&LYLOL]iFLyN.

HOHWWĘO1\XJDWLJ
 Dévényi Kinga (szerk.)

Civilizációk
.HOHWWĘO1\XJDWLJ

Nemzetközi Tanulmányok Intézet, BCE

Budapest, 2020
Szerkesztette: 'pYpQ\L.LQJD

6]HU]ĘN &VLFVPDQQ/iV]Oy%HYH]HWĘ

'pYpQ\L.LQJD (Iszlám)
)DUNDV0iULD,OGLNy (Japán)
/HKRF]NL%HUQDGHWW (Latin-Amerika)
0DWXUD7DPiV (Kína)
5HQQHU=VX]VDQQD (India)
6]%tUy=ROWiQ (Oroszország)
6]RPEDWK\=ROWiQ (Afrika)
=VLQND/iV]Oy (Nyugat-Európa, Észak-Amerika)
=VRP'yUD (Judaizmus)

Térképek: 9DUJDÈJQHV

Tördelés: -HQH\/iV]Oy

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for Free (https://maps-for-free.com/) szabad
felhasználású térképek, a többi térkép az ArcGIS for
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alaptérkép felhasználásával készültek.

Lektor: 5RVWRYiQ\L=VROW

,6%1 (nyomtatott könyv)

,6%1 (on-line)

Borítókép: Google Earth, 2018.

A képfelvételeket készítette: Bagi Judit, Csicsmann László, Dévényi Kinga,

)DUNDV0iULD,OGLNy,YiQ\L/0iWp0XKDPPDG+D¿]3yU$QGUHD5HQQHU=VX]VDQQD
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OiVGD]HJ\HVLOOXV]WUiFLyNQiO.O|QN|V]|QHWD]07$.|Q\YWiU.HOHWL*\ĦMWHPpQ\pQHN
a kéziratos oldalak felhasználásának engedélyezéséért.

$N|WHWPHJMHOHQWHWpVpWpVD]DODSMiXOV]ROJiOyNXWDWiVW
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(OĘV]y .............................................................................................................. 13

%HYH]HWpVDUHJLRQiOLV±FLYLOL]iFLyVWDQXOPiQ\RNED$]~MYLOiJUHQGpVD
SDUDGLJPiN|VV]HFVDSiVD – &ඌංർඌආൺඇඇ/ගඌඓඅඬ........................................... 15
1.1. Bevezetés .............................................................................................. 15
1.2. Az új világrend és a globalizáció jellegzetességei ................................ 16
$]~MYLOiJUHQGYHWpONHGĘSDUDGLJPiL ....................................................... 23
&LYLOL]iFLypVNXOW~UDIRJDOPDNpVpUWHOPH]pVHN.................................. 27
)HMOĘGpVPRGHUQLWiVpVPRGHUQL]iFLy ....................................................... 31
+XQWLQJWRQpVDFLYLOL]iFLyN|VV]HFVDSiViQDNDWp]LVH .............................. 36
$FLYLOL]iFLyVHOPpOHWNULWLNiL .................................................................... 39
1.8. Összefoglalás ............................................................................................. 40
,URGDORPMHJ\]pN ........................................................................................ 41

7iYRO.HOHW ................................................................................................. 45
2.1. A kínai civilizáció – 0ൺඍඎඋൺ7ൺආගඌ ..................................................... 47
$PDL.tQDV]iPRNEDQ .......................................................................................... 48
.tQDI|OGUDM]D ........................................................................................................ 48
1pSHVVpJ................................................................................................................ 51
$NtQDLQ\HOY.......................................................................................................... 53
2.1.5. Hitvilág .................................................................................................................. 54
$WDRL]PXV ............................................................................................................... 56
$NRQIXFLDQL]PXV .................................................................................................... 57
$OHJL]PXVHOĘIXWiUD ................................................................................................ 59
.tQDW|UWpQHWHpVDQQDNKDWiVDQHP]HWN|]LNDSFVRODWDLUD ..................................... 59
2.1.7. A dinasztiák kora ................................................................................................... 61
$+V]LDGLQDV]WLDLHN±................................................................... 62
$6DQJGLQDV]WLDLH± .......................................................................... 62
$&VRXGLQDV]WLDLH±............................................................................ 63
$PRQDUFKLDKDQ\DWOiVD ..................................................................................... 65
$+DGDNR]yIHMHGHOHPVpJHNNRUDLHV]±LH .................................. 66
$&VLQGLQDV]WLDLH± .............................................................................. 67
$+DQGLQDV]WLDLH±LV]..................................................................... 69
$+iURP.LUiO\ViJNRUD± ........................................................................ 70

5
&LYLOL]iFLyN.HOHWWĘO1\XJDWLJ
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$7DQJGLQDV]WLD± ..................................................................................... 70

$]gW'LQDV]WLDpV7t].LUiO\ViJNRUD± ................................................... 71
$6]XQJGLQDV]WLD±................................................................................. 72
$-DQGLQDV]WLD± ................................................................................. 72
$0LQJGLQDV]WLDpV&VHQJ+R=KHQJ+H±DGPLUiOLV ......................... 74
$&VLQJGLQDV]WLD± ...................................................................... 76
A Vucsang-felkelés .................................................................................................. 82
2.1.8. A klasszikus kínai stratégiai kultúra és forrásai .................................................... 83
)LOR]y¿DLDODSRN±DNRQIXFLDQL]PXVpVDOHJL]PXV................................................ 83
Szun-ce és A hadviselés tudománya......................................................................... 84
Vu-ce ........................................................................................................................ 84
A tien-hsziaV]HPOpOHWpVDWULEXWiULXVUHQGV]HU ....................................................... 85
,GĘUHQGLWiEOD......................................................................................................... 87
,URGDORPMHJ\]pN .................................................................................................. 88

$MDSiQFLYLOL]iFLy±)ൺඋ඄ൺඌ0ගඋංൺ,අൽං඄ඬ ......................................... 89
-DSiQPLQW|QiOOyFLYLOL]iFLy" ............................................................................... 89
$MDSiQFLYLOL]iFLyIRUUiVDLpVDODSMDL .................................................................... 91
7HUPpV]HWLN|UQ\H]HW ............................................................................................... 91
7HUPpV]HWLNDWDV]WUyIiN ...................................................................................... 94
Vallás ........................................................................................................................ 96
7iUVDGDORP............................................................................................................... 98
7|UWpQHOHP ............................................................................................................. 101
ėVNRU ................................................................................................................ 101
']VyPRQNRULH±.................................................................. 101
-DMRLNRULH±LV] ................................................................... 103
Ókor.................................................................................................................. 103
-DPDWRNRU±................................................................................. 103
$V]XNDNRU± ................................................................................ 104
1DUDNRU± .................................................................................... 105
+HLDQNRU± ................................................................................ 106
.|]pSNRU .......................................................................................................... 109
.DPDNXUDNRU± ....................................................................... 109
0XURPDFVLNRU±.......................................................................111
2UV]iJHJ\HVtWpV±......................................................................111
.RUD~MNRU .........................................................................................................112
(GRNRU± ..................................................................................112
Modern kor ........................................................................................................115
0HLG]VLNRU± ............................................................................115
7DLVyNRU± ................................................................................119
6yYDNRU± ................................................................................ 120
-DSiQPD ..................................................................................................... 125
,GĘUHQGLWiEOD....................................................................................................... 129
,URGDORPMHJ\]pN .................................................................................................. 131

6
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,QGLDLV]XENRQWLQHQV ................................................................................ 133

3.1. Az indiai civilizáció – 5ൾඇඇൾඋ=ඌඎඓඌൺඇඇൺ ........................................ 135
3.1.1. Bevezetés ............................................................................................................. 135
$I|OGUDM]pVpJKDMODWV]HUHSH .............................................................................. 136
$V]XENRQWLQHQVQ\HOYHL ...................................................................................... 141
3.1.4. Az indiai civilizáció történetének kronológiája ................................................... 143
$]LGĘV]HPOpOHWHLGĘUHQGIRUUiVRN ..................................................................... 143
.RUV]DNROiV ............................................................................................................ 144
$]HJ\HVW|UWpQHWLNRUV]DNRNIĘMHOOHP]ĘL ............................................................. 145
$]LQGLDLFLYLOL]iFLyIĘIHMH]HWHL .......................................................................... 150
$],QGXVY|OJ\LFLYLOL]iFLyDQ\DJLNXOW~UiMD ......................................................... 150
$YpGLNXViUMiNpOHWPyGMDYDOOiVDpVLURGDOPD ..................................................... 153
$]LQGLDLFLYLOL]iFLyMHOOHJ]HWHVWiUVDGDOPLV]HUNH]HWpQHNNLDODNXOiVD ................. 155
.pVĘYpGLNXVNRUD*DQJHV]Y|OJ\PHJKyGtWiVD ................................................. 156
$PiVRGLNXUEDQL]iFLyNRUDG]VDLQL]PXVpVEXGGKL]PXV .................................... 158
.RUDLNODVV]LNXVNRUD0DXUMD%LURGDORP ............................................................ 163
Írásbeliség .............................................................................................................. 164
$EXGGKLVWDPĦYpV]HWNLDODNXOiVD ......................................................................... 165
$NODVV]LNXVNRUV]DNPĦYHOWVpJH ........................................................................... 169
$KLQGXL]PXV ......................................................................................................... 173
.RUDN|]pSNRUDKLQGXGLQDV]WLiNNRUD ................................................................ 177
$]LV]OiP,QGLiEDQ ................................................................................................ 182
,GĘUHQGLWiEOD....................................................................................................... 185
,URGDORPMHJ\]pN .................................................................................................. 186

.|]HO.HOHW ............................................................................................... 189

-XGDL]PXV±=ඌඈආ'ඬඋൺ ..................................................................... 191
%LEOLDLMXGDL]PXV................................................................................................. 191
4.1.2. Izrael bibliai története.......................................................................................... 192
4.1.3. A bibliai kor kultusza........................................................................................... 197
,UiQ\]DWRNpVIHOHNH]HWHN .................................................................................... 198
$]VLGyViJQ\HOYHL ............................................................................................... 200
$UiPL ..................................................................................................................... 200
Jiddis ...................................................................................................................... 200
/DGLQR .................................................................................................................... 201
5DEELQLNXVMXGDL]PXV ......................................................................................... 201
4.1.7. A zsidó vallás legfontosabb szövegei .................................................................. 202
$]VLGypOHW~WOHJIRQWRVDEEiOORPiVDLDYDOOiVHJ\HVHOĘtUiVDL .......................... 205
.|UOPHWpOpV .......................................................................................................... 206
Bar-micva ............................................................................................................... 206
Házasság ................................................................................................................ 206
,PDOHSHOLPDV]tMmezuzaIHMEHIHGpVH ................................................................. 207

7
&LYLOL]iFLyN.HOHWWĘO1\XJDWLJ
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)RQWRVDEEQQHSHN .............................................................................................. 210

6]RPEDW.................................................................................................................. 210
$IpOHOPHWHVQDSRNros ha-sana és jom kippur ..................................................... 213
Szukkot ................................................................................................................... 215
Hanuka ................................................................................................................... 216
Purim...................................................................................................................... 217
Peszah .................................................................................................................... 218
Savuot..................................................................................................................... 219
eWNH]pVLW|UYpQ\HN ............................................................................................ 220
$]VLGyViJHJ\HVV]HOOHPLLUiQ\]DWDL................................................................. 221
.DEEDOD .................................................................................................................. 221
+DV]LGL]PXV ........................................................................................................... 222
&LRQL]PXV .............................................................................................................. 222
,GĘUHQGLWiEOD..................................................................................................... 223
,URGDORPMHJ\]pN ................................................................................................ 223

$]LV]OiPFLYLOL]iFLy±'ඣඏඣඇඒං.ංඇ඀ൺ ............................................. 225

4.2.1. Bevezetés ............................................................................................................. 225
7|UWpQHOHP........................................................................................................... 230
0RKDPHGpVD]LV]OiP ........................................................................................... 230
$]LV]OiPYDOOiVNLDODNXOiVD ............................................................................ 230
0RKDPHGpMV]DNDLpVpJLXWD]iViQDNDW|UWpQHWH ............................................. 232
A hidzsraNLYiQGRUOiV .................................................................................... 233
$PHGLQDLLV]OiP .............................................................................................. 233
Az utódlás kérdése ........................................................................................... 236
$PHGLQDLNDOLIiWXVDQpJ\LJD]~WRQMiUyNDOLIDXUDONRGiVD ................................ 236
$EX%DNUNDOLIiWXVD± ........................................................................ 236
8PDUNDOLIiWXVD±............................................................................... 236
8V]PiQNDOLIiWXVD±........................................................................... 237
$OLNDOLIiWXVD±pVD]HOVĘSROJiUKiERU~¿WQD ................................. 238
$GDPDV]NXV]L8PDMMiG.DOLIiWXV± ....................................................... 239
$PiVRGLNSROJiUKiERU~¿WQD± ...................................................... 239
9DOOiVLPR]JDOPDNDV]i]DGHOVĘIHOpEHQ..................................................... 241
$EDJGDGL$EEiV]LGD.DOLIiWXV± .......................................................... 241
+iU~QDU5DVtG±NRUDDEDJGDGLNDOLIiWXVIpQ\NRUD ........................ 245
DO0iP~QNDOLID± ............................................................................. 245
$ELURGDORPV]pWWDJROyGiViQDNNH]GHWHL ......................................................... 246
$]$EEiV]LGD.DOLIiWXVIHOERPOiVD ................................................................. 247
$VSDQ\RORUV]iJLLV]OiP ........................................................................................ 247
$ÄYLVV]DKyGtWiV´±UHNRQNYLV]WD ..................................................................... 248
$.|]HO.HOHWD%DJGDGL.DOLIiWXVPHJV]ĦQpVHXWiQ ........................................... 249
$0DPO~N6]XOWiQiWXV ..................................................................................... 249
,QGLDPXV]OLPPHJKyGtWiVD.............................................................................. 251
$]LQGLDL0RJXO%LURGDORP ............................................................................. 252
,UiQDV]i]DGRWN|YHWĘHQ ............................................................................ 252
$]2V]PiQW|U|N%LURGDORP ........................................................................... 253

8
 Tartalomjegyzék
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4.2.3. Vallás ................................................................................................................... 254

$]LV]OiPYDOOiVDODSMDL ......................................................................................... 254
$]LV]OiPSLOOpUHL ............................................................................................. 254
$PHFVHWpVDmadrasza ................................................................................... 259
$]LV]OiPMRJUHQGV]HUpQHNNLDODNXOiVD ................................................................. 260
A jogi iskolák kialakulása ................................................................................ 261
Az analógia....................................................................................................... 262
,V]OiPMRJpViOODPLMRJDV]i]DGEDQ ......................................................... 263
A hadísztXGRPiQ\.................................................................................................. 264
$]LV]OiPPLV]WLNXVLUiQ\]DWDDV]~¿]PXV........................................................... 266
$.RUiQV]HUHSHDPLV]WLNiEDQ ........................................................................ 270
$V]~¿UHQGHND]~QGHUYLVUHQGHNYLUiJNRUDD±V]i]DGN|]|WW ............ 270
$VtLWDLV]OiP .......................................................................................................... 271
$]LPiPLYDJ\WL]HQNpWLPiPRVVtLWiN ............................................................ 272
$]LV]PiLOLYDJ\KpWLPiPRVVtLWiN................................................................... 273
7RYiEELVtLWDLUiQ\]DWRN ................................................................................... 274
$]LV]OiPOHJ~MDEENRULLUiQ\]DWDL ........................................................................ 275
$]LV]OiPYDKKiELWDLUiQ\]DWD.......................................................................... 275
$V]i]DGLLV]OiPUHIRUPNRUQDKGD(J\LSWRPEDQ................................... 276
$]LV]OiPV]i]DGLIĘEEWHQGHQFLiL ............................................................. 276
4.2.4. A világi civilizáció ............................................................................................... 277
$YLOiJLWXGRPiQ\RN.HOHWHQ ................................................................................ 277
$VSDQ\RORUV]iJLLV]OiPFLYLOL]iFLyHUHGPpQ\HL ................................................... 278
,URGDORPD]LV]OiPYLOiJN|]SRQWLWHUOHWHLQ ......................................................... 279
$UDEQ\HOYĦLURGDORPDN|]pSNRUEDQ .............................................................. 279
$N|]pSNRULSHU]VDN|OWpV]HW ............................................................................ 280
$]RV]PiQW|U|NLURGDORP ............................................................................... 280
,V]OiPPĦYpV]HWHN ................................................................................................. 281
$PHFVHWpStWpV]HWVWtOXVDL ................................................................................. 281
2V]ORSFVDUQRNRVPHFVHW ......................................................................... 281
$QpJ\ívánRVPHFVHW ............................................................................. 282
.|]SRQWRVDODSUDM]~PHFVHW ................................................................... 282
.DOOLJUi¿DV]pStUiVKDWW ................................................................................ 283
,GĘUHQGLWiEOD....................................................................................................... 286
,URGDORPMHJ\]pN .................................................................................................. 288

$IULND ........................................................................................................ 289

5.1. Afrikai civilizációk – 6ඓඈආൻൺඍඁඒ=ඈඅඍගඇ ......................................... 291
7HUPLQROyJLDLNpUGpVHNpVD]DIULNDLFLYLOL]iFLyNKDWiUDL ................................... 291
.XOWXUiOLVVRNV]tQĦVpJ......................................................................................... 293
$]DIULNDLFLYLOL]iFLyNNpSHpVWRU]NpSHHJ]RWLNXPpVLGHROyJLD ...................... 294
5DVV]L]PXVpVD]DIULNDLGLDV]SyUDKDWiVD .......................................................... 296

9
&LYLOL]iFLyN.HOHWWĘO1\XJDWLJ
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(WQLNDLpVQ\HOYLYLV]RQ\RN................................................................................. 298
ËUiVEHOLVpJpVV]yEHOLKDJ\RPiQ\ ....................................................................... 303
7iUVDGDORPV]HUNH]HW ........................................................................................... 308
5.1.8. Vallás ................................................................................................................... 310
7|UWpQHOHPDIULNDLiOODPRN ................................................................................ 314
0ĦYpV]HW ........................................................................................................... 317
,GĘUHQGLWiEOD ..................................................................................................... 323
,URGDORPMHJ\]pN ................................................................................................ 324

(XUySD....................................................................................................... 325
$]RUWRGR[NHUHV]WpQ\(XUySDD]RURV]YiOWR]DW±6ඓ%ටඋඬ=ඈඅඍගඇ 327
7HUOHWLN|UOKDWiUROiV ......................................................................................... 327
2URV]RUV]iJWHUOHWLJ\DUDSRGiVD........................................................................ 331
$]RURV]W|UWpQHOPLIHMOĘGpVVDMiWRVViJDL............................................................ 337
,GĘUHQGLWiEOD....................................................................................................... 353
,URGDORPMHJ\]pN .................................................................................................. 355

$Q\XJDWLNHUHV]WpQ\(XUySD±=ඌංඇ඄ൺ/ගඌඓඅඬ.................................. 357
6]HPOpOHWLDODSYHWpV ............................................................................................ 357
$ODSHOHPHNpVNHUHWHN ......................................................................................... 361
$Q\XJDWLNHUHV]WpQ\(XUySDV]OHWpVH± ............................................ 366
Az antik örökség .................................................................................................... 366
$EDUEiUJHUPiQ|U|NVpJ ....................................................................................... 368
$ODWLQNHUHV]WpQ\NXOW~UN|]|VVpJV]OHWpVH .......................................................... 370
$.DUROLQJ%LURGDORPW|UWpQHOPLV]HUHSH ............................................................. 374
(XUySDRVWURPDODWW ................................................................................................ 378
$]H]UHGIRUGXOyMHOHQWĘVpJH .................................................................................. 379
(XUySDHOVĘÄQHNLOHQGOpVH´D]pUHWWN|]pSNRUEDQ± ....................... 380
$V]i]DGLIRUGXOySRQW ...................................................................................... 381
1\XJDW(XUySDÄIRUUDGDOPDL´D]pUHWWN|]pSNRUEDQ ............................................. 383
$NHUHV]WpQ\KLWDODSYHWĘMHOOHJ]HWHVVpJHL ............................................................. 384
$NHUHV]WpQ\KLWWiUVDGDOPLGLPHQ]LyMD ................................................................. 387
1\XJDWHXUySDLÄHUHGHWLMHOOHJ]HWHVVpJHN´ ............................................................ 389
$SUHPRGHUQpVDPRGHUQKDWiUiQ± ................................................. 391
A reneszánsz........................................................................................................... 391
$UHIRUPiFLy .......................................................................................................... 392
$WXGRPiQ\RVIRUUDGDORPpVDIHOYLOiJRVRGiV ...................................................... 395
(XUySDWQG|NOpVHpVKDQ\DWOiVD ......................................................................... 397
$ÄKRVV]~V]i]DG´(XUySiMD ............................................................................ 397
(XUySDDÄU|YLGV]i]DGEDQ´ ............................................................................. 399
,GĘUHQGLWiEOD....................................................................................................... 403
,URGDORPMHJ\]pN .................................................................................................. 405

10
 Tartalomjegyzék
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$PHULND..................................................................................................... 407
$]pV]DNDPHULNDLFLYLOL]iFLy±=ඌංඇ඄ൺ/ගඌඓඅඬ ................................ 409
$ODSYHWĘMHOOHJ]HWHVVpJHN ................................................................................... 409
$V]DEDGViJÄPHJDODStWiVD´D](J\HVOWÈOODPRNEDQ ....................................... 414
$PHULNDLPtWRV]±DPHULNDLpUWpNHN.................................................................... 420
$](J\HVOWÈOODPRNIHOHPHONHGpVH................................................................... 426
$SURJUHVV]LYL]PXVpVD1HZ'HDO ..................................................................... 433
$PHULNDLFLYLOL]iFLyVpUWpNHNDV]i]DGPiVRGLNIHOpEHQ .............................. 438
,GĘUHQGLWiEOD....................................................................................................... 447
,URGDORPMHJ\]pN .................................................................................................. 448

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