.
Sol. Selling price of one saree = 2185
Selling price of two sarees = ( 2185 × 2) = 4370
100
__________
Cost price of one saree at 5% loss = ( 100 – Loss%) × 100
100
= __________ × 2185
( 100 –5)
100 × 2185
= __________
95
= 2300
100
Cost price of second saree at 15% gain = __________ × S. P.
(100 + Gain%)
100
__________
= (100 + 15) × 2185
218500
= __________ = 1900
115
Thus, we have to cost price of both sarees = ( 2300 + 1900)
= 4200
S.P. > C.P.

= ( 4370 – 4200) = 170
Profit % in whole transaction
Profit × 100
= __________
C.P.
= 170 × 100
__________
4200
= 4%
Hence, Ritu gained 4% of profit in whole transaction.
EXERCISE - 9.2
1. A shopkeeper offers 10% discount on all his items during the festival season, he
decided to give a further discount of 20% over and above the existing discount.
Find the actual selling price of the following items :
(i) Aset of frying pans of marked price 1000
(ii) Asuit of marked price 2500
(iii) An electric iron of marked price 1250
(iv) Atable cloth of marked price 375
Sol. (i) Marked Price of frying pan = 1000
First discount price
æ100 – Discount %ö
= M.P.× __________
è 100 ø
= 1000 æ__________ö
100 – 10
è 100 ø
= 90 ö
æ1000 × __________
è 100 ø
= 900
= 900 æ__________ö
100 – 20
Second discount price
è 100 ø
= 80 ö
æ900 × __________
è 100 ø
= 720
Hence, the selling price of frying pan is 720.
(ii) Marked Price of suit = 2500
Selling price after first discount = M.P.× æ100 – Discount % ö

__________
è 100 ø
= æ 100 –
2500 __________ 10 ö
è 100 ø
90 ö
æ2500 × __________
=
è 100 ø
= 2250
Selling price after second discount = M.P.× æ 100 – Discount %ö

__________
è 100 ø
= 100 – 20 ö
2250 æ__________
è 100 ø
= 80 ö
æ2250 × __________
è 100ø
= 1800
Hence, the selling price of suit is 1800.
(iii) Marked Price of an electric iron = 1250
Selling price after first discount 100 – Discount %ö
= M.P.× æ__________
è 100 ø
= 100 – 10 ö
1250 æ__________
è 100 ø
90 ö
æ1250 × __________
=
100
è ø
= (125 × 9) = 1125
100 – Discount % ö
Selling price after second discount = M.P.× æ__________
è 100 ø
= 100 – 20 ö
1125 æ __________
è 100 ø
80 ö
æ1125 × __________
=
è 100 ø
= 900
Hence, the selling price of an electric iron is 900.

(iv) Marked Price of table cloth = 375
100 – Discount %ö
æ__________
Selling price after first discount = M.P.×
è 100 ø
375 æ__________ö
100 – 10
=
è 100 ø
90 ö
æ375 × __________
=
è 100 ø
= 337.5
Selling price after second discount = M.P.× æ100 – Discount %ö

__________
è 100 ø
= 100 – 20 ö
337.5 æ__________
è 100 ø
80 ö
æ337.5 × __________
=
è 100 ø
= 270
Hence, the selling price of table cloth is 270.

2. The marked price of a water cooler is 4650. The shopkeeper offers an off-
season discount of 18% on it. Find its selling price.
Sol. Marked Price of water cooler is 4650.
Shopkeeper offered an off season discount of 18%
We know that,
= M. P. × æ __________ ö
100 – Discount %
Selling Price
è 100 ø
4650 æ__________ö
100 – 18
=
è 100 ø
= æ4650 × 82
__________ ö
è 100 ø
= 3813
Hence, the selling price of water cooler is 3813.
3. The price of a sweater was slashed from 960 to 816 by a shopkeeper in the
winter season. Find the rate of discount given by him.
Sol. Marked Price of sweater = 960
Selling Price of sweater = 816
We know that,
= æ __________ ö
100 × S.P.
M .P.
è100 – dis.%ø
= æ 100 – dis.%ö
100 × 816
__________
960
è ø
960 (100 – dis.%) = 100 × 816
(100 – dis.%) = æ100 × 816ö

__________
è 960 ø
æ100 – 100× 816ö
__________
dis. % =
è 960
ø
= (100 – 85) = 15%
Hence, the rate of discount is 15%.
4. Find the rate of discount being given on a shirt whose selling price is 546 after
deducting a discount of 104 on its marked price.
Sol. Selling Price of shirt = 546
Given discount of = 104
We know that,
Marked Price = Selling price + Discount
= (546 + 104)
= 650
Also we know that,
Discount %
æ Discount × 100ö
= __________
è M.P. ø
= 104 × 100 ö
æ__________
è 650 ø
= 0.16 × 100 = 16 %
Hence, the rate of discount is 16%.

5. After allowing a discount of 8% on a toy. It sold for 216.20. Find the marked
price of toy.
Sol. Discount Price = 8%
Selling Price = 216.20
We know that,
100 × S.P. ö
æ__________
M.P. = 100 – dis.%
è ø
= æ100 × 216.20ö
__________
è 100 –8 ø
= 21620 ö
æ__________
è 92 ø
= 235
Hence, the Marked Price of a toy is 235.
6. A tea set was bought for 528 after getting discount of 12% on its marked price.
Find his gain % or loss %.
Sol. Let the marked price of tea set be x.
Therefore,
Marked Price – Discount on Marked Price = S.P.
Here, S.P. = 528 (Given)
Discount %
Discount = __________ × Marked Price
100
12
__________
= ×x
100
= 12x = __________
__________ 3x
100 25
Now, S.P. = x– 3 x
__________
25
528 = 25x – 3x
__________
25
528 × 25 = 25 x – 3x
22x = 528 × 25
x = (528 × 25)
__________
22
= (24 × 25)
= 600
Hence, the Marked Price on tea set was 600.
7. A dealer marks his goods at 35% above the cost price and allows a discount of
20% on marked price. Find his gain or loss percent.
Sol. Let the cost price be 100.
35
Marked Price = 100 + __________ × 100
100
= 135
20
__________
Discount = 100 × 135 = 27
Now,
Selling Price = Marked Price – Discount
= 135 – 27
= ( 135 – 27)
= 108
S.P. > C.P.
= (108 – 100)
= 8
Now we have to find Profit %
We know that,
Profit
__________ × 100
Profit % =
C.P.
8
__________
= × 100
100
= 8%
8. How much percent above the cost price should a shopkeeper mark his goods
so that after allowing a discount of 10% on the marked price, he gains 8%.
Sol. Let the cost Price be 100.
Shopkeeper gains 8% Profit. So, Selling price will be 108.
We know that,
= æ__________ö
100 × S.P.
Marked Price
è – dis.%ø
100
= æ100 × 108 ö
__________
è 100 – 10 ø
= æ100× 108 ö
__________
è 90 ø
= 10 × 12
= 120
Discount % of C.P. = Marked price – Cost price
= (120 – 100)
= 20%
Hence, 20% discount marked on cost price.
9. The marked price of a TV is 18500. A dealer allows two successive discounts of

20% and 5%. For how much is the TV available ?
Sol. Marked Price of T V = 18500
First discount M.P. × Discount%
= __________
100
18500 × 20 ö
= æ__________
è 100 ø
= 3700
Selling price after the first discount = M.P. – Discount
= 18500 – 3700
= 14800
Second discount = Discount% × Selling Price
__________
100
= æ × 14800ö
5
è100 ø
= 740
The selling price after the second discount = ( 14800 – 740)
= 14060
Hence, the TV is available for 14060.
1
10. After allowing a discount of 7 % on the marked price of an article is sold for
2
666. Find its marked price.
1
Sol. Discount % = 7 2%
Selling Price = 666
Marked Price = ?
We know that,
100 × S.P. ö
æ__________
Marked Price =
è100 – dis.%ø
100 × 666 ö
æ__________
= 1
è 100 – 7 2 ø
` = æ__________
100 × 666
15
ö
è 100 –
2 ø
100 × 666 ö
æ__________ × 666 ×2ö
= = æ100
__________
è 200 – 15
ø è 200 – 15 ø
2
= æ100 × 666 ×2ö =
__________ 720.
è 185 ø
Hence,the marked price of an article is 720.
10 Compound Interest
EXERCISE - 10.1
1. Find the amount and the compound interest when principal is 3000, rate 5%
per annum and time is 2 years.
Sol. Principal for the first year (p) = 3000, Rate (R) = 5% , Time = 1 year
Interest for the first year =
= æ3000× 5×1ö
__________
è 100 ø
= 150
Amount at the end of first year = (3000 + 150) = 3150
Now, Principal for the second year = 3150
Interest for the second year = æ3150× 5×1ö
__________
è 100 ø
= 315
__________
= 157.5
2
Amount at the end of second year = ( 3150 + 157.5)
= 3307.5
Compound interest = Amount – Principal
= ( 3307.5 – 3000)
= 307.5
Hence, the required amount is 3307.5 and compound interest is 307.5.
2. Find the compound interest on 8000 for 2 years at 7½ % per annum.
Sol. Principal for the first year (P) = 8000, Rate (R) = 7½%, Time (T) = 1 year
Interest for first year P×R×T
= __________
100
= 8000×15×1
__________
100×2
= ( 40 ×15)
= 600
Amount at the end of first year = ( 8000 + 600)
= 8600
Principal for the second year (P) = 8600
P×R×T
__________
Interest for the second year = 100
8600×15 ö
æ__________
=
è 100×2 ø
= ( 43×15)
= 645
Amount at the end of second year = (8600 + 645)
= 9245
= ( 9245 – 8000)
= 1245
Hence, the compound interest is 1245.
3. Suryakant purchased a colour TV set on credit. If the set costs 7200 and the
shopkeeper charges interest at the rate of 20% per annum. Calculate the
compound interest that Suryakant will have to pay after 3 years.
Sol. Principal (cost value of TV set) = 7200
Rate of interest (R) = 20% and Time (T) = 3 years
Principal for 1st year (P) = 7200, Rate (R) = 20%,
Time (T) = 1 year
Interest for the first year P×R×T
= __________
100
= æ7200× 20×1 ö
__________
è 100 ø
= (72 × 20)
= 1440
Amount at the end of the first year = (7200 + 1440)
= 8640
Principal for the second year (P) = 8640, Rate (R) = 20%
Time (T) = 1 year
Interest for the second year = 8640× 20×1 ö
æ__________
è 100 ø
= 864 × 2
= 1728
Amount at the end of second year = ( 8640 + 1728)
= 10368
Principal for III year (P) = 10368, Rate (R) = 20%
Time (T) = 1 year
Interest for the III year = æ__________
10368× 20×1ö
è 100 ø
= 10368
__________
5
= 2073.6
Amount at the end of III year = (10368 + 2073.6)
= 12441.6
= (12441.6 – 7200)
= 5241.6
Hence, Suryakant paid compound interest after 3 years is 5241.6.
4. Sonam borrowed a sum of 1000 from Rashi for 3 years. If the rate of interest is
10% per annum compounded annually, find the amount paid by him at the end
of 3 years.
Sol. Principal (p) = 1000
Rate of interest (R) = 10%
Time for loan credited (T) = 3 years
Principal for the first year (P) = 1000, Rate (R) = 10%, Time (T) = 1 year
= __________
100
= æ1000× 10×1ö
__________
è 100 ø
= 100
Amount at the end for first year = ( 1000 + 100)
= 1100
Time (T) = 1 year
æ1100× 10×1 ö
__________
Interest for the second year = è 100 ø
= 11 × 10
= 110
= 1210
Principal for 3rd year (P) = 1210, Rate (R) = 10%, Time (T) = 1 year
So, Interest for the III year = æ1210× 10×1 ö
__________
è 100 ø
= 121
Amount at the end of III year = (1210 + 121)
= 1331.00
Hence, Sonam paid 1331to Rashi.
5. Vikas lent for 8000 to his friend for 3 years at the rate of 5% per annum
compound interest. What amount does Vikas get after 3 years?
Sol. Principal (P) = 8000
Principal for the first year (P) = 8000, Rate (R) = 5% Time (T) = 1 year
= __________
100
= æ 8000 ×5×1 ö
__________
è 100 ø
= 400
Amount at the end of the first year = (8000 + 400)
= 8400
Time (T) = 1 year
Interest for the second year = æ 8400 ×5×1 ö

__________
è 100 ø
= 420
= 8820
Principal for III year (P) = 8820, Rate (R) = 5%, Time (T) = 1 year
Interest for the III year = æ 8820 ×5×1 ö
__________
è 100 ø
= 441
Amount at the end of III year = ( 8820 + 441)
= 9261.00
Hence, Vikas gets 9261from his friend after 3 years.
6. Find the amount of 2400 after 3 years, when the interest is compound
annually at the rate of 20% per annum.
Principal for the first year (P) = 2400, Rate (R) = 20%, Time (T) = 1 year
= __________
100
= 2400 ×20×1
__________
100
= (24 ×20) = 480
Amount at the end of the first year = ( 2400 + 480)
= 2880
Time (T) = 1 year
Interest for the second year = 2880 ×20×1

__________
100
= (288 × 2)
= 576
= 3456
Principal for III year (P) = 3456, Rate (R) = 20%, Time (T) = 1 year
Interest for the III year = 3456 ×20×1
__________
100
= 691.2
Amount at the end of III year = (3456 + 691.2)
= 4147.20
Hence, the required amount is 4147.20.
7. Asha got a loan of 8000 against her fixed deposits to purchase a scooty. If the
rate of interest is 10% per annum compounded half yearly. Find the amount
that he pays after an year and a half.
Rate of interest (R) = 10% per annum = 5% per half year
Time (T) = 18 months = 3 half years
Principal for the first half year (P) = 8000
= __________
100
= 8000×5×1
__________
100
= (80×5) = 400
Amount at the end of the first half year = (8000 + 400)
= 8400
Principal for the second half year (P) = 8400, Rate (R) = 5%
Time (T) = half year
8400 ×5×1
__________
Interest for the second half year = 100
= (84 × 5)
= 420
= 8820
Principal for III half year (P) = 8820, Rate (R) = 5%,
Time (T) = 1 half year
Interest for the III year = 8820 ×5×1 =
__________ 882
__________
__________ = 441
100 2
Amount at the end of III half year = ( 8820 + 441)
= 9261
Hence,Asha pays 9261 after 1 and half year.
8. Find the amount that John would receive if he invests 4,000 for 18 months at
12½% per annum, the interest being compounded half yearly.
1 1
Rate of interest (R) = 12 % per annum = 6 per half year
2 4
1 25
Principal for the first half year (P) = 4000, Rate (R) = 6 % = % and Time (T)
4 4
1 half year.
Interest for the first half year P×R×T
= __________
100
= 4000 ×25×1 =
__________ 1000 ×25
__________
100×4 100
= 250
Amount at the end for first half year = (4000 + 250)
= 4250
25
Principal for the second half year (P) = 4250, Rate (R) = %
4
4250 ×25×1 =
__________ 1062.5×25
__________
Interest for the second half year =
100×4 100
= 265.625
Amount at the end of second half year = ( 4250 + 265.625)
= 4515.625
25
Principal for III half year (P) = 4515.625, Rate (R) = %, Time = 1 half year
4
Interest for the III half year = 4515.625 ×25×1
__________
__________
100×4
= 282.226
Amount at the end of III half year = (4515.625+282.226)
= 4797.851
Hence, Jhon would recieve 4797.85.
9. Gunjan built a hut at a cost of 700. If she borrowed the sum at 20% per
annum compounded six monthly. Find the compound interest that she pays
after one and a half years.
Rate of interest (R) = 20 % per annum = 10% per half year
P×R×T
Interest for the first half year = __________
100
= 700 ×10×1
__________
100
= 70
= 770
Principal for the second half year (P) = 770, Rate (R) = 10 %
Interest for the second half year = 770 ×10×1

__________
100
= 77
Amount at the end of second half year = (770 + 77)
= 847
Principal for III half year (P) = 847, Rate (R) = 10 % Time = 1 half year
Interest for the III half year = 847 ×10×1 =
__________ 847
__________
100 10
= 84.70
Amount at the end of III half year = (847 + 84.7)
= 931.70
Compound Interest = Amount – Principal
= (931.70 – 700)
= 231.70
Hence, Gunjan pays 231.70 as compound interest.
10. Manju lent 40960 to Anju to purchased a shop at 12.5% per annum. If the

interest is compounded semi annually. Find the interest paid by Anju after 1½
years.
Rate of interest (R) = 12.5 % per annum = 6.25% per half year
P×R×T
__________
Interest for the first half year = 100
= 40960 ×6.25×1
__________
__________
100
= (409.60 × 6.25) = 2560
= 43520
Principal for the second half year (P) = 43520, Rate (R) = 6.25 %
43520 ×6.25×1
__________
__________
Interest for the second half year =
100
= ( 435.2 × 6.25) = 2720
Amount at the end of second half year = (43520 + 2720)
= 46240.00
Principal for III half year (P) = 46240, Rate (R) = 6.25 % Time = 1 half year
46240 ×6.25×1
__________
__________
Interest for the III half year =
100
= (462.4 × 6.25)
= 2890.00
Amount at the end of III half year = (46240 + 2890)
= 49130.00
= (49130 – 40960)
= 8170.00
Hence, Manju paid 8170 as an interest.
11. Find the compound interest on 8000 for 1 year at 12% per annum if the
interest is compounded quarterly.
Rate of interest (R) = 12 % per annum = 3% per quarter
Time (T) = 1 years = 4 quarter.
Principal for the first half quarter (P) = 8000, Rate (R) = 3% Time (T) = 1 quarter
P×R×T
__________
Interest for the first quarter =
100
= 8000 × 3 ×1 =
__________
__________ 240
100
Amount at the end of the first quarter = (8000 + 240)
= 8240
Principal for the second quarter (P) = 8240, Rate (R) = 3 %
Time (T) = Second quarter
8240 × 3×1
__________
Interest for the second quarter =
100
= 247.20
Amount at the end of the second quarter = (8240+ 247.20)
= 8487.20
Principal for III quarter (P) = 8487.20, Rate (R) = 3%, Time = 1 quarter
8487.2×3×1
__________
Interest for the III quarter = 100 = 254.616
Amount at the end of III quarter = (8487.20 + 254.616)
= 8741.816 or 8741.82
Principal for 4th quarter (P) = 8741.82, Rate (R) = 3%, Time = 1 quarter
8741.82×3×1
__________
__________
Interest for the 4th quarter = 100
= 262.25
Amount at the end of 4th quarter = (8741.82 + 262.25)
= 9004.07 (Approx.)
= ( 9004.07 – 8000)
= 1004.07
Hence, the required compound interest is 1004.07 .
12. Faiza borrowed from Mahila Samiti a sum of 625 to purchase a sewing
machine. If the rate of interest is 4% per annum, what is the compound interest
that she pays after two years?
Time (T) = 2 years
Principal for the first year (P) = 625, Rate (R) = 4% Time (T) = 1 year
P×R×T
Interest for the first year = __________
100
= 625 × 4 ×1
__________
100
= 25
Amount at the end of the first year = ( 625 + 25)
= 650
Principal for II year (P) = 650, Rate (R) = 4%, Time (T) = 1 year
650 × 4 ×1
__________ 650
__________
Interest for the II year = =
100 25
= 26
Amount at the end of the II year = (650 + 26)
= 676
= ( 676 – 625)
= 51
Hence, Faiza pays 51 as compound interest.
EXERCISE - 10.2
1. Find the principal, if the compound interest (compounded annually) at the rate
of 10% per annum for three years is 331.
Sol. Let the principal be P.
Given that,
Compound interest (C.I.) = 331, rate (r) = 10% and n = 3 years.
Putting the values of C.I., r and n in the formula,
n
ùæ r æ ù
C.I. = P ×ú ç 1 + __________ –1
ûè 100 çè úû
We have,
3
ùæ 10 æ ù
__________
331 = P × ú ç 1 + 100 ç –1ú
ûè è û
3
ùæ 1 æ ù
__________
331 = P × ú ç 1 + 10 ç –1ú
ûè è û
3
ù æ 11 æ ù
331 = P × ú ç __________ç –1ú
û è 10 è û
1331
__________
331 = P × 1000 –1
1331– 1000 331

331 = P × _________ Þ 331 = P ×__________
1000 1000

P = 331 × 1000
_________
331
P = 1000
Hence, the required principal is 1000.
2. Kavita borrowed a certain sum at the rate of 15% per annum. If she paid at the
end of two years 1290 an interest compounded annually. Find the sum she
borrowed.
Sol. Let the principal be P.
Given that,
Compound interest (C.I.) = 1290, rate (r) = 15% and n = 2 years
Putting the values of C.I., r and n in the formula,
n
ùæ r æ ù
__________
C.I. = P × ú ç 1 + 100 ç –1ú
ûè è û
We have,
2
ùæ 15 æ ù
__________
1290 = P × ú ç 1 + 100 ç –1ú
ûè è û
2
ù æ 115 æ 1ù
1290 = P × ú ç __________ ç – –ú
û è 100 è 1û
2
ù æ 23 æ 1ù
1290 = P × ú ç __________ ç – –ú
û è 20 è 1û
529 1
__________
1290 = P × 400 – 1–
529– 400
_________ 129
__________
1290 = P× 400 Þ 1290 = P × 400
1290 × 400
_________
P = 129
P = 4000
Hence, the required principal is 4000.
1
__________ 1
__________
3. What sum will become 4913 in 1 2 years, if the rate of interest is 2 2 % per
annum compounded half-yearly.
Sol. Let the principal be P
Given,
1 % per annum = 1__________ 1
Rate of interest (r) = 2 __________
2 4 % per half year.
Time (n) 18 months = 3 half year
Amount (A) = 4913
Putting the values of A, r and n in the formula. n
æ __________
r æ
Amount (A) = P × ç1 + 100 ç
è è
We have, 3
æ 5 æ
4913 = P × ç1 + __________ ç
è 4×100 è
3
æ 1 æ
4913 = P × ç 1 + __________
è 80 çè
3
4913 = P × æç__________
81 æ
ç
è 80 è
P = 4913× 80 × 80 × 80
__________
81×81×81
= 4733.27
Hence, the required sum is 4733.27.
4. The interest on a sum of 2000 is being compounded annually at the rate of
4% per annum. Find the period for which the compound interest is 163.20.
Sol. Let the time be n years.
Principal (P) = 2000
Rate of interest (r) = 4%
Compound Interest (C.I.) = 163.20
Putting the values of P, C.I. and r in the formula.
n
ùæ r æ ù
__________
C.I. = P × ú ç 1 + 100 ç –1ú
ûè è û
n
ùæ 4 æ ù
__________
We have, 163.20 = 2000 ú ç 1 +
ûè 100 çè –1úû
n
ùæ 1 æ ù
163.20 = 2000 ú ç 1 + __________ ú
ûè 25 çè –1û
n
ù æ 26 æ ù
163.20 = 2000 ú ç __________ç – 1 ú
û è 25 è û
n
æ 26æ
163.20 = 2000 ç__________
ç – 2000
è 25è
n
æ__________
26æ 163.21 + 2000
ç 25ç =
_________ = 2163.20
_________ 1081.60
= _________
è è 2000 2000 1000
n
æ__________
26æ 676 = æ__________
108160 = _________
_________ 26æ
2
ç 25ç = 100000 ç 25ç
è è 625 è è
Comparing exponents of both sides
We get,
n=2
Hence, the required time period is 2 years.
5. In what time will 64000 amount to 68921 at 5% per annum, interest being
compounded half yearly?
Amount (A) = 68921
1
__________
Rate of interest (r) = 5% per annum = 2 2 % per half year
Time (n) = to be calculated
We know that, 2n
ù r/2 ù
A = P× ú1 + __________
û 100úû
2n
ù 5 ù
__________
Þ 68921 = 64000 ú 1 + 2×100 ú
û û
2n
ù 41 ù
Þ 68921 = 64000 ú __________ú
û 40 û
2n
ù __________
41 ù 68921
__________
Þ ú 40 ú = 64000
û û
2n 3
ù __________
41 ù ù 41 ù
Þ ú 40 ú = ú __________ú
û û û 40 û
Comparing exponents on both sides, we get
2n = 3
1
n = 3/2 = 1 _ _2_ _ _ years
1
Hence, the required time period is 1 __________2 years.
6. Kiran invested 1000 in a finance company and received 1331 after 3 years.
Find the rate of interest percent per annum compounded annually.
Sol. Let r be the rate percent per annum.
Principal (P) = 1000
Amount (A) = 1331
Time (n) = 3 years.
We know that, n
æ r æ
A = p ç1 + __________
è 100 çè
Putting the value of P,Aand n in the formula. we have,
3
æ r æ
__________
1331 = 1000 ç 1 + 100 ç
è è
3
æ 100 + r æ
1331 = 1000 ç __________ç
è 100 è
3
æ __________
100 + r æ 1331
__________
Þ ç 100 ç = 1000
è è
3 3
Þ æ __________
100 + r æ æ__________
11 æ
ç 100 ç = ç 10 ç
è è è è
100 + r 11
Þ __________ = __________
100 10
Þ 11 ×100
100 + r = __________
10
Þ 100 + r = 110
Þ r = 110 – 100
Þ r = 10
Hence, the rate of interest is 10%.
7. Sohan purchased Rahat Patras for 1000, a sum which will fetch him 2000
after 5 years. Find the rate of interest if the interest is compounded half yearly.
[Hint : Ö 2 = 1.072]
Amount (A) = 2000
Given, interest compounded half yearly.
Time (2n) = 5 years × 2 = 10 years and Rate (r) = r/2.
We know that, 2n
æ r æ
__________
A = P × ç 1 + 2×100ç
è è
10
æ r æ
Þ 2000 = 1000 ç 1 + 200 ç
__________
è è
10
Þ 2000 = 1000 æç __________
200 + r æ
ç
è 200 è
10
Þ æç __________
200 + r æ = __________
ç
2000
è 200 è 1000
10
Þ æç __________
200 + r æ = 2
ç
è 200 è
200 + r
Þ __________
200
= 10 2
Þ 200 + r = 200 × 10 2
Þ 200 + r = 1.072 × 200 [ 10 2 = 1.072 ]
Þ 200 + r = 214.4
Þ r = (214.4 – 200) = 14.4 %
Hence, the required rate of interest (r) is 14.4%. (Approx)
8. Meenu purchased one six years National Saving Certificate for 1000. After six
years she got 2015. Find the rate of interest, if the interest is compounded half-
yearly.
1
[Hint : (2.015) 12 = 1.06012]
Amount (A) = 2015
Given interest compounded half yearly.
Rate of interest (r) = r/ 2% = ?, Time (2n) = 6 years × 2 = 12 years
We know that, 2n
æ r æ
A = P× ç 1 + __________
è 200 çè
We have,
12
æ r æ
2015 = 1000 ç 1 + __________ç
è 200 è
12
Þ æç __________
200 + r æ = 2015
__________
ç 1000
è 200 è
12
æ 200 + r æ
Þ ç __________ç = 2.015
è 200 è 1 1
Þ (200 + r) = (2.015)12 × 200 [ (2.015) 12 = 1.06012 ]
Þ 200 + r = 1.06012 × 200

Þ 200 + r = 212.024
Þ r = (212.024 – 200) = 12.024 %
Hence, the required rate of interest (r) is 12.024%. (Approx)
9. Find the compound interest at the rate of 5% for three years on the principal
which in three years at the rate of 5% per annum gives 1200 as simple interest.
Sol. Given,
Simple interest (S.I.) = 1200
Rate (R) = 5% and time (T) = 3 years
PRT ]
[ S.I. = __________
By using the formula of simple interest 100
S.I.× 100
P = __________
RT
We have,
1200×100 Þ
__________
P = 5×3 P
= 120000
Þ P = 8000
__________
15
Now, rate of the compound interest (C.I.) = 5 %
Time (n) = 3 years
By using the formula of :
n
æ r æ
A = P ç 1 + __________ç
è 100 è
3
æ 5 æ
__________
A = 8000 ç 1 + 100 ç
è è
3
æ105 æ
A = 8000 × ç__________ ç
è100 è
3
A = 8000 × æç__________
21 æ
ç
è 20 è
A = 9261
8000 × __________
8000
A = 9261
Total amount (A) is 9261.
= 9261 – 8000
= ( 9261 – 8000)
= 1261.00
Hence, the required compound interest is 1261.00.
10. Kavya borrowed from Raju a certain sum at a certain rate for two years simple
interest. She lent this sum at the same rate to Nitin for two years compound
interest. At the end of two years she received 210 as compound
interest, but paid 200 only as simple interest. Find the sum and the rate of
interest.
2
[Hint : If r is the rate per rupee per annum, then Pr = 100 and P {(1 + r) – 1} =
210]
Sol. Given details are,
Compound interest received by Kavya = 210
Simple interest paid by Kavya = 200
Time = 2 years
So, we know that,
P×r×T
SI = __________
100
200 P× r×2
= __________
100
Pr = 10000 ........(i)
Also we know that,
n
ùæ r æ ù
C.I. = P ú ç 1 + __________ç –1ú
ûè 100 è û
2
ùæ r æ ù
Þ 210 = P ú ç 1 + __________ ú
ûè 100 çè –1û
ùæ 2 r r æ ù
2
Þ P ú ç1 + 2 × __________ __________
–1ú
100 1002 çè û
210 = +
ûè
r r
2
__________ __________
Þ
2
210 = P 1 + 10000 + 50 –1
r 2
r
Þ 210 = P 1+ __________
+ __________ –1
10000 50
r
r
2
__________
__________
Þ 210 = P 10000 +
50
Pr 2
Pr
Þ 210 = __________ + __________
10000 50
Pr ×r Pr
Þ 210 = __________ + __________ ............ (ii)
10000 50
From (i) Pr = 10000, put this in eq. (ii) we get
Þ 10000 r 10000
210 = __________ + __________
10000 50
Þ 210 = r + 200
Þ r = 210 – 200
Þ r = 10%
In equation (i) Pr = 10000. Now,
P = 10000
__________
r
= 10000
__________
10
= 1000
Hence, the required rate of interest is 10% and sum is 1000.

EXERCISE - 10.3
1. The value of a residential flat constructed at a cost of 100000 is depreciating at
the rate of 10% per annum. What will be its value 3 years after construction?
Sol. Value of constructed flat = 100000
Rate of depreciation = 10%
Time of depreciation = 3 years 3
æ __________
10 æ
Value after 3 years = 100000 ç1 – 100 ç
è è
3
æ 1 æ
= 100000 ç1 – __________ç
è 10 è
3
æ __________
10 – 1 æ
= 100000 ç 10 ç
è è
3
æ __________
9 æ
= 100000 ç 10 ç
è è
729
= 100000 × __________
1000
= 72900
Hence, the value of flat after three years will be 72900.00.
2. Ms Sophia purchased a boat for 16000. If the cost of the boat is depreciating at
the rate of 5% per annum.Calculate its value after 2 years.
Sol. Value of boat = 16000
Rate of depreciation = 5%
Time of depreciation = 2 years 2
æ __________
5 æ
Value of boat after 2 years = 16000 ç1 – 100 ç
è è
2
æ 1 æ
= 16000 ç1 – __________ç
è 20 è
2
æ 20 – 1 æ
= 16000 ç __________ç
è 20 è
2
æ __________
19 æ
= 16000 × ç 20 ç
è è
361
__________
= 16000 × 400
= 14440
Hence, the value of boat after two years will be 14440.00.
3. The population of a certain city is 125000. If the annual birth rate is 3.3% and
the annual death rate is 1.3%. Calculate the population after 3 years.
Sol. Population of a certain city = 125000
Birth rate (rate of increasing population) = 3.3%
Death rate (rate of decreasing population) = 1.3%
Time = 3 years.
Average growth rate = ( 3.3 – 1.3)%
= 2%
So,
Population of that city after 3 years Time
æ Growth__________rateæ
= 1,25,000 × ç1 + ç
è 100 è
æ __________2 æ3
= 1,25,000 × ç1 + 100 ç
è è
æ __________1 æ3
= 1,25,000 × ç1 + 50 ç
è è
3
= 1,25,000 × æç __________
51 æ
ç
è 50 è
51×51×51
= 1,25,000 × __________
50×50×50
= 1,25,000
________ × 132651
1,25,000
= 1,32,651
Hence, the population of city will 1,32,651 after three years .
4. Sohan set up a factory by investing 40000. During the first three successive
years, his profit were 5%, 10% and 15% respectively. If each year the profit
was on previous years capital. Calculate his total profit.
Sol. Value of investment = 40000
Rate of profit for 3 successive years = 5%, 10% and 15%
æ 5 æ
Value for the first year = 40000 × ç1 + __________ç
è 100 è
æ __________ 1 æ
= 40000 × ç1 + 20 ç
è è
21
= 40000 × __________
20
= 42000
æ 10 æ
Value for the second year = 42000 × ç1 + __________ç
è 100 è
æ __________
1 æ
= 42000 × ç1 + 10 ç
è è
11
= 42000 × __________
10
= 46200
æ __________
15 æ
Value for the third year = 46200 × ç1 + 100 ç
è è
æ 3 æ
= 46200 × ç1 + __________ç
è 20 è
23
= 46200 × __________
20
= 53130
Total profit after 3 years = Value after third year – Value of investment
= (53130 – 40000)
= 13130
Hence, the total profit is 13130.00.
5. The production of iodised salt in India in 2015 was 288000 tonnes. If the
production in 2018 is 1700000 tonnes. What was the annual rate of increase in
production. Hints : 3 __________
Ö
1700 = 1.8072
288
Sol. Production of iodised salt in 2015 = 288000 tonnes
Production of iodised salt in 2018 = 1700000
Interval of time between 2015 –2018 = 3 years.
Production of iodised salt after 3 years 3
æ __________
r æ
17,00,000 = 2, 88,000 × ç1 + 100 ç
è è
3
æ r æ 1700000
Þ ç1 + __________ç = __________
è 100 è 288000
æ r æ
Ö__________
1700
Ö__________
3 1700
Þ ç1 + __________ç
100
=
288 3
= 1.8072
è è 288
r
Þ 1 + __________ = 1.8072
100
r
Þ __________
= 1.8072 – 1
100
r
Þ __________
= 0.8072
100
Þ r = 100 × 0.8072
Þ r = 80.72%
Hence, the rate of increasing production of iodised salt is 80.72%.
11 Direct and Indirect Variations
EXERCISE - 11.1
1. The number of stamps collected by Arvind and Arshu are in the ratio 7 : 3.
Together they have 180 stamps. Find the number of stamps each one has.
Sol. Let the number of stamps collected by each one be x.
Given ratio is 7 : 3
i.e., stamps collected byArvind is 7x, and stamp collected byArshu is 3x.
They collected together = 180 stamps
7x + 3x = 180
10x = 180
x = 18
Thus stamps collected byArvind = 7x = 7 × 18 = 126
and stamps collected byArshu = 3x = 3 × 18 = 54
2. Two supplementary angles (two angles whose sum is 180°) are in the ratio 5 : 1,
Find the measure of each angle.
Sol. Let x be the size of each angle.
Given, ratio between two angles = 5: 1
Sum of these two angles = 180° ( Given)
5x + x = 180°
6x = 180°
x = 30°
So, the measure of first angle = 5x = 5 × 30° = 150°
and measure of second angle = x = 30°
3. If we divide 5250 in the ratio of 6 : 7 : 8 respectively between three friends
Raja, Rani and Mohan. How much will each get ?
Sol. Let x get each friend.
Given ratio = 6:7:8
i.e., 6x : 7x : 8x
6x + 7x + 8 x = 5250
21x = 5250
x = 5250/ 21
x = 250
So, Raja gets 6x = 6 × 250 = 1500.
Rani gets 7x = 7 × 250 = 1750
and Mohan gets 8x = 8 × 250 = 2000.
4. Find the value of the unknown x in the given proportions :
(i) 3 : 8 = 6 : x (ii) 4 : 5 = 12 : x (iii) x : 4 :: 5 : 2
(iv) 5 : 6 :: x : 30 (v) 9 : 1 = x : 8 (vi) 6 : 9 = 2 : (x + 1)
Sol. (i) 3 : 8 = 6 : x (ii) 4 : 5 = 12 : x (iii) x : 4 :: 5 : 2
3 6 4 12 x
__________ 5
__________
Þ __________ = __________ Þ __________ = __________ Þ 4 = 2
8 x 5 x
Þ 3x = 48 Þ 4x = 60 Þ 2x = 20
48 60 20
Þ x = __________ Þ x = __________ Þ x = __________
3 4 2
Þ x = 16 Þ x = 15 Þ x = 10
(iv) 5 : 6 :: x : 30 (v) 9 : 1 = x : 8 (vi) 6 : 9 = 2 : (x + 1)
5
__________ x
__________ 9
__________ x
__________ 6 2
__________
Þ = 30 Þ = 8 Þ __________ = (x+1)
6 1 9
Þ 6x = 150 Þ x = 9×8 Þ 6 (x+1) = 18
Þ x = 150 __________ Þ x = 72 Þ 6 x + 6 = 18
6
Þ x = 25 Þ 6 x = 18– 6
Þ 6x = 12
12
Þ x = __________
6
Þ x = 2
5. A man can pack 260 bundles in 5 days. How many bundles can be packed by
him in 7 days?
Sol. Here number of days vary directly to number of bundles.
Let number of bundles can be packed in 7 days is x.
Now, we write the given details in the table as shown below :
No. of days 5 7
No. of bundles 260 x
Since two quanties vary directly so,
5:7 = 260 : x
5
__________ 260
__________
=
7 x
5x = 260 × 7
x = 260×7
__________
5
x = 364
Hence, in 7 days 364 bundles can be packed by him.
6. The cost of 97m of cloth is 242.50. What length of this cloth can be bought
for 302.50?
Sol. Here we can observed the cost of cloth vary directly to the quantity of cloth.
Let the length of cloth can be bought in 302.5 is x m.
The given details can be shown as below :
Length of cloth (m) 97 x
Cost of cloth ( ) 242.50 302.50
Since two quantity vary directly so,
97 : x = 242.50 : 302.50
97 242.50
Þ __________ = __________
x 302.50
Þ x = __________ 97×302.50
242.50
Þ x = __________ 29342.50
242.50
Þ x = 121 m.
Hence, 121m cloth can be bought in 302.50.
7. A tailor stitches 9 trousers in 4 days. How many days will he required to stitch
36 trousers?
Sol. Number of days and number of trousers are vary directly.
Let in x days 36 trousers can be stitched.
The given information can be written in the table as shown below :
No. of days 4 x
No. of trousers 9 36
Since, two quantities vary directly so,
4 : x = 9: 36
4 9
Þ __________ = __________
x 36
Þ 9x = 4 × 36
4×36
Þ x = __________ = 16.
9
Hence, 36 trousers can be stitches in 16 days.
8. If 20 m of a uniform wire weighs 15 kg. find the length of 40 kg of same wire.
Sol. Length of wire and weight of wire are vary directly.
Let the length of x m wire in 40 kg of wire weighs.
Length of wire (m) 20 x
Weight of wire (kg) 15 40
20 : x = 15 : 40
20
Þ __________ 15
= __________
x 40
Þ 15x = 20 ×40
Þ x = 20×40
__________
15
Þ x = 53.3 m.
Hence, 53.3 m of wire weighs 40 kg.
9. The interest of a certain sum (principal) at 6% per annum is 300. Find the
interest on the same sum at 5% per annum for the same period.
Sol. Rate of interest is directly proportion to interest .
Let x be the interest on same principal at 5 % p.a.
Rate of interest (%) 6 5
Interest ( ) 300 x
6: 5 = 300 : x
6
Þ __________ = 300
__________
5 x
Þ 6x = 5 × 300
Þ x = 5×300
__________
6
Þ x = 250
Hence, the required interest is 250.
10. If a man earns 805 per week, in how many days he will earn 1840 ?
Sol. Number of days is directly proportion to earning.
Let x days he will earn 1840.
No. of days 7 x
Amount of earning ( ) 805 1840
7:x = 805 : 1840
7
__________ 805
__________
Þ x = 1840
Þ 805x = 1840 × 7
1840×7
Þ x = __________
805
12880
__________
Þ x =
805
Þ x = 16 days.
Hence, he will earn 1840 in 16 days.
11. On a particular day 200 US dollar are worth 9666. On that day how many
dollars could be bought for 5074.65 ?
Sol. Let x dollar could be bought in 5074.65
The given information can be written in table as shown below :
Dollar 200 x
9666 5074.65
200 : x = 9666 : 5074.65
200 9666
__________
Þ __________ = 5074.65
x
Þ 9666 x = 5074.65 × 200
5074.65 × 200 1014930
Þ x = __________ = __________
9666 9666
x = 105
Hence, 105 US dollar could be bought in 5074.65.
12. If 5 men or 13 women earn 525 per day, how much would 7 men and 13 women
earn per day ?
Sol. Given,
5 men = 13 women
13
1 man = __________ women
5
æ __________
13 æ
Now, 7 men and 13 women = ç 5 × 7 + 13 ç women
è è
æ 91 æ
= ç __________ + 13 ç women
è 5 è
= æç __________
156 æ women
ç
è 5 è
13 women earns per day = 525
1 women will earn per day = 525

__________
13
156
__________ women will earn per day = __________ × 156
525 __________
5 13 5
= 81900
__________
65
= 1260
7 men and 13 women will earn per day 1260.

13. The cost of 16 bags of was hing powder, each weighing 1.5 kg is 672. Find the
cost of 18 bags of the same each weighing 2 kg?
Sol. Let the cost of 18 bags is x.
No. of bags Weight in kg Cost in
16 1.5 672
18 2 x
Since, given quantities are vary directly
18 2 x
__________
__________
× __________ = 672
16 1.5
18 = __________ x
__________ Þ x = 672×18__________
12 672 12
= 1008
Hence, the required cost of 18 bags of the same each weighting 2 kg is 1008.
Alternatively : Cost of 24 kg hing is 672.
Let the cost of 36 kg hing be x.
The given information can be written in taburar from as shown below:
Cost of hing ( ) 672 x
Weight of hing (kg) 24 36
672 : x = 24 : 36
24
Þ 672 __________ = __________
x 36
Þ 24 x = 672 × 36
672×36
x = __________ = 1008
24
14. If the cost of transporting 160 kg of goods for 125 km is 60, what will be the
cost of transporting 200 kg of goods for 400 km ?
Sol. Let the cost of transporting 200 kg of goods for 400 km be x.
Goods in kg Distance in km Cost in
160 125 60
200 400 x
Since, given quantities vary directly So,
x
__________
= 200
__________ × 400 __________
60 160 125
x
__________ 5 × __________ 16
= __________
60 4 5
x
__________ = 4
60
x = 60 × 4
x = 240
So, the required transporting cost is 240.
EXERCISE - 11.2
1. The cost of apples and oranges is in the ratio of 6 : 9 per box, If a box of oranges
costs 90. What is the cost of a box of apples.
Sol. Let the cost of one box apple be x.
Then we have the following table :
Apples 6 x
Oranges 9 90
6 : 9 : : x : 90
9x = 6 × 90
x 6 × 90
= __________
9
x = 60
Hence, the cost of one box of apples is 60.
2. The speeds of two trains are in the ratio 4 : 5. If the speed of the first train is 48
km/hr, what is the speed of the other train?
Sol. Let the speed of the second train be x km/hr.
Ratio between trains speed = 4:5
Then, we have the following table :
First Train 4 48
Second Train 5 x
Þ 4 : 5 : : 48 : x
Þ 4x = 48 × 5
Þ x 48 × 5
= __________
4
Þ x = 60km/hr.
Hence, the speed of the second train is 60 km/hr.
1
3. Raman drives 120 km in 2 hours. How many kilometers does he drive in one
2
hour?
Sol. Let he drives x km in one hour.
Hours 21
2 1
km 120 x

1
Þ 2 2 : 1 : : 120 : x
5
__________ 120
Þ = __________
2 x
Þ 5x = 120 × 2
120× 2
Þ x = __________
5
Þ x = 24× 2
Þ x = 48 km
Hence, he drives 48 km in one hour.
4. Daisy uses up 3 litres of petrol for riding 100 km on her scooter. How many litres
of petrol does she use for riding 400 km?
Sol. Let x litres of petrol she uses for riding 400 km. Then we have following table :
Petrol in litres Distance in km
3 100
x 400
3 100
Þ __________ = __________
x 400
Þ 100 x = 400 × 3
400×3
Þ x = __________
100
Þ x = 4 ×3
Þ x = 12 litres
Hence the required quantity of petrol is 12 litres.
5. Jania can walk 3.5 km in one hour. At the same rate, how many kilometres can
she walk in 3 hours?
Sol. Let Jania walks x km in 3 hours
Covered distance Taken time
3.5 km 1 hour
x km 3 hours
Since time and distance vary directly so,
x
__________ 3
= __________
3.5 1
Þ x = 3.5 × 3
Þ x = 10.5 km.
Hence, Jania walks 10.5 km in three hours at the same speed.
6. An aeroplane flies 1,600 km in 2 hours. At the same rate, how long will it take to
fly 6,400 km ?
Sol. Let the aeroplane flies 6400 km. in x hours.
Distance flies (km) Time taken (hr.)
1600 2
6400 x
Since, Distance and time vary directly.
1600 = __________
Þ __________ 2
6400 x
Þ 1600 x = 6400 × 2
Þ x = 6400×2
__________ = 8 hrs.
1600
7. For every five days of work, Birender gets two days of holidays. If he works for
20 days. How many days of holidays can be enjoy?
Sol. Let he gets x days for 20 days working
Working days 5 20
Holidays 2 x
Since the quantities are vary directly so,
5
__________ 20
2 = __________
x
Þ 5x = 20 × 2
Þ x 40
= __________
5
Þ x = 8 days of holiday.
Hence, Birenders gets 8 days of holiday.
8. If 10 books cost 170, how many books can be purchased for 425?
Sol. Let x books can be bought in 425.
No. of books Cost of books ( )
10 170
x 425
Since, more cost more books i.e, vary directly so,
10
__________ 170
= __________
x 425
Þ 170 x = 425 × 10
425×10
Þ x = __________
170
= 25 books
Hence, the number of books is 25.

9. If 7 kg of sugar costs 112, find the cost of 25 kg of sugar?
Sol. Let the cost of 25 kg sugar be x.
Quantity of sugar (kg) Cost of sugar ( )
7 112
25 x
Since, quantity and cost vary directly so,
112
__________ 7
__________
= 25
x
Þ 7x = 25×112
Þ x = æ25×112 __________ö
è 7 ø
Þ x = 400
Hence, 25 kg of sugar can be bought in 400.
10. The cost of bus tickets for 5 people for a journey was 95. What is the number of
tickets that can be brought for 342 for the same journey?
Sol. Let number of ticket be x.
No. of tickets Cost of tickets ( )
5 95
x 342
Since, quantities vary directly so,
5
__________ 95
__________
x = 342
Þ 95 x = 342 ×5
342×5
Þ x = __________
95
Þ x = 18
Hence, the number of tickets can be bought in 342 is 18.
11. If 12 men or 15 women can finish a piece of work in 66 days. How long will 24
men and 3 women take to finish the work?
Sol. 12 men = 15women
15
__________
1 man = women
12
24 men = 15 × 24 = 30 women
__________
12
Now, 24 men and 3 women = 30 women + 3 women = 33 women.
Given information can be written as follow :
No. of women No. of days
15 66
33 x
33
__________ 66
__________
15 x
Þ 33 x = 15 × 66
15×66
__________
Þ x = 33
Þ x = 30 days
Hence, 24 men and 3 women can finished the work in 30 days.
12. 70 patients in a hospital consume 1350 litres of milk in 30 days.At the same rate,
how many patients will consume 1710 litres in 28 days?
Sol. Let x be the patients
Then given information can be written as below :
No. of patients Milk in litre No. of days
70 1350 30
x 1710 28
So, we have,
x 1710 × __________
30
Þ __________ = __________
70 1350 28
x
__________ 171 15
Þ 70 = __________ × __________
135 14
x
__________ 19
__________ 15
__________
Þ 70 = 15 × 14
x
__________ 19
Þ 70 = __________
14
70×19
Þ x = __________ 14
Þ x = 5×19
Þ x = 95
Hence, 95 patients consume 1710 litres in 28 days.
13. If 30 labourers working 7 hours a day can finish a piece of work in 18 days. How
many labourers working 6 hours a day can finish it in 30 days?
Sol. Let x be the required labourer.
Then given information can be written as following :
No. of labourers Working hours Working days
30 7 18
x 6 30
So, we have
6 × __________
30 = __________
Þ __________ 30
x 7 18
30 10
Þ __________ = __________
x 7
Þ 10 x = 7×30
210
Þ x = __________
10
Þ x = 21 labourers
Hence, 21 labourers can finish the work.
14. If 5 men working 6 hours a day can reap a field in 20 days in how many days
will men reap the field if they work for 8 hours a day?
Sol. Let x be the required days.
Then given information can be written as below :
No. of men Working hours Working days
5 6 20
5 8 x
Since, working hours and working days inverse variation so,
8
__________ 20
__________
Þ 6 = x
Þ 8x = 20×6
20×6
__________
Þ x = 8
Þ x = 15 days
Hence, they finish the work in 15 days.
EXERCISE - 11.3
1. Rakhi can do a piece of work in 15 hours while Rashmi can do it in 12 hours.
How long will both take to do it working together.
Sol. Time taken by Rakhi to complete the work = 15 hours
1
__________
Work done by Rakhi in one hour = 15
Time taken by Rashmi to complete the work = 12 hours
1
__________
Work done by Rashmi in one hour = 12
1 1
Work done by Rakhi and Rashmi in one hour = __________ + __________
15 12
= æ __________
4 + 5 æ = __________9 3
= __________
ç 60 ç 60 20
è è
So, they can finish the work together in = æç1 ¸ __________ 3 æ hours
è 20 çè
æ __________ 20 æ
= ç1 × 3 ç hours
è è
= 6 2
__________ hours
3
2
Hence, Rakhi and Rashmi can finish the work in 6 __________hours (= 6 hours 40 minutes)
3
together.
2. A and B working together can finish a piece of work in 6 days. While A alone
can do it in 9 days. How much time will B alone take to finish it?
Sol. Time taken by (A+B) to finish the work = 6 days
Time taken by A alone to finish the work = 9 days
1
__________
(A+B)'s 1 day work = 6
1
And A's 1 day work = __________
9
B's 1 day work = (A+B)'s 1day work – A's 1 day work
1
__________ 1
__________
= 6 – 9
3–2 = __________ 1
= __________
18 18
æ 1 æ æ 18 æ
So, B can finish the whole work in = ç1 ¸ __________ ç days = ç 1× __________ ç days
è 18 è è 1 è
= 18 days
Hence, B can do the whole work done in 18 days.
3. A, B and C can do a piece of work in 8 days, 12 days and 15 days respectively.
How long will they take to finish it if they work together.
Sol. Acan do a piece of work in = 8 days
B can do a piece of work in = 12 days
C can do a piece of work in = 15 days
1
__________
Work done byAin one day = 8
1
__________
Work done by B in one day = 12
1
__________
Work done by C in one day = 15
1 __________
__________ 1 1
__________
Work done by (A+ B + C) in one day = 8 + 12 + 15
15+10+8 33
= __________ = 120
__________
120
æ __________
33 æ æ __________
120 æ
So, (A+ B +C) can finish the work together in = ç1 ¸ 120 ç days = ç 1× 33 ç days
è è è è
7 days.
40 days = 3 __________
= __________
11 11

4. A can do a piece of work in 24 hours while B alone can do it in 16 hours. If A, B
and C working together can finish it in 8 hours. In how many time can C alone
finish the work?
Sol. Time taken byAto finish the work = 24 hours
Time taken by B to finish the work = 16 hours
Time taken by (A+B+C) together to finish the work= 8 hours
1
A's 1 hour work = __________
24
1
__________
B's 1 hour work = 16
1 1 2+3 5
(A+B)'s 1 hour work = + __________ = __________ = __________
__________
24 16 48 48
1
(A+B+C)'s 1 hour work = __________
8
C's alone 1 hour work = (A+B+C)'s 1 hour work – (A+B)'s 1 hour work
1 5
= __________ – __________
8 48
6–5
__________ 1
= = __________
48 48
æ __________ 1 æ æ __________
48 æ
C can finish the whole work in = ç1 ¸ 48 ç hours = ç 1× 1 ç days
è è è è
= 48 hours
Hence, C can do the whole work alone in 48 hours.
5. A can do a piece of work in 14 days while B can do in 21 days. They began
together and worked at if for 7 days. Then A fell ill and B had to complete the
work, in how many days was the work completed?
Sol. Time taken byAto finish the work = 14 days
Time taken by B to finish the work = 21 days
1
A's 1 day work = __________
14
1
B's 1 day work = __________
21
(A+B)'s 1 day work = 1 + __________
__________ 1 = 3__________ 5 parts
+ 2 = __________
14 21 42 42
5 5
(A+B)'s 7 days work = 7 × __________ parts. = __________ parts
42 6
Remaining work = Complete work – Work done in 7 days of both
5 = __________
= 1 – __________ 1
6 6

1
__________
Remaining work
__________ 6
__________
Now, remaining work is to be completed by B alone = = days
B's 1 day work 1
__________
21 7 1
= __________ days = __________
2 days = 3 __________ days 21
6 2
1___
_______
Hence, B did remaining work in 3 2 days.
6. A and B can do a piece of work in 18 days. B and C can do in 24 days, while C
and A can finish it in 36 days. In how many days can A, B, C finish it. If they all
work together?
Time taken by (B+C) to finish the work = 24 days
Time taken by (C+A) to finish the work = 36 day
1
Work done by (A+B) in 1 day = __________
18
1
Work done by (B+C) in 1 day = __________
24
1
__________
Work done by (C+A) in 1 day =
36
1 1 1
Work done by all together in 1 day (A+B) + (B+C) + (C+A) = __________ + __________ + __________
18 24 36
Þ 2 (A+B+C) = __________ 4+3+2
72
Þ (A+B+C) = __________ 1 = __________
9 × __________ 1
72 2 16
1
(A+B+C)'s 1 days work = __________
16
A, B, and C together will complete the work in = æç1 ¸ __________ 1 æ days = æ
ç
__________æ
16
ç 1× 1 ç days
è 16 è è è
= 16 days
Hence,A, B and C together will complete the work in 16 days.
7. A and B can do a piece of work in 12 days. B and C in 15 days and C and A in 20
days. How much time willAalone take to finish the work?
Time taken by (B+C) to finish the work = 15 days
Time taken by (C+A) to finish the work = 20 days
1
__________
Work done by (A+B) in 1 day = 12 days
Work done by (B+C) in 1 day 1 days
= __________
15
1
Work done by (C+A) in 1 day = __________
20 days
1 __________
1 __________ 1
Work done by all together in 1 day (A+B) + (B+C) + (C+A) = __________ 12 + 15 + 20
Þ 2 (A+B+C) = 10+8+6 __________
120
24
__________
Þ 2(A+B+C) = 120
24 1 1
Þ (A+B+C) = __________ × __________ = __________
120 2 10
1
__________
(B + C)'s 1 days work = 15 days
1
__________
(A+ B + C)'s 1 day work = 10 days
A's 1 day work = (A+B+C)'s 1 day work – (B+C)'s 1 day work
1
__________ 1
__________
= 10 – 15
1
= 3–2
__________ = __________
30
30
æ __________
1 æ æ __________
30 æ
Aalone can finish the work in = ç1 ¸ 30 ç days = ç 1× 1 ç days = 30 days
è è è è
So ,Aalone can finish the work in 30 days.
8. Pipes A and B can fill an empty tank in 10 hours and 15 hours respectively. If
both are opened together in the empty tank, how much time will they take to fill
it completely?
Sol . Time taken by tapAto fill the cistern = 10 hours
Time taken by tap B to fill the cistern = 15 hours
1
Work done by tapAin one hour = __________
10
1
__________
Work done by tap B in one hour = 15
1 1
Work done by tap (A+B) in one hour = __________ + __________
10 15
3+2 5 1
= __________ = __________ = __________
30 30 6
æ 1 æ æ __________ 6 æ
Time taken by (A+B) to fill the cistern in = ç1 ¸ __________ ç = ç 1× 1 ç = 6 hours
è 6 è è è
9. A cistern has two inlets A and B which can fill it in 12 minutes and 15 minutes
respectively. An outlet C can empty the full cistern in 10 minutes. If all the three
pipes are opened together in the empty tank. How much time will they taken to
fill the tank completely?
Sol. Time taken by inletAto fill the cistern = 12 minutes
Time taken by inlet B to fill the cistern = 15 minutes
Time taken by outlet C to empty the cistern = 10 minutes

1
__________
Work done by tap (A) in 1 minute = 12
1
Work done by tap (B) in 1 minute = __________
15
–1____
______
Work done by tap (C) in 1 minute = 10
1 1 –1
Work done by (A+B+C) in 1 minute = __________ + __________ + ______ ____
12 15 10
1 1
__________ __________ 1
__________
= 12 + 15 – 10
(10 + 8 –12
= __________
120
6
__________ 1
__________
= =
120 20
æ 1 æ minutes
Time taken by (A+B+C) to fill the cistern in = ç1 ¸ __________ ç
è 20 è
æ 20 æ
= ç 1× __________ç minutes = 20 minutes
è 1 è
10. A pipe can fill a cistern in 9 hours. Due to leakage in its bottom, the cistern fills
up in 10 hours. If the cistern is full, In how much time will it be emptied by the
leak?
Sol. Apipe can fill a cistern in = 9 hours
Let a leak empty the cistern in = x hours
Due to the leak time taken to fill the cistern in = 10 hours
1
__________
Part of the cistern filled by pipe in 1 hour = 9
1
Part of the cistern emptied by leak in 1 hour = __________
x
1
__________ 1 1
– __________ = __________
9 x 10
1
__________ 1
__________ 1
__________
x = 9 – 10
1
__________ 10 –9
__________ 1
__________ 1
__________
x = 90 Þ x = 90
x = 90 hours
Therefore the leak will empty the cistern in 90 hours.

EXERCISE - 11.4
1. Agoods train moves at a speed of 15 m/sec. What is its speed in km/hr?
Sol. Distance covered in 1 sec = 15m
Distance covered in 1 hour = 15 × 3600 [ 1 hour = 3600 sec.]
= 54000 m
= (54000 ÷ 1000) km [ 1m = 1/1000 km.]
= 54 km
Hence, 15m/sec. = 54km/hr
2. Acycle moves at a speed of 18 km/hr. What is its speed in m/sec?
Sol. Distance covered in 1 hour ( = 3600 sec) = 18 km = 18 × 1000 m = 18000 m
Distance covered in 1 sec = (18000 ÷ 3600) m [ 1 km = 1000 m]
18000
= __________ m = 5m
3600
Speed in m/sec = 5m/sec.
Hence, the required speed of cycle = 5m/sec.
3. A train travels at a speed of 80 km/hr. What is the distance travelled by the train
in 5 hours?
Sol. We are given that,
Speed = 80km/hr.
Time = 5 hour
Distance = ?
We know that,
Distance = 80 × 5 km
= 400 km
Hence, the distance travelled by the train is 400 km.
4. A car travelled at a speed of 50 km/hr. How much distance will it covers in
4 1 hours?
2
Sol. We are given that
Speed = 50 km/hr.
Time = 4 1 hours
2
Distance = ?
We know that,
= 50 × 4 1 50×9
__________
2 km = 2 km = 225 km
Hence, the distance travelled by car is 225 km.
5. Mr Jain drive a distance of 420 km at a speed of 60 km/hr. In how much time
does he complete the journey?
Distance driven by Mr Jain = 420 km
Speed = 60 km/hr.
Time = ?
We know that,
Distance
Time = __________
Speed
420
= __________ km
60km/hr
= 7 hours
Hence, Mr. Jain completes his journey in 7 hours.
6. At 7 p.m., Lalit starts his journey from Delhi on his bike to Ambala, 285
kilometers away. He drives at a speed of 30 km/hr.At what time will be reach his
destination?
Distance to travel by Lalit = 285 km
Speed = 30 km/hr.
Time = ?
We know that,
Time Distance
= __________
Speed
285 km 57
= __________
30km/hr = 6
__________
3 1
= 9 __________ hours = 9 __________ hours
6 2
Since, Lalit started his journey at 7:00 p.m.
1 hours time will be 16:30 hours i.e, 4:30 a.m.
So, after 9 __________
2
Hence, Lalit will reach his destination at 4:30 a.m.
7. A train 400 m long, is running at a speed of 40 km/hr. How long will it take to
cross a bridge 800 m long ?
Sol. Total distance travelled by train = length of train + length of bridge
= 400 m + 800 m
= 1200 m
Given, Speed = 40 km/hr [ 1km = 1000 m and
1 hr = (60× 60) sec.]
Speed 40 × 1000 m/sec.
= __________
60 × 60
100
= __________ m/sec.
9
Distance
__________
Time = Speed
1200
__________ 1200 × 9 sec
= 100 sec = __________
__________ 100
9
= 108 sec. or 1 min. 48 sec.
Hence, the train will cross the bridge in 1 min 48 sec.
12 Understanding Quadrilaterals
EXERCISE - 12.1
1. Three angles of a quadrilateral are 115°, 50°, 68°. Find the fourth angle.
Sol. By the angle sum property of the quadrilateral
We have,
Sum of the angles of quadrilateral = 360°
Sum of the given three angles = 115° + 50° + 68°
= 233°
Fourth angle = 360° – 233° = 127°
Hence, the measure of fourth angle is 127°.
2. An angle of a quadrilateral is 93°. The other three angles are equal. Find the
measure of each of the equal angles.
Sol. Let x be the measure of each angle.
By the angle sum property of the quadrilateral, we have,
x + x + x + 93° = 360°
3x + 93° = 360°
3x = 360° – 93°
3x = 267°
x 267 ö ° = 89°
= æ __________
è 3 ø
Since x = 89°
Therefore, the measure of all three angles is 89°.
3. The two adjacent angles of a quadrilateral are 68° and 112°. The other two
adjacent angles are equal. What is the measure of each of these equal angles.
Sol. Let x be the measure of required angle.
By the angle sum property of the quadrilateral we have,
68° + 112° + x + x = 360°
180° + 2x = 360°
2x = 360° – 180°
2x = 180°
x 180 ö ° = 90°
= æ __________
è 2 ø
Since x = 90°
Therefore, the measure other two adjacent angles is 90°.
4. In given figure, P is a point in the interior of ÐAOB.
A
PA ^ AO and PB ^ BO. If ÐAOB = 35°, find the P
measure of ÐAPB.
Sol. In the given figure APBO is a quadrilateral in which 35°
B O
ÐPAO = 90° ( PA ^ AO )
ÐPBO = 90° ( PB ^ BO )
ÐAOB = 35° (Given )
ÐA + ÐO + ÐB + ÐP = 360°
A
90° + 35°+90° + ÐP = 360°
P
ÐP + 215° = 360°
ÐP = 360° – 215°
35°
B O
= 145°
Hence, measure of ÐAPB is 145°.
5. In fig. given, PC and PD are the bisectors of ÐBCD and

D
ÐADC respectively, If ÐA= 100°, find B. 25°
30° C
Sol. In the given figure,ABCD is a quadrilateral. A
100° P
B
In which ÐPCD = ÐPCB = 30° ( PC bisect ÐBCD)

and ÐPDC = ÐPDA= 25° ( PD bisect ÐADC)

ÐA + ÐB + ÐC + ÐD = 360°
100° + ÐB + (ÐPCD + ÐPCB) + (PDC + (PDA) = 360°
100° + ÐB + (30° + 30°) + ( 25° + 25°) = 360° D
100° + ÐB + 60° + 50° = 360°

25°
ÐB + 210° = 360°
ÐB = 360° – 210° 30° C
ÐB = 150° 100° P
A B
Hence, the measure of ÐB is 150°.
6. The angles of a quadrilateral are in the ratio of 3 : 7 : 1 : 9, find the measures of
its angles.
Sol. Let the angles be 3x, 7x, x, and 9x.
By angle sum property of the quadrilateral. We have,
3x +7 x + x +9x = 360°
20x = 360°
= æè 20 ö
360
__________ °
x
ø
x = 18°
Now 3x = (3×18)° = 54°, 7x = (7×18)° = 126°, x = 18° and 9x = (9 ×18)° = 162°
Thus, the angles of the quadrilateral are 54°, 126°, 18° and 162°.
7. Three angles of a quadrilateral are in the ratio 4 : 5 : 3, The difference of the
least and the greatest of these angles is 42°. Find all the four angles of the
quadrilateral.
Sol. Given, the three angles of quadrilateral are in the ratio of 4:5:3
Let x be the angle of quadrilateral. So,
Least angle = 3x
Greatest angle = 5x
According to question, 5x – 3x = 42°
2x = 42°
42
x = __________ = 21°
2
Now, angle 4x = 4×21° = 84°
angle 5x = 5×21° = 105°
and angle 3x = 3×21° = 63°
By angle sum property of quadrilateral
Þ 84° + 105°+ 63° + x = 360°
Þ x = 360° – (84° + 105°+ 63°)
Þ x = 360° – 252°
Þ x = 108°
Thus, the all four angles of quadrilateral are, 84° , 105°, 63° and 108°.
EXERCISE - 12.2
1. Two adjacent angles of a parallelograms are in the ratio of 4 : 5. Find the
measure of all its angles.
Sol. SupposeABCD is the parallelogram, whose two anglesAand B are in the ratio of 4:5
as shown in the given figure.
ÐA+ÐB = 180° (Interior angles on same side of the transversal)
But it is given that ÐA :ÐB = 4:5
Let ÐA= 4x, ÐB = 5x D C
Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.
Other two angles are also 4x and 5x .
By the angle sum property of quadrilateral A B
We have
4x + 5x + 4x +5x = 360°
18 x = 360°
x = æ 360 __________ ö °
è 18 ø
x = 20°
Now, angle 4x = 4 × 20° = 80°
and angle 5x = 5 × 20° = 100°
Hence, required all four angles are 80°,100°, 80° and 100°.
2. An angle of a parallelogram is 40° more than its adjacent angle. Find the
measure of all its angles.
Sol. In a parallelogram
The opposite angles are equal.
The sum of adjacent angles are 180°.
Given, 1 angle is 40° more than the other.
Let the two angles be x and x + 40°
Then their sum is :
x + x + 40° = 180°
2x + 40° = 180°
2x = 180°– 40°
2x = 140°
__________ ö°
x = æè 2 = 70°
140
ø
x = 70° and ( x +40°) = (70 + 40) = 110°
So, the four angles are 70°, 110°, 70° and 110°.
3. Two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are such that is twice the other. If the
perimeter of parallelogram is 120 m. Find the length of its adjacent sides.
Sol. Suppose JKLM is the parallelogram.
Side MJ and JK are adjacent sides.
and JK = 2 MJ (Given)
We know that,
M L
Perimeter of parallelogram = 2 (l + b)
Þ 120 = 2 (JK + MJ)
Þ 120 = 2(2MJ + MJ)
Þ 120 = 2 ( 3 MJ)
J K
Þ 120 = 6 MJ
Þ MJ = 120 ¸ 6 [ Given JK = 2 MJ ]
Þ MJ = 20 m.
JK = 2 MJ (Given)
JK = (2 × 20) m
= 40 m
Hence, the required length of its adjacent sides are 20 m and 40 m.
4. Two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are (2y + 10°) and (3y – 40°). Find the
measure of all angles of the parallelogram.
Sol. In a parallelogramABCD, ÐA= 2y + 10° and ÐB = 3y – 40°
Since the sum of any two adjacent angles of a parallelogram is 180°.
ÐA+ ÐB = 180° ............. (i)
Putting the value of ÐAand ÐB in equation (i), we get,
2y + 10° + 3y – 40° = 180°
5y – 30° = 180° D C
5y = 180° + 30°
5y = 210°
210 ö°
y = æ __________
3y – 40°
è 5 ø A 2y +10° B
y = 42°
Since, ÐA= ÐC and ÐB = ÐD (Two opposite angles of a parallelogram)

So, ÐA= ÐC = 2y + 10° = 2 × 42° + 10°
= 84° + 10°
= 94°
and ÐB + ÐD = 3y – 40° = 3 × 42° – 40°
= 126° – 40°
= 86°
Therefore, the angles of the parallelogram are 94°, 86°, 94° and 86°.
5. In given figure, ABCD and DEFG are both parallelogram. D E C
If ÐD=40°, find ÐE, ÐF, ÐB, ÐC and ÐA. 40°

F G
Sol. In parallelogram ABCD A B
ÐA= ÐC and ÐD = ÐB
(Two opposite angles of a parallelogram)
ÐD = ÐB = 40°
ÐA+ ÐB = 180° (Interior angles on same sides of the transversal)
ÐA+ 40° = 180° E
D C
ÐA = 180° – 40° 40°
ÐA = 140° F G
In parallelogram EFGC
A B
ÐF = ÐC
and ÐE = ÐG (Two opposite angles of a parallelogram)
ÐF = ÐC = 140° ( ÐA= 140°)
ÐF + ÐE = 180° (Interior angles on same sides of the transversal)
140° + ÐE = 180°
ÐE = 180° – 140°
ÐE = 40°
Thus, the required angles are ÐF = 140°, ÐE = 40°,
ÐB = 40°, ÐC = 140° and ÐA= 140°
6. ABCD is a trapezium in which AByDC. If ÐA = 60° and ÐB = 70°, find the
measure of the other two angles.
Sol. In the adjoining figure,ABCD is a trapezium in which
AB y DC
Given that ÐDAB = 60° and ÐCBA= 70°
Draw a line DE perpendicular toAB and a line CF perpendicular to BA.
Now, we have D AED and DBFC, where
in DAED D C
ÐDAE = 60° and ÐAED = 90°

By angle sum property of a triangle
ÐDAE + ÐAED + ÐEDA= 180° 60∞ 70∞
60° + 90° + ÐEDA = 180° A E F B
ÐEDA = 180° – (60°+ 90°)

ÐEDA = 180° – 150°
ÐEDA = 30°
Same as in triangle D BFC
ÐCBF + ÐBFC + ÐFCB = 180°
70° + 90° + ÐFCB = 180°
ÐFCB = 180° – (70°+90°)
ÐFCB = 180° – 160°
ÐFCB = 20°
In the given trapeziumABCD
ÐADC = ÐEDA+ ÐEDC
= 30° + 90° [ ED z DC]
= 120°
and also ÐBCD = ÐFCB + ÐFCD
= 20° + 90° [ FC z CD ]
= 110°
Hence, the required angles are 120° and 110°.
7. Lengths of two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 4 cm and 6 cm. Find its
perimeter.
Sol. We know that,
Perimeter of parallelogram = 2 (Length + Breadth)
= 2 ( 6cm + 4 cm)
= 2 × 10 cm = 20 cm
Hence, the perimeter of parallelogram is 20 cm. M L
8. In the adjacent figure, JKLM is a trapezium in which
JKyLM.
40° 60°
J Q P K

If ÐMJK = 40° and ÐJKL= 60°, find the measure of ÐJMLand ÐKLM.
Sol. In the given figure JKLM is the trapezium in which JK y ML
MQ^JK and LP^KJ
Here in the given figure we have two triangles DJMQ and DKLP
In DJMQ,
ÐMJQ = 40° (Given) [ ÐMJK = ÐMJQ = 40°]
ÐMQJ = 90° ( MQ^ JK)
So, by angle sum property of triangle. We have, M L
ÐMJQ + ÐMQJ + ÐJMQ = 180°
40° + 90° + ÐJMQ = 180°
ÐJMQ = 180° – 130°
40∞ 60∞
ÐJMQ = 50° J Q P K
In D KLP,
ÐPKL = 60°
ÐLPK = 90° ( LP^KJ)
So, by angle sum property of triangle, we have,
ÐPKL + ÐLPK + ÐKLP = 180°
60° + 90° + ÐKLP = 180°
ÐKLP = 80° – 150°
ÐKLP = 180° –150°
ÐKLP = 30°
In the given trapezium JKLM
ÐJML = ÐJMQ + ÐQML [ QM ^ ML ]
= 50° + 90°
= 140°
and also ÐKLM = ÐKLP + ÐPLM [ PL ^ LM ]
= 30° + 90°
= 120°
Hence, the required angles are 130° and 120°.
9. In the following figure, ABCD is a rhombus whose diagonals AC and BD
intersect at point O. If side AB =10cm and diagonal AC = 12 cm. Find the length
of diagonal BD.
Sol. In the given figureABCD is a Rhombus
We know the diagonals of Rhomous bisect each other at 90°.
AB = 10 cm ( Given )
AC = 12 cm (Given)
OA = 1 1
2 AC = 2 × 12 cm = 6 cm
ÐAOB = 90° [ AO ^ BD]
From right angled triangle AOB D C
2 2 2
(AB) = (OA) + (OB)
2 2 2
(10 cm) = ( 6 cm) + (OB) O
2
100 sq.cm = 36sq. cm + (OB)
cm
2 12
(OB) = (100 – 36) sq.cm A B
2 10 cm
(OB) = 64sq.cm
OB = Ö 64sq.cm
OB = 8 cm.
OD = OB
BD = OD+OB
= 8cm + 8 cm
= 16cm [ OB = 8 cm ]
Hence, the required length of diagonal BD is 16 cm.
10. Prove that any adjacent angles of a parallelogram are supplementary.
Sol. LetABCD be a parallelogram.
ThenADyBC andAB is transversal. D C
Therefore, ÐA+ ÐB = 180°

(Since, sum of the interrior angles on the same since of the
transversal is 180°.)
Similarly, ÐB + ÐC = 180°, ÐC + ÐD = 180° and B
A
ÐD + ÐA= 180°
Thus, the sum of any two adjacent angles of a parallelogram is 180°.
Hence, any two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are supplementary.
Hence Proved
11. The diagonals AC and BD of a rectangle ABCD intersect each other at O. If OB
= 4 cm, find the length of each diagonal.
Sol. We know that diagonals
of a rectangle bisect eachother
OB = OD and OA = OC
BD = OB + OD
BD = 4 cm + 4 cm A B
BD = 8 cm
m
In DDCB and D CDA, O 4c
We have,
DC = CD (Common side)
ÐDCB = ÐCDA (Each equal to 90°) D C
BC = AD (Opposite sides of a rectangle)
D DCB @ DCDA (By SAS congruence)
AC = BD ( By congruent parts of congruent triangle)
ThereforeAC = BD = 8 cm
12. The sides of a rectangle are in the ratio 3:4 and its perimeter is 84 cm. Find the
length and breadth of the rectangle.
Sol. We know that,
Perimeter of rectangle = 2 ( Length + Breadth)
The sides of rectangle are in the ratio = 3:4 (Given)
Let the length of rectangle be 3x and breadth of rectangle be 4x.
Then,
Perimeter = 2 ( 3x + 4x)
84 = 2 × 7x
84 = 14x
84
x = __________ cm
14
x = 6 cm
Thus, length of rectangle 3x = 3 × 6 cm = 18cm
and breadth of rectangle 4x = 4 × 6 cm = 24 cm
13. Two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are (3x–4)° and (3x +16)°. Find the
value of x and find the measure of each of its angles.
Sol. In parallelogramABCD
ÐADC + ÐDCB = 180° ( Sum of adjacent angles is 180°)
ÐADC = ( 3x – 4)° (Given)
ÐBCD = (3x + 16)° (Given)
(3x –4)° + ( 3x + 16)° = 180° ( Sum of adjacent angles is 180°)
(3x – 4 + 3x + 16)° = 180° D
°
C
–4) °
(3x
)
+16
( 6x + 12)° = 180° (3x
6x = 180° – 12°
A B

x 168
= __________
6
x = 28°
ÐA= ÐC and ÐD = ÐB ( Opposite angles of parallelogram are equal)
ÐA= ÐC = ( 3x + 16)° = (3 × 28° + 16)°
= 84° + 16
= 100°
ÐD = ÐB = ( 3x – 4)° = (3 × 28 – 4)° = 80°
The angles of the parallelogram are 100°, 80°, 100° and 80° value of x is 28°.
14. The perimeter of a parallelogram is 140 cm. If one of the sides is longer than the
other by 10 cm, find the length of each of its sides.
Sol. Let the shorter side be x cm
Longer side = (x + 10) cm ( Given)
Perimeter of parallelogram = 2 (l+ b)
140 cm = 2 ( x+ 10+x) cm
140 cm = 2 ( 2x + 10) cm
140 cm = 4x + 20 cm
4x = (140 – 20) cm
4x = 120 cm
x = 30 cm
Shorter side of parallelogram is x = 30cm.
Longer side of parallelogram is (x+10) = (30+10) cm = 40 cm
E
15. In the following figure, ABCD is a parallelogram D
2
C
and line segments AE and CF bisect the angles A
and C respectively. Show thatAFyCE.
1 3
Sol. Since opposite angles are equal in a parallelogram. A B
F
In parallelogram ABCD.
ÐA = ÐC
1
__________ 1
__________
2 ÐA = 2 ÐC
Þ Ð1 = Ð2 ............ (i) ( AE and CF are bisectors of ÐA and ÐC
respectively.)
AB y DC and transversal CF intersects them.
Ð2 = Ð3 ................(ii)

[ Alternate interior angles are equal.]
From equation (i) and (ii)
Ð1 = Ð3
Thus, transversal AB intersects AE and CF at A and F such that Ð1 = Ð3 i,e.,
corresponding angles are equal.
AE y CF
AF = CE
AE = CF
AF y CE. Hence proved.
(i) Arhombus has all its sides of equal length.
(ii) Aparallelogram is a rhombus if its adjacent sides are equal.
(iii) The diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles.
(iv) If the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other at right angles, then it is a
rhombus.
(v) The diagonals of a square bisect each other at 90° degrees.
17. Which of the following statements are true for a rhombus ?
(i) It has two pairs of parallel sides. True
(ii) Its diagonals are equal and perpendicular to each other. False
(iii) Its diagonals bisect each other at right angles. True
(iv) It has only one pairs of parallel sides. False
13 Construction of Quadrilaterals
EXERCISE - 13.1
Construct the following quadrilaterals :
1. ABCD in which AB = 3.6 cm, BC = 5.5 cm, CD = 4.9 cm, DA = 5.3 cm and AC =
7.2 cm.
Sol. The given quadrilateral ABCD can be drawn by following the 9 cm C
steps : D 4.
Steps of Construction :
cm
5.3 cm
5.5 cm
Step- 1 : Draw a lineAB = 3.6 cm.

7.2
Step- 2 : WithAas the centre and radius = 7.2 cm draw an arc.

Step-3 : With B as the centre and radius = 5.5 cm draw another A B
3.6 cm
arc cutting previous arc, label this point as C.
Step- 4 : Join BC.
Step- 5 : WithAas the centre and radius = 5.3 cm draw an arc.
Step- 6 : With C as the centre and radius = 4.9 cm draw another arc cutting previous
arc, label this point as D.
Step- 7 : Join CD andAD.
Thus,ABCD is the required quadrilateral.
2. ABCD in whichAB = 6 cm, BC = 5 cm,AD = 4 cm, CD = 7 cm and BD = 6 cm.
Sol. The given quadrilateralABCD can be drawn by the following steps :
Steps of construction :
Step- 1 : Draw the line BD = 6 cm.
Step- 2 : With B as the centre draw an arc of 6 cm.
Step- 3 : From the point D, with 4 cm as radius cut the arc
A
drawn in step-2 and that point of intersection
m
isA. Join BAand DA. m
4c
6c
Step- 4 : Draw another arc from B with 5 cm radius
on opposite side of BD. B D
6 cm
Step- 5 : From D take 7 cm as radius and cut the
5 cm
m
arc drawn in step -4 and the point of 7c
intersection is C. Now Join BC and CD. C
3. ABCD in which AB = 4.5 cm, BC = 3.5 cm, AD = 3 cm, CD = 5 cm and BD = 4.5
cm.
Step- 1 : Draw a line BD = 4.5 cm.
Step- 2 : With B as the centre draw an arc of 4.5 cm.
Step- 3 : From the point D, with 3 cm as a radius cut the
arc drawn in step-2 and that point on intersection A
isA. Join BAand DA.
m
cm
Step- 4 : Draw another arc from B with 3.5 cm
3c
4.5
radius on opposite side of BD. B D
4.5 cm
Step- 5 : From D take 5cm as radius and
cm
3.5
cut the arc drawn in step-4 and the point of m

5c
intersection is C. Now join BC and CD.
C

4. Is it possible to construct a quadrilateral ABCD in which AD = 3 cm, CD = 3
cm, DA = 7.5 cm, AC = 8 cm and BD = 4 cm, if not give reason.
Sol. It is not possible to construct a quadrilateral ABCD. Because (AD = 3cm and
DA=7.5cm AD ¹ DA.
5. ABCD in whichAB = 5 cm, BC = 4 cm, CD = 6 cm,AD = 7 cm and ÐB = 80°.
Steps of Construction : D X
Step- 1 : Draw a lineAB = 5 cm.
Step- 2 : Make an angle of 80° at B 6 cm
C
and cut off BC = 4 cm from BX.
Step- 3 : WithAas centre draw an arc
7 cm
4 cm
of radius 7 cm.
Step- 4 : With C as centre, draw another arc of
radius 6cm which cut the previous arc at D. 80°
Step- 5 : JoinAto D and C to D. A B
5 cm
6. ABCD in whichAB = 4.2 cm, BC = 5 cm, CD = 3.5 cm, ÐC = 120° and ÐB = 75°.
Sol. Steps of Construction : X Y
Step- 1 : Draw a line BC = 5 cm.
A
Step- 2 : At B, draw ÐXBC = 75°. D
Step- 3 : With B as centre and radius equal to

4.2cm
cm
3.5
4.2 cm, draw an arc which
cuts BX atA. 75° 120°
C
Step- 4 : At C, draw ÐBCY = 120° B 5cm
Step- 5 : With C as centre and radius equal to 3.5 cm, draw an arc which cuts CY at
D.
Step- 6 : JoinAD.
Hence, ABCD is the required quadrilateral.
7. ABCD in whichAB = 5 cm, BC = 4 cm, CD = 5.5 cm, ÐB = 45° and ÐC = 150°.
Sol. Steps of Construction :
Step- 1 : Draw a line BC = 4 cm.
Step- 2 : At B, draw ÐXBC = 45°.
Step- 3 : With B as centre and radius to 5cm, draw an arc which cuts BX atA.
Step- 4 : At C, draw ÐBCY = 150°.
Step- 5 : With C as centre and radius equal to 5.5cm X Y
draw an arc which cuts CY at D. A D
Step- 6 : JoinAD.
cm
5c
Hence,ABCD is the required
5.5
quadrilateral.
0°
B 45° 15 C
4 cm
8. ABCD in whichAB = 5.8 cm, BC = 4.2 cm,
X
ÐA= 70°, ÐB = 110° and ÐC = 105°. Y
D
Sol. Steps of Construction : Z
Step-1 : Draw a lineAB = 5.8cm. C

105°
Step-2 : At A, construct ÐXAB = 70°.
4.2 cm
Step-3 : At B, construct ÐYBA = 110°.
Step-4 : With centre B and radius equal
0 °
70°
11
to 4.2cm, draw an arc cutting A B
5.8 cm
BY at C.
Step-5 : At C, construct ÐZCB = 105°, so that ZC and XAintersect at D.
Hence,ABCD is the required quadrilateral.
EXERCISE - 13.2
1. Construct a parallelogram ABCD in which AB = 4.3 cm, AD = 4 cm and BD =
6.8 cm.
Sol. The given parallelogramABCD can be drawn by following the steps :
Steps of Construction : A 4 cm D
Step- 1 : Draw a lineAB = 4.3cm.
Step- 2 : Draw an arc of 6.8 cm from B.
Step-3 : FromAtake radius of 4 cm and
4.3 cm
cut the arc drawn in steps-2

cm
and that point of intersection is D.

6.8
Step- 4 : JoinAto D and B to D.

Step- 5 : Draw another arc from B with
4cm as radius opposite side ofAB. C B
Step- 6 : FromAtake 6.8 cm and cut the arc
drawn in step-5 and the point of intersection is C.
Step - 7 : Now, join B to C andAto C.
Hence, the required parallelogram isABCD.
2. Construct a parallelogram ABCD in which BC = 5 cm, ÐBCD = 120° and CD =
4.8 cm.
Step-1 : Draw a line BC = 5cm. X
A
Step-2 : At C, draw ÐBCX = 120°. D
Step-3 : Cut CD = 4.8 cm at the ray CX.
Step-4 : Draw another arc from B with
m
4.8 c
4.8 c
4.8 cm as radius.
Step-5 : From D take 5 cm and cut the arc
drawn in step-4 and the point of 120°
B C
intersection isA. 5 cm
Now joinAto B andAto D.
Hence,ABCD is the required parallelogram.
3. Construct a parallelogram ABCD, given that AB = 5.5 cm, BC = 4.5 cm and
diagonalAC = 7 cm.
Sol. The given parallelogramABCD can be drawn by the following steps :
Step-1 : Draw a lineAB = 5.5 cm.
Step-2 : With centreAand radius to 7cm draw an arc.
D 5.5 cm C
Step-3 : With centre B and radius
equal to 4.5 cm, draw an another
4.5 cm
4.5 cm
arc which cuts the previous arc at C. m

7c
Step-4 : Join B to C andAto C.
Step-5 : With centreAand radius equal to 4.5cm,
draw an arc. A B
5.5 cm
Step- 6 : With centre C and radius euqal to 5.5cm, draw
another arc which cuts the previous arc at the point D.
Step- 7 : JoinAto D and C to D.
Hence,ABCD is the required parallelogram.
4. Construct a parallelogram ABCD, given that AC = 4.4 cm, BD = 6.8 cm and the
angle between the diagonals is 75°.
we know that the diagonals of a parallelogram besect each other.
Step of construction :
Step-1 : Draw a lineAC = 4.4cm
Step-2 : Draw the right bisector ofAC which X
bisectsAC at O.
D
Step-3 : Make ÐCOX = 75°. Produce XO to Y.
1
Step-4 : OB = × BD
2
1
= × 6.8 cm A
75°
C
2 O 4.4 cm
= 3.4 cm
1
and OD = × BD
2
1 B
= × 6.8 cm
2
Y
= 3.4 cm
Step-5 : JoinAB, BC, CD andAD.

Thus,ABCD is the required parallelogram.AC = 4.4 cm and BD = 6.8 cm.
5. Construct a rhombusABCD with sideAB = 7.3 cm and ÐA= 75°.
Sol. Clearly the adjacent angle = 180° – 75° = 105°.
So, we may produced according to the steps given below :
Step-1 : Draw a lineAB = 7.3 cm.
X Y
Step-2 : At A, draw ÐBAY = 75° C D
and at B draw ÐABX = 105°.
Step-3 : WithAas centre and radius 7.3 cm
7.3 cm
AD = 7.3 cm draw an arc along

AY and with B as centre and radius
°
10
BC = 7.3 cm draw an arc along BX. 75

5°
B A
7.3 cm
Step-4 : Join CD.
Hence,ABCD is a required rhombus.
6. Construct a rhombusABCD in whichAB = 4 cm and diagonalAC is 6.5 cm.
Sol. The given rhombusABCD can be drawn by following the steps :
Step-1 : Draw a lineAC = 6.5 cm.
Step-2 : With A as centre and radius 4 cm, draw an arc above the line segment AC
and another belowAC.
Step-3 : Again with C as centre and radius 4 cm,
D
draw two arcs one above the line
segment AC and another below the line
segment AC, cutting the first two arcs at A 6.5 cm C
point D and B respectively.
Step-4 : JoinAto B, B to C, C to D and D toA.
HenceABCD is the required rhombus. B
7. Construct a rhombusABCD, given thatAC = 7 cm and BD = 8 cm.
Sol. As we know, diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles.
First we draw a rough sketch of the required rhombus to understand the figure.
D
Given, AC = 7 cm and BD = 8 cm
1
OD = OB = × BD
2
4cm
1
= × 8 cm 3.5cm
2 A C
7 cm
8cm
= 4 cm O
Step-1 : DrawAC = 7cm.
B
Step-2 : Draw perpendicular bisector D
ofAC which cuts it at O.
Step-3 : Taking O as centre, draw two
arcs of radius 4 cm which cuts 7 cm
A C
the perpendicular at D and B. O
Step-4 : JoinAto D,Ato B, B to C and D to C.

Thus,ABCD is the required rhombus.
B
8. Construct a rectangleABCD, whose diagonals
are 4.6 cm and the angle between the diagonals is 60°.
P
Sol. The given rectangleABCD can be drawn by following X
A
the steps :
Step-1 : Draw a line segment BD = 4.6 cm. O 60°
B D
Step-2 : Draw a perpendicular bisector PQ of 4.6 cm
the line segment BD intersecting BD

at the point O.
Q
Step-3 : Draw a line XY passing through point Y C

O, making an angle 60° with BD.
Step-4 : Diagonals of a rectangle bisect each other.
Hence, take O as the centre and radius 2.3 cm, cut two arcs on both sides of
point O cutting line XY at pointsAand C.
Step- 5 : JoinAB, CD, BC andAD.
Step- 6 : ABCD is the required rectangle.
9. Construct a squareABCD, given that diagonalAC = 6 cm.
Sol. The given squareABCD can be drawn by following the steps :
X
D
Step-1 : Draw a line segment AC = 6 cm.
Step-2 : Draw the perpendicular bisector XY ofAC,
3 cm
intersectingAC at O.
Step-3 : With centre O and redius A
6 cm
C
O
1 1
3 cm
equal to ofAC = × 6cm,
2 2
i.e., 3 cm draw arcs on either sides
ofAC, cutting XY at B and D.
B
Step-4 : JoinAB, BC, CD andAD.
Y
Hence,ABCD is the required square.
10. Construct a squareABCD, each of whose sides measures of 6.4 cm.
Sol. As we know, all sides of a square are equal and each adjacent angle is a right angle.
The given squareABCD can be drawn by following the steps :
X Y
Step-1 : Draw a lineAB = 6.4cm.
D C
Step-2 : AtA, draw a right angle
and cut off 6.4cm on
AX at D.
Step-3 : At B, draw a right angle
and cut off 6.4 cm on
BY at C. 90° 90°
A B
Step-4 : Join C to D. 6.4 cm
Hence,ABCD is the required square .

14 Three Dimensional Figures
EXERCISE - 14
Sol. (i) Acuboid is also known as a rectangular prism.
(ii) Atriangular pyramid is called a tetrahedron.
(iii) The point at which three faces of a figure meet is known as its vertex.
(iv) The two faces of a solid meet in a line called an edge.
2. Complete the table :
Sol. S. Number of Number of
Name of solid Number of faces
No. vertices edges
(i) Cube 6 8 12
(ii) Cuboid 6 8 12
(iii) Triangular prism 2 triangular faces 3 6 9
rectangular faces
(iv) Rectangular 1 rectangle face 4 5 8
pyramid triangular faces
(v) Square pyramid 1 square face 4 5 8
triangular face
(vi) Triangular pyramid 4 triangular faces 4 6
(or tetrahedron)
3. Verify Euler’s formula for :
(i) triangular prism (ii) cube
(iii) cuboid (iv) square pyramid
Sol. Verify Euler's formula for :
S. No. Polyhedron Faces (F) Vertices(V) Edges (E) V –E+F = 2
(i) Triangular prism 5 6 9 6–9 + 5 = 2
(ii) Cube 6 8 12 8 – 12+6 = 2
(iii) Cuboid 6 8 12 8 – 12+6 = 2
(iv) Square Pyramid 5 5 8 5 – 8+ 5 = 2

15 Areas
EXERCISE - 15
1. A garden is in the form of a trapezium whose parallel sides are 40 m and 22 m
and the perpendicular distance between them in 12 m. Find the area of the
garden.
Sol. Given, the parallel sides of trapezium are :
a = 40 m and b = 22 m
Distance between the two parallel sides (h) = 12 m
We know,
1
The area of a trapezium = × (a + b ) × h
2
We have,
1
Area of a trapezium = 2 × ( 40 +22) × 12 sq. m
= 1 × 62 × 12 sq. m
2
= 372 sq. m
Hence, the required area of trapezium is 372 sq.m
2. Two parallel sides of a trapezium are 85 cm and 63 cm and its area is 7696 sq.
cm. Find its altitude.
Sol. Given, the parallel sides of trapezium are :
a = 85 cm and b = 63cm
Area of trapezium (A) = 7696 sq. cm
We know,
1
The area of trapezium (A) = × (a+ b ) × h
2
Where, h = Altitude of trapezium.
We have,
1
7696 = × ( 85 + 63) × h
2
1
7696 = × 148 × h
2
7696 = 74 × h
7696
h =
74
h = 104 cm
Hence, the required altitude of trapezium is 104 cm.
3. Find the height of a trapezium, the sum of the lengths of whose bases is 50 cm

and whose area is 500 sq. cm.
Sol. Given,Area of the trapezium (A) = 500 sq. cm
Sum of the parallel sides ( a + b ) = 50 cm
Let the height of trapezium be h.
We know,
1
Area of trapezium (A) = × (a + b) × h
2
We have,
1
500 = × 50 × h
2
500 = 25 × h
500
h =
25
h = 20 cm
Hence, the required hight of the given trapezium is 20 cm.
4. Find the sum of the length of the bases of a trapezium whose altitude is 10 cm
and whose area is 500 sq. cm ?
And altitude (h) = 10 cm
We know,
1
Area of trapezium (A) = ×(a+b)×h
2
Where, (a + b) = Sum of the length of parallel sides,
We have,
1
500 = × (a + b) × 10
2
500 = 5 × (a + b)
500
(a + b) =
5
(a + b) = 100 cm
Hence, the required sum of the length of bases of the given trapezium is 100 cm.
5. The area of a trapezium is 210 sq. cm and its height is 14 cm. If one of the
parallel sides is double that of the other. Find the two parallel sides.
Distance between two parallel sides (h) = 14 cm
Let first parallel side be x . then second parallel side
= 2x cm
We know,
1
2
We have,
1
210 = × (x + 2x) × 14
2
210 = 3x × 7 Þ 21 x = 210
210
x = Þ x = 10 cm
21
x = length of first parallel side = 10 cm and
2x = length of second parallel side = 2 × 10 = 20 cm.
6. The area of a trapezium is 300 sq. m. The perpendicular distance between the
two parallel sides is 15 m. If the difference of the parallel sides is 16 m. Find the
length of the parallel sides.
Sol. Given,Area of the trapezium (A) = 300 sq. m
Distance between the two parallel sides (h) = 15m
Let the two parallel sides are a and b. (a > b)
Difference between two parallel sides = 16 m (Given)
a – b = 16 m
a = (b + 16) m
We know,
1
2
We have,
1
300 = × (b + 16 + b) × 15
2
1
300 = × (2b+16) × 15
2
300×2
(2b +16) =
15
2b+16 = 40
2b = 40 – 16
2b = 24
24
b =
2
b = 12 m
a = (b + 16) m = (12 + 16) m = 28m
a = first parallel side = 28 m and
b = Second parallel side = 12 m
Verification :
difference between two parallel sides = ( a – b) m = ( 28 – 12) m = 16 m.
7. Two parallel sides of an isosceles trapezium are 6 cm and 14 cm respectively. If
the length of each non-parallel side is 5 cm. Find the area of the trapezium.
Sol. LetABCD be the given trapezium in which AB y CD, AB = 14cm, CD = 6 cm
AD = BC = 5 cm 6 cm
D C
Draw CF ^ AB and CE y AD, meeting
AB at F and E respectively.
5 cm 5 cm
ClearlyAECD is a parallelogram. 5 cm
AE = CD = 6 cm andAD = CE = 5 cm
(Opposite sides of parallelogram)
A 6 cm E F B
EB =AB –AE = 14 cm – 6 cm = 8 cm
14 cm
In DCEB, we have
CE = BC = 5 cm
DCEB is an isosceles triangle and CF^ EB. [By construction]
F is the midpoint of EB.
EF = FB = 1/2 × EB = 1/2 × 8 cm = 4 cm
In the right triangle CFE, we have
2 2 2
(CE) = (CF) + (EF) [By Pythagoras theorem]
2 2
(5cm) = ( CF) + (4 cm)
2 2 2
25 cm = ( CF) + 16cm
2 2 2
(CF) = 25cm – 16cm
Þ (CF) = (3cm)
2 2 2 2
(CF) = 9cm
Þ CF = 3cm
Height of the trapezium = 3cm
1
Area of the trapeziumABCD = × (Sum of parallel sides) × Height
2
1
= × (14 + 6) × 3 sq. cm
2
20
= × 3 sq. cm = 30 sq.cm.
2
8. ABCD is a trapezium of area 91 sq. cm, CD is parallel to AB and CD is longer
thanAB by 8 cm. If the distance betweenAB and CD is 7 cm, findAB and CD.
Sol. Given that,
Let the length of one parallel side of trapezium (AB) = x cm
Length of other parallel side of trapezium (CD) = (x + 8) cm
2
Area of trapezium = 91 cm
Height = 7 cm
We know that,
1
Area of trapezium = × ( Sum of parallel sides ) × Height
2
We have,
1
91 = × ( x + x + 8) × 7 A x cm
2 B
1
91 = × ( 2x + 8) × 7
2 h = 7 cm
91×2
= 2x + 8
7 D C
= 2x + 8 E
26 (x + 8) cm
2x = 26 – 8 Þ 2x = 18
18
x = = 9 cm
2
Length of one parallel side of trapezium = 9 cm
Length of other parallel side of trapezium = (x + 8) cm
= (9 + 8 ) cm = 17cm
9. Find the cost of watering a trapezoidal field whose parallel sides are 10 m and
25 m respectively, the perpendicular distance between them is 15m and the rate
of watering is ` 4 per sq. m ?
1
Sol. Area of the trapezoidal field = × ( Sum of parallel sides) × Height
2
Here, sum of parallel sides = (10 m + 25m) = 35m
And height = Perpendicular distance between of parallel sides = 15m
Now,
1
Area of the trapezoidal field = × 35m × 15m
2
525
= sq. m
2
= 262.5 sq. m
Cost of watering per sq. m is ` 4
Cost of watering, 262.5 sq. m = ` 262.5 × 4
= ` 1050
Hence, the required area of trapezoidal field is 262.5 sq.m and the total cost of
watering the field is ` 1050. 15 cm
B
10. In the figure AB and DC are parallel sides of a A
trapezium ABCD and ÐADC = 90°. Given AB
41
= 15 cm, CD = 40 cm and diagonal AC = 41 cm. cm
Calculate the area of trapeziumABCD.

Sol. In D ADC, C
D 40 cm
ÐADC = 90°, height = AD = ?
Base = DC = 40 cm and Hypotenuse =AC = 41cm
We know,
2 2 2
(AC) = (AD) + (DC) [By Pythagoras theorem]
A 15 cm B
2 2 2
(41cm) = (AD) + (40 cm)
2 2 2
1681cm = (AD) + 1600 cm
2 41
(AD) = 1681cm – 1600 cm2
2
cm
Þ (AD) = (9cm)
2 2 2 2
(AD) = 81cm
D C
Þ AD = 9 cm 40 cm
1
Area of trapeziumABCD = × (Sum of parallel sides) × Height (AD)
2
1
Area of trapeziumABCD = × ( 40+15) × 9 sq. m
2
= 55×9 sq. cm
2
= 247.5 sq. cm
Hence, the required area of trapezium is 247.5 sq. cm
11. A figure is the form of a quadrilateral ABCD. Its area is 165 sq. cm. Find the
length of the perpendicular drawn from D on AC if AC = 15 cm and length of
perpendicular from B onAC is 12 cm. D
Sol. Area of the quadrilateral = 165 sq. cm
h
Let the length of first perpendicular be h1. 1
Length of second perpendicular (h2) = 12cm A C
We know, h2 = 12cm
Area of the quadrilateralABCD B

1
= × ( h1 + h2) × d [ Given d =AC = 15cm]
2
We have,
1
165 = × (h1 + 12) × 15
2
165×2 330
= (h1 + 12) Þ = h1 + 12
15 15
Þ 22 = (h1 + 12)
Þ h1 = (22 – 12)
h1 = 10 cm
Hence, the required length of first perpendicular drawn from D onAC is 10 cm.
12. Find the area of the agricultural field ABCDEF whose measurements in metres
are given in the following figure in whichABDE is a rectangle and ÐC = 90°.
Sol. Area of the agricultural fieldABCDEF E D
= Area of D BCD + Area of rectangle F 40 G

200
ABDE +Area of D AEF.
250
250
C
Now, in DBCD,
ÐC = 90°, BD = 250m = (Hypotenuse) A 150 B
CD = 200m = (Base), then

BC = Height = ?
We know,
2 2 2
(BD) = (BC) + (CD) [By Pythagoras theorem]
2 2 2
(250) = (BC) + (200)
[ a –b = (a+b) (a–b)]
2 2 2 2 2
(BC) = (250) – (200)
2
(BC) = (250 + 200) (250 – 200)
2
(BC) = 450 × 50
2
(BC) = 9 × 5 × 10 × 5 ×10
= (3 × 5 ×10) Þ (BC) = (150) [ Exponent is equal]
2 2 2 2
(BC)
Þ BC = 150 m
1
Area of D BCD = × BC × CD
2
1
= × 150 × 200 sq. m
2
= 15000 sq. m
Again,
Area of rectangleABDE = 250 × 150 sq. m
= 37500 sq. m
Now, In D AEF
FG^ AE
1
Area of D AEF = × AE × FG
2
1
= × 250 × 40 sq. m
2
= 5000 sq. m
Total area of the agricultural field ABCDEF = ( Area of D BCD + Area of
rectangle ABDE + Area of DAEF)
= (15000 sq. m + 37500 sq.m +
5000 sq. m)
= 57500 sq.m
Hence, the required area of the agricultural field ABCDEF is 57500 sq.m
13. In the following figure the measurements are given in metres. Find the area of
the polygonABCDEF.
Sol. In the given figure area of
1
right D AGB = ×AG × BG
2
1
= × 34 × 30 sq.m
2
D
= 510 sq.m
GB+ IC 20
Area of trapezium BGIC = × (GH + HI) E J
2 18
38
30+ 22
= × ( 14 + 14) sq.m
2 I C
52 22
= × 28 sq.m
2
= 728 sq.m 14
1 F H
Area of right D CID = × CI × (IJ + JD) 27
2 14
1
= × 22 ( 38 + 20) sq.m
2 G
30
B
1
= × 22 × 58 = 638 sq.m 34
2
1
Area of right D EJD = × EJ × DJ
2 A
1
= × 18 × 20 sq.m
2
= 180 sq. m
EJ+ FH
Area of trapezium EJHF = × ( HI + IJ)
2
18+ 27
= × (14 + 38) sq.m
2
45
= × 52 sq.m = 1170 sq.m
2
1
Area of right D AHF = ×AH × HF
2
1
= × (AG + GH) × HF
2
= 1 × ( 34 + 14) × 27
2
1
= × 48 × 27
2
= 648 sq.m
Area of the polygonABCDEF = (Area of right D AGB +Area of trapezium BGIC
+Area of right D CID +Area of right DEJD +
Area of trapezium EJHF +Area of right DAHF
Area of the polygonABCDEF = (510 + 728 + 638 + 180 + 1170 + 648) sq.m
= 3874 sq. m
Hence, the required area of the polygonABCDEF is 3874 sq.m
16 Volume and Surface Area of Solids

EXERCISE - 16.1
1. Find the volume, lateral surface area and the total surface area of the cuboid
whose dimensions are :
(i) length = 22 cm, breadth = 12 cm and height = 7.5 cm
(ii) length = 15 m, breadth = 6 m and height = 9 m
Sol. (i) length = 22 cm, breadth = 12 cm and height = 7.5 cm
We know that,
Volume of the cuboid = lbh
Where, l = length, b = breadth and h = height
We have,
Volume of cuboid = (22 × 12 × 7.5) cu. cm
= 1980 cu. cm
Lateral surface area of the cuboid = 2 ( l + b) × h
Lateral surface area of the cuboid = 2 ( 22 + 12) × 7.5 sq. cm
= 2 × 34 × 7.5 sq. cm
= 510 sq. cm
Now, total surface area of cuboid = 2 ( lb + bh + hl)
Total surface area of cuboid = 2 [(22×12) + (12×7.5)+ (7.5×22)]
= 2 [ 264 + 90 + 165] sq. cm
= 2 × 519 sq. cm = 1038 sq. cm
(ii) length = 15 m, breadth = 6 m and height = 9 m
Volume of the cuboid = lbh
Volume of cuboid = (15 × 6 × 9) cu. m
= 810 cu. m
Lateral surface area of the cuboid = 2 ( l + b) × h
= 2 ( 15 + 6) × 9 sq. m
= 2 × 21 × 9 sq. m
= 378 sq. m
Total surface area of cuboid = 2 ( lb + bh + hl)
Total surface area of cuboid = 2 [(15×6) + (6×9) + (9×15)] sq.m
= 2 [ 90 + 54 + 135] sq. m
= 2 × 279 cu. m = 558 sq. m
2. The dimensions of a rectangular water tank are 2 m 75 cm by 1 m 80 cm by 1 m
40 cm. How many litres of water does it hold when filled to the brim?
Sol. Length of rectangular water tank (l) = 2 m 75 cm
= 2m + 75 m
100
= 2 m + 0.75 m = 2.75 m
Breadth of rectangular water tank (b) = 1 m 80 cm
80
= 1m + m
100
= 1m + 0.80 m
= 1.80 m
Height of rectangular water tank (h) = 1m 40 cm
40
= 1m + 100 m
= 1m + 0.40 m
= 1.40 m
Volume of the rectangular water tank = lbh
= 2.75 m × 1.80 m × 1.40 m
= 6.93 cu.m
1 cu.m = 1000 litres
Volume of the rectangular water tank ( in litre) = 6.93 × 1000 litres
= 6930 litres.
3. A solid rectangular piece of iron measures 1.05 m × 70 cm × 1.5 cm. Find the
weight of this piece in kilograms if 1 cu. cm of iron weighs 8 grams.
Sol. Given, length of rectangular piece of iron (l) = 1.05 m [ 1 m = 100 cm]
= 1.05 × 100 cm
= 105 cm
Breadth of rectangular piece of iron (b) = 70 cm
Height of rectangular piece of iron (h) = 1.5 cm
We know that,
Volume of rectangular piece of iron = lbh
We have
Volume of rectangular piece of iron = 105 × 70 × 1.5 cu.cm
= 11025 cu.cm
Weights of rectangular piece of iron, in 1 cu.cm = 8 grams
Weights of rectangular piece of iron, in 11025 cu.cm = 11025 × 8 grams
= 88200 grams
Weights of rectangular piece of iron will be in kilograms
88200
= kilograms
1000
= 88.200 kilograms
Hence, the required weights of rectangular piece of iron in kg is 88.2 kg.
4. The area of a courtyard is 3750 sq. m. Find the cost of covering it with gravel to
a height of 1 m if the gravel costs ` 6.40 per square metre.
Sol. Area of a courtyard = 3750 sq. m
Cost of covering with gravel per sq.m = ` 6.40
Cost of covering with gravel 3750 sq.m = ` 3750 × 6.4
= ` 24000
Hence, the required cost of covering with gravel 3750 sq. m is ` 24000.
5. How many persons can be accommodated in a hall of length 16 m, breadth 12.5
m and height 4.5 m, assuming that 3.6 cu. m of air is required for each person?
Sol. Given, Length of hall (l) = 16m
Breadth of hall (b) = 12.5 m
Height of hall (h) = 4.5 m
Volume of the hall (V ) = lbh
We have,
Volume of the hall (V ) = (16 × 12.5 × 4.5) cu. m = 900 cu.m
Required the air for each person = 3.6 cu.m

Volume of the hall
Number of persons in the hall =
Required the air for each person
900
= = 900×10
3.6 3.6×10
= 9000 = 250 persons.
36
Hence, the required persons in the hall are 250.
6. A cardboard box is 1.2 m long, 72 cm wide and 54 cm high. How many bars of
soap can be put into it if each bar measures 6 cm × 4.5 cm × 4 cm?
Sol. Length of cardboard (l) = 1.2 m = 120 cm [ 1m = 100 cm]
Wide of cardboard (b) = 72 cm
Height of cardboard (h) = 54 cm
Volume of cardboard = lbh
We have,
Volume of card board = 120× 72 × 54 cu. cm
= 466560 cu. cm
Volume of each bar of soap = 6 × 4.5 × 4 cu. cm
= 108 cu. cm.
Volume of cardboard
Number of bars of soap =
Volume of each bar of soap
466560
Number of bars of soap = 108
= 4320 bars
Hence, the required number of bars of soap are 4320.
7. How many bricks, each of size 25 cm × 13.5 cm × 6 cm, will be required to build
a wall 8 m long, 5.4 m high and 33 cm thick?
Volume of the wall
Sol. Number of bricks =
Volume of each brick
8 ×100 cm × 5.4 × 100 cm × 33cm
=
25 cm × 13.5cm × 6 cm
800 × 540 × 33 800 × 540 × 33 ×10
= =
25 × 13.5 × 6 25 × 135 × 6
= 7040 bricks
Hence, the required number of bricks are 7040.

8. A wall 15 m long, 30 cm wide and 4 m high is made of bricks, each measuring 22
cm × 12.5 cm × 7.5 cm. If 1/2 of the total volume of the wall consists of mortar,
how many bricks are there in the wall?
1
[Hint : Volume of bricks in the wall = {( 1500 × 30 × 400) – × ( 1500 × 30 ×
3 12
400)} cm .]
Sol. Volume of the wall = 15 × 100 cm × 30 cm × 4 × 100 cm
= 18000000 cu.cm
1
Volume of the mortar = Volume of the wall × 12
1
= 18000000 × 12
= 1500000 cu. cm
Volume of bricks in the wall = 18000000 – 1500000
= 16500000 cu. cm
Volume of bricks in the wall
Number of bricks in the wall =
Volume of each brick
16500000 cu. cm
=
22 × 12.5 × 7.5 cu.cm
1650000000
= 22 × 125 × 75 = 8000 bricks
Hence, the required number of bricks in the wall are 8000.
9. Find the capacity of a rectangular cistern in litres whose dimensions are 11.2 m
× 6 m × 5.8 m. Find the area of the iron sheet required to make the cistern.
Sol. Length of rectangular cistern (l) = 11.2 m
Breadth of rectangular cistern (b) = 6 m
Height of rectangular cistern (h) = 5.8 m
Volume of rectangular cistern = lbh
We have,
Volume of rectangular cistern = 11.2 × 6 × 5.8 cu.m
= 389.76 cu. m
Now,
Area of the rectangular cistern = 2 [ lb + bh + hl ]
= 2 [ 11.2 × 6 + 6 × 5.8 + 5.8 × 11.2] sq.m
= 2 [67.2 + 34.8 + 64.96] sq.m
= 2 [ 166.96] sq. m
= 333.92 sq. m
Hence, the required volume of cistern and area of cistern are 389.76 cu.m and
333.92 sq. m.
10. The volume of a brick of gold is 0.5 cu. m. If it is hammered into a sheet to cover
an area of 1 hectare, find the thickness of the sheet.
[Hint :Thickness of the sheet = Volume = é 0.5 ù m = é0.5 × 100 × 10 ùmm]
area ë10000 û ë 10000 û
Sol. Volume of a brick of gold = 0.5 cu.m
Area of sheet = 1 hectare = 10000 sq. m
Volume of a brick of gold
Thickness of the sheet =
Area of sheet
0.5 cu.m
= = 0.00005 m
10000 sq. m
We know, 1 m = 100 cm and 1 cm = 10 mm
Thickness of the sheet = 0.00005 × 100 × 10 mm
= 0.05 mm
Hence, the required thickness of the sheet is 0.05 mm.
11. The rainfall recorded on a certain day was 5 cm. Find the volume of water that
fell on a 2-hectare field.
Sol. We know, 1 hectare = 10000 sq. m
Area of the fallen water on the field = 2 hectare
= 2 × 10000 sq. m = 20000 sq. m
5
Height of the water on the field = 5 cm = m ( 100 cm = 1m )
100
Volume of the fallen water on the field = Area × Height
5
= 20000 × cu.m
100
= 1000 cu. m
Volume of the fallen water of the field ( in litre)
[ 1m = 1000 l ]
3
= 1000 × 1000 litre
= (10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10) l
10 l
6
=
6
Hence, the required volume of water = 1000 cu. m or 10 l .
12. A pit 5 m long and 3.5 m wide is dug to a certain depth. If the volume of earth
taken out of it is 14 cu. m, what is the depth of the pit?
Sol. Length of the pit (l) = 5m
Breadth (wide) of the pit (b) = 3.5 m
Volume of the earth taken out of the pit = 14 cu. m
We know,
Volume of the earth taken out of the pit
Depth of the pit =
Area of pit
We have,
14 cu.m 14× 10
Depth of the pit = = m
5 × 3.5 sq.m 5 × 3.5×10
140
= m = 0.8 m
175
Hence, the required depth of the pit is 0.8 m.
13. A rectangular water tank is 90 cm wide and 40 cm deep. If it can contain 576
litres of water, what is its length?
Sol. Given, volume of the rectangular water tank = 576 litres
Wide of the rectangular water tank = 90 cm
Depth of the rectangular water tank = 40 cm
We know,
Volume of the rectangular water tank = Length × Wide × Depth
[ 1 litre = 1000 cu. cm]
We have,
576 × 1000 = Length × 90 × 40
576 × 1000
Length = cm
90 × 40
576000
= cm = 160 cm
3600
Hence, the required length of the rectangular tank is 160 cm.
14. A beam of wood is 5 m long and 36 cm thick. It is made of 1.35 cu. m of wood.
What is the width of the beam?
Sol. Given, volume of the wood beam = 1.35 cu.m
Length of the wood beam = 5m
Thickness of the wood beam = 36 cm = 0.36 m [ 1 m = 100 cm]
We know,
Volume of wood beam
Width of the wood beam = (Length ×Thickness) of wood beam
We have,
1.35 cu. m
Width of the wood beam = 5 × 0.36 sq.m
1.35 cu.m
= 1.80 sq.m = 0.75 m
= 0.75 × 100 cm = 75 cm
Hence, the required width of wood beam is 75 cm.
15. The volume of a room is 378 cu.m and the area of its floor is 84 sq.m. Find the
height of the room.
Sol. Volume of the room = 378 cu.m
Area of the floor = 84 sq. m

Volume of the room
Height of the room =
Area of the floor
378 sq. m
= 84 sq.m
= 4.5 m.
Hence, the required height of the room is 4.5 m.
16. A swimming pool is 260 m long and 140 m wide. If 54600 cubic metres of water
is pumped into it, find the height of the water level in it.
Sol. Length of the swimming pool = 260 m
Wide of the swimming pool = 140 m
Volume of swimming pool = 54600 cu. m
We know that
Height of the water level in the swimming pool
Volume of swimming pool
=
(Length × Wide) of the swimming pool
We have,
54600 cu. m
Height of the water level in the swimming pool =
260 × 140 sq.m
54600
=
36400
= 1.5 m
Hence, the required height of the water level in the swimming pool is 1.5 m.
17. Find the volume of wood used to make a closed box of outer dimensions 60 cm ×
45 cm × 32 cm the thickness of wood being 2.5 cm all around.
Sol. Thickness of the wood = 2.5 cm
Length of inner of the closed box = [ 60 – 2.5 × 2] cm
= ( 60 – 5) cm = 55 cm
Breadth of inner of the closed box = ( 45 – 2.5 × 2) cm
= (45 – 5 ) = 40 cm
Height of inner of the closed box = ( 32 – 2.5 × 2) cm = (32 – 5) cm
= 27 cm
Volume of inner of the closed box = 55 × 40 × 27 cu. m
= 59400 cu. m
Now,
Outer length of wood box = 60 cm
Outer breadth of wood box = 45 cm
Outer height of wood box = 32 cm
Outer volume of wood box = (60 × 45 × 32 ) cu.cm
= 86400 cu. cm
Volume of the wood use to making the box = Outer volume of wood box – Volume
of inner of the closed box
= 86400 cu. cm – 59400 cu. cm
= ( 86400 – 59400) cu. cm
= 27000 cu. cm
Hence, the required volume of wood use to making the box is 27000 cu. cm.
18. Abox with a lid is made of wood which is 3 cm thick. Its external length, breadth
and height are 56 cm, 39 cm and 30 cm respectively. Find the capacity of the
box.Also find the volume of wood used to make the box.
Sol. Thickness of wood = 3 cm
External length of the box = 56 cm
External breadth of the box = 39 cm
External height of the box = 30 cm
External volume of the box = lbh
We have,
External volume of the box = ( 56 × 39 × 30) cu.cm
= 65520 cu. cm
Inner length of the box = ( 56 – 3 ×2) cm
= ( 56 – 6) cm = 50 cm
Inner breadth of the box = (39 – 3 ×2 ) cm
= ( 39 – 6) cm
= 33 cm
Inner height of the box = ( 30 – 3 ×2) cm
= ( 30 – 6) cm
= 24 cm
Inner volume of the box = ( 50 × 33 × 24) cu.cm
= 39600 cu.cm
Volume of the wood use to making the box = External volume of the box – Inner
volume of the box
= 65520 cu.cm – 39600 cu. cm
= ( 65520 – 39600 ) cu. cm
= 25920 cu. cm

Hence, the required capacity of the box is 39600 cu. cm and volume of the wood use
to making the box is 25920 cu. cm.
19. A closed wooden box 80 cm long, 65 cm wide and 45 cm high, is made of 2.5 cm
thick wood. Find the capacity of the box and its weight if 100 cu.cm of wood
weighs 8 g.
Sol. Because the wooden box is closed , so we can only take external measurements.
External length of the box = 80 cm
External breadth of the box = 65 cm
External height of the box = 45 cm
External volume of the box = ( 80 × 65 × 45) cu.cm
= 234000 cu. cm
Thickness of wood = 2.5 cm
Now,
Inner length of the box = External Length – Thickness of wood
= ( 80 – 2.5 × 2) cm
= ( 80 – 5 ) = 75 cm
Inner breadth of the box = ( 65 – 2.5 × 2) cm
= ( 65 – 5) cm
= 60 cm
Inner height of the box = ( 45 – 2.5 × 2) cm
= ( 45 – 5) cm
= 40 cm
Inner volume of the box = (75× 60 × 40) cu. cm
= 180000 cu. cm
Volume of the wood only = External volume of the box – Inner volume
of the box
= (234000 – 180000) cu. cm
= 54000 cu. cm
100 cu. cm of wood weighs = 8g
8
1 cu. cm of wood weighs = g.
100
8
54000 cu.cm. of wood weighs = × 54000 g
100
= 4320 g
Hence, the required capacity of the box is 54000 cu. cm. and its weighs of wood is
4320 g.

20. Find the volume, lateral surface area and the total surface area of a cube each of
whose edges measures :
(i) 7 m (ii) 5.6 cm
Sol. (i) 7 m
Volume of the cube = (Side)3
We have,
Volume of the cube = (7)3 cu. m = 343 cu. m
Laternal surface area of the cube = 4 × (Side)2
2
= 4 × (7) sq. m
= 196 sq. m
2
Total surface area of cube = 6 × (Side)
2
= 6 × (7) sq. m
= 294 sq. m
(ii) 5.6 cm
3
Volume of the cube = (5.6) cu. cm
= ( 5.6 × 5.6 × 5.6) cu. cm
= 175.616 cu. cm
2
Laternal surface area of the cube = 4 × ( 5.6) sq. cm
= ( 4 × 5.6 × 5.6 ) sq. cm
= 125.44 sq. cm
2
Total surface area of cube = 6 × (5.6) sq. cm
= 6 × ( 5.6 × 5.6 ) sq. cm
= 188.16 sq. cm
EXERCISE - 16.2
1. The figure shows a solid cylinder of radius 7 cm and height (h) 20 cm. Find :
(i) the volume (ii) the curved surface
(iii) the total surface (iv) the mass, if material weighs 6 gm per cu. cm
(v) the cost, at the rate of ` 4 per kg cu. cm
Sol. (i) the volume
We know,
= pr h
2
Volume of the cylinder
We have,
Volume of the cylinder 22 × (7)2 × 20 cu. cm
= __________
7
22
__________
= × 49 ×20 cu. cm
7
= 22 × 7 × 20 cu. cm
= 3080 cu. cm
(ii) The curved surface area
Curved surface area of cylinder = 2 prh
We have,
22
Curved surface area of cylinder = 2 × __________ × 7 × 20 sq. cm
7
= 880 sq. cm
(iii) the total surface area
Total surface area = 2p r ( h + r)
22
= 2 × __________ × 7 (20 + 7) sq. cm
7
= 2 × 22 × 27 sq. cm
= 1188 sq. cm
(iv) the mass, if material weighs 6 gm per cu. cm
We take the volume here from optional (i)
Volume is 3080 cu. cm
Weight of material weigh per cu. cm = 6 gm
Weight of material will weigh in 3080 cu. cm = 3080 × 6 gm
= 18480 gm
18480
or = __________ kg = 18.48 kg
1000
(v) the cost, at the rate of ` 4 per cu. cm
Total weight = 18.48 kg [ We have gotten the total
weight in option (iv) ]
Cost of 1 kg (cu. cm) = `4
Cost of 18.48 kg (cu. cm) = ` 4 × 18.48
= ` 73.92
2. Find the total surface of the following cylinders :
(i) Radius = 7 cm and height = 4 cm
(ii) Diameter = 9 cm and height = 1.4 cm [Hint : T. S. A. = 2pr (h + r)]
Sol. (i) Radius = 7 cm and height = 4 cm
We know that,
Total surface area = 2p r ( h + r)
We have,
Total surface area 22 × 7 × ( 4 + 7 ) sq. cm
= 2 × __________
7
= 44 × 11 sq. cm = 484 sq. cm
(ii) Diameter = 9 cm and height = 1.4 cm.
Diameter
Radius = __________ = 9 cm
__________
2 2
Total surface area = 2 × __________ 9 × æ1.4 + __________
22 × __________ 9 ö sq. cm
7 2 è 2 ø
396
= × 5.9 sq. cm
14
= 166.88 sq. cm
or = 166.9 sq. cm (Approx).
3. Awooden telegraph pole is 7 m high and 30 cm in diameter. Find its weight if the
wood weighs 375 kg per cu.m.
Sol. Length of the telegraph pole ( h) = 7 m = 700 cm
Diameter of the telegraph pole (d) = 30 cm
Radius of the talegraph pole (r) = __________ 30 cm = 15 cm
d = __________
2 2
We know,
pr h
2
Volume of the telegraph pole (cylindrical ) =
We have,
22
= __________ × (15) × 700 cu. cm
2
Volume of the telegraph pole
7
= 22 × 225 × 100 cu. cm
= 495000 cu. cm
= 0.495 cu. m
Weight of 1 kg per cu.m = 375 kg
Weight of 0.495 cu. m = 0.495 × 375 kg
= 185.625 kg
4. The curved surface of a cylinder is 484 sq. cm and the height is 5.5 cm. Find
its radius. Also find volume of the cylinder.
2
[Hint : 2prh = 484; Volume = pr h]
Sol. Curved surface area of the cylinder = 484 sq. cm
Height of the cylinder (h) = 5.5 cm
Curved surface area of the cylinder = 2prh
We have,
22
484 = 2 × __________ × r × 5.5
7
484 × 7
r =
2 × 22 × 5.5
3388
r =
242
r = 14 cm
pr h
2
Volume of the cylinder =
22
__________
= × (14)2 × 5.5 cu. cm
7
22 × 196 × 5.5 cu. cm
= __________
7
= 3388 cu. cm
Hence, the required radius and volume of the cylinder are 14 cm and 3388 cu. cm
respectively.
KNOW
Volume of the metal = External volume – Internal volume
= pR h – pr h = p ( R – r ) × h = p h (R –r )
2 2 2 2 2 2
5. The internal and external diameter of a steel pipe of length 140 cm are 8 cm and
10 cm respectively. Find (i) the volume of steel; (ii) the thickness of the metal.
Sol. Internal radius of steel pipe (r) Diameter
= __________ 8 cm
2
8
= __________ cm = 4 cm
2
External diameter of steel pipe (R) = 10
__________ cm = 5 cm
2 140 cm
Height of the steel pipe (h) = 140 cm
Thickness of the pipe = (R – r)
= ( 5 – 4) cm = 1 cm
= ph ( R – r )
2 2
Volume of the steel pipe 10 cm
22
__________ 2 2
= × 140 × { (5) – (4) } cu. cm
7
= 440 ( 25 – 16 ) cu. cm
= 440 × 9 cu. cm
= 3960 cu. cm
Hence, the required thickness and volume of the steel pipe are 1 cm and 3960 cu.
cm. respectively.
6. A cylindrical tube open at both ends is made of metal. The internal diameter of
the tube is 6.88 cm and its length is 1200 cm. Calculate the volume of the metal
correct to the nearest cu. cm if the metal is every where 2 mm thick.
Thickness = 2 mm
Sol. Thickness of the cylindrical tube = 2 mm
2
= __________ cm = 0.2 cm
10
Internal radius of the cylindrical tube
Diameter 6.88 1200 cm
(r) = = __________ cm
2 2
= 3.44 cm
6.88 cm

External radius of the cylindrical tube(R) = Internal radius + Thickness of tube
= ( 3.44 + 0.2 ) cm = 3.64 cm
Length of the cylindrical tube (h) = 1200 cm
= ph (R – r )
2 2
Volume of cylindrical tube
22
= __________
2 2
7 × 1200 ×{ (3.64) – (3.44) }cu. cm
26400 × ( 13.2496 – 11.8336 ) cu. cm
= __________
7
26400
__________
= × 1.416 cu. cm
7
= 5340.34 cu. cm
Hence, the required volume of the matel correct to the nearest is 5340 cu. cm
7. What length of solid cylinder 2 cm in diameter must be taken to recast into a
hollow cylinder of external diameter 20 cm, 0.25 cm thick and 15 cm long?
Sol. Let the length of solid cylinder be H. Solid cylinder recast into hollow cylinder
Radius of solid cylinder
Diameter 0.25
= cm
2
2
__________
= 2 cm = 1 cm
15 cm
H
Volume of solid cylinder
= p × (1) H
2
= p H cu. cm
2 cm 20 cm
Diameter of hollow cylinder

External radius of hollow cylinder (R) =
2
= 20
__________ cm = 10 cm
2
Thickness of the hollow cylinder = 0.25 cm
Internal radius of the hollow cylinder = ( R – thickness) = ( 10 – 0.25) cm
= 9.75 cm
Height of the hollow cylinder (h) = 15 cm
ph(R –r )
2 2
Volume of the hollow cylinder =
p × 15 × { (10) – ( 9.75) } cu. cm
2 2
Volume of the hollow cylinder =
= 15 p × ( 100 – 95.0625) cu. cm
= 15 × 4.9375 p cu. cm
= 74.0625 p cu. cm
The volume of both cylinder is equal because the solid cylinder change into hollow
cylinder. So the volume is same.
Volume of solid cylinder = Volume of hollow cylinder
pH = 74.0625 p
74.0625 p
H =
p
H = 74.0625 cm
\ Length of the solid cylinder is 74.06 cm (Approx).
8. A cylindrical bucket 28 cm in diameter and 72 cm high is full of water. The
water is emptied into a rectangular tank 66 cm long and 28 cm wide. Find the
height of the water level in the tank. [ Take p = 22/7 ]
2
(Hint : Ibh = pr h, r = 28/2 = 14 cm
Diameter
Sol. Radius of the cylindrical bucket (r) =
2
= 28
__________ cm = 14 cm
2
Height of the cylindrical bucket (h) = 72 cm
= pr h
2
Volume of the cylindrical bucket
We have,
22
= __________ × (14) × 72 cu. cm
2
Volume of the cylindrical bucket
7
22
= __________ × 196 × 72 cu. cm
7
= 44352 cu. cm
When the cylindrical bucket is full of water, and this water pour out into a
rectangular emptied tank, then,
Let the height of water be H.
Length of the rectangular tank ( l) = 66 cm
Breadth of the rectangular tank ( b) = 28 cm
Volume of the water in the rectangular tank = 66 × 28 × H cu. cm = 1848H cu. cm
Now, according to questions
Volume of the cylindrical bucket = Volume of the water in the
rectangular tank
44352 = 1848 × H
44352
H = cm
1848
H = 24 cm
Height of the water level in the tank is 24 cm.
9. A rectangular paper 11 cm by 8 cm can be exactly wrapped to cover the curved
surface of a cylinder of height 8 cm. Find the volume of the cylinder.
Sol. Length of rectangular paper (l) = 11 cm
Breadth of rectangular paper (b) = 8 cm
So circumference of circular part of cylinder = 2 pr
It is equal to length of paper ( paper folded in shape of cylinder)
11 11
2pr = 11 Þ r = __________ cm = __________ 22
2p 2 × __________
11 × 7 7
= __________ cm
44
r = 7
__________ cm
2 4
22 × æ__________ö × 8 cu. cm
Volume of cylinder = __________ 7
7 è4ø
22 49
= __________ × __________ × 8 cu. cm = 77 cu. cm
7 16
Hence, the required volume of cylinder is 77 cu. cm.
10. A well is dug 20 m deep and it has a diameter of 7 m. The earth which is so dug
out is spread out on a rectangular plot 22 m long and 14 m broad. What is the
height of the platform so formed? [ Hint : lbh = pr2h ; as r = 7/2 m]
7
Sol. Radius of the well = Diameter of the well = __________ m
2 2
Depth of the well (h) = 20 m
We know,
= pr h
2
Volume of the earth dug out
We have 2
22 æ__________
__________ 7ö
Volume of the earth dug out = 7 × è 2 ø × 20 cu. m
22 49
= __________ × __________ × 20 cu. m = 770 cu. m
7 4
Length of the rectangular plot (l) = 22 m
Breadth of the rectangular plot (b) = 14 m
Volume of the earth spread over the rectangular plot = lbh = 22 × 14 × h cu. m
Now, according to question
Volume of the earth spread over the rectangular plot = Volume of the earth dug out
22 × 14 × h = 770
770 770
h = __________ m = __________ m = 2.5 m
22×14 308
Hence, the required height of the plot is 2.5 m.
11. The diameter of a roller is 84 cm and its length 120 cm. It takes 500 complete
revolutions moving once over to level a round. What is the area of playground?
[Hint :Area = 500 × (2prh)]
Diameter of the roller
Sol. Radius of the roller =
2
Radius of the roller (r) = 84
__________ cm = 42 cm
2
Length of the roller (h) = 120 cm
Covered area in 1 complete round by roller = Lateral surface area
22
= 2prh = 2 × __________ × 42 × 120 sq. cm
7
= 44 × 6 × 120 sq. cm
= 31680 sq. cm
Covered surface area in 500 complete rounds = 31680 × 500 sq. cm
= 15840000 sq. cm
2
15840000
Covered surface area in 500 complete round ( in metre ) = sq. m
100 × 100
= 1584 s q. m
Hence, the required area of playground is 1584 sq. m.
12. The inner diameter of a circular well is 3.5 m. It is 10 m deep. Find the cost of
plastering its inner curved surface @ ` 4 per square metre.
Diameter
Sol. Inner radius of the circular well =
2
3.5
__________
Inner radius of the circular well (r) = 2 m = 1.75 m
Depth of the circular well (h) = 10 m
22
__________
Inner curved surface area of the circular well = 2prh = 2 × 7 × 1.75 × 10 sq. m
= 44 × 0.25 × 10 sq. m
= 110 sq. m
The cost of plastering per square metre = `4
The cost of plastering 110 sq. metre = ` 4 × 110 = `440
Hence, the required cost of plastering is ` 440.
13. The outer diameter of a drainage pipe is 1 m and it is 21 m long. Find the cost of
painting the outer surface of the pipe at the rate of ` 5 per square metre.
Sol. Length of the drainage pipe (h) = 21 metre
Diameter 1
Radius of the drainage pipe (r) = = __________ metre
2 2
1 Metre
We know,
Outer surface area of the drainage pipe = 2prh
21 Metre
We have,
22 1
Outer surface area of the drainage pipe = 2 × __________ × __________ × 21 sq. m
7 2
= 22 × 3 sq. m = 66 sq. m
The cost of painting the outer surface area per sq. metre = ` 5
The cost of painting the outer surface area of 66 sq. m = ` 66 × 5
= ` 330
Hence, the required cost of painting the outer surface of the drainage pipe is ` 330.
14. It costs ` 2200 to paint the inner curved surface of a cylindrical vessel 10 m
deep. If it is painted at the rate of ` 20 per square metre find :
(i) inner curved surface of the vessel
(ii) radius of the base (iii) capacity of the vessel
Sol. (i) inner curved surface of the vessel
The total cost to paint the inner curved surface of cylindrical vessel = ` 2200
The cost of per m = ` 20
2
Total cost to paint inner curved surface

Inner curved surface of the vessel =
The cost of per m2
` 2200
= __________ = 110 sq. m
` 20
(ii) Radius of the base
We know,
Curved surface area of cylindrical vessel = 2prh
Let the radius of the base be r.
Curved surface area of cylindrical vessel = 110 sq. m
Depth of the cylindrical vessel (h) = 10 m
We have,
22
110 = 2 × __________ × r × 10
7
110 ×7 770 m = 1.75 m
r = __________ = __________
2×22×10 440
(iii) Capacity of the vessel
22
__________ 2
Capacity of the vessel = × (1.75) × 10 cu. m
7
= 22
__________ × 3.0625 × 10 cu. m
7
= 96.25 cu. m

17 Data Handling
EXERCISE - 17.1
1. The following are the marks obtained by a group of 20 girls in an examination.
Present the data in the form of a frequency distribution using one of the class
interval as 10–15 (15 not included).
13 20 13 11 16
5 24 15 17 17
12 15 23 12 16
18 12 16 13 18
Sol. Highest marks = 24
Lowest marks = 5
Range = Highest marks – Lowest marks
= 24 – 5
= 19
Frequency Distribution Table
Class interval Tally Marks Frequency
05 – 10 | 1
10 – 15 ||||| || 7
15 – 20 ||||| |||| 9
20 – 25 ||| 3
Total 20
2. Yearly saving (in rupees) of 30 students of class VIII are as under :
38 42 40 35 72 27 57 62
59 80 84 73 65 40 76 40
38 60 58 38 54 39 50 44
71 83 45 38 80 77
Construct a frequency table with class intervals 30–35 (35 not included), etc.
Sol. Highest yearly saving money = ` 84
Lowest yearly saving money = ` 27
Range = Highest yearly saving money – Lowest yearly saving money
= ` 84 – ` 27 = ` ( 84 – 27) = ` 57

Frequency Distribution Table
Class interval Tally Marks Frequency
25 – 30 | 1
30 – 35 – 0
35 – 40 ||||| 5
40 – 45 ||||| 5
45 – 50 | 1
50 – 55 || 2
55 – 60 |||| 4
60 – 65 || 2
65 – 70 | 1
70 – 75 ||| 3
75 – 80 || 2
80 – 85 |||| 4
Total 30
3. The following data give the pocket expenses of 100 students :
Daily Pocket Expenses (in `) 3 5 9 11 15 18
Number of students 6 14 22 45 9 4
Prepare a frequency table taking equal class size, e.g., 0–4 ( 4 not included), 4-8
( 8 not included), etc.
Sol. Daily pocket Expenses ( in ` )
Number of Students
Class - interval
0 – 4 6
4 – 8 14
8 – 12 67
12 – 16 9
16 – 20 4
Total 100
4. The following is the distribution of weights (in kg) of 40 persons :
Weight (in kg) Persons
40–45 4
45–50 12
50–55 13
55–60 6
60–65 5
(i) What is the upper limit of 55 – 60?
(ii) Find the class marks of the classes 40–45, 45–50, etc.
(iii) What is the class size?
Sol. (i) The upper limit of ( 55 – 60) is 60.
40 + 45
(ii) The class mark of the class interval ( 40 – 45) is = 42.5
2
The class mark of the class interval ( 45 – 50 ) is 45 + 50 = 47.5
2
(iii) The class size = (45 – 40)
= 5
5. The daily earnings of 30 medical stores are as follows :
Daily Earnings (in`) 61 149 180 181 241 259 310 391
Number of Stores 3 7 4 5 4 3 2 2
Prepare a frequency distribution table taking equal class size, one such class
size is 50–100 (100 not included).
Sol. Frequency Distribution Table
Class - Interval
Daily earnings ( in `) Number of Stores
50 – 100 3
100 – 150 7
150 – 200 9
200 – 250 4
250 – 300 3
300 – 350 2
350 – 400 2
Total 30
EXERCISE - 17.2
1. Marks in Science test out of 100 :
70, 82, 90, 76, 88, 98, 76, 90, 82, 80
84, 66, 94, 72, 78, 96, 54, 70, 84, 96
86, 74, 58, 92, 86, 72, 92, 82, 74, 86
74, 84, 96, 68, 94, 68, 88, 72, 56, 98
62, 88, 76, 78, 90, 88, 78, 90, 82, 94
(i) How many students scored 80 and above?
(ii) How many students scored between 59 and 80?
Sol. Class - Interval ( Marks) Frequency
50 – 60 3
60 – 70 4
70 – 80 14
80 – 90 15
90 – 100 14
Total 50
Y
18
Students ( Frequeny)
16 15
14 14
14
Number of
12
10
8
6
4
4 3
2
X
0 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Marks obtained by students
(i) 29 students scored 80 and above.
(ii) 18 students scored between 59 and 80.
2. Weights of 30 students in a class in kilograms are :
40, 41, 43, 48, 49, 50, 54, 52, 57, 59, 42, 48, 37, 46, 53, 40, 41, 45, 39, 49, 43, 48, 47,
46, 54, 51, 50, 38, 54, 56
Draw a graph from the given information .
Sol. Class - Interval Frequency
35 – 40 3
40 – 45 7
45 – 50 9
50 – 55 8
55 – 60 3
Total 30
Y
10
6
Frequency
0 X
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 90 100
class- interval
3. The marks of a student in different subjects are given below :
Subject Hindi English Maths Science Social Science
Marks 43 56 80 65 50
Construct a bar graph to represent the above data.
Sol.
Y
Bar graph
90
80
70
Marks obtained by Student
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 X
di lis
h hs ce
ien al
at ien
ce
in
Sc oci
g
H En M Sc
S
Subjects
4. The following table shows the favourite sports of 250 students :
Sports Cricket Football Tennis Badminton Swimming
No. of Students 75 35 50 25 65
Represent the above data by a bar graph.
Sol. Y
Bar graph
90
80
70
60
Number of Students
50
40
30
20
10
0 g X
et ot is d in
ck Fo all nn Ba nton m
ri b Te i im
C m Sw
Favourite Sports

5. Given below a table with shows the year wise strength of a school :
Year 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
No. of Students 800 975 1100 1400 1625
Draw a bar graph to represent the above data.
Sol. Y
Bar graph
1800
1700
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
Number of Students
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0 X
2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
Years
6. Sales of cars in the year 2007 Jan. to Dec.
Y
50
Number of cars sold
40
30
20
10
0 X
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Months
(i) In which month was the sale of cars the least?
(ii) In which month was the sale highest?
(iii) In which months 20 cars were sold?
(iv) In which months 30 cars were sold?
(v) Name the months in which 45 cars were sold?
(vi) How many cars were sold in the first quarter of the year?
(vii) How many cars were sold in the second quarter of the year?
(viii) How many cars were sold in the third quarter of the year?
(ix) How many cars were sold in the fourth quarter of the year?
(x) Which quarter had the maximum sales?
Sol. (i) March and May
(ii) July
(iii) January and November
(iv) February,April, June, September and December.
(v) August and October
(vi) (20 + 30 + 10) = 60 cars
(vii) ( 30 + 10 + 30 = 70 cars
(viii) (50 + 45 + 30) = 125 cars
(ix) ( 45 + 20 + 30) = 95 cars
(x) Third quarter of the year ( 125 cars)
7. Lifespan of animals .
Y
90
80
70
60
Number of years
50
40
30
20
10
0 X
Rhinoceros
Giraffe
Cheetah
elephant
elephant
Flemingo
Tiger
Blue whale
African
Indian
Among these animals Animals

(i) Which has the longest lifespan?
(ii) Which has the shortest lifespan?
(iii) Which of the animals have the same lifespan?
(iv) What is the tiger's lifespan?
Sol. (i) Blue whale has the longest lifespan.
(ii) Flamingo has the shortest lifespan.
(iii) African elephant and rhinoceros have the same lifespan.
(iv) The tiger's lifespan is 30 years.
8. Look at the bar graph given below.
Read it carefully and answer the following questions :
Y
90
80
70
Marks obtained by Student
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 X
Sst.
Sci.
Eng.
Hindi
Maths
Subjects
(i) What information does the bar graph give?
(ii) In which subject is the student very good?
(iii) In which subject is he poor?
(iv) What are the average of his marks?
(v) In which subject did he obtain same mark?
Sol. (i) The bar graph shows the marks obtained by a student in five subjects.
(ii) Mathematics
(iii) Hindi

(iv) Average of the marks received by a student
60 + 30 + 75 + 50 + 60 275
= = = 55
5 5
(v) English and Science.
9. Below is the histogram depicting marks obtained by 43 students of a class :
Y
10
6
Number of students
0 X
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Marks
(i) Write the number of students getting highest marks.
(ii) What is the class size?
(iii) Which class interval has the lowest marks obtained by the students?
Sol. (i) 10 students are getting the highest marks.
(ii) Class size = ( 20 – 10) = 10
(iii) Class- interval ( 20 – 30) has the lowest marks obtained by the students.
10. Draw a histogram to represent the following data. The data represents the
heights of students in a class.
Heights in cm. Number of Studetns
125 – 127 1
128 – 130 8
131 – 133 14
134 – 136 8
137 – 139 5

Sol. Convert the given inclusive form into an exclusive form by taking intervals as given
below :
Class interval Frequency

124.5 – 127.5 1
127.5 – 130.5 8
130.5 – 133.5 14
133.5 – 136.5 8
136.5 – 139.5 5
Y
Histogram
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
Number of Students
0 ZZZZZZZZZZ X
124.5-127.5 127.5-130.5 130.5-133.5 133.5-136.5 136.5-139.5
Heights in cm.
18 Pie Chart
EXERCISE - 18
1. There are 720 creatures in a zoo as per list given below :

Beast animals Other land animals Birds Water animals Reptiles
120 240 180 100 80
Represent the above data by a pie chart.
Sol. Number of creatures in the zoo = 720
Value of the component
Central angle for a component = × 360°
Sum of the values of all components
Let us make a table for calculation of central angels of particulars :

Table
Particulars Animals/ Central angles
Birds
Beast 120
120 × 360° = 60°
animals 720
Other land 240
240 × 360° = 120°
animals 720
180
Birds 180 × 360° = 90°
720
Water 100
100 × 360° = 50°
animals 720
80
Reptiles 80 × 360° = 40°
720
Now, draw a circle of any convenient radius and draw the sectors of different angles.
Pie Chart :
Other land
animals
Beast
als
120° 60° anim
40° s
90° 50° Reptile
Birds
r
ate ls
W ima
a n
2. The marks obtained by Deepak in an examination are given below:

Subject Hindi English Mathematics Science GK
Marks obtained 105 75 90 150 120
Represent above data by a pie chart.
Sol. The total number of marks = 105 + 75 + 90 + 150 + 120 = 540
Value of the component
Central angle for a component = × 360°
Sum of the values of all components
Let us make a table for calculate of central angles of particular subjects .
Table
Subjects Animals/ Central angles
Birds
105
Hindi 105 × 360° = 70°
540
75
English 75 × 360° = 50°
540
90
Mathematics 90 × 360° = 60°
540
150
Science 150 × 360° = 100°
540
120
GK 120 × 360° = 80°
540
Pie Chart :
English
s
tic
ma
Hindi
the
50°
Ma
60° 70°
100° 80°
Science GK
3. The expenditure in percentage occured on the construction of a house is shown

in the following table :
Items Brick Cement Labour Steel Miscellaneous
Expenditure
(in percentage) 20% 15% 10% 30% 25%

Sol. Let us make a table for calculation of central angles of particulars.
Expenditure Central angles
Items (in percentage)
20
Brick 20% × 360° = 72°
100
15
Cement 15% × 360° = 54°
100
10
Labour 10% × 360° = 36°
100
30
Steel 30% × 360° = 108°
100
Miscellan- 25
25% × 360° = 90°
eous 100
Pie Chart :
Cement
Labour
54° Brick
36°
72°
108° 90° s
Steel eou
el lan
isc
M
4. In motor factory, five varieties of vehicles were manufactured in one year

whose break up is given below :
Motorbikes Cars Pick-ups Vans Mini trucks
6000 3600 1200 800 400
Sol. Total number of five varieties of vehicles = 6000 + 3600 + 1200 + 800 + 400
= 12000
Let us make a table showing central angles for each vehicles.

Sol. Table
Five varities Number of Central angles
of vehicle's name Vehicles
6000
Motorbikes 6000 × 360° = 180°
12000
3600
Cars 3600 × 360° = 108°
12000
1200
Pick-ups 1200 × 360° = 36°
12000
800
Vans 800 × 360° = 24°
12000
400
Mini trucks 400 × 360° = 12°
12000
Pie Chart :
Motorbikes
180°
108° 12° Mini

24°
truck
36°
Cars Vans
k
Pic
ups
5. Tick the correct answer from the following :

If 35% of the people residing in a locality are Sikhs then, the central angles of
the sector representing the Sikh community in Pie Chart would be :
(i) 108 (b) 115 (c) 126 (d) 135
Sol. The central angle of the sector representing the Sikh community in Pie- chart will be :
35
__________
100 × 360° = 126°
Correct option is (C) .
6. In the Pie Chart representing the number of the students opting for different
stream of study out of a total strength of 1650 students, the central angle of the
sector representing Arts student is 48°. What is the number of students who
opted forArt stream?
(a) 220 (b) 240 (c) 275 (d) 320
Sol. The total strength of students = 1650
Central angle of the sector representingArts student = 48°
Let us the number of students opted forArt stream be x.
x
__________
Now, 48° = 1650 × 360°
x 48° × 1650
= __________
360°
x = 220
Correct option is (a).
7. The data given below shows number of hours spent by a school boy on different
activities on a working day. Draw pie graph.
Activity School Homework Play Sleep Others
Mini trucksTotal
No. of hours 7 4 2 8 3 24
Sol. Total number of hours = 24
Let us make a table showing central angles for each activities.
Table
Number of Central angles
Activity hours
7
School 7 × 360° = 105°
24
4
Homework 4 × 360° = 60°
24
2
Play 2 × 360° = 30°
24
8
Sleep 8 × 360° = 120°
24
3
Others 3 × 360° = 45°
24
Pie Chart :
Ho
me Sc
wo ho
rk ol
60° 105°
Play 30° 45°
120° Others
Sleep

19 Probability
EXERCISE - 19
1. Susan tossed her dice 50 times and got the following results :
Numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 3 7 9 8 9 14
(i) Find the PE for each number. Do you think that the dice is based ? She
decided to collect some more data.
So she rolls the dice 250 times and got the following table :
Numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 44 30 38 35 36 67
(ii) Combine these results. Now find the probability of each of the number
showing up.
(iii) What is your conclusion? Is the dice biased? Explain.
Sol. (i) Total number of trials = 50
Number of times 1 appears
Þ P ( getting 1) = P (E1) =
Total number of trials
3
P (E1) = __________
50
7
__________
P (E2) =
50
9
__________
P (E3) = 50
Þ P ( getting 4) = P (E4) = Total number of trials
8
__________ 4
__________
P (E4) = 50 = 25
9
P (E5) = __________
50

14 7
P (E6) = __________ = __________
50 25
Now, Remark :
In tossing 2 dices, the only possible out comes are :
P ( getting 1), P ( getting 2), P ( getting 3), P ( getting 4), P ( getting 5), P ( getting 6)
and P (E1) + P (E2) + P (E3) + P (E4) + P (E5) + P (E6)
3 7 9 4 9 7
= __________ + __________ + __________ + __________ + __________ + __________
50 50 50 25 50 25
3 + 7 + 9 + 8 + 9 + 14 = __________ 50
= __________ =1
50 50
44 22
(ii) Þ P ( getting 1) = P (E1) = __________
250 = __________
125
30 6 3
Þ P ( getting 2) = P (E2) = __________ = __________ = __________
250 50 25
38 19
Þ P ( getting 3) = P (E3) = __________ = __________
250 125
35
__________ 7
__________
Þ P ( getting 4) = P (E4) = =
250 50
36 18
Þ P ( getting 5) = P (E5) = __________ = __________
250 125
67
__________
Þ P ( getting 6) = P (E6) = 250
(iii) Now, in the question given above, the only possible outcomes are : E1,E2, E3,
E4, E5, E6 and P (E1) + P (E2) + P (E3) + P (E4) + P (E5) + P (E6)
22
__________ 3
__________ 19
__________ 7
__________ 18
__________ 67
__________ 44 + 30 + 38 + 35 + 36 + 67
__________ 250
__________
125 25 125 50 125 250 250 250
Biased Die : (i) Outcomes are not equally likely, they might be equal or might
not be equal, it depends on what extent dice is biased.
(ii) Sum of all probabilities is 1.
2. A coin is tossed 120 times and a head is obtained 78 times. Now if a coin is tossed
at random what is the probability of getting a head or tail?
Sol. Total number of toss = 120
Number of times head appeared = 78
Number of times tail appeared = 120 – 78 = 42
78 13
Probability of getting head = __________ = __________
120 20
42 7
Probability of getting tail = __________ = __________
120 20
3. A coin is tossed 200 times and tail is obtained 136 times. Now if a coin is tossed at
random, what is the probability of getting a head?
Number of times tail appeared = 136
Number of times head appeared = 200 –136 = 64
64
__________ 8
__________
Probability of getting head = 200 = 25
4. In 60 throws of a dice 6 is obtained 24 times. Now in a random throw of a dice,

what is probability of getting 6 ?
Sol. Total number of trails = 60
In a random throw of a dice, then
Number of times 6 appears 24
__________ 2
__________
P ( getting 6) = Total number of trials = 60 = 5
5. In 100 thrown of a dice 3 is obtained 50 times. In a random thrown of a dice,

what is the probability of getting 3?
Number of times 3 appears 50 1
P ( getting 3) = = __________ = __________
Total number of trials 100 2
6. In 150 thrown of a dice 2 is obtained 75 times. In a random throw of a dice, what

is the probability of getting 2?
Number of times 2 appears 75
__________ 1
__________
P ( getting 2) = = 150 = 2
7. In a survey 200 people, it was found that 84 like coffee while 116 dislike it. From
the people one is chosen at random, what is the probability that the chosen
people dislike coffee ?
Sol. Total number of people = 200
Number of people who dislike coffee = 116
Number of people who dislike coffee
P ( selected people dislike coffee) =
Total number of people
116
__________ 29
__________
= 200 = 50
8. A coin is tossed 70 times and head is obtained 20 times. Now, if a coin is tossed at

random, what is the probability of getting a head and tail?
Number of times head appeared = 20
Number of times tail appeared = 70 – 20 = 50
Number of times head appeared __________
20
P (E) = = 70
Total number of toss
2
__________
= 7
Now,
Number of times tail appeared 50
__________
P (E) = = 70
Total number of toss
5
__________
=
7
9. There are 15 balls of three different colours in a bag. Out of them 5 are yellow, 6
are green and 4 are black. Find :
(i) Probability of drawing a green ball.
(ii) Probability of drawing a black or a yellow ball.
Sol. Total possible out comes = 5 + 6 + 4 = 15
Yellow colour ball out comes = 5
5
__________ _1
____
So, probability of getting yellow ball = 15 = 3
(i) Green colour ball outcomes = 6
6
__________ 2
__________
So, probability of getting green ball = 15 = 5
(ii) Probability of drawing a black and a yellow ball
5__________
+4 9
__________ 3
__________
= 15 = 15 = 5
10. A dice thrown 120 times and 6 is appeared 30 times. Now, a random throw of
dice what is the probability of getting 6 on its upper face ?
Sol. Total number of dice thrown = 120
Number of times 6 dice upper face appeared = 30
Number of times 6 dice upper face appeared
P (getting 6 on upper face) =
Total number of dice thrown
30 1
= __________
120 = __________
4 .
11. In a survey of 100 families, it was found that 45 families have 2 children, 20
families have 1 child and 35 families have 3 children from these families. One is
chosen at random what is the probability that the chosen family has 3 children.
Sol. Total number of families = 100
[ T. families = 45 + 20 + 35 = 100 ]
Number of families having 2 children = 45
Number of families having 2 children
Probability of families having 2 children =
Total number of families
45
__________
= 100
= 0.45
Number of families having 1 child = 20
Number of families having 1 child
Probability of families having 1 child =
20
= __________ = 0.20
100
Number of families having 3 children = 35
Number of families having 3 children
Probability of families having 3 children =
35
__________ 7
= 100 = __________
20
20 Knowledge about Coordinates

System Graphs
EXERCISE - 20.1
1. State the quadrant in which the points lie with the following coordinates lie :
(i) (2, 4) (ii) (–3, –4) (iii) (–3, 6) (iv) (7, –6)
Sol. (i) (2 , 4), since x is positive and y is also positive i.e., ( +, +) so it will be lie in I
quadrant.
(ii) (– 3 , –4), since both x and y are negative i.e., ( – , –) so it will lie in III quadrant
(iii) (–3, 6), since x is negative and y is positive i.e., ( – , +) so it will be lie in II
quadrant.
(iv) (7, –6), since x is positive and y is negative i.e., ( + , –) so it will lie in IV
quadrant.
2. Plot the following points on the graph paper :
(i) (2, 3) (ii) (–2, 5) (iii) (–4, –9) (iv) (9, –2)
Sol. (i) (2, 3)
On x – axis, move 2 units to right side of y– axis and on y– axis, move 3 units
above the x– axis. Draw perpendiculars to both axes on these points, the
intersecting point of these perpendiculars is required points Q (2,3).
(ii) ( –2,5) Y
On x - axis, move 2 units to 10
left side of y - axis and on y - Scale :

5 Small division = 1 Unit 8
axis, move 5 units above the 6
x- axis. Draw perpendiculars (–2,5)
P
4Q
to both axes on these points, (2,3)
the intersecting point of these 2
perpendiculars is the required X´ 0 X

point P ( –2, 5 ). –10 –8 –6 –4 –2
–2
2 4 6 8
S
10
(iii) ( – 4, –9) (9,–2)

–4
On x- axis, move 4 units to left
–6
side of y - axis, and on y - axis,
move 9 units below the x- axis. R
–8
(–4,–9)
Draw perpendiculars to both –10
axes on these points, the Y
intersecting point of these

perpendiculars is the required point R ( –4, –9 ).
(iv) ( 9, –2)
On x- axis, move 9 units to right side of y - axis, and on y - axis, move 2 units
below the x- axis.
Draw perpendiculars to both axes on these points, the intersecting point of
these perpendiculars is the required point S (9, –2 ).
3. Write the coordinates of P, Q, R and S from the graph given below.
Y
Scale :
1 Small division = 1 mm 4
1 big division = 1 cm 3
P
Q
2
X´ X
–4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4
–1
–2
R S
–3
–4
Y´

Sol. The coordinates of P, Q, R and S are :
(i) The coordinates of P are ( 4, 3).
(ii) The coordinates of Q are ( –2, 2).
(iii) The coordinates of R are ( –2, –2).
(iv) The coordinates of S are ( 3, –2).
4. The following line graph shows the yearly sales figures for a manufacturing
company.
(i) What were the sales in 2015?
` (ii) What were the sales in 2017?
(iii) Compute the difference between the sales in 2016 and 2018.
(iv) In which year was there the greatest difference between the sales as
compared to its previous year?
Y
10
Scale :
Sales (in ` crores)
5 Small division = 8
` 1 crore
6
X´ X
2015
2016
2017
2018
O 2019
Years
Y´
Sol. (i) The sales in 2015 were ` 4 crores.

(ii) The sales in 2017 were ` 6 crores.
(iii) The sales in 2016 were ` 7 crores.
The sales in 2018 were ` 10 crores.
Now, compare the difference between the sales in 2016 and 2018 is :
` (10 – 7) crores = ` 3 crores.
(iv) The greatest sales in 2018 were ` 10 crores and the lowest sales in 2015 were `
4 crores. Now, compare the difference between the sales in 2015 and 2018 is :
` ( 10 – 4) crores = ` 6 crores.
5. Study the following graph and find the values of ordinates when abscissas are.
(i) 1 (ii) 3 (iii) –2 (iv) –3
Y
6
1 small division = 1 mm
5
1 big division = 1 cm
3
Scale :
X´ X
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6
–1
–2
–3
–4
–5
–6
Y´
Sol. (i) The value of ordinate when abscissa is 1 = 2

(ii) The value of ordinate when abscissa is 3 = 6
(iii) The value of ordinate when abscissa is –2 = –4
(iv) The value of ordinate when abscissa is –3 = –6
EXERCISE - 20.2
1. Draw the graphs for the following equations :
(i) y = 3x + 1 (ii) y = 2x – 7

Sol. (i) Y = 3x + 1
We will find the corresponding values of Y by substituting the values of x.
Let x = 0,
then Y = 3 × 0 + 1 X 0 1 2 –1 –2
Y= 1 Y = 3x +1 1 4 7 –2 –5
Let x = 1,
Y
then Y = 3 × 1 + 1
10
Y = 4 Scale :
5 Small division = 1 Unit
Let x = 2, then 8
(2,7)
Y = 3×2+1 6
Y = 6+1 4 (1,4)
Y = 7
2
Let x = – 1, then (0,1)
Y = 3 × –1 + 1 X
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2
0
2 4 6 8 10
X
Y = –3 + 1 (–1,–2) –2
Y = –2 –4
Let x = – 2, then (–2,–5)
–6
Y = 3 × –2 + 1
Y = – 6 +1 –8
Y = –5 –10
Y´
(ii) Y = 2x–7
Let x = 0, then Let x = 1, then
Y = 2×0–7 Y = 2×1–7
Y = 0 –7 Y = 2–7
Y = –7 Y = –5
Y = 2×2–7 Y = 2× 3 – 7
Y = 4–7 Y = 6–7
Y = –3 Y = –1
Y = 2×4–7 Y = 2×5–7
Y = 8–7 Y = 10 – 7
Y = 1 Y = 3
X 0 1 2 3 4 5
Y = 2x –7 –7 –5 –3 –1 1 3
Y
10
Scale :
5 Small division = 1 Unit 8
4
(5,3)
2
(4,1)
X 0 X
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10
–2 (3,–1)
(2,–3)
–4
(1,–5)
–6
(0,–7)
–8
–10
Y
2. Draw a graph of the equationA = 2x , when :
(i) x = 2 (ii) x = 5
Sol. (i) Given equation A = 2x
Putting x = 2 in the given Y
equation. 10 (5,10)
A = 2 × 2 = 4, A = 4 Scale :
5 Small division = 1 Unit 8 Q
On x – axis, move 2 units to 6
right side of y – axis and on
4 (2,4)
Y – axis, move 4 units
P
above the x – axis. Draw 2
perpendiculars both axes X 0 X

–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10
on these points, the –2
intersecting point of these
–4
perpendiculars is the
required point P ( 2, 4 ). –6
–8
–10
Y

(ii) Given equationA= 2x
Putting x = 5 in the given equation.
A= 2 × 5 = 10, A= 10
On x – axis, move 5 units to right side of y – axis and on Y – axis, move 10 units
above the x – axis. Draw perpendiculars both axes on these points, the
intersecting point of these perpendiculars is the required point Q ( 5, 10 ).
3. Draw the graph of the equation x = m2.
Sol. Given , the equation x = m 2.
For different values of m, the corresponding values of the equation x = m2.
m 1 2 –1 –2 3 –3
2
x=m 1 4 1 4 9 9
Let m = 1, then Y
x = m = (1) 10
2 2
= 1 (–3,9) (3,9)
Let m = 2, then
8
6
x = (m ) = (2) = 4
2 2
(–2,4) 4 (2,4)
Let m = – 1,then
2
x = m = (–1) = 1
2 2
(–1,1) (1,1)
X X
Let m = –2, then –10 –8 –6 –4 –2
–2
0 2 4 6 8 10
x = (m ) = (–2) = 4
2 2
–4
Let m = 3, then –6
Scale :
x = (m ) = (3) = 9
2 2 5 Small division = 1 Unit
–8
and –10
Let m = –3, then Y
x = (m ) = (–3) = 9
2 2 Y
10
3
4. Draw a graph of the equation z = x Scale :
8 (2,8)
5 Small division = 1 Unit
Sol. Given the equation z = x
3
6
For different values of x, the 4
corresponding values of the equation z = x

3
2
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 (1,1)
x 0
X´ X
1 –1 2 –2 (–1,–1) 2 4 6 8 10
–2
3
z=x 1 –1 8 –8 –4
–6
Let x z =x
3
= 1, then
(–2,–8) –8
z
3
= (1) = 1 –10
Y´

Let x = –1, then z = (x)
3 3
= (–1) = –1
Let x = 2, then z = (x)
3 3
= (2) = 8
Let x = –2, then z = (x)3 = (–2)3 = – 8
5. A patient is admitted in the hospital and temperature time graph is to be
plotted. The temperature are given as below :
Time 11 Hrs 12 Hrs 13 Hrs 14 Hrs 15 Hrs
Temperature 102° 104° 106° 98° 100°
°F
Express the above data graphically.
Sol. The patient's temperature
at 11 Hrs is 102° °F. Y
At 12 Hrs, the patient's
temperature is 104° °F.
120°
1 Small division = 1° F
At 13 Hrs. the patient's

temperature is 106° °F. 100°
temperature is 98° °F. 80°
Temperature (in °F.)

Scale :
60°
temperature is 100° °F.
40°
20°
0 X
12 hrs.
13 hrs.
14 hrs.
15 hrs.
11 hrs.
Time (in hrs.)
6. The sides of different squares are given as under. Find their perimeters and
then plot the points (side, perimeter) 2cm, 3cm, 4 cm, 5 cm, 6 cm.
Join these points by using a ruler. Do you get a segment of a line?
Sol. Let us fine the perimeter of squares having sides 2 cm, 3cm, 4 cm, 5 cm, 6 cm and
tabulate the result.
Side of a Perimeter of a square
= 4× side (in cm) (Side, Perimeter)
Square (in cm)
2 4 ×2 = 8 (2, 8)
3 4 × 3 = 12 (3, 12)
4 4 × 4 = 16 (4, 16)
5 4 × 5 = 20 (5, 20)
6 4 × 6 = 24 (6, 24)
Draw coordinate axes. Take side of the square along x-axis and perimeter of square
along Y- axis . Then plot as shown in the following graph.
Y
40
35
X-axis 10 Small division = 1 cm.
Y-axis 2 Small division = 1 cm.
30
25
Perimeter of the square
(6,24)
(5,20)
20
15 (3,12) (4,16)
Scale :
10
(2,8)
5
X
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Side of the square

Yes we get a segment of line.
7. In the above question, find the area of the squares and plot the points (Side,
area). Join the these points by using a ruler. Do all these points lie on a straight
line?
Sol. a [ Side of a square = a ]
2
Area of the square =
Let us find the area of squares having sides 2 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm, and 6 cm.
We get tabulate the result.
Side of a Area of a square
(Side, Area)
Square (in cm) (in sq. cm)
2 4 (2, 4)
3 9 (3, 9)
4 16 (4, 16)
5 25 (5, 25)
6 36 (6, 36)
Draw coordinate Y
axes. Take side of 40
the square along X- (6,36)
X-axis 10 Small division = 1 cm. 35
axis and area of the Y-axis 2 Small division = 1 cm.
30
square along Y- axis.
Then plot the points 25 (5,25)
as shown in the 20
Area of the square
following graph.
15 (4,16)
Scale :
10
(3,9)
5
(2,4)
X
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Side of the square

No, these points do not lie on a straight line.
8. The following table shows multiplies of 2.
X 1 2 3 4 5 7
Y =2x 2 4 6 8 10 14
Plot the points (1, 2), ( 3, 6) ........ Join these points. Do all these points lie on a
straight line ?
Sol. We have, plot the points A (1,2) , B (2,4), C ( 3,6), D (4,8), E ( 5,10), F (6, 12), G
(7,14) on the graph paper. We take appropriate scale on the x-axis and Y - axis. On x -
axis, we take the values of x and on Y = axis, we take the value of Y.
Here, we observe that on joining A, B, C and D, we get a straight line. Hence it is a
linear graph.
Y
16
14 (7,14) G

12 F
(6,12)
10
E
(5,10)
8
D
(4,8)
C
Multiples of 2
6 (3,6)
B
Scale :
4 (2,4)
2
A (1,2)
X
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Unit
Yes, these points lie on a straight line.

9. Plot the points for multiples of 3. Join them and verify that these points lie on a
straight line.
Sol. Let us consider a simple linear equation Y = 3x, where x is the number which is
independent variable and Y is taken as a multiple of 3, which is dependent on x. Let
us take some values of x and find the corresponding values of Y in the given table.
Let x = 1, then Y = 3x Þ Y = 3 × 1 = 3
Let x = 2, then Y = 3x Þ Y = 3 × 2 = 6
Let x = 3, then Y = 3x Þ Y = 3 × 3 = 9
Let x = 4, then Y = 3x Þ Y = 3 × 4 = 12
Let x = 5, then Y = 3x Þ Y = 3 × 5 = 15
Let x = 6, then Y = 3x Þ Y = 3 × 6 = 18 and
Let x = 7,
X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
then, Y = 3x
Þ Y = 3×7 Y =3x 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
= 21 Y
24
21 (7,21)
18
(6,18)
15
(5,15)
12
(4,12)
Multiples of 3
9 (3,9)
Scale :
6 (2,6)
3 (1,3)
X
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Unit
Yes, these points lie on a straight line.

10. We know that 1 cm = 10 mm. How many mm are in 2cm , 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm, 6 cm
and 7 cm ? Plot (cm, mm) points and Join them. Do they lie on a straight line ?
Sol. We know that, 1 cm = 10 mm, then
X (in cm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Y (in mm) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Now, plot the points (1,10), (2,20), Y
80
(3,30), (4,40), (5,50), (6,60) and
70 (7,70)
(7,70) on the graph paper. We take
Y-axis 1 Small division = 1 mm.

appropriate scale on the x-axis and 60 (6,60)
Y- axis. 50 (5,50)
On x- axis, we take the value of x 40 (4,40)
(cm) and on Y - axis, we take the 30
Unit (in mm)

(3,30)
value of Y (mm).
Scale :
20 (2,20)
10 (1,10)
X
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Unit (in cm)
Yes, we get a segment of line.

EXERCISE - 20.3
1. The following graph represents the journey of a reptile in the desert. Read the
graph and answer the following questions :
(i) What was the average speed of Y
the reptile ? 60
(ii) In what time did the reptile 50
travel 30 m ? 50
(iii) How far had the reptile gone 45

2 small division = 1 Minute
after 20 minutes ?
2 small division = 1 Metre
40
35
Distance (in metres)
30
25
Scale :
20
15
10
X´ X
0 10 20 30
Time (in minutes)

Sol. From the graph :
(i) Covered Distance = 60 m
Taken time = 30 minutes = 30 × 60 seconds
= 1800 seconds
Total distance
Average speed =
Taken time
60 1
= = m/s.
1800 30
1
1 × 60 × 60
30
m/s change into km/hrs =
30 1000
120
= = 0.12 km/hr
1000
(ii) Covered travel = 30 m
0.12 × 1000
Speed ( in m/s) = 0.12 km/hrs =
60 × 60
120 2 1
= = = m/s
60×60 60 30
Distance
Taken time =
Speed
30 900
= 1 = 900 sec. = 60 minutes.
30
= 15 minutes
(iii) Covered distance after 20 minutes
1
Average speed = m /s [ from (i) option]
30
Distance = Average speed × Time
= 1/30 × 20 × 60 [ 1 minutes = 60 sec.]
= 40 meter.
2. The following graph represents the path of a walker. From the graph answer
the following questions :
(i) What was the average speed during the first part of the journey?
(ii) How long did he rest?
(iii) How long was his total journey?
(iv) In what time he went 20 km?
(v) What was the average speed during the second part of the journey?
Y
40
2 small division = 12 Minutes

35
2 small division = 1 Km
30
25
Distance (in km)

20
15
Scale :
10
5
0
X´ X
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time (in hours)
Sol. From the graph

(i) The average speed during the first part of the journey :
Covered distance = 12 km
Taken time = 3 hrs
Covered distance
Average speed =
Taken time
12
= km/ hrs = 4 km/hr
3
(ii) From 3 hrs till 4 hrs, he rests = ( 4 – 3 ) hrs = 1 hour = 1 hr
(iii) Taken time by walker, to covered total journey = 7 hours = 7 hrs
(iv) Taken time by walker to covered distance 20 km
= 5 hours + 3 small divisions
Given :
2 small divisons = 12 minutes
12
1 small division = minutes
2
12
3 small divisions = × 3 minutes [ from graph]
2
= 18 minutes
Taken total time by walker to covered 20 km :
= 5 hrs + 18 minutes
= 5 hrs and 18 minutes or 5 hrs 18 minutes

(v) Average speed during the second part of the journey : In first part :
Covered distance by walker in first part = 10 km + 4 small divisions
Given ; 2 small divisions = 1 km
1
1 small divisions = km
2
1
4 small divisions = × 4 km = 2 km
2
Covered distance in first part = (10 + 2 ) km = 12 km
Total covered distance by walker = 30 km
Covered distance in second part by walker = (Total covered distance –
Covered distance in first
part )
Covered distance in second part by walker = ( 30 – 12) km = 18 km
Taken time by walker to covered 18 km = ( 7 – 4 ) hrs = 3 hrs
Average speed during the second part of the journey
Covered Distance 18
= = km/hrs = 6 km/hr
Taken time 3
3. The following graph represents the journey of a remote-control car. Read it and
answer the following questions :
(i) What was the average speed of the car during the last part of the journey ?
(ii) At what time was the car furthest from the starting point ?
(iii) How far was the car from the starting point after 15 seconds ?
Y
40
2 small division = 1 Second
35
2 small division = 1 Meter
30
25
Distance (in Meter)
20
15
Scale :
10
5
0
X´ X
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time (in sec.)

Sol. From the graph :
(i) Covered distance in the last part of the journey = ( 20 – 15 ) m = 5 m
Taken time = ( 25 – 10 ) sec. = 15 seconds
Distance 5
The average speed of the car = = m/s
Taken time 15
Speed change into km/hr: 5
× 3600
15
Average speed of the car ( in km/hr) =
1000
[ 1 hour = 3600 seconds and
1 km = 1000 m]
5 × 3600
The average speed of car =
15 × 1000
1200
= km/hr = 1.2 km/hr
1000
(ii) Taken time by car furthest from the starting point = 25 seconds
(iii) Covered distance by car after 15 seconds = 15 meter + 4 small division
Given, 2 small division = 1 meter

1
1 small division = meter
2
1
` 4 small divisions = × 4 meter = 2 meter
2
So , covered distance by car after 15 seconds = 15 meter + 2 meter
= 17 meter

Learning Math - 8 Solution

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Mat

! Chandigarh ! Delhi ! Dehradun ! Muzaffarnagar

2. Express the following as a rational number with positive denominator :

= –24 [To make denominator positive]

–209 = –209 ÷ 19 [Dividing both numerator and denominator

= –11 is in standard form.

Clearly, 13 > –12

–90 > –91

Little Wings 5 Learning Maths-[8]

Sol. (i) We have, æç–12æç + æç 2 æç = æç 2 æç + æç–12æç

= æç 2 æç – æç 12 æç = (2×5) – (12×7) ( L.C.M. of 7 and 5 is 35.)

æ –8 3 ö æ –13 ö æ –8æ é 3 æ –13 ö ù

–16 æ–16æ –16

Little Wings 16 Learning Maths-[8]

(iii) æç–13æç + æç11 æç + æç –5 æç + æç 7 æç (iv) æ –6 æ æ –5æ æ – 4æ æ–15æ

Little Wings 26 Learning Maths-[8]

(iv) æç–16 æç × 1 = 1× æç–16 æç = –16 Property of

Little Wings 27 Learning Maths-[8]

Sol. (i) We have, æç 4 æç ¸ æç–5æç (ii) We have, æç–12æç ¸ (–18)

02 . Express each of the following rational number in power notation :

è 7ø è 7 ø è 3ø 7 × 7 × 7 × 3 × 3× 3 ×3× 3 343 × 243

(iv) We have, (–7)

Little Wings 46 Learning Maths-[8]

Sol. (i) We have, æç–2ö÷ ´ æ–2ö

Then according to question.

Little Wings 49 Learning Maths-[8]

3 Squares and Square Roots

Little Wings 51 Learning Maths-[8]

Little Wings 52 Learning Maths-[8]

(5512 –5502) = (551+550) (551–550) [ a2 – b2 = (a+b) (a–b)]

Little Wings 53 Learning Maths-[8]

Little Wings 59 Learning Maths-[8]

Little Wings 64 Learning Maths-[8]

(ii) We have, 150.0625 (iii) We have, 0.053361

(i) 3 = 3.00000000 (ii) 7 = 7.00000000

8. Simplify : 0.2304 + 1764

1024 = 32 and 1225 = 35  625 = 25 = 3 1

 15 = 3.872 and 7 = 2.645  15

Now we find the square roots of 7 and 8.

Little Wings 77 Learning Maths-[8]

4 Cubes and Cube Roots

2. Find the cube root of :

Sol. (i) 134217728

= 2×2×7×13  3 74088000 = 3 23×23×33×53×73

2. Find the cube roots of :

(ii) –5832 2 5832

(iii) –17576 2 17576

(iii) (–125) × (–3375)

Little Wings 94 Learning Maths-[8]

Little Wings 97 Learning Maths-[8]

Note : Follow the steps as above described in (i) and (ii).

9. Find the values of a, b, c, d and e if :

(ii) 8 d 3 2 7 7–a=2 b = 12–8 = 4, c = 2–1 = 1

(iii) 4x – x +1 x + 3 is not a polynomial because it has negative exponent.

(iv) 7x + y 2 – 5xy is not a polynomial because it has also rational root as

Comparing exponents of variable we get

Comparing exponents of variable we get

Arrange the given expression in column, we get

Arrange the given expression in column, we get

(2x – 9x + 8) + (3x – 6x – 5) + (7x – 10x + 1) + (3 + 2x – 5x – 4x )

= (2x + 7x – 4x ) + (–9x + 3x – 5x ) + (–6x – 10x + 2x) + (8 – 5 +1+ 3)

(4x – 7xy + 4y – 3) + (5 + 6y – 8xy + x ) + ( 6 – 2xy + 2x – 5y )

= (4x + x + 2x ) + (4y + 6y – 5y ) + (–7xy – 8xy – 2xy) + (–3+5+6)

= æç 2 æç – æç 12 æç = (2×5) – (12×7) ( L.C.M. of 7 and 5 is 35.)

(5512 –5502) = (551+550) (551–550) [ a2 – b2 = (a+b) (a–b)]

1024 = 32 and 1225 = 35 625 = 25 = 3 1

15 = 3.872 and 7 = 2.645 15

= 2×2×7×13 3 74088000 = 3 23×23×33×53×73