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Mechanics
For

nd
2 Secondary
Science

Mr/Nasser elbehairy
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Unit (1)
(1) The Rectilinear motion
(2) The relative velocity
(3) Rectilinear motion with uniform acceleration
(4)Vertical motion
(5) Newton Universal gravitational force

Unit (2)
The probability
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Rectilinear motion [ Mechanics ]

(1) The scalar quantities: the quantities that determined only by a magnitude
as the time , the distance , the speed , the temperature , the mass , ..............

(2) The vector quantities: the quantities that determined by a magnitude and
a direction , as the velocity , the displacement , the acceleration , ......

(3) The position vector : the position vector of a body

𝐀(x,y)
is the vector that has the origin point as an initial The body
⃑⃑
𝒓
point for it [ the place of the observer ] and has
the position of the body as an end point for it .

It is denoted by 𝒓⃑ = x 𝒊⃑ + y ⃑⃑
𝒋 O

(4)The displacement and the distance :

(i) the distance is a scalar quantity but the displacement is a vector quantity .
(ii)the distance is the actual path from the starting point to the ending point ,
but the displacement is the shortest straight way from the starting point to
the ending point .

Ex.1]If a body moved from point A 3 meters in the east direction

C
then it moved to point C in the North direction
4 meters 4
5m
* the distance covered by the body from starting point A to the N m
ending point C is 3 + 4 = 7 meters .
⃑⃑ of the body from A to the point C is 𝑨𝑪
* the displacement 𝑺 ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ 𝛉
A 3m B
Its magnitude = ‖𝑺 ⃑⃑‖ = ‖𝑨𝑪
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑‖ = 5 meters
Its direction is determined by getting the measure of 𝛉 S

(5) The relation between the position vector and the displacement

Let O is the position of the observer .

A ( 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚 𝟏 )
* the observer observed the motion of the body from a starting
point A ( 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) , to an ending point B ( 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) ⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐫𝐨
𝒓𝒐 = ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
* the position vector of A is ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ 𝑶𝑨 = ( 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) B
( 𝐱 𝟐 , 𝐲𝟐 )
* the position vector of B is 𝒓 ⃑⃑ = ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝑶𝑩 = ( 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) 𝐫⃑
* The displacement 𝑺⃑ = 𝑨𝑩 = 𝒓
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ ⃑⃑ - ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑𝒓𝒐
* the magnitude of 𝑺⃑ = ‖𝑺⃑‖ =√(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐 O
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(6) The Uniform motion : It is the state in which the magnitude and the direction of the velocity are constant ,
means the body covered equal displacements in equal times.
(7) Variable motion : If the motion is not uniform so it is a variable motion , this means the magnitude of the
velocity is not constant and the direction of the velocity is not constant , or one of them only is constant .
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔
(8)The average speed = is denoted as 𝑽𝒂
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
(9) The average Velocity = ⃑⃑⃑⃑𝒂
is denoted as 𝑽
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆

(10) Units of measuring some quantities

The distance Km 𝟑 meter

× 1000 or × 𝟏𝟎→ ×→100 cm
or × 𝟏𝟎𝟐
Cm ÷ 100 or × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 → meter ÷ 1000 or × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 → km .
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The time hr × 60 → minute × 60 → second

second ÷ 60 or × 𝟔𝟎−𝟏 → minute ÷ 60 or × 𝟔𝟎−𝟏 hr

The velocity

𝟏
Ex . 3 ] A car covered a distance 50 km . on a straight road in hr. , then it returned
𝟐
back to cover 30 km . in the opposite direction in 15 minutes ,
Find : (1) The average speed (2) The average velocity .

Sol : Let ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑

𝒆 is the unit direction vector of the motion from A to B .
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(1) the average speed = 𝒆⃑ →
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
∵ total distance = 50 km + 30 km = 80 km . A [Start ]
𝟏
d =50 km , t = 𝟐 hr
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
total time = 𝟐 hr + 𝟒 hr = 𝟒 hr . B
𝟖𝟎 𝟐
∴ the average speed = 𝟑 = 106 𝟑 km / hr. C [ end ] d = 30 km , t =15 minutes
𝟒
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
(2) The average velocity = 15 minutes ÷ 60 = 𝟒 hr .
𝟏
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑𝟏 + ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
∵ total displacement =𝑺 𝑺𝟐 = 50 𝒆
⃑⃑ + [ - 30 𝒆
⃑⃑ ]
= 20 𝒆
⃑⃑
⃑⃑
𝟐𝟎 𝒆 𝟖𝟎
∴ The average velocity = 𝟑 = 𝟑
⃑⃑
𝒆
𝟒
𝟖𝟎
∴ the average velocity is of magnitude 𝟑
km /hr. And in the direction of 𝒆
⃑⃑

Ex 4 ]
A train covered the distance between Cairo and Alexandria on two stages , the first stage from Cairo to Tanta of
distance 105 km. with velocity 105 km/ hr.
the second stage from Tanta to Alex. of distance 120 km , with velocity 90 km/hr.
If the train stopped in Tanta for 10 minutes
Find (1) The average speed of the train during the whole trip .
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(2) The average velocity of the train in the whole trip .

Sol : ⃑⃑ →
𝐞
(1) The average velocity =
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 d = 105 km d = 120 km Alex .
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 Cairo Tanta
𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝟏𝟎𝟓
∵ 𝒕𝟏 [of first stage ] = 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅
=𝟏𝟎𝟓 = 1 hr . V = 105 km/hr. V = 90 km/hr.
𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝟑
∵ 𝒕𝟐 [of second stage ] = 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅
= 𝟗𝟎 = 𝟒
hr .
distance
𝟏
∵ 𝒕𝟑 [of stopping ] == 10 min. ÷ 60 = 𝟔 hr .
Speed time
𝟑 𝟏
∴ total time = 1 + 𝟒 + 𝟔 = 2.5 hr .

⃑⃑⃑⃑ + 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒆
𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝒆 ⃑⃑ ⃑⃑
𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝒆
∴ the average velocity = = = 90 𝒆
⃑⃑
𝟐.𝟓 𝟐.𝟓
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒏𝒄𝒆
(2) The average speed = = 90 km /hr.
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆

Ex 5] A bicycle driver covered a distance 27 km . with velocity 18 km/ hr. then he covered 36 km . with
velocity 12 km /hr. , find the average velocity during the whole trip ,
if (1) the two displacements are in the same direction
(2) the two displacements are in opposite direction
Sol : ⃑⃑ →
𝐞
(1) the two displacements are in the same direction d = 27 km d = 36 km C [end]
A [start ] B
𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝟐𝟕
𝒕𝟏 = = 𝟏𝟖 = 1.5 hr V = 18 km/hr.
𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 V = 12 km/hr.
𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝟑𝟔
𝒕𝟐 = = 𝟏𝟐 = 3hr
𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅
𝟐𝟕 𝒆⃑ + 𝟑𝟔 𝒆⃑ 𝟔𝟑 ⃑𝒆⃑
∴ the average velocity = = = 14𝒆
⃑⃑ distance
𝟏.𝟓 +𝟑 𝟒.𝟓
Then the average velocity is of magnitude
Speed time
14 km / hr . and in the direction of 𝒆
⃑⃑

(2) the two displacements are in the opposite direction ⃑⃑ →

𝐞
𝟐𝟕 𝒆⃑ + [− 𝟑𝟔 𝒆⃑ ] ⃑⃑
−𝟗𝒆 d = 27 km
∴ the average velocity = = =-2𝒆
⃑⃑ A [start ] V = 18 km/hr.
𝟏.𝟓 + 𝟑 𝟒.𝟓
Then the average velocity is of magnitude B
2 km / hr . and in the opposite direction of 𝒆
⃑⃑
C [end ] d = 36 km V = 12 km/hr.

Ex . 6 ] A particle at two moments 3 and 7 seconds from starting motion was at the two positions A ( 5 , 2 ) , B (
9 , 10 ) respectively , find the magnitude and the direction of the average velocity during the this time interval .
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Sol : The average velocity = 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕

𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
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B ( 9 , 10 )
10
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ = ⃑𝑩
⃑⃑ - ⃑𝑨⃑ 9
∵ the displacement =𝑨𝑩
8
= (9 , 10) – ( 5, 2) = ( 4 , 8 ) 7
(𝟒 ,𝟖 ) (𝟒 ,𝟖 ) 6
∴ The average velocity = 𝟕−𝟑
= 𝟒
= 5
4
= (1 , 2 ) 3
∴ The average velocity vector = 1𝒊⃑ + 2𝒋⃑ 2
A ( 5 ,2 )
1
∴ the magnitude = √𝟏𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐 = √𝟓 units 0
-1-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

To determine the direction

∵x=1 ,y=2
𝒚 𝟐
∴ the angle lies in 1st quad. [acute angle = shift tan 𝒙 = shift tan 𝟏 = 63° 26` ]

∴ the vector of the average velocity makes an angle of measure 63° 26` with ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝒐𝑿 .
Ex 7 ] Choose the correct answer :
(1) A car covered a distance 180 km . within 120 minutes , then the average velocity = ...... km / hr.
(a) 90 (b) 1 . 5 (c)180 (d) 25

(2) If a car covered moves with uniform speed 75 km /hr. for 20 minutes ,
then the covered distance equals .......... km . (a) 15 (b) 20 (c) 25 (d) 30

(3)A car covered a distance of 180 km . with velocity magnitude 20 m/ sec. on a straight road , then the
time taken to cover this distance = ...... hr .
(a) 1.5 (b) 2 (c) 2.5 (d)3

(4)If a body moved in a straight line 12 meters towards East , then it returned back 3 meters
towards West , then the happened displacement =............
(a) 9 m East (b)15 m West (c) 9 West (d) 15 East

(5)A person ran 420 m West and then 355 m South .

Find the total distance covered by the person . (a)420 m (b) 775 m (c ) 355 m (d) 65 m
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(6) 45 km /minutes = ........... m/ sec. (a) 750 (b)12 . 5 (c) 162 (d) 0 .75

(7) 18 m/h = ……… mm /min. (a) 400 (b) 100 (c) 1000 (d) 300

(8)

(9)A car moved 425 meters West and then 170 meters North . Find the magnitude
and direction of its displacement , rounding the angle to nearest minute .
(a) 85√𝟐𝟗 meters , 21° 48` north of west
(b) 85√𝟐𝟗 meters , 68° 12` north of west
(c) 85√𝟏𝟎 meters , 21° 48`south of east
(d) 85√𝟏𝟎 meters , 68° 12` north of east
(10)A cyclist covered 10 km . towards East , then he moved afterwards 8 km. in the direction
30° East of South , then the magnitude of the displacement that the cyclist covered = ……… km .
(a) 14 (b) 13 .3 (c) 2√𝟔𝟏 (d) 𝟑√𝟏𝟕

(11) The position vector of a body is given by the relation 𝒓⃑ = ( 𝒕𝟐 − 𝟖 ) ⃑𝒊 + t ⃑𝒋 ,

then the displacement vector 𝑺⃑ = ............

(a) - 8 ⃑𝒊 (b) 𝒕𝟐 ⃑𝒊 + t ⃑𝒋 (c) - 8 ⃑𝒊 + t ⃑𝒋 (d) - 𝒕𝟐 ⃑𝒊 - t ⃑𝒋

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(13)A particle started moving in a straight line . After t seconds , its position relative to a fixed point
⃑⃑ = (𝒕𝟐 – t + 6 ) 𝒏
is given by 𝒓 ⃑⃑ , t ≥ 0 , then the displacement magnitude of the particle during
the first four seconds = …… length unit (a) 12 m (b) 7 m (c ) 36 m (d) 18 m
(14) A bicycle moves with velocity 5 m/sec. towards East for 50 seconds , then it stopped for 15 seconds ,later it
moves with velocity 4 m /sec. towards West for 45 seconds , then the average speed within the whole trip =
………. m/sec.
𝟒𝟑
(a) 5.6 (b) 2.8 (c) (d) 4
𝟏𝟏

(15)

H.W.

[Q 1 ] Choose the correct answer :

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(8)

(9)

(10)
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(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

(15)

(16)

(17)

(18)
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(19)

[Q2] A cyclist moved on a st. road . He covered a distance 54 km . with velocity 18 km/hr .
Then he covered 72 km. with velocity 12 km/hr.
Find the average velocity during the whole trip
if (i) the two displacements are in the same direction
(ii) the two displacements are in opposite direction

[Q3] If a body at two moments 2 and 6 seconds from starting motion was at the two positions
A ( 3 , 5 ) , B ( 7 , 25 ) respectively . Find the average velocity of the body during this interval, then
find the norm and the direction of this average velocity .

[Q4]A particle moves such that its position vector 𝒓

⃑⃑ is given
by the relation 𝒓
⃑⃑ =( 6 t – 3 ) 𝒊⃑ + ( 8 t + 1 ) 𝒋⃑. Find the displacement vector at t = 3 sec.

[Q 5] A cyclist covered 40 km . on a st. road with a velocity of 20 km/ hr. , then he returned back and
covered 15 km . in the opposite direction with velocity of
15 km/hr. Find the average velocity during the whole trip .