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J. Math. Anal. Appl. 512 (2022) 126141

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Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications

www.elsevier.com/locate/jmaa
[ MR4397121. Date: May 1, 2022 Sent to Professor Mark B. Villarino for reviewing purposes only ]

[ MR4397121. Date: May 1, 2022 Sent to Professor Mark B. Villarino for reviewing purposes only ]
Regular Articles

More accurate and strengthened forms of half-discrete Hilbert

inequality
Minghui You
Mathematics Teaching and Research Section, Zhejiang Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,
Hangzhou 310053, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history:
Received 29 September 2021
Available online 10 March 2022
Submitted by M. Laczkovich
Keywords:
Hilbert-type inequality
Half-discrete
Strengthened form
Euler-Maclaurin summation formula
In this work, by introducing a new half-discrete kernel function with parameters,
and using the method of weight coefficient, Euler-Maclaurin summation formula
and some other techniques of real analysis, a more accurate half-discrete Hilbert-
type inequality as well as its strengthened form are established. Additionally, some
equivalent inequalities in Hardy’s form are also considered. Furthermore, it is proved
that the constant factors in the newly obtained inequalities are the best possible. At
last, by taking some special values of parameters and using the numerical calculation
function of Matlab, some special cases are presented at the end of the paper.
© 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

Throughout this paper, we assume that p, q satisfy p > 1 and p1 + 1q = 1, except where specifically noted.
∞
Consider two sequences of positive real numbers: {am }∞ and {bn }∞ . If m=1 am < ∞, and
2
∞ 2 m=1 n=1
n=1 bn < ∞, then

∞  ∞
 ∞
 12  ∞
 12
 am bn  
<π a2m b2n , (1.1)
n=1 m=1
m +n m=1 n=1

where the constant factor π is the best possible. Inequality (1.1) was first proposed by German mathemati-
cian Hilbert in 1908, and is usually called Hilbert’s double series inequality [3]. In 1911, Schur proved the
∞ ∞
integral analogue of (1.1): If f (x), g(y) > 0, 0 f 2 (x)dx < ∞, and 0 g 2 (y)dy < ∞, then
⎛∞ ⎞ 12 ⎛ ∞ ⎞ 12
∞ ∞  
f (x)g(y)
dxdy < π ⎝ f 2 (x)dx⎠ ⎝ g 2 (y)dy ⎠ , (1.2)
x+y
0 0 0 0

E-mail address: youminghui@zime.edu.cn.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmaa.2022.126141
0022-247X/© 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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2 M. You / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 512 (2022) 126141

where the constant factor π is the best possible. In 1925, Hardy and Riesz extended (1.1) to the following
form with a pair of conjugate parameters:

∞  ∞
 ∞
 p1  ∞
 q1
 am bn π  
< apm bqn , (1.3)
m+n sin πp
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n=1 m=1 m=1 n=1

where the constant factor sinπ π is the best possible. Inequality (1.3) is usually named as Hilbert-type
p
inequality. By introducing parameters and the method of weight coefficient, quite a lot of generalizations
of (1.3) were established in the past several decades [6,9,18,20,24,28,29]. In the meantime, some extensions
of (1.2) were also established (see [9,16,17,19,20,31]). Additionally, the Strengthened Forms of (1.3) were
studied by researchers and some new results were proved, such as the following one which was established
by Gao and Yang [2] in 1998, that is,

∞  ∞
 ∞   p1
 am bn  π 1 − γ0
< π − 1 apm
n=1 m=1
m + n m=1
sin p m p

∞   q1
 π 1 − γ0
× π − 1 bqn , (1.4)
n=1
sin p n q

where γ0 = 0.5772156+ is the Euler–Mascheroni constant. Regarding some other strengthened forms of
(1.3), we refer to [20,23,25]. Furthermore, by introducing new kernel functions, and considering refinement
of coefficient, high dimensional extension, and reverse form, a great many of new integral and discrete
Hilbert-type inequalities were also established since 20 years ago [4,7–10,12–14,20,30,32].
Besides the discrete and integral forms, Hilbert-type inequalities also appear in half-discrete form (see
[1,5,11,21,22,26,27]). In what follows, we will present some inequalities closely related to our research in this
paper, such as the following one established by Yang [21]:
⎛∞ ⎞ p1   q1
∞ ∞  ∞

an π ⎝
f (x) dx < π f p (x)dx⎠ aqn , (1.5)
n=1
n + x sin p n=1
0 0

π
where sin π is the best possible.
p
Furthermore, Rassias et al. [11] proved that (1.5) still holds if we replace the integral interval [0, ∞) by
[1, ∞). Moreover, Rassias et al. [11] also obtained a strengthened Hilbert-type inequality with γ1 + γ2 = 1,
that is,
⎡ ⎤ p1
∞ ∞   ∞
an π ln 2
f (x) dx < ⎣ − γ2 f p (x)xp(1−γ1 )−1 dx⎦
n=1
n + x sin(γ 1 π) n
1 1
 
∞
q1
π 1 − γ0
× − nq(1−γ2 )−1 aqn . (1.6)
sin(γ1 π) nγ1 n=1

In this work, it will be proved that (1.5) holds true if the integral interval [0, ∞) is replaced by [a, ∞) (0 ≤
a ≤ 1). In addition, we will establish the following more accurate form of (1.5):
⎛∞ ⎞ p1   q1
∞ ∞
  ∞

an π ⎝
f (x) dx < π f p (x)dx⎠ aqn , (1.7)
n=0
x + n + b sin p n=0
a a
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M. You / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 512 (2022) 126141 3

√
where 0 ≤ a ≤ 1 and b ≥ 4p1
+ 12p−3
12p .
Furthermore, strengthened forms of (1.7) are also considered in this work. For more general results, we can
refer to Theorem 3.1 in Section 3, and detailed definitions and lemmas will be presented in section 2.

2. Some lemmas
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Definition 2.1. [15] Let u, v > 0. Beta function is defined as follows:

∞
z u−1
B(u, v) := dz = B(v, u).
(1 + z)u+v
0

Lemma 2.2. Let a ≥ 0, b > 0, n ∈ N. Let β, λ, γ, γ1 , γ2 > 0, and γ1 + γ2 = γ. Define

1
K(x, y) :=  γ , x > 0, y ≥ 0, (2.1)
β λ
(x + a) + (y + b)

and

u/v
γ1 z γ1 −1
θ (u, v) := v dz, u > 0, v > 0. (2.2)
(1 + z)γ
0

Then
∞   
1 θ aβ , bλ
ω(n) := K(x, n)(x + a)βγ1 −1 dx ≤ λγ2
B(γ1 , γ2 ) − λγ1
. (2.3)
β (n + b) (n + b)
0

(x+a)β
Proof. Setting (n+b)λ
= z, we have

∞ ∞
βγ1 −1 1 z γ1 −1
K(x, n)(x + a) dx = λγ2
dz, (2.4)
β (n + b) (1 + z)γ
0 aβ
(n+b)λ

and

aβ
∞ γ1 −1 ∞ γ1 −1 
(n+b)λ
z z z γ1 −1
dz = dz − dz
(1 + z)γ (1 + z)γ (1 + z)γ
aβ 0 0
(n+b)λ

  −λγ1
= B(γ1 , γ2 ) − θ aβ , (n + b)λ (n + b) . (2.5)

Since γ1 + γ2 = γ, we get
⎡ ⎤
u/v γ1 −1 γ1 γ2
∂θ ⎢ z u v ⎥
= v γ1 −1 ⎣γ1 γ
dz − γ ⎦ := v
γ1 −1
φ(u, v). (2.6)
∂v (1 + z) (u + v)
0

In view of
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4 M. You / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 512 (2022) 126141

∂φ γ1 uγ1 v γ2 −1 γ2 uγ1 v γ2 −1 γuγ1 v γ2 γuγ1 +1 v γ2 −1

=− γ − γ + γ+1 = − γ+1 < 0, (2.7)
∂v (u + v) (u + v) (u + v) (u + v)

and φ(u, ∞) = 0, we get φ(u, v) > 0. By (2.6), we obtain ∂θ

∂v > 0. Therefore, for arbitrary u > 0 and v ≥ bλ ,
we get
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θ (u, v) ≥ θ u, bλ , (2.8)

which implies
   
θ aβ , (n + b)λ ≥ θ aβ , bλ , n ∈ N. (2.9)

By (2.4), (2.5) and (2.9), we arrive at (2.3). 

∞
Lemma 2.3. [2,20] Let h(4) (x) ∈ C[0, ∞), 0
h(x)dx < ∞, (−1)m h(m) (x) > 0, and h(m) (∞) = 0
(m ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}). Then

∞
 ∞
1 1
h(n) < h(x)dx + h(0) − h (0).
n=0
2 12
0

Lemma 2.4. Let γ, γ1 , γ2 > 0 and γ1 + γ2 = γ. Let 0 ≤ a ≤ 1,

√   
3 √ 
b≥ max 2λ γ2 (γ2 + 1), 3λγ2 + λγ2 (4 − λγ2 ) ,
12

0 < β, 0 < λ ≤ 1 and λγ2 < 1. Then

∞
 1

(x) := K(x, n)(n + b)λγ2 −1 < βγ1
B(γ1 , γ2 ). (2.10)
n=0 λ (x + a)

Proof. Let

G(y) = K(x, y)(y + b)λγ2 −1 := K(x, y)g(y).

In view of 0 < λ ≤ 1 and γ > 0, we get

∂mK
(−1)m > 0, m ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.
∂y m

Since λγ2 < 1, it follows that

dm g
(−1)m > 0, m ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.
dy m

Therefore, by Leibniz’s formula, we get

dm G  k m m−k
k ∂ K d g
(−1)m m
= (−1)m Cm > 0, m ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}. (2.11)
dy ∂y dy m−k
k
k=0

By the use of Lemma 2.3, we obtain

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M. You / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 512 (2022) 126141 5

∞
 ∞
1 1

(x) = G(n) < G(z)dz + G(0) − G (0)
n=0
2 12
0

∞
bλγ2 −2 (1 − λγ2 + 6b) γλbλγ2 +λ−2
= G(z)dz +  γ +  γ+1 . (2.12)
β β
12 (x + a) + bλ
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0 12 (x + a) + bλ

(z+b)λ
Setting (x+a)β
= u, and observing that γ1 + γ2 = γ, it follows that

∞ ∞ λγ −1
(z + b) 2
G(z)dz =  γ dz
β λ
0 0
(x + a) + (z + b)
∞
1 uγ2 −1
= βγ1
du
λ (x + a) (1 + u)γ
bλ
(x+a)β

⎡ bλ
⎤
∞ γ2 −1  β γ2 −1
(x+a)
1 ⎢ u du u du ⎥
⎢ ⎥
=
λ (x + a)
βγ1 ⎣ (1 + u)γ − (1 + u)γ ⎦
0 0

⎡ bλ
⎤

(x+a)β
1 ⎢ uγ2 −1 ⎥
= ⎢B(γ1 , γ2 ) − du⎥
λ (x + a)
βγ1 ⎣ (1 + u) γ ⎦. (2.13)
0

By using the partial integration formula twice, we have

bλ bλ

(x+a)β 
(x+a)β
uγ2 −1 du 1 bλγ2 (x + a)βγ1 γ uγ2 du
=   +
(1 + u)γ γ2 (x + a)β + bλ γ γ2 (1 + u)γ+1
0 0

1 bλγ2 (x + a)βγ1 γ bλγ2 +λ (x + a)βγ1

>  γ +  γ+1 . (2.14)
γ2 (x + a)β + bλ γ2 (γ2 + 1) β
(x + a) + bλ

Applying (2.14) to (2.13), we obtain

∞
1
G(z)dz < βγ1
B(γ1 , γ2 )
λ (x + a)
0

1 bλγ2 γ bλγ2 +λ
−   −  γ+1 . (2.15)
λγ2 (x + a)β + bλ γ λγ2 (γ2 + 1) β
(x + a) + bλ

Plugging (2.15) back into (2.12), it follows that

 
1 γbλγ2 +λ−2 12b2 − λ2 γ2 (γ2 + 1)

(x) < βγ
B(γ1 , γ2 ) −  γ+1
λ (x + a) 1 β
12λγ2 (γ2 + 1) (x + a) + bλ
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6 M. You / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 512 (2022) 126141

bλγ2 −2  
−  γ 12b2 − 6λγ2 b + (λγ2 )2 − λγ2 . (2.16)
β
12λγ2 (x + a) + bλ

Owing to
√   
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3 √ 
b≥ max 2λ γ2 (γ2 + 1), 3λγ2 + λγ2 (4 − λγ2 ) ,
12
we get
 √  
12b2 − λ2 γ2 (γ2 + 1) = 2 3b + λ γ2 (γ2 + 1)
 √  
× 2 3b − λ γ2 (γ2 + 1) ≥ 0, (2.17)

and
1 √ √  
12b2 − 6λγ2 b + (λγ2 )2 − λγ2 = 4 3b − 3λγ2 + λγ2 (4 − λγ2 )
4
 √ √  
× 4 3b − 3λγ2 − λγ2 (4 − λγ2 ) ≥ 0. (2.18)

Applying (2.17) and (2.18) to (2.16), we obtain (2.10). Lemma 2.4 is proved. 

Lemma 2.5. Let γ, γ1 , γ2 > 0 and γ1 + γ2 = γ. Let 0 ≤ a ≤ 1,

√   
3 √ 
b≥ max 2λ γ2 (γ2 + 1), 3λγ2 + λγ2 (4 − λγ2 ) ,
12

0 < β, 0 < λ ≤ 1 and λγ2 ≤ 1. K(x, y) is defined via (2.1). For an arbitrary natural number s which is
sufficiently large, set
 ∞
∞
an }n=0 := (n + b)λγ2 −1− qs
λ

a := { , (2.19)
n=0

and

(x + a)βγ1 −1− ps
β
x ∈ [1 − a, ∞)
f(x) := . (2.20)
0 x ∈ [0, 1 − a)

Then

∞
 ∞ ∞ ∞

J : = 
an K(x, n)f(x)dx = f(x) 
an K(x, n)dx
n=0 1−a 1−a n=0
 
s 1 1
> B γ 2 − , γ1 + + O (1) . (2.21)
βλ qs qs

Proof. Since λγ2 ≤ 1, and s is sufficiently large, we obtain

∞ ∞
(y + b)λγ2 −1− qs
λ
β
βγ1 −1− ps
J˜ > (x + a)  γ dydx. (2.22)
β λ
1−a 0
(x + a) + (y + b)
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M. You / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 512 (2022) 126141 7

(y+b)λ
Setting (x+a)β
= z in (2.22), in view of γ1 + γ2 = γ, we get

∞ ∞
z γ2 −1− qs
1
1 −1− β
J˜ > (x + a) s dzdx
λ (1 + z)γ
1−a bλ
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(x+a)β
⎡ ⎤
bλ
∞ ∞  xβ
β ⎢ z γ2 −1− qs z γ2 −1− qs ⎥
1 1
1
= x−1− s ⎢
⎣ dz − dz ⎥ dx
λ (1 + z)γ (1 + z)γ ⎦
1 0 0

bλ
  ∞ xβ
z γ2 −1− qs
1
s 1 1 1 −1− β
= B γ 2 − , γ1 + − x s dzdx. (2.23)
βλ qs qs λ (1 + z)γ
1 0

Furthermore, it can be proved that

bλ bλ
∞ xβ γ2 −1− qs
1 ∞ xβ
z
z γ2 −1− qs dzdx
β β
x−1− s x−1− s
1
0< dzdx <
(1 + z)γ
1 0 1 0
λγ2 − qs
λ
b
= 1 . (2.24)
β(γ2 − qs
1
)(γ2 + ps )

Applying (2.24) to (2.23), we get (2.21). Lemma 2.5 is proved. 

3. Main results

Theorem 3.1. Let γ, γ1 , γ2 > 0 and γ1 + γ2 = γ. Let 0 ≤ a ≤ 1,

√   
3 √ 
b≥ max 2λ γ2 (γ2 + 1), 3λγ2 + λγ2 (4 − λγ2 ) , (3.1)
12
0 < β, 0 < λ ≤ 1 and λγ2 ≤ 1. K(x, y) and θ (u, v) are defined via (2.1) and (2.2), respectively. Let f (x),
∞ ∞
an > 0 with 0 f p (x)(x + a)p(1−βγ1 )−1 dx < ∞ and n=0 (n + b)q(1−λγ2 )−1 aqn < ∞. Then
⎛∞ ⎞p
∞
 
(n + b)pλγ2 −1 ⎝ K(x, n)f (x)dx⎠
L1 : =  p−1
θ(aβ ,bλ )
n=0 β −1 B(γ1 , γ2 ) − β(n+b)λγ1 0

∞
< λ−1 B(γ1 , γ2 ) f p (x)(x + a)p(1−βγ1 )−1 dx, (3.2)
0
∞  ∞
q
(x + a)qβγ1 −1 
L2 : = q−1 K(x, n)an dx
[λ−1 B(γ1 , γ2 )] n=0
0
∞
  β λ
 θ a ,b
< β −1 B(γ1 , γ2 ) − λγ1
aqn (n + b)q(1−λγ2 )−1 , (3.3)
n=0 β (n + b)
∞
 ∞ ∞ ∞

J := an K(x, n)f (x)dx = f (x) K(x, n)an dx
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8 M. You / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 512 (2022) 126141

⎡ ⎤ p1
∞
< ⎣λ−1 B(γ1 , γ2 ) f p (x)(x + a)p(1−βγ1 )−1 dx⎦
0

∞
   ! q1
 θ aβ , bλ
−1
× β B(γ1 , γ2 ) − λγ1
aqn (n + b) q(1−λγ2 )−1
, (3.4)
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[ MR4397121. Date: May 1, 2022 Sent to Professor Mark B. Villarino for reviewing purposes only ]
n=0 β (n + b)

where the constants β −1 B(γ1 , γ2 ) and λ−1 B(γ1 , γ2 ) in (3.2), (3.3), and (3.4) are the best possible.

Proof. By Hölder’s inequality and (2.3), we have

⎛ ⎞p
∞
⎝ K(x, n)f (x)dx⎠
0
⎧∞ ⎫p
⎨  1−βγ1
 βγ1 −1
⎬
= K(x, n) (x + a) q f (x) (x + a) q dx
⎩ ⎭
0
⎡∞ ⎤p−1
∞ 
f p (x)dx ⎣ K(x, n)(x + a)βγ1 −1 dx⎦
p(1−βγ1 )
≤ K(x, n)(x + a) q

0 0
∞
p(1−βγ1 )
p−1
= [ω(n)] K(x, n)(x + a) q f p (x)dx
0
   !p−1 ∞
1 θ aβ , bλ p(1−βγ1 )
≤ λγ2
B(γ1 , γ2 ) − λγ1
K(x, n)x q f p (x)dx. (3.5)
β (n + b) (n + b)
0

Therefore, applying (3.5) to the left hand side of (3.2), and using Lebesgue term-by-term integration theorem
as well as inequality (2.10), we obtain

∞ ∞

p(1−βγ1 )
L1 < f p (x)(x + a) q K(x, n)(n + b)λγ2 −1 dx
0 n=0

∞
< λ−1 B(γ1 , γ2 ) f p (x)(x + a)p(1−βγ1 )−1 dx.
0

Inequality (3.2) is proved. Similarly, by Hölder’s inequality and (2.10), we have

 ∞
q

K(x, n)an
n=0
!
∞
 λγ2 −1
 1−λγ2
 q
= K(x, n)(n + b) p (n + b) p an
n=0
∞
 q(1−λγ2 )
q−1
≤ [
(x)] K(x, n)(n + b) p aqn
n=0
 q−1 ∞
1  q(1−λγ2 )
< βγ1
B(γ1 , γ2 ) K(x, n)(n + b) p aqn . (3.6)
λ (x + a) n=0
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M. You / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 512 (2022) 126141 9

Therefore, by Lebesgue term-by-term integration theorem again and (2.3), we get

∞
 ∞
q(1−λγ2 )
L2 < n p aqn K(x, n)(x + a)βγ1 −1 dx
n=0 0
  
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∞

−1 θ aβ , bλ
< β B(γ1 , γ2 ) − λγ1
aqn (n + b)q(1−λγ2 )−1 .
n=0 β (n + b)

Inequality (3.3) is proved. Furthermore, by Lebesgue term-by-term integration theorem, we get two repre-
sentations of J. It follows from Hölder’s inequality that

∞
 ∞
(n + b)λγ2 − p
1

J=   q1 K(x, n)f (x)dx

θ(aβ ,bλ )
n=1 β −1 B(γ1 , γ2 ) − β(n+b)λγ1 0

   q1
θ aβ , bλ
−1
an (n + b)−λγ2 + p
1
× β B(γ1 , γ2 ) − λγ1
β (n + b)
∞
   ! q1
1  θ aβ , bλ
−1
≤ L1 p
β B(γ1 , γ2 ) − λγ1
aqn (n + b) q(1−λγ2 )−1
. (3.7)
n=0 β (n + b)

Applying (3.2) to (3.7), we obtain (3.4). On the other hand, it will be proved that (3.2) holds true if (3.4)
is valid. In fact, let
⎛∞ ⎞p−1
pλγ2 −1 
(n + b) ⎝ K(x, n)f (x)dx⎠
bn :=  p−1 .
θ(aβ ,bλ )
β −1 B(γ1 , γ2 ) − β(n+b)λγ1 0

By (3.4), we have

∞
 ∞
L1 = bn K(x, n)f (x)dx
n=0 0
⎡ ⎤ p1
∞
< ⎣λ−1 B(γ1 , γ2 ) f p (x)(x + a)p(1−βγ1 )−1 dx⎦
0

∞
   ! q1
 θ aβ , bλ
−1
× β B(γ1 , γ2 ) − λγ1
bqn (n + b) q(1−λγ2 )−1

n=0 β (n + b)
⎡ ⎤ p1
∞ 1
= ⎣λ−1 B(γ1 , γ2 ) f p (x)(x + a)p(1−βγ1 )−1 dx⎦ L1q . (3.8)
0

It follows from (3.8) that (3.2) holds true, and therefore (3.2) and (3.4) are equivalent. In order to prove
the equivalence of (3.2), (3.3) and (3.4), it suffices to prove (3.3) and (3.4) are equivalent.
If (3.3) holds, then
⎡⎛  1 ⎞ ⎤
∞ −1 βγ1 − q1 ∞

λ B(γ1 , γ2 ) p (x + a)
J= ⎣⎝ f (x)⎠ K(x, n)an ⎦ dx
βγ1 − q1 1
(x + a) (λ−1 B(γ1 , γ2 )) p n=0
0 [Review Copy Only]
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10 M. You / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 512 (2022) 126141

⎡ ⎤ p1
1
∞
≤ L2 ⎣λ−1 B(γ1 , γ2 )
q
f p (x)(x + a)p(1−βγ1 )−1 dx⎦ . (3.9)
0

Applying (3.3) to (3.9), we get (3.4). Conversely, if we assume (3.4) holds, then (3.3) can be proved. In fact,
[ MR4397121. Date: May 1, 2022 Sent to Professor Mark B. Villarino for reviewing purposes only ]

[ MR4397121. Date: May 1, 2022 Sent to Professor Mark B. Villarino for reviewing purposes only ]
let
 ∞
q−1
(x + a)qβγ1 −1 
F (x) := q−1 K(x, n)an .
[λ−1 B(γ1 , γ2 )] n=0

By the use of (3.4), we have

∞ ∞

L2 = F (x) K(x, n)an dx
0 n=0

⎡ ⎤ p1
∞
< ⎣λ−1 B(γ1 , γ2 ) F p (x)(x + a)p(1−βγ1 )−1 dx⎦
0

∞
   ! q1
 θ aβ , bλ
× β −1 B(γ1 , γ2 ) − λγ1
(n + b)q(1−λγ2 )−1 aqn
n=0 β (n + b)
∞
   ! q1
 θ aβ , bλ 1
= β −1 B(γ1 , γ2 ) − λγ1
(n + b)q(1−λγ2 )−1 aqn L2p . (3.10)
n=0 β (n + b)

It follows therefore that (3.3) holds true. From the above discussions, inequalities (3.2), (3.3) and (3.4) are
equivalent.
Eventually, it will be proved that the constants β −1 B(γ1 , γ2 ) and λ−1 B(γ1 , γ2 ) in (3.2), (3.3) and (3.4)
are the best possible. Assume there exist two constants

c1 ≤ β −1 B(γ1 , γ2 ), c2 ≤ λ−1 B(γ1 , γ2 ),

such that (3.4) holds when replacing β −1 B(γ1 , γ2 ) and λ−1 B(γ1 , γ2 ) with c1 and c2 respectively, that is,

∞
 ∞ ∞ ∞

an K(x, n)f (x)dx = f (x) K(x, n)an dx
n=0 0 0 n=0

⎧ ⎫ p1
⎨ ∞ ⎬
< c2 f p (x)(x + a)p(1−βγ1 )−1 dx
⎩ ⎭
0

∞
   ! q1
 θ aβ , bλ
× c1 − λγ1
aqn (n + b) q(1−λγ2 )−1
. (3.11)
n=0 β (n + b)

Obviously, (3.11) implies

∞
 ∞ ∞ ∞

an K(x, n)f (x)dx = f (x) K(x, n)an dx
n=0 0 [Review n=0
0 Copy Only]
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M. You / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 512 (2022) 126141 11

⎡∞ ⎤ p1  q1
1
1
∞

< c2 c1 ⎣ f (x)(x + a)
p qp p(1−βγ1 )−1
dx⎦ q
an (n + b)q(1−λγ2 )−1
. (3.12)
0 n=0

an and f(x) defined in Lemma 2.5 respectively, and using (2.21), we get
Replacing an and f (x) in (3.12) by 
[ MR4397121. Date: May 1, 2022 Sent to Professor Mark B. Villarino for reviewing purposes only ]

[ MR4397121. Date: May 1, 2022 Sent to Professor Mark B. Villarino for reviewing purposes only ]
 
s 1 1
B γ 2 − , γ1 + + O (1)
βλ qs qs
⎡ ∞ ⎤ p1  q1
1 1
 ∞

< c2p c1q ⎣ (x + a)− s −1 dx⎦
β
(n + b)− s −1
λ

1−a n=0

  p1  ∞
q1
1
s 1
b− s −1 + (n + b)− s −1
p q λ λ
= c2 c1
β n=1
⎡ ⎤ q1
  p1 ∞
1
p s 1
q ⎣b− λs −1 + (z + b)− λs −1 dz ⎦
< c2 c1
β
0
  p1 (
1 1
s s λ ) q1
b− s −1 + b− s
p q λ
= c2 c1 . (3.13)
β λ

It follows from (3.13) that

    p1  − λ −1  q1
1 1 1 1 1
1 b s 1 −λ
B γ 2 − , γ1 + p q
+ o (1) < c2 c1 + b s . (3.14)
βλ qs qs β s λ

Let s → +∞ in (3.14), we get

1 1
β − q λ− p B (γ1 , γ2 ) ≤ c2p c1q .
1 1
(3.15)

Observing that c1 ≤ β −1 B(γ1 , γ2 ) and c2 ≤ λ−1 B(γ1 , γ2 ), we obtain c1 = β −1 B(γ1 , γ2 ) and c2 =

λ−1 B(γ1 , γ2 ). Therefore, the constants β −1 B(γ1 , γ2 ) and λ−1 B(γ1 , γ2 ) in (3.4) are the best possible. From
the equivalence of (3.2), (3.3) and (3.4), the constants β −1 B(γ1 , γ2 ) and λ−1 B(γ1 , γ2 ) in (3.2) and (3.3) are
obviously the best possible. Theorem 3.1 is proved. 

Remark 3.2. It should be pointed out that (3.2), (3.3) and (3.4) are still valid if we extend the range of a to
a ∈ R+ . However, the constants β −1 B(γ1 , γ2 ) and λ−1 B(γ1 , γ2 ) can not be proved to be the best possible.

Remark 3.3. Inequalities (3.2), (3.3) and (3.4) imply the following three inequalities:
⎛∞ ⎞p
∞
 
(n + b)pλγ2 −1 ⎝ K(x, n)f (x)dx⎠
n=0 0

 p ∞
− q1 −p
1
< β λ B(γ1 , γ2 ) f p (x)(x + a)p(1−βγ1 )−1 dx, (3.16)
0
∞
xqβγ1 −1 [K(x, n)an ] dx
q

0 [Review Copy Only]

 [Review Copy Only]

12 M. You / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 512 (2022) 126141

 1 q 
∞
< β − q λ− p B(γ1 , γ2 )
1
(n + b)q(1−λγ2 )−1 aqn , (3.17)
n=0

∞ ∞

K(x, n)an dx < β − q λ− p B(γ1 , γ2 )
1 1
f (x)
n=0
[ MR4397121. Date: May 1, 2022 Sent to Professor Mark B. Villarino for reviewing purposes only ]

[ MR4397121. Date: May 1, 2022 Sent to Professor Mark B. Villarino for reviewing purposes only ]
0
⎡ ⎤ p1  q1
∞ ∞

×⎣ p
f (x)(x + a)p(1−βγ1 )−1
dx⎦ (n + b)q(1−λγ2 )−1 q
an , (3.18)
0 n=0

where the constant β − q λ− p B(γ1 , γ2 ) in (3.16), (3.17) and (3.18) is the best possible.
1 1

Let β = λ = b = 1 in (3.18), then 0 < γ2 ≤ 1, and (3.1) holds obviously. It follows therefore that

⎛∞ ⎞ p1
∞ ∞
 
an
f (x) γ
dx < B (γ1 , γ2 ) ⎝ f p (x)xp(1−γ1 )−1 dx⎠
n=1
(n + x)
a a
 ∞
 q1

× nq(1−γ2 )−1 aqn , (3.19)
n=1

( )
where 0 ≤ a ≤ 1, 0 < γ2 ≤ 1 and γ1 +γ2 = γ. Setting a = 0, γ1 = 1q , and γ2 = p1 , in view of B 1 1
p, q = π
sin π ,
p
we arrive at (1.5). √
12p−3
Furthermore, let β = λ = 1, γ1 = 1q , γ2 = 1
p in (3.18), then (3.1) reduces to b ≥ 1
4p + 12p , and we get
(1.7).

4. Some corollaries

Let a = b = 1, γ1 = γ2 = 12 , and β = λ in Theorem 3.1. It can be proved that (3.1) holds true for b = 1,
γ2 = 12 and 0 < λ ≤ 1. Additionally, it follows from (2.2) that

1  ∞ 1 ∞

  z− 2
1
1 (−1)k π
θ aβ , bλ = dz = (−1)k z k− 2 dz = 2 = . (4.1)
1+z 2k + 1 2
0 k=0 0 k=0

Therefore, we get the following corollary.

∞ ∞
Corollary 4.1. Let 0 < β ≤ 1. Let f (x), an > 0 with 1
f p (x)xp(1−β/2)−1 dx < ∞ and n=1 nq(1−β/2)−1 aqn <
∞. Then
⎛∞ ⎞p
∞
   p ∞
npβ/2−1 ⎝ f (x) ⎠ π
 p−1 β β
dx < f p (x)xp(1−β/2)−1 dx, (4.2)
n=1 1 − 12 n−β/2 n +x β
1 1

∞ ∞ q  q ∞  
 an π 1 −β/2
xqβ/2−1 β + xβ
dx < 1− n nq(1−β/2)−1 aqn , (4.3)
n=1
n β n=1
2
1

∞
 ∞ ∞ ∞

f (x) an
an dx = f (x) dx
n=1
nβ + xβ n=1
nβ + xβ
1 1 [Review Copy Only]
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M. You / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 512 (2022) 126141 13

⎛∞ ⎞ p1  q1
 ∞  
π⎝ 1
< p
f (x)x p(1−β/2)−1
dx⎠ 1− n−β/2
nq(1−β/2)−1 q
an , (4.4)
β n=1
2
1

π
where the constant β in (4.2), (4.3) and (4.4) is the best possible.
[ MR4397121. Date: May 1, 2022 Sent to Professor Mark B. Villarino for reviewing purposes only ]

[ MR4397121. Date: May 1, 2022 Sent to Professor Mark B. Villarino for reviewing purposes only ]
Let a = b = 1, γ1 = 16 , γ2 = 56 , and β = λ in Theorem 3.1. It follows that (3.1) still holds true. By the
numerical calculation function of Matlab, we get

1
 β λ
 z− 6
5

θ a ,b = dz = 5.4226306+ := θ0 .
1+z
0

Therefore, we obtain the following corollary.

∞ ∞
Corollary 4.2. Let 0 < β ≤ 1. Let f (x), an > 0 with 1
f p (x)xp(1−β/6)−1 dx < ∞ and n=1 nq(1−5β/6)−1 aqn
< ∞. Then
⎛∞ ⎞p
∞
 5pβ/6−1   p ∞
n ⎝ f (x) 2π
  dx⎠ < f p (x)xp(1−β/6)−1 dx, (4.5)
θ0 −β/6 p−1 nβ + xβ β
n=1 1− 2π n 1 1
∞ ∞ q  ∞ 
q  
 an 2π θ0 −β/6
xqβ/6−1 dx < 1− n nq(1−5β/6)−1 aqn , (4.6)
n=1
n + xβ
β β n=1
2π
1

∞
 ∞ ∞ ∞

f (x) an
an dx = f (x) dx
n=1
nβ + xβ n=1
nβ + xβ
1 1
⎛∞ ⎞ p1  q1
 ∞  
2π ⎝ θ
f p (x)xp(1−β/6)−1 dx⎠ n−β/6 nq(1−5β/6)−1 aqn ,
0
< 1− (4.7)
β n=1
2π
1

2π
where the constant β in (4.5), (4.6) and (4.7) is the best possible.

Let β = λ = 1, γ1 = 1q , γ2 = 1
p in Theorem 3.1, then

b/a
  z− p
1
1
β λ
θ a ,b =b q dz := δp (a, b),
1+z
0

and therefore Theorem 3.1 reduces to the following corollary.

Corollary 4.3. Let 0 ≤ a ≤ 1,

√
1 12p − 3
b≥ + .
4p 12p
∞ ∞
Let f (x), an > 0 with a
f p (x)dx < ∞, and n=0 aqn < ∞. Then

∞
 1−p ⎛∞ ⎞p
∞
 π δp (a, b) f (x) π
− ⎝ dx ⎠ < f p (x)dx, (4.8)
n=0
sin πp (n + b)
1
q x + n + b sin π
p
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a Copy Only] a
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14 M. You / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 512 (2022) 126141

∞  
∞
q  q−1 ∞


an π π δp (a, b)
dx < − aqn , (4.9)
n=0
x + n+b sin πp n=0
sin πp (n + b) q
1

∞
 ∞ ∞ ∞

f (x) an
an dx = f (x) dx
x+n+b x+n+b
[ MR4397121. Date: May 1, 2022 Sent to Professor Mark B. Villarino for reviewing purposes only ]

[ MR4397121. Date: May 1, 2022 Sent to Professor Mark B. Villarino for reviewing purposes only ]
n=0 a a n=0

⎛ ⎞ p1  ! q1
∞ ∞

π π δp (a, b)
<⎝ f (x)dx⎠
p
− aqn , (4.10)
sin πp n=0
sin πp (n + b) q
1

π
where the constant sin π in (4.8), (4.9) and (4.10) is the best possible.
p

Inequality (4.10) is a strengthened form of (1.7). Setting p = q = 2, and a = b in (4.10), by (4.1), we have

⎛∞ ⎞ 12   *  12
∞ ∞
  ∞
an 1 b
f (x) dx < π ⎝ f (x)dx⎠
2
1− a2n .
n=0
x + n + b n=0
2 n + b
b b

Let λ = β = b = 1 in Theorem 3.1, then 0 < γ2 ≤ 1, and (3.1) holds true obviously. Write

a
  z γ1 −1
θ aβ , bλ = dz := κa (γ1 , γ2 ),
(1 + z)γ
0

and then Theorem 3.1 is transformed into the following corollary.

Corollary 4.4. Let γ, γ1 , γ2 > 0, γ2 ≤ 1, γ1 + γ2 = γ, and 0 ≤ a ≤ 1. Let f (x), an > 0 be such that
∞ p ∞
a
f (x)xp(1−γ1 )−1 dx < ∞, and n=1 aqn nq(1−γ2 )−1 < ∞. Then
⎛∞ ⎞p
∞
 pγ2 −1 
n ⎝ f (x)
p−1 dx⎠
n=1 [B(γ1 , γ2 ) − κa (γ1 , γ2 )n−γ1 ] (x + n)γ
a
∞
< B(γ1 , γ2 ) f p (x)xp(1−γ1 )−1 dx, (4.11)
a
∞  ∞
q
xqγ1 −1  an
q−1 dx
[B(γ1 , γ2 )] n=1
(x + n)γ
a
∞
  
< B(γ1 , γ2 ) − κa (γ1 , γ2 )n−γ1 aqn nq(1−γ2 )−1 , (4.12)
n=1
⎛ ⎞ p1
∞ ∞
 ∞
an
f (x) dx < ⎝B(γ1 , γ2 ) f p (x)xp(1−γ1 )−1 dx⎠
n=1
(x + n)γ
a a

∞
! q1
  
× B(γ1 , γ2 ) − κa (γ1 , γ2 )n−γ1 aqn nq(1−γ2 )−1 , (4.13)
n=1

where the constant B(γ1 , γ2 ) in (4.11), (4.12) and (4.13) is the best possible.
[Review Copy Only]
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M. You / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 512 (2022) 126141 15

1
Setting γ1 = γ2 = a = 2 in Corollary 4.4, by the use of Matlab, we get

1
2
z− 2
1

κa (γ1 , γ2 ) = dz = 1.23095+ := κ0
1+z
0
[ MR4397121. Date: May 1, 2022 Sent to Professor Mark B. Villarino for reviewing purposes only ]

[ MR4397121. Date: May 1, 2022 Sent to Professor Mark B. Villarino for reviewing purposes only ]
and (4.13) is transformed into

⎛ ⎞ p1
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞   q1
 an ⎜ ⎟  κ0
f (x) p
dx < π ⎝ f (x)x p/2−1
dx⎠ 1− √ q q/2−1
an n .
n=1
x+n n=1
π n
1 1
2 2

Setting γ1 = a = 14 , γ2 = 3
4 in Corollary 4.4, by Matlab, we obtain

1
4
z− 4
3

κa (γ1 , γ2 ) = dz = 2.70378+ := κ1
1+z
0

and (4.13) is transformed into

⎛ ⎞ p1
∞ ∞
√ ∞
an ⎜ ⎟
f (x) dx < 2π ⎝ f p (x)x3p/4−1 dx⎠
n=1
x + n
1 1
4 4

 ∞   q1
 κ1
× 1− √ aqn nq/4−1 .
n=1
π 4 4n

Let β = λ = 1, γ2 = 1 in Theorem 3.1, we have 1

2 ≤ b ≤ 1. By the formulas [15]

Γ(x)Γ(y)
B(x, y) = , x, y ∈ R+
Γ(x + y)

and Γ(x + 1) = xΓ(x), x ∈ R+ , we have B(γ1 , 1) = 1

γ1 . Additionally, we have

a/b
 β λ
 γ1 z γ1 −1
θ a ,b =b dz := ζγ (a, b).
(1 + z)γ
0

Therefore, we get the last corollary which is independent of Corollary 4.3.

Corollary 4.5. Let 0 ≤ a ≤ 1, 12 ≤ b ≤ 1, γ > 1, and γ1 = γ − 1. Let f (x), an > 0 be such that
∞ p ∞
a
f (x)xp(1−γ1 )−1 dx < ∞, and n=0 aqn (n + b)−1 < ∞. Then
⎛∞ ⎞p
∞ -
 .1−p 
1 γ1 ζγ (a, b) ⎝ f (x)
− γ dx⎠
n=0
(n + b) (n + b) (x + n + b)γ
a
 p ∞
1
< f p (x)xp(1−γ1 )−1 dx, (4.14)
γ1
a [Review Copy Only]
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16 M. You / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 512 (2022) 126141

∞ ∞ q  q 
∞ - .
 an 1 1 γ1 ζγ (a, b) q
qγ1 −1
x dx < − γ an , (4.15)
n=0
(x + n + b)γ γ1 n=0
n+b (n + b)
a
⎛∞ ⎞ p1
∞ ∞
 
an 1 ⎝
f (x) γ
dx < f p (x)xp(1−γ1 )−1 dx⎠
(x + n + b) γ
[ MR4397121. Date: May 1, 2022 Sent to Professor Mark B. Villarino for reviewing purposes only ]

[ MR4397121. Date: May 1, 2022 Sent to Professor Mark B. Villarino for reviewing purposes only ]
n=0 1
a a

∞ - . ! q1
 1 γ1 ζγ (a, b) q
× − γ an , (4.16)
n=0
n+b (n + b)

1
where the constant γ1 in (4.14), (4.15) and (4.16) is the best possible.

Setting γ1 = 1, a = b in Corollary 4.5, we have

1
1 b
ζγ (a, b) = b dz = ,
(1 + z)2 2
0

and (4.16) is transformed into the following inequality:

⎛∞ ⎞ p1  q1
∞ ∞
  ∞

an ⎝ p −1 ⎠ 2n + b q
f (x) dx < f (x)x dx 2 an .
n=0
(x + n + b)2 n=0 2 (n + b)
b b

Letting γ1 = 2, a = b in Corollary 4.5, we have

1
2 z b2
ζγ (a, b) = b dz = ,
(1 + z)3 8
0

and (4.16) reduces to the following inequality:

⎛∞ ⎞ p1  q1
∞ ∞
  ∞
an 1 ⎝ f p (x) ⎠  (2n + 3b)(2n + b) q
f (x) dx < dx 3 an .
n=0
(x + n + b)3 2 xp+1 n=0 4 (n + b)
b b

References

[1] V. Adiyasuren, T. Batbold, M. Krnić, Half-discrete Hilbert-type inequalities with mean operators, the best constants, and
applications, Appl. Math. Comput. 231 (2014) 148–159.
[2] M.Z. Gao, B.C. Yang, On the extended Hilbert’s inequality, Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 126 (1998) 751–759.
[3] G.H. Hardy, J.E. Littlewood, G. Pólya, Inequalities, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, 1952.
[4] Y. Hong, B. He, B.C. Yang, Necessary and sufficient conditions for the validity of Hilbert-type inequalities with a class of
quasi-homogeneous kernels and its applications in operator theory, J. Math. Inequal. 12 (2018) 777–788.
[5] X.S. Huang, R.C. Luo, B.C. Yang, On a new extended half-discrete Hilbert’s inequality involving partial sums, J. Inequal.
Appl. (2020), https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-020-2293-2.
[6] M. Krnić, J. Pečarić, Extension of Hilbert’s inequality, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 324 (2006) 150–160.
[7] M. Krnić, P. Vuković, On a multidimensional version of the Hilbert-type inequality, Anal. Math. 38 (2012) 291–303.
[8] M. Krnić, J. Pečarić, P. Vuković, On some higher-dimensional Hilbert’s and Hardy-Hilbert’s type integral inequalities with
parameters, Math. Inequal. Appl. 11 (2008) 701–716.
[9] M. Krnić, J. Pečarić, I. Perić, P. Vuković, Advances in Hilbert-Type Inequalities, Element Press, 2012.
[10] M.T. Rassias, B.C. Yang, A multidimensional half-discrete Hilbert-type inequality and the Riemann zeta function, Appl.
Math. Comput. 225 (2013) 263–277.
[11] M.T. Rassias, B.C. Yang, On half-discrete Hilbert’s inequality, Appl. Math. Comput. 220 (2013) 75–93.
[12] M.T. Rassias, B.C. Yang, A Hilbert-type integral inequality in the whole plane related to the hypergeometric function
and the beta function, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 428 (2015) 1286–1308.
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[13] M.T. Rassias, B.C. Yang, On a Hilbert-type integral inequality in the whole plane related to the extended Riemann zeta
function, Complex Anal. Oper. Theory 13 (2019) 1765–1782.
[14] M.T. Rassias, B.C. Yang, A. Raigorodskii, On a more accurate reverse Hilbert-type inequality in the whole plane, J. Math.
Inequal. 14 (2020) 1359–1374.
[15] Z.X. Wang, D.R. Guo, Introduction to Special Functions, Higher Education Press, 2012.
[16] B.C. Yang, On Hilbert’s integral inequality, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 220 (1998) 778–785.
[17] B.C. Yang, A note on Hilbert’s integral inequalities, Chin. Q. J. Math. 13 (1998) 83–85.
[ MR4397121. Date: May 1, 2022 Sent to Professor Mark B. Villarino for reviewing purposes only ]

[ MR4397121. Date: May 1, 2022 Sent to Professor Mark B. Villarino for reviewing purposes only ]
[18] B.C. Yang, On an extension of Hardy-Hilbert’s inequality, Chin. Ann. Math., Ser. A 23 (2002) 247–254.
[19] B.C. Yang, On an extension of Hilbert’s integral inequality with some parameters, Aust. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 1 (2006)
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