REVGO Printable Flashcards (HOA1) - 072HCQ10 - Deanver Eli Pae 01

Answer: Lascaux Cave is a Palaeolithic cave
situated in southwestern France, near the village

of Montignac in the Dordogne region, which
houses some of the most famous examples of
prehistoric cave paintings.
UNIQUE ORDER CODE: 072HCQ10
PREHISTORIC DWELLING
IDENTIFY THIS
Prehistoric Architecture
Answer: The image shows one of the cave paintings in the
famous “Cueva de las Manos” located in Sta. Cruz,
Argentina. It is famous for its hundreds of hand paintings
which proves that the cave was inhabited between 11,000
to 7,000 BCE.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows one of the paintings in
the Cave of Altamira. The cave complex located
in Cantabria, Spain is renowned for its prehistoric
cave paintings which were made as early as Upper
Paleolithic period, around 36,000 years ago.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shown is one of the rock art
paintings found in the rock formations called
Ubirr in Kakadu National Park of Northern
Australia. The paintings prove the existence of
early culture in the area about 20,000 years ago.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows one of the paintings in
the Laas Gaal cave formations located in
Hargeisa, Somalia. The cave contains some of the
earliest known cave paintings in Africa which dates
around 20,000 years ago.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The paintings shown are one of the cave
paintings in the famous Chauvet Cave in Ardeche,
France. The cave contains some of the best-
preserved cave paintings in the world which some
dated as early as 32,000 to 30,000 years ago.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: This figurine is called the “Venus of Willendorf”,
an example of a prehistoric Venus figurine which have
been produced around 25,000 years ago in now Austria. It
is carved from an oolitic limestone that is not local to the
area, and tinted with red ochre. The artifact proves a
diverse culture and beliefs of the prehistoric people.
PREHISTORIC ARTIFACT
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Dolmen is a type of prehistoric stone monument
found in a variety of places throughout the world. Dolmens
are made of two or more upright stones with a single stone
lying across them (capstone). About 40% of world’s dolmen
are found in Korean peninsula. Because it is made of large
stones, dolmens are also an example of megalithic
architecture. The image shown is the Poulnabrone
Dolmen in Ireland.
PREHISTORIC STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows the Brownshill Dolmen, an
example of a very large dolmen or portal tomb located in
County Carlow, Ireland. The tomb was built between 4000
and 3000 BC. Its capstone weighs an estimated 100 metric
tons, and is reputed to be the heaviest or largest dolmen in
Europe.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Dolmen de Bagneaux is a large
dolmen located in Saumur, France. It is the second
largest dolmen in Europe. It was built during the
Neolithic period. This enormous Megalithic
sandstone chamber tomb is estimated to be
about 5,000 years old.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Mane Braz is a Megalithic tomb located
2 km southeast of Erdeven, Brittany, France. The
site comprises four side chambers and two small
dolmens. It is built into a hill and appears to be
the remains of a tumulus.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows a dolmen, not in Europe but in
Korea and called “goindol”. About 40% of the world’s
dolmen are found in the Korean peninsula. The most
famous are the Gochang, Hwasun and Ganghwa dolmen
sites. The erection of dolmens in Korea is linked to the
Neolithic period of Korean history. The image shows one of
the dolmens in Ganghwa Island.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows a dolmen with more
than two vertical stone supports. It is called
Dannanapeta dolmens in Andhra Pradesh, India.
The megalithic monument is dated back between
1000 to 500 BCE. The monument is impressive
due to its very large single capstone.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows an example of a
dolmen located in Middle East. This is one of the
Madaba dolmens located in Jordan. Dolmens in
Jordan are dated to be between 5,000 to 3,000
BCE.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows the “Great Dolmen of
Zambujeiro”, a megalithic tomb monument found in
Alentejo, Portugal built between 4,000 to 3,000 BC. It
consists of an irregular free-standing plan, composed of a
single-chamber, articulated horizontal body with polygonal
chamber and rectangular corridor.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows the “Great Dolmen of
Comenda da Igreja”, a megalithic tomb dolmen
found in Alentejo, Portugal. It was built between
4,000 to 3,000 BC and associated with a Neolithic
village in the area.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows a fine example of a prehistoric
dolmen found in County Donegal, Ireland dated between
4,000 to 3,000 BC. It is known as Kilclooney Dolmen and
comprised of a huge capstone approximately four by six
meters, supported by two 1.8 meter uprights, known as
portals and a back stone on which the capstone rests. A
notable feature of the back stone is the chocking stone.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Dolmen of Menga found in Malaga,
Spain is a combination of dolmen and long barrow
structure. It is one of the largest known
prehistoric burial mound in Europe dating from
the 3750-3650 BCE. It was designated as UNESCO
World Heritage Site in 2016.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A tumulus (plural tumuli) is a mound of earth
and stones raised over a grave or graves. This is also
known as barrows, burial mounds or kurgans. A long
passageway can be incorporated into a tumulus leading to
a central chamber which is called a passage tumulus or
passage grave. Another form of a tumulus is a long
barrow which is flanked on two sides with linear ditches.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shown is an example of a prehistoric
tumulus. It is called the Monks Mound, one of the
mounds located in a pre-Columbian native American city
called Cahokia in now Illinois, USA (about 1050-1350 AD).
The Cahokia mounds are considered as UNESCO World
Heritage Sites.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows a prehistoric tumulus or mound
in pre-Columbian native America. This mound is one of the
Etowah Indian mounds in an archaeological site in
Georgia, USA. Unlike other prehistoric mounds, this
earthwork is a platform mound which is built to support a
structure above it.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Belas Knap Long Barrow is an
example of chambered long barrow located in
Gloucestershire, England. It was built about 3,000
BC during the Neolithic period in Europe and was
used as a burial monuments.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A cairn is a tumulus or mound made of
stones built for various purposes such as a tomb.
The image shows the Clava cairn at Balnauaran
of Clava in Scotland. It was built during the Bronze
Age.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The shown structure is called the “Table
des Marchand” and an example of a combined
dolmen and cairn structure. It is located in
Locmariaquer, France and built during the
Neolithic period. It was used as a burial
monument.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: This chambered cairn is called the “Cairn
de Gavrinis” located in Larmor-Baden, France
built approximately 3,500 BCE. It is also
considered as a passage grave because of a long
passage from the exterior to a central chamber.
However, it seemed to be used as a temple rather
than a burial site.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Cairn of Barnenez is a Neolithic monument
in Britanny, France. It dates to the early Neolithic, about
4800 BC. It is one of the earliest megalithic monuments in
Europe and one of the oldest man-made structures in the
world. Today, the Barnenez cairn is 72 m long, up to 25 m
wide and over 8 m high. It is built of 13,000 to 14,000 tons
of stone. It contains 11 chambers entered by separate
passages.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows the remains of El-Grah
tumulus. Although it is made of stone, the
monument is known as a tumulus instead of a
cairn. It was built 3,300 BC and part of a group of
Neolithic megaliths in Locmariaques, France.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows an example of a
combination of dolmen and tumulus. It is called
the Kercado tumulus located in Brittany, France.
The structure is dated 4,800 BC and considered as
one of the oldest megalithic structures in Europe.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The "Sese Grande" or "Sese del Re" is a
prehistoric tomb made of stones on the
Mediterranean island of Pantelleria. Sesi are
megalithic tomb structures of the second
millennium B.C. that are connected with the
Sesiote culture.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows an enormous tomb
tumulus in Turkey called the “Tumulus of
Alyattes” built around 560 BC. It is one of the
largest tumuli ever built with a diameter of 360m
and a height of 61 meters.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Newgrange is a large prehistoric passage
tomb built 3,200 BC located in County Meath, Ireland. It is
part of what is known as Boyne valley tombs that consists
large Neolithic passage graves. The structure shows an
early example of corbeled vaulting. The site was
designated as UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1993.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows a group of Neolithic
burial mounds known as the Knowth, located in
County Meath, Ireland. It has the largest of the
passage graves in what is known as the Boyne
valley tombs.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: In prehistoric Japan, there are special burial
mounds or tumulus constructed called “kofuns”. They are
large tomb mounds surrounded by moats. The image
shows the largest kofun in the world – the Daisenryo
Kofun. It is part of a series of kofuns called Mozu Tombs
located in Osaka Prefecture, Japan.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows the remains of what is known as
“The Broken Menhir of Er-Grah” or the Grand Menhir of
Er-Grah. It is considered as the largest stone monolith ever
transported and erected in the Neolithic period. The huge
igneous stone monolith was once a single piece of granite
20 metres tall and over 280 tonnes in weight. It is located in
Locmariaquer, Britanny, France. This menhir is the largest
among the 19 stones in a stone alignment.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Kergadiou Menhirs is one of the most
beautiful and smoothly carved menhirs in Europe. It is
composed of two menhirs; one is still upright 8.75m high
while the other is fallen originally standing 11 meters high.
It is located in Pleuron, France and estimated to be built
during the Neolithic period.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows a Christianized menhir
which was originally built around 2,500 BC. It is
located Britanny, France and was Christianized in
the 17th century by a Jesuit missionary, Padre
Maunoir. It is now called Menhir of St. Uzec.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Kerloas Menhir is considered as the largest
standing prehistoric menhir in Europe, even in the world.
Located in Plouarzel France, it is a single stone standing
about 10m (31 feet) tall on the top of a hill. The menhir is
estimated to weigh 150 tonnes and dates from somewhere
between 6,000-2,000 BC.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Carnac Stones is the world’s largest
collection of prehistoric megalithic monuments
located in Brittany, France. The site is famous for
its more than 3,000 standing stones which are
dated between 4,500 to 3,000 BC. The most
famous of the site are the stone alignments.
Tumuli and dolmens are also found.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: This stone monument is called “Long
Meg and Her Daughters”. It is an example of
Bronze Age stone circle located in Cumbria,
England built around 3,300 BC. It primarily
consists of 59 stones (of which 27 remain upright)
set in an oval shape measuring 340 ft (100 m) on
its long axis.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The “Ring of Brodgar” is a Neolithic
henge and stone circle (cromlech) located in
Orkney, Scotland. It is part of a series of Neolithic
monuments in Orkney which was designated as
UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Stonehenge is a prehistoric stone
monument located in Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire,
England. It was constructed from 3,000 to 2,000
BC including the earth bank and ditch around. This
structure is an architectural icon of England.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows an aerial view of the
Avebury Stone Circles in Wiltshire, England. The
site is constructed around 3,000 BC and
composed of a large henge with a large and two
smaller stone circles. The monument is also
related to other nearby prehistoric monuments in
Wiltshire such the famous Stonehenge.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows an example of a prehistoric
man-made mound. Unlike other examples, the Silbury Hill
is not a burial mound and its exact purpose is still
unknown. It is built 2,400 BC and located in Wiltshire,
England near the Stonehenge and Avebury Stone Circles. It
is the tallest prehistoric man-made mound in Europe.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows a stone circle known as
the “King’s Men” found in Warwickshire, England.
It is part of Rollright Stones, a complex of
Neolithic stone monuments composed of a stone
circle, dolmen and a monolith. The stones were
dated between 4,000 to 2,000 BC.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Rujm el-Hiri is a prehistoric megalithic
monument consisting of concentric circles of stone with a
tumulus at center. It is located in Golan Heights in Syria.
The establishment of the site, and other nearby ancient
settlements, is dated by archaeologists to the Early Bronze
Age II period (3000–2700 BCE).
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Castlerigg Stone Circle is a
cromlech found in Keswick, England. It was
constructed about 3,000 BC. The precise function
of these early circles is not known, but their
importance possibly centred on their large
internal areas with their formalised entrances.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Almendres Cromlech is a
prehistoric megalithic monument in Alentejo,
Portugal. It was constructed around 6,000 BC.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows one of the stone circles
located in Egypt and constructed during the
Neolithic period of Egyptian history. The site is
called Nabta Playa and contains examples of the
earliest stone circles used for astronomical
observation.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Miami Circle at Brickell Point is an
ancient archaeological site located at the mouth of
the Miami River in downtown Miami, Florida. It is
perhaps the only evidence of a prehistoric
structure in bedrock on the East Coast of America.
PREHISTORIC SITE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows an illustration of a
circular rampart or ringwall. A circular rampart
is an embankment built in the shape of a circle
that was used as part of the defenses for a
military fortification. It is synonymous to ringforts.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Ringforts or ring fortresses are circular fortified
settlements in Northern Europe mostly built during the
Bronze Age until the Medieval period. Earthen ringforts
would have been marked by a circular rampart (a bank and
ditch), often with a stakewall. Both stone and earthen
ringforts would generally have had at least one building
inside. The image shows the ringfort at Rathrar in County
Roscommon, Ireland.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Grianan of Aileach is an example of ring fort
made of stones in County Donegal, Ireland. The structure
was built during the Iron Age (1200 BC) and was used until
the Medieval Period. The wall is about 4.5 metres (15 ft)
thick and 5 metres (16 ft) high. Inside it has three terraces,
which are linked by steps, and two long passages within it.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Woodhenge is a Neolithic henge and
timber circle located in Wiltshire, England. The
monument was built between 2470 to 2000 BC.
Unline the Stonehenge, this monument has
freestanding wood in concentric circles.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The left image shows the remains of “Round
Tower of Jericho” or simply “Tower of Jericho” built
around 8,000 BCE. It is an 8.5m-tall stone structure built
into the wall of the prehistoric city of Jericho in now
Jerusalem. The right images are the illustration and model
of this stone structure. It is among the earliest stone
monuments in history.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows the remains of a
Neolithic settlement in the island of Cyprus. The
site is called Khirokitia and one of the best
preserved prehistoric site in eastern
Mediterranean.
PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Maiden Castle is a fortified hill located
in Dorset, England. The fortifications were
constructed about 600 BC although the site was
inhabited earlier during the Neolithic period.
IDENTIFY THIS STRUCTURE
Answer: The image shows the remains of the
main temple of the Hagar Qim, a megalithic
temple complex built 3,600 to 3,200 BC in the
island of Malta. The megalithic temples of Malta
were designated as UNESCO World Heritage in
1980.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows the remains of a
Neolithic megalithic temple in the island of Gozo
in Malta. It is called the Ggantija temple complex
built between 3,600 to 2,500 BC. The stone temple
is part of the Megalithic Temples of Malta which
are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Perperikon (also Perpericon) is the largest
megalithic archeological site in the Balkans. It sits on a
high, rocky hill some 15 kilometers to the north of the
present-day town of Kardzhali in Bulgaria. While the first
traces of civilization at Perperikon go back to 5000 B.C. and
contains the huge Thracian city called “the European
Machu Picchu” or the “Stone Pompeii.”
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A nuraghi is a unique Bronze-age defensive
structures in Sardinia built as early as 2000 BC. Nuraghi are
characterised by circular defensive towers in the form of
truncated cones built of dressed stone with corbel-vaulted
internal chambers. Nuraghi are considered to have initially
been built by single families or clans.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows an illustration of the
reconstruction of the Göbekli Tepe, an
archaeological site located in Turkey. The on-going
excavation already shows stonewalls and carved
megaliths which are dated between 10,000 to
9,000 BCE.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Gunung Padang is a megalithic site
in Java, Indonesia. It is considered the largest
megalithic site in Southeast Asia. The carbon
dating of the site is controversial that suggests
construction 20,000 BCE.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The beehive hut or “clochan” is a
primitive dwelling constructed from dry stones
with corbelled roofing. It can be found in primitive
cultures in Ireland.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A trullo is a primitive dwelling structure found in
Italy. Trulli were generally constructed as temporary field
shelters and storehouses or as permanent dwellings by
small proprietors or agricultural laborers. The structure is
characterized by its conical roof made from dry stones.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A wigwam or wetu is a primitive
dwelling structure found in Native American
cultures. The structure has an arched framework
of poles overlaid with bark, mats, or hides and a
circular plan.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A hogan is a traditional or primitive
dwelling structure of the Navajo people in Native
America. It can have different shapes but the main
characteristic is its sidewalls made from wood and
roof packed with earth.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A teepee or tipi is a primitive dwelling
structure used by American Indians of the Great
Plains. It is a portable conical tent usually made
from animal skins. It has an opening at the top for
ventilation and a flap door.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows an illustration of a
wooden hut which is known to be the oldest
human-made shelter. It is found in a site called
“Terra Amata” in Nice, France. This is called the
Terra Amata Hut. The site contains proofs of
human settlement about 400,000 BCE.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows an example of beehive
hut or stone hut, but it is a reconstruction of a
prehistoric village in Vaucluse, France. The
prehistoric village is called Village des Bories.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows a reconstruction of a
what is known as “mammoth bone hut” which is
believed to be used during the late Ice Age, about
25,000 years ago.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Skara Brae is a stone-built Neolithic
settlement located in Orkney, Scotland. The site
contains sunken dwellings with stacked stone
walls. The site was occupied from roughly 3180 BC
to about 2500 BC and is Europe's most complete
Neolithic village.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows a type of prehistoric
dwelling structure called “pit-houses” or “sunken
houses”. The structure is characterized by a
partially sunken interior. The exterior can be made
from wood or stones.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A mudhif is a traditional dwelling
structure common in Southern Iraq. It is made
from reed common in the area. The structure is
believed to exist during the prehistoric period of
Mesopotamia.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: An igloo, iglu or aputiak (also known as
snow hut) is a primitive temporary dwelling
structure used by Inuit and Eskimo peoples in
Canada and Greenland.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows an example of prehistoric
dwelling type called “pile dwellings” or “stilt dwellings”.
One of the most famous is the prehistoric pile dwellings
around the Alps, a region in Europe such as Switzerland.
These structures are believed to exist as early as 5,000 to
500 BC on the edges of lakes, rivers or wetlands.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A yurt or ger is a traditional dwelling
structure used in Central Asia, especially
Mongolia. A yurt is a portable, circular dwelling
made of a lattice of flexible poles and covered in
felt or other fabric. They are a sturdy, reliable type
of tent.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Çatalhöyük is a large Neolithic
settlement found in Anatolia region of Turkey. The
settlement existed between 7,100 to 5,700 BC.
This prehistoric settlement is characterized by the
lack of streets and crammed mudbrick houses
with flat roofs. Entrance openings are located on
the roof.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Tell es-Sultan or famously known as
the Ancient Jericho is a prehistoric site in West
Bank, Israel. The image shows an illustration of
City of Jericho as it was inhabited as early as
10,000 BCE. The ancient city is considered to be
the oldest in history.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows the remains a Neolithic
settlement located in Balochistan, Pakistan. This
settlement called “Mergarh” is dated between
7,000 to 2,000 BC. Mehrgarh is one of the earliest
known sites which show evidence of farming and
herding in South Asia.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows a circular dwelling
structure found in the Neolithic villages in Xi’an,
China. This site is called Banpo and consists of the
remains of several prehistoric villages. The
remains in the area are dated 4,500 BCE including
a ditch or moat surrounding the villages.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The ancient City of Ur is a Sumerian city
in now Iraq region. The city was originally oval-
shaped near the mouth of Euphrates River and
surrounded by ramparts and brick walls. Like
other Mesopotamian cities, the center of the city
is the temple complex that includes the Ziggurat
of Ur.
IDENTIFY THIS
ANCIENT CITY
Ancient Near East Architecture
Answer: The Ziggurat of Ur is ziggurat originally within the
Sumerian city-state called Ur. It was built 2,100 BC during
the reign of Ur-Nammu and dedicated to the Sumerian god
Nanna. It originally has 3 levels of terraces made of mud-
brick core and faced with baked bricks. The top terrace has
a temple. The image shown is a partially reconstructed
Ziggurat of Ur.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Ziggurat of Dur-Untash or Chogha Zanbil
is a ziggurat of the ancient region called Elam found
outside Mesopotamia. It is located in now Khuzestan, Iran
and was built around 1250 BC. The ziggurat originally
measured 105.2 metres (345 ft) on each side and about 53
metres (174 ft) in height, in five levels, and was crowned
with a temple. It is made of mud bricks and baked bricks.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The images show the ancient City of Uruk, the
first true city in history. It is located along the banks of
Euphrates River and was part of the Sumerian and
Babylonian culture. By 3100 BC, the City of Uruk had about
40,000 residents. The left image shows the plan and shape
of the city. The upper right image shows an illustration with
the White Temple while the lower right image is a portion
of the façade of one of the temples in the city.
IDENTIFY THIS
ANCIENT CITY
Answer: The White Temple is an important ancient
temple in the City of Uruk, the first true city in history built
about 3,500 BC. The temple is a rectangular hall with white
facing placed above the Anu Ziggurat. The remains of the
ziggurat and temple is located in now Warka, Iraq. Unlike
the other ziggurats, the original appearance of the Anu
Ziggurat and White Temple were not preserved.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The images shown all relate to the ancient City of
Eridu located along the Euphrates River, near the City of
Ur. Unlike other ancient Mesopotamian cities, none of
structures in Eridu were well preserved as shown in its
remains (upper right). However, like all Mesopotamian
cities, the center of the city are ziggurats and temples.
Hypothetical reconstruction of the Temple of Enki are
shown on left and lower right images.
IDENTIFY THIS
ANCIENT CITY
Answer: The image shows an illustration of the ancient
structure called the “Hanging Gardens of Babylon”.
Although the exact location and remains of this structure is
still unknown, it is believed to located in the ancient City of
Babylon and built about 600 BC. A variety of trees, shrubs
and vines were believed to be incorporated by its builder,
King Nebuchadnezzar. It is one of the 7 Ancient Wonders of
the World.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Based on the clues in the illustration, the image
shows an illustration of the ancient City of Babylon. The
famous blue entrance structure called Ishtar Gate is
shown on the left and the main ziggurat of the city called
Etemenanki is shown on the right. In plan, the city is
nearly rectangular in shape and divided in the center by
the Euphrates River.
IDENTIFY THIS
ANCIENT CITY
Answer: The image shows the Ishtar Gate, as
reconstructed in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin,
Germany. This structure was originally part of the ancient
City of Babylon. It was constructed in 575 BC by
Nebuchadnezzar II as part of the processional way leading
into the city. The famous blue color is not actually lapis
lazuli but blue-colored glazed tiles that imitate the precious
stone.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shown is the ancient ziggurat called
Etemenanki in the City of Babylon. The ziggurat is
dedicated to the god Marduk and the date of its
construction is still unknown. Etemenanki has been
suggested as a possible inspiration to the biblical story of
the Tower of Babel. The left and lower right image shows
illustration of the ziggurat with 6 levels while the upper
right shows its remains in now Baghdad, Iraq.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Ziggurat of Dur-Kurigalzu (aka
Ziggurat at Aqar Quf) is a ziggurat constructed
around 1400 BC in now Baghdad, Iraq by the
Babylonian King Kurigalzu I. The appearance of
the structure is very unique because its sun-dried
mudbrick core is still intact shaped like an
irregular rock.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows the remains of the Ziggurat
and Temple of God Nabu, located in the archaeological
site called Borsippa in Babylon Province, Iraq. The ziggurat
is today one of the most vividly identifiable surviving ones.
The temple to Nabu at Borsippa was destroyed in 484 BCE
during the suppression of a revolt against the Achaemenid
king Xerxes.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows the remains of Ziggurat of
Nimrud, a 2,900-year-old structure that once supported a
large temple and stood about 140 feet tall. It is located in
Nineveh Governate, Iraq. As of 2015, the remains of the
ziggurat has been leveled or destroyed presumably by ISIS.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A lamassu is a protective diety in
Sumerian culture. The sculture or icon is a human-
headed winged lion or bull. They are commonly
placed at the entrances of Assyrian cities and
palaces.
ARCHITECTURAL ICON
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Palace of Sargon is a palace
complex located in Dur-Sharrukin, the capital city
of Assyria during Sargon II’s reign. The city and the
palace was built about 700 BC and the palace was
erected on a 50-ft high terrace with a small
ziggurat and large rectangular courts.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: This type of ziggurat is called a ramped
ziggurat, which is common in Assyrian
architecture. Unlike the ziggurats of Babylonian or
Sumerian cities, Assyrian ziggurats typically have a
continuous ramp that led around the square plan
to reach the summit.
TYPE OF ZIGGURAT
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows a reconstructed illustration of
the Round House at Tepe Gawra. Tepe Gawra is an
ancient Mesopotamian settlement between 5000 to 1500
BC. The site contains the remains of a structure unique for
its circular plan with multiple rooms inside. The building is
assumed to be built around 4000 BC making it one of the
earliest elaborate circular structures.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The City of Nineveh is the oldest and
the most-populous city of the ancient Assyrian
Empire situated on the east bank of the Tigris
River. The remains of the Assyrian city is located in
now Mosul, Iraq. Notable remains in this city are
the Assyrian palaces such as the Palace of
Sennacherib and Ashurbanipal.
IDENTIFY THIS
ANCIENT CITY
Answer: The image on the left shows a plan of the capital
of the Achaemenid Empire called Persepolis located in
now Marvdasht, Iran. The earliest remains of Persepolis
date back to 515 BC. The lower right image shows an
illustration of the capital while the upper right shows the
ruins of the Gate of All Nations or Gate of Xerxes, a portion
of the complex.
ANCIENT CAPITAL
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Apadana Palace is a hypostyle hall in the
palace complex of Persepolis in now Marvdasht, Iran. The
image shows the few remaining Persian columns standing
in the ruins of the Persian Empire capital. It was
constructed in 518 BC. The palace or hall is considered as
one of the largest halls in ancient history.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Persian columns or Persepolitan columns are
the distinctive form of column developed in the
Achaemenid architecture of ancient Persia, probably
beginning shortly before 500 BCE. They are mainly known
from Persepolis, where the massive main columns have a
base, fluted shaft, and a double-animal capital, most with
bulls.
TYPE OF ANCIENT COLUMN
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Tachara or Palace of Darius the
Great is a building within Persepolis in now Iran. It
was constructed around 550 to 330 BC and
attributed to Darius I. The function of the building,
however, was more ceremonial than residential.
The image shows the ruins of the ancient building.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows three of the four rock-cut tombs
in a Persian necropolis called Naqsh-e Rustam (Throne of
Rustam). The necropolis is famous for its colossal tombs
of Persian kings during the Achaemenid Empire. However,
only one tomb is clearly identified, the Tomb of Darius I.
The rock-cut tombs are famous for its size and its cross-
shaped cuts. Hence, they are also known as Persian
Crosses.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: In Persepolis, there are found six finished
Achaemenid royal tombs. The image shows the
Tomb of Artaxerxes II, a rock-cut romb near
Persepolis in Marvdasht, Iran. The reliefs show the
transition of the King to heaven.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Mausoleum of Cyrus the Great is a
monument serving as the tomb of Cyrus the Great, the
founder of the ancient Achaemenid Empire. It was built
about 550 BC and located in Pasargadae, an archaeological
site in the Fars Province of Iran. The mausoleum is a
significant historical example of earthquake engineering as
it is said to be the oldest base-isolated structure in the
world, allowing it great resilience against seismic hazards.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Code of Hammurabi is a Babylonian
legal text composed c. 1755–1750 BC. It is the
longest, best-organised, and best-preserved legal
text from the ancient Near East. The black stone
stele containing the Code of Hammurabi was
carved from a single, four-ton slab of diorite, a
durable but incredibly difficult stone for carving.
ANCIENT ITEM
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Cuneiform is one of the oldest forms of writing
known. It means "wedge-shaped," because people wrote it
using a reed stylus cut to make a wedge-shaped mark on a
clay tablet. Cuneiform originally developed to write the
Sumerian language of southern Mesopotamia (modern
Iraq). Along with Egyptian hieroglyphs, it is one of the
earliest writing systems.
ANCIENT WRITING
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A mastaba is an ancient Egyptian tomb
rectangular in shape with sloping sides and a flat
roof, standing to a height of 17–20 feet (5–6 m),
consisting of an underground burial chamber with
rooms above it (at ground level) in which to store
offerings.
TYPE OF STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Ancient Egyptian Architecture
Answer: The parts of an ancient Egyptian mastaba
are (A) chapel, (B) offering table, (C) serdab with
statue of ka, (D) shaft, (E) underground burial
chambers and (F) blockage.
OF THIS ANCIENT STRUCTURE
D
IDENTIFY THE PARTS

F
C
E
A
Answer: The image shows an example of an Egyptian
mastaba. There are thousands of mastabas in Egypt and
this one is some of the most familiar. This one is called
Mastabat al-Fir’aun or Mastaba of the Pharaoh located
in Saqqara, Egypt. The mastaba is the grave monument of
the ancient Egyptian king Shepseskaf, the last king of the
Fourth Dynasty documented to date.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows an example of an
elabotate mastaba. This mastaba is called the
Tomb of Meresankh II, the wife of King Khafre.
This structure is one of the several mastabas and
tombs around the famous pyramids of Giza in
Egypt. It is one of the best preserved mastabas in
the area.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: This structure is an example of an elaborate royal
mastaba located in Abusir, an ancient royal tomb site in
northern Egypt. It is known as the Tomb of Ptahshepses.
This structure is famous for its elaborate interior. The left
image shows the chapel entrance, while the upper right
shows the aerial view of the mastaba remains and lower
right shows the plan.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows the Mastaba Beit
Khallaf or Mastaba K1 located in small rural
village near Girga in Upper Egypt. This mastaba is
notable due to its large size which covers an area
of 45m by 85m and its sloping walls rise to a
current height of around 8m.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Mastaba of Ti is a famous mastaba
tomb in Egyptian history because of the
abundance of reliefs and records on its walls
about the Old Kingdom. The image shows the
entrance portico of the mastaba sunken in desert
sand. The structure is located in Saqqara, Giza,
Egypt.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Mastaba of Mereruka is the largest
and most elaborate of all the non-royal tombs in
Saqqara with 33 rooms or chambers in total. The
structure is located in Saqqara, Giza, Egypt.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows an example of a mastaba. This
structure is called the Mastaba of Khnumhotep and
Niankhkhnum, located in Saqqara, Egypt. This structure is
important in Egyptian history because here lies the
remains of the very first same-sex couple in history who
were royal servants to the Egyptian king.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Constructed at Saqqara about 4,700 years ago,
the Step Pyramid of Djoser was the first pyramid the
Egyptians built. The pyramid was constructed using 11.6
million cubic feet (330,400 cubic meters) of stone and clay.
The planning of the pyramid has been attributed to
Imhotep, a vizier who would later be deified for his
accomplishments.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shown shows the reconstructed
mortuary complex of Pharaoh Djoser in Saqqara, Egypt
which consist of a rectangular walled complex with courts,
galleries, temples and the main tomb, the Stepped Pyramid
of Djoser. The 6-tier, 4-sided structure is the earliest
colossal stone building in Egypt built around 2700 BC.
ANCIENT PYRAMID COMPLEX
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows the burial chamber
inside the Step Pyramid of Djoser in Saqqara,
Egypt. The burial chamber was a vault constructed
of four courses of well-dressed granite. It had one
opening, which was sealed with a 3.5 ton block
after the burial. No body was recovered as the
tomb had been extensively robbed.
ANCIENT BURIAL CHAMBER
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shown is one of the remains of the
entrance of the mortuary complex of Djoser
surrounding the Pyramid of Djoser, in Saqqara, Egypt. The
Djoser complex is surrounded by a wall of light Tura
limestone 10.5 m (34 ft) high. The vertical motif and
appearance of the walls imitates bound bundles of reeds.
Reeds are a common material in Egyptian culture.
ANCIENT ENTRANCE STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Started as a Step Pyramid but then converted into
a true pyramid, the Pyramid at Meidum (aka Meidum
Pyramid) marks the transition from the Early Dynastic
Period to the Old Kingdom. It is the first pyramid with
smooth and straight sides. Late in its reconstruction under
Snefru, the outer casing and fill of the pyramid began to
collapse. The work was abandoned, and the mortuary
chapel remained uninscribed.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows a pyramid built by Sneferu in
Dashur, Egypt which is called Blunted, Bent, False, or
Rhomboidal Pyramid due to its double slope. It
represents an early attempt to build a true pyramid. The
initial angle was too steep so the builders reduced the
slope of the upper portion. The best-preserved of the five,
it is the only Old Kingdom (c. 2575–c. 2130 BCE) pyramid
with two entrances.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Another pyramid built by Sneferu in Dashur,
Egypt is called the Red Pyramid or North Pyramid. It is
the largest pyramid in the Dashur necropolis and famous
for its rusty reddish hue due to its red limestones. Because
it is still standing, it is considered as the first successful
attempt to build a true pyramid with smooth and straight
sides.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows a pyramidion, the topmost
part or capstone of the pyramid. The pyramidion shown is
believed to be the pyramidion of the Red Pyramid in
Dashur. It is displayed in the side of the pyramid. These
capstones are made from either limestone or granite and
covered with gold or electrum. Only few pyramidia survive
today.
AN EGYPTIAN PYRAMID
IDENTIFY THIS PART OF
Answer: Pharaoh Khufu began the first Giza
pyramid project, circa 2550 B.C. His Great Pyramid
is the largest in Giza and towers some 481 feet
(147 meters) above the plateau. Its estimated 2.3
million stone blocks each weigh an average of 2.5
to 15 tons. This is called the Khufu’s Pyramid or
Cheop’s Pyramid.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Khufu's son, Pharaoh Khafre, built the
second pyramid at Giza, circa 2520 B.C. His
necropolis also included the Sphinx, a mysterious
limestone monument with the body of a lion and a
pharaoh's head. Khafre’s Pyramid is identifiable
by the remaining limestone casing on its top.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The third of the Giza Pyramids is
considerably smaller than the first two. Built by
Pharaoh Menkaure circa 2490 B.C., it featured a
much more complex mortuary temple.
Menkaure’s or Mykerinos’ Pyramid marks the
end of the era of giant pyramids.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows an illustration of the three
pyramid complexes in Giza, Egypt. (C) shows the first and
largest pyramid by Khufu, (B) shows the second pyramid
with intact top casing by Khafre and (A) shows the third and
smallest of three main pyramids by Menkaure. Take note
of the typical components of a pyramid complex – a valley
temple, a causeway connected to a mortuary temple near
the pyramid.
IDENTIFY THESE THREE
ANCIENT STRUCTURES
C
B
A
Answer: The Khufu ship is an intact full-size vessel from
ancient Egypt that was sealed into a pit in the Giza pyramid
complex at the foot of the Great Pyramid of Giza around
2500 BC. The ship is now preserved in the Giza Solar boat
museum. The ship was almost certainly built for Khufu.
Khufu's ship is one of the oldest, largest and best-
preserved vessels from antiquity.
ANCIENT ARTIFACT
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Pyramid of Lahun, also known as el-Lahun,
was constructed under the rule of Senusret II of the 12th
Dynasty around 1180 BC. El-Lahun means Mouth of the
Canal, and it was indeed situated next to the water. This
pyramid is now in ruin, and the causeways and passages
within are largely destroyed and inaccessible.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Pyramid of Hawara was constructed by the sixth
Pharaoh of the 12th Dynasty, Amenmehat III. Historians
put the construction of the Pyramid of Hawara around
1850 BC, making it approximately 3,865 years old today.
The Pyramid of Hawara is often called the Black Pyramid
because it looks much darker than other Egyptian
pyramids from the same time period.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows the ruins of the Egypt's
most northerly pyramid, also known as the lost
pyramid – the mostly ruined Pyramid of
Djedefre, the son and successor of Khufu. It is of
the same size as the Pyramid of Menkaure and
located in the archaeological site known as Abu
Rawash.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Pyramid of Djedkare Isesi is a late
25th to mid 24th century BC pyramid complex
built for the Fifth Dynasty pharaoh Djedkare Isesi.
It was the first pyramid to be built in South
Saqqara. The Step Pyramid of Djoser can be seen
at the background.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: This section shows the interior spaces of
the Khufu’s Pyramid or known as The Great
Pyramid of Giza. Although the Great Pyramid has
subterranean chambers, they were never
completed, and Khufu’s sarcophagus rests in the
King’s Chamber. Unfortunately, the King’s
Chamber was looted and found empty.
IDENTIFY WHICH PYRAMID
HAS THIS SECTION
Answer: A sarcophagus is a stone coffin or a container to
hold a coffin. Although early sarcophagi were made to hold
coffins within, the term has come to refer to any stone
coffin that is placed above ground. The earliest stone
sarcophagi were used by Egyptian pharaohs of the 3rd
dynasty, which reigned from about 2686 to 2613 B.C.E.
ANCIENT ITEM
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Grand Galley of the Pyramid of
Khufu is a passage that provides access to the
royal chambers. The Grand Gallery of the Great
Pyramid is some 8.5m high, 47m long, rising at
26.5 degrees.
OF KHUFU’S PYRAMID
IDENTIFY THIS PART
Answer: The King’s Chamber is the main burial chamber
of Khufu’s pyramid. Above the King’s Chamber are five
stress-relieving chambers of massive granite blocks topped
with immense cantilevered blocks forming a pent roof to
distribute the weight of the mountain of masonry above it.
The king’s sarcophagus, also carved from red granite, sits
empty at the exact central axis of the pyramid.
OF KHUFU’S PYRAMID
IDENTIFY THIS PART
Answer: The Tomb of King Tutankhamen is one
of the most famous tombs cut into the rock in the
famous Valley of the Kings. Once inside the
tomb, historians found rooms filled with treasure.
This included statues, gold jewelry,
Tutankhamun's mummy, chariots, model boats,
canopic jars, chairs, and paintings.
IS SHOWN IN THIS DIAGRAM
IDENTIFY WHICH TOMB
Answer: Hieroglyphic writing, system that
employs characters in the form of pictures. Those
individual signs, called hieroglyphs, may be read
either as pictures, as symbols for objects, or as
symbols for sounds. In Egyptian architecture, walls
and other surfaces are decorated with
hieroglyphics.
ANCIENT WRITING
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Egyptian gorge is a characteristic
cornice of most Egyptian buildings, consisting of a
large cavetto decorated with vertical leaves, and a
roll molding below. It is also known as the “hollow
and roll” or “gorge cornice”. This decorative
molding was also adopted in future architectural
styles.
EGYPTIAN DECORATION
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The djed is one of the more ancient and
commonly found decorative symbols in ancient Egyptian
architecture and hieroglyphics. The symbol is a column
with a broad base which narrows as it rises to a capital and
is crossed by four parallel lines. It symbolizes stability and
featured on pillars, tomb walls, architraves (the main beam
which rests on pillars), palace walls, sheets of painted
papyrus, and especially sarcophagi.
EGYPTIAN DECORATION
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The ankh or key of life is an ancient Egyptian
hieroglyphic symbol that was most commonly used in
writing and in Egyptian art or architecture to represent the
word for "life" and, by extension, as a symbol of life itself.
The ankh has a cross shape but with a teardrop-shaped
loop in place of an upper bar.
ANCIENT DECORATION
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A palm capital is a type of Egyptian
capital resembling the spreading crown of a palm
tree.
EGYPTIAN CAPITAL
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A palmette capital is an Egyptian capital
depicting spread palm leaves. This capital is more
commonly incorporated with other Egyptian
motifs such as lotus and papyrus. Therefore, it is
also considered as a composite capital.
EGYPTIAN CAPITAL
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A papyrus capital is an Egyptian capital
resembling a bundle of papyrus buds. Papyrus, from which
we get the modern word paper, is a writing material made
from the papyrus plant, a reed which grows in the marshy
areas around the Nile river. Papyrus was used as a writing
material as early as 3,000 BC in ancient Egypt, and
continued to be used to some extent until around 1100 AD.
EGYPTIAN CAPITAL
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A lotus capital or bud capital is an
Egyptian capital having the shape of a lotus bud.
There are also lotus capital depicting a lotus
flower but lotus buds are more common.
EGYPTIAN CAPITAL
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A Hathor column or Hathor-headed
column is a type of Egyptian column usually
having a 4-faced capital carved with heads of the
goddess Hathor. Hathor, in ancient Egyptian
religion, is the goddess of the sky, of women, and
of fertility and love.
EGYPTIAN CAPITAL
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: An Osirian column is an ancient
Egyptian column incorporating the sculptured
figure of Osiris, the Egyptian god of death and
resurrection.
EGYPTIAN COLUMN
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Great Sphinx of Giza, commonly
referred to as the Sphinx of Giza or just the
Sphinx, is a limestone statue of a reclining sphinx,
a mythical creature. The face of the Sphinx
appears to represent the pharaoh Khafre. It is the
oldest known monumental sculpture in Egypt and
one of the most recognisable statues in the world.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows another famous example of an
Egyptian sphinx called Sphinx of Hatshepsut that
portrays the female pharaoh Hatshepsut with the body of
a lion and a human head wearing a nemes–headcloth and
false beard. The sculpture is made from granite stone
measuring 3.43m long by 1.64m high. It was one of at least
six granite sphinxes that stood in Hatshepsut's mortuary
temple at Deir el-Bahri.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Sphinx of Memphis is a stone
sphinx located near the remains of Memphis,
Egypt. The carving was believed to take place
between 1700 and 1400 BC, which was during the
18th Dynasty. It is unknown which pharaoh is
being honored and there are no inscriptions to
supply information.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Great Avenue of Sphinxes extends
from Karnak to Luxor temples for about 2,700 m.
The width of the road is 7m and there are
originally 1350 sphinxes placed along the route.
ANCIENT ROUTE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: An obelisk or tehkenu in ancient Egypt is a stone
rectangular pillar with a tapered top forming a pyramidion,
set on a base, erected to commemorate an individual or
event and honor the gods. The ancient Egyptians created
the form at some point in the Early Dynastic Period (c.
3150-c. 2613 BCE) . Take note that many of the Egyptian
obelisks were transported by Romans to different parts of
Europe.
IDENTIFY THIS TYPE OF
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
Answer: This obelisk is the Obelisk of Senusret I
(aka Sesostris I) located in the Heliopolis, Cario,
Egypt. It is an important example of Egyptian
obelisk because it is the oldest standing obelisk
and the only one still standing on its original
location. The obelisk was built around 1942 BC.
NAME THIS EGYPTIAN OBELISK
Answer: These two obelisks are known as the
Karnak Obelisks, standing in the Karnak Temple
Complex. The tallest of the is the Obelisk of
Hatshepsut standing 30m high while the Obelisk
of Thutmose I stands 24m high. Hatshepsut has
another obelisk in Karnak Temple but the
monument has fallen.
NAME THESE EGYPTIAN OBELISKS
Answer: The image shows the Fallen Obelisk of
Hatshepsut in Karnak Temple in Egypt. The other
two standing obelisks in Karanak Temple can be
seen in the background, where the largest is also
built by Hatshepsut.
Answer: The obelisk shown is one of the Egyptian obelisks
transferred from Egypt to Italy by a Roman emperor. It is
now known as the Lateran obelisk but it was originally
built by Thutmose III and Thutmose IV around 1400 BC in
Karnak standing at 32m high. It is considered as the largest
standing obelisk in the world. It is identifiable by its
pedestal and a Christian cross at the top and located
across the Lateran Basilica.
Answer: The obelisk standing in the image is the
remaining Luxor Obelisk built in front of the first
entrance pylon of the Luxor Temple. However,
Luxor obelisks are originally a pair built during the
reign of Ramesses II (1279 to 1213 BC). The other
Luxor Obelisk was transferred in Paris, France.
Answer: The obelisk standing in the image shown is called
the Vatican Obelisk or Caligula’s Obelisk, an Egyptian
obelisk transferred from Heliopolis in Egypt to Rome, Italy.
This particular obelisk has no inscriptions or hieroglyphics
so its pharaoh or builder is unknown. It appears similar to
the Lateran Obelisk except it has plain sides and standing
at 25.5 meters.
Answer: The two obelisks shown are named
Cleopatra’s Needle, a pair of ancient Egyptian
obelisks made during the reign of Thutmose III in
Heliopolis, Egypt. They were transferred and now
standing in New York and London. Their name is a
misnomer because they were not connected to
the Ptolemaic Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt.
NAME THESE EGYPTIAN OBELISKS
Answer: The image shows what is known as the
“Unfinished Obelisk of Aswan”, the largest
known Egyptian obelisk located in an obelisk
quarry in Aswan, Egypt. It has a height of 42
meters and believed to be built by Hatshepsut.
Answer: The two obelisks shown are situated in the
Hippodrome of Constantinople in now Istabul, Turkey. The
front obelisk is known as the Obelisk of Theodosius which
was originally built by Thutmose III in Karnak Temple. The
other one is a lesser-known Roman obelisk called the
Walled Obelisk or Pillar of Constantine which is unique
due to its masonry construction.
Answer: Egyptian Sun Temples are ancient Egyptian
temples dedicated to the sun god Ra, especially those built
by the 5th dynasty during the Old Kingdom period. The
most famous examples are the Sun Temple of Userkaf
and Nyuserre’s Sun Temple. Sun temples are unique
example of cult temples in Egyptian religion. The image
shows an illustration of how sun temples look like such as
its obelisk, courtyard and the connected valley temple.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Luxor Temple is one of the major Egyptian
temple complex located in Luxor, Egypt (previously known
as Thebes). It was constructed around 1400 BC and not
dedicated to any Egyptian god. This temple is connected to
another large temple complex called Karnak Temple
through the Great Avenue of Sphinxes.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The model shown is called the Karnak Temple
Complex or simply Karnak is a complex of temples,
pylons, chapels and other buildings in Luxor, Egypt (old
Thebes). The complex was built around 2000 to 30 BC
under different pharaohs. The complex is also known as
The Great Temple of Amun even though other cult
temples were built in the complex.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Great Hypostyle Hall is a famous
hypostyle hall portion of the Karnak Temple in
Luxor, Egypt. It is part of the Precinct of Amun-Re.
The structure is famous for its gigantic 134
papyrus columns standing 24m high with 10m
diameter. The structure was built around 1290 BC
initially by Hatshepsut.
IDENTIFY THIS ANCIENT STRUCTURE
Answer: The Great Hypostyle Hall is a famous hypostyle
hall portion of the Karnak Temple in Luxor, Egypt. It is part
of the Precinct of Amun-Re. The structure is famous for its
gigantic 134 papyrus columns standing 24m high with 10m
diameter. The structure was built around 1290 BC initially
by Hatshepsut. The image shows the reconstruction of the
hypostyle hall.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Khonsu or Temple of Khons is an
ancient Egyptian temple dedicated to Khonsu, Egyptian god
of moon. The temple is part of Karnak Temple Complex in
Luxor, Egypt (old Thebes). It was originally constructed by
Ramesses III and one of the most complex New Kingdom
temple. The rectangular temple is fronted by an entrance
pylon, with succeeding chambers and court with
decreasing roof height.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Festival Hall of Thutmose III is a
hall situated in the Precinct of Amun-Re in the
Karnak Temple Complex located in Luxor, Egypt. It
was originally built to celebrate the jubilee (Heb-
Sed) of the 18th Dynasty pharaoh Thutmose III,
and later became used as part of the annual Opet
Festival.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Mut or Precinct of Mut
is a smaller temple complex in Luxor, Egypt. It is
generally considered as part of Karnak Temple
Complex. It is identifiable by the sacred lake
surrounding the temple structure. It is also
connected to the Avenue of Sphinxes that connect
the Luxor Temple to the Karnak Temple.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows an aerial view of the Temple of
Isis, one of Egypt's most beautiful and best-preserved
ancient sanctuaries. The temple along with other later
Roman structures were originally built in the island of
Philae but were carefully dismantled and rebuilt now in
1960s in Agilkia Island. Famous structure in the island are
its well-preserved hyspotyle hall, Temple of Hathor and the
unfinished Kiosk of Trajan.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shown is the entrance pylon of the
Temple of Isis in now Agilkia Island in Egypt. It is
identifiable by the colonnades surrounding the front court.
The temple along with other later Roman structures were
originally built in the island of Philae but were carefully
dismantled and rebuilt now in 1960s in Agilkia Island.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Mortuary Temple of Seti I (or Great
Temple of Abydos) is an ancient mortuary temple located
in another importance religious sites in ancient Egypt, the
City of Abydos. The temple is an unusually L-shaped temple
with simple pillared portico entrance façade. The temple
was completed during the reign of Ramesses II, son of Seti
I. The remains of the temple is famous because it is where
the Abydos King List was found.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows a reconstruction of the
Great Temple of Aten. The Great Temple of the
Aten was a controversial cult temple located in
the city of el-Amarna (ancient Akhetaten), Egypt. It
served as the main place of worship of the deity
Aten during the reign of the 18th Dynasty pharaoh
Akhenaten (c. 1353–1336 BCE).
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Great Temple of Abu Simbel is one of the
two rock-cut temples in an ancient village of Abu Simbel in
Aswan, Egypt. The single entrance is flanked by four
colossal, 20 m (66 ft) statues, each representing Ramesses
II seated on a throne and wearing the double crown of
Upper and Lower Egypt. In 1960s, the two temples in Abu
Simbel were carefully transferred to higher ground due to
the construction of Aswan High Dam.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Small Temple of Abu Simbel is the second
of the two famous rock-cut temples in Abu Simbel.
Dedicated to Ramesses II’s wife Nefertari, it is also called
the Temple of Nefertari. It is also used as a temple for
Hathor, the Egyptian goddess of love. Four of the six
entrance statues represent Ramesses II while the other
two represent Nefertari.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows an aerial view of the Valley of
the Kings, a famous necropolis in the ancient Thebes (now
Luxor). This site contains many of the famous rock-cut
tombs of royal kings (i.e. Tutankhamun, Thutmose III,
Amenhotep II and Ramesses I). Another related and near
site is the Valley of the Queens where many tombs of
royal queens are located.
IDENTIFY THIS
ANCIENT SITE
Answer: Deir el-Bahari is a complex of mortuary temples
and tombs located on the west bank of the Nile, opposite
the city of Luxor, Egypt. This is a part of the Theban
Necropolis and contains the rock-cut mortuary temples of
Mentuhotep, Thutmose III and Hatshepsut. The image
shows the reconstructed illustration of the tomb complex.
IDENTIFY THIS
ANCIENT SITE
Answer: The Mortuary Temple of Mentuhotep
II is one of the three famous mortuary temples in
the tomb complex called Deir el’Bahri on the west
bank of Thebes. However, unlike Hatshepsut’s
temple, this temple is less preserved. The
Mortuary Temple of Thutmose III is even lesser
preserved.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut
(aka Djeser-Djeseru) in Deir el-Bahari is the best-
preserved rock-cut mortuary temple in the site. It
was built by the royal architect Senenmut and
dedicated to Amun and Hatshepsut. It is one of
the most famous monuments in the Theban
Necropolis.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Dendur is an ancient Egyptian
Temple that was built by the Roman governor of Egypt,
Petronius, around 15 BC, as one of many Egyptian temples
commissioned by the emperor Augustus. Note that while
Roman Empire eventually conquered Egypt around 30 BC,
it still allowed the Egyptians to maintain its architecture
and building methods.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Colossi of Memnon are two massive stone
statues of the Pharaoh Amenhotep III, who reigned in
Egypt during the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Since 1350
BCE, they have stood in the Theban Necropolis, located
west of the River Nile from the modern city of Luxor. The
figures rise 60 ft (18 meters) high and weigh 720 tons each;
both carved from single blocks of sandstone.
ANCIENT MONUMENTS
IDENTIFY THESE
Answer: The Nefertiti Bust is a painted stucco-coated
limestone bust of Nefertiti, the Great Royal Wife of
Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten. The work is believed to have
been crafted in 1345 B.C.E. by Thutmose because it was
found in his workshop in Amarna, Egypt. It is one of the
most-copied works of ancient Egypt. Nefertiti has become
one of the most famous women of the ancient world and
an icon of feminine beauty.
ANCIENT SCULPTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The components of a typical pyramid
complex include (A) valley temple, (B) causeway,
(C) mortuary or pyramid temple, (D) pyramid and
(E) necropolis.
A
IDENTIFY THE COMPONENTS

OF A PYRAMID COMPLEX
B
C
D
E
Answer: Temple of Hathor is a Ptolemaic-period temple
built in what is known as the Dendera Temple Complex in
Dendera, Egypt. The existing structure began construction
in the late Ptolemaic period at the time of Ptolemy Auletes
in July 54 BCE and the hypostyle hall was built in the Roman
period under Tiberius. It is one of the best-preserved
Egyptian temples. Ptolemaic period refers to the time
when Egypt was controlled by the Greeks.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Edfu is an Egyptian
temple located on the west bank of the Nile in
Edfu, Upper Egypt. The temple was built in the
Ptolemaic Kingdom between 237 and 57 BC. It is
nearly intact and a very good example of an
ancient Egyptian temple.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Kom Ombo is an unusual
double temple in the town of Kom Ombo in Aswan
Governorate, Upper Egypt. It was constructed
during the Ptolemaic dynasty, 180–47 BC. The
building is unique because its 'double' design
meant that there were courts, halls, sanctuaries
and rooms duplicated for two sets of gods.
Answer: Mudbricks or adobe is an ancient building
material used by the Egyptian and Mesopotamian
civilizations in constructing many of their buildings. Ancient
Egyptians would gather mud from the banks of the river
Nile and chopped up bits of dried grass or straw and then
mix them together. After a few days, they would squeeze
the mixture into brick shapes and leave them to dry in the
hot Egyptian sun.
ANCIENT BUILDING MATERIAL
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Beni Hasan (also written as Bani Hasan, or also
Beni-Hassan) is an ancient Egyptian Middle Kingdom
cemetery. It is located approximately 20 kilometers (12 mi)
to the south of modern-day Minya in the region known as
Middle Egypt, the area between Asyut and Memphis. The
site is famous for its rock-cut tombs and temples such as
those of Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Amenemhat and
Khunumhotep II.
IDENTIFY THIS
ANCIENT SITE
Answer: The Temple of Pakhet was built at Beni
Hasan, and represented a synthesis of two lioness
war goddesses. The cavernous underground
temple, cut into the rock cliffs on the eastern side
of the Nile, was admired by the Greeks during
their occupation of Egypt, who compared the
goddess to their hunter goddess, Artemis.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Shunet El Zebib alternatively named
Shuneh and Middle Fort, is a large mudbrick
structure located at Abydos in Upper Egypt. It
consists of two rectangular surrounding walls,
interlaced like a shoe box. The purpose of the
structure is still unknown.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Montu (also Temple of
Monthu, Montju, or Menthu) is an Egyptian temple
dedicated to the worship of Montu, located in the
ancient city of Medamud near Luxor, Egypt. It is
thought that the original sanctuary dates to the
Old Kingdom.
Answer: The Temple of Amada, the oldest
Egyptian temple in Nubia, was first constructed by
Pharaoh Thutmose III of the 18th dynasty and
dedicated to Amun and Re-Horakhty. The original
building plan for the structure featured a pylon,
forecourt and a portico which led to a sanctuary
but later on roofed by Thutmose IV.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: This temple is one of the most famous
Egyptian temples transferred outside Egypt. This is
called Temple of Debod originally in Aswan,
Egypt. It is now in Madrid, Spain due to the
construction of the Aswan High Dam.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Temple of Dakka is a temple dedicated
to Thoth, the god of wisdom in the ancient
Egyptian pantheon. The temple was built during
Ptolemaic period and has Greco-Roman
influences. Due to the construction of Aswan High
Dam, it was also transferred to a different site in
Wadi es-Sebua or Valley of the Lions.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Temple of Wadi Es-Sebua is located 50km south
of Aswan Dam. It is known to be the second largest temple
of Nubian region, after the famous temple of Abu-Simbel.
This temple is named “Es-Sebua”, which means “Lions”
named after the presence of the rows of lion-headed
sphinxes before the entrance of the temple.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Derr or el-Derr is a speos
or rock-cut Egyptian temple in Lower Nubia. It was
built during the 19th Dynasty by Pharaoh
Ramesses II. It is the only rock-cut temple in
Nubia, which was constructed by this pharaoh on
the right bank of the Nile and used to stand at el-
Derr.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Beit el-Wali is a rock-cut ancient
Egyptian temple in Nubia which was built by Pharaoh
Ramesses II and dedicated to the deities of Amun-Re, Re-
Horakhti, Khnum and Anuket. The temple was relocated
during the 1960s as a result of the Aswan High Dam project
and moved towards higher ground.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Gerf Hussein or 'House
of Ptah' was dedicated to pharaoh Ramesses II
and built by the Setau, Viceroy of Nubia. Situated
on a bank of the Nile some 90 km south of Aswan,
it was partly free-standing and partly cut from the
rock. The image shows the open courtyard of the
temple.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Pylon is the Greek term which means a
monumental gate in Egyptian architecture,
especially on temples. It consists of two towers,
each tapering and surmounted by a cornice,
joined by a less elevated section enclosing the
entrance between them.
OF AN EGYPTIAN TEMPLE
IDENTIFY THIS PART
Answer: The Nile River played an important role in
shaping the lives and society of Ancient Egypt. The Nile
provided the Ancient Egyptians with food, transportation,
building materials, and more. The Nile River is the longest
river in the world. The Nile River flows north through Egypt
and into the Mediterranean Sea. Ancient Egypt was divided
into two regions, Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt.
OF EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
NAME THE MAIN RIVER
Answer: Deir el-Medina is ancient site on the
west bank of the Nile River at Thebes in Upper
Egypt. It is known primarily as the location of a
settlement for craftsmen who laboured on the
royal tombs, especially those in the nearby Valley
of the Kings.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Buhen Fort was a massive fortress located on
the west bank of the Nile in Lower Nubia (northern Sudan).
The walls of the fortress were made of brick and stone
walls, approximately 5m thick and 10m high, covering an
area of about 13,000sqm. It was constructed during the
reigns of King Senusret III to protect Egypt. It is now sunken
in the Lake Nasser due to the construction of Aswan High
Dam.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Tombs of the Nobles are a collective
term applied to tombs of workers, foremen,
priests, soldiers, officials, viziers, princes etc.
usually located in the area of a major ancient site
in Egypt. These sites can be found in Luxor,
Saqqara, Amarna and Aswan.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Lighthouse of Alexandria or Pharos of
Alexandria, one of the Seven Ancient Wonders of the
World and the most famous lighthouse in antiquity. It was
a technological triumph and is the archetype of all
lighthouses since. It was built around 280 BC. The
lighthouse stood on the island of Pharos in the harbour of
Alexandria and is said to have been more than 350 feet
(110 metres) high.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Palace of Knossos is located just
south of modern-day Heraklion near the north
coast of Crete. Built by a civilization that we call
the Minoans, it covers about 150,000 square feet
(14,000 square meters), the size of more than two
football fields
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Ancient Greek Architecture (Minoan Architecture)
Answer: The Palace of Knossos is located just south of
modern-day Heraklion near the north coast of Crete. Built
by a civilization that we call the Minoans, it covers about
150,000 square feet (14,000 square meters), the size of
more than two football fields. It is the largest and the most
famous Minoan palace. The image shows the iconic
reconstructed Northwest portico along the Northwest
entrance of the palace.
IDENTIFY THIS ICONIC
ANCIENT RUINS
Answer: Minoan columns were uniquely shaped,
constructed from wood, and painted. They are
tapered at the bottom, larger at the top, and fitted
with a bulbous, pillow-like capital . The complex at
Phaistos bears many similarities with its
counterpart at Knossos, although it is smaller.
ANCIENT COLUMNS
IDENTIFY THESE
Answer: The Palace of Malia is another Minoan palace
built in the Minoan city of Malia. It occupies 7500 square
meters at the edge of a fertile valley near Hersonissos in
Northern Crete. It was first built around 1900 BC. A large
central court yard is surrounded by storage rooms to the
east, the theater and several crypts and corridors to the
West, and the main entrance to the south. It is the third
largest Minoan palace.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Palace of Phaistos is one of the
massive Minoan Palace in the City of Phaistos, the
second largest Minoan city. This palace is also the
second largest Minoan palace. The left image
shows its reconstruction while the right images
show the ruins of the site.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Palace of Zakros is the most
isolated Minoan Palace in the island of Crete. The
palace was built around 1900 BC and destroyed
around 1450 BC along with the other Minoan
palaces. Extensive ruins of the palace remain, and
are a popular tourist destination.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Minoans decorated their palace
complexes and homes with fresco wall paintings
or buon fresco. Buon fresco is a form of painting
where the pigment is painted onto a wet
limestone plaster. When the plaster dries the
painting also dries, becoming an integral part of
the wall.
OF MINOAN PAINTING
IDENTIFY THIS TYPE
Answer: The Citadel of Mycenae is a Mycenaean citadel
located in the Argolis, Peloponnese, in Greece. The
Mycenae is the most prominent city of the Mycenaean
civilization that lasted from 1600 to 1100 BC. The site
contains the famous Lions Gate, Treasury of Atreus and its
massive cyclopean walls. The image shows a
reconstruction of the famous citadel ruins.
ANCIENT CITADEL
IDENTIFY THIS
Ancient Greek Architecture (Mycenaean Architecture)
Answer: This structure is the center of most Mycenean
cities or citadels. This is called the “megaron” or “great
megaron”. It was a rectangular hall, surrounded by four
columns, that was fronted by an open, two-columned
portico, and had a central, open hearth that vented though
an oculus in the roof. This structure will be the inspiration
of the eventual Greek temples.
MYCENAEAN STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Lion Gate is the popular modern name for the
main entrance of what was the Bronze Age citadel of
Mycenae in southern Greece. It was erected during the
thirteenth century BC, around 1250 BC, in the
northwestern side of the acropolis. In modern times, it was
named after the relief sculpture of two lionesses in a
heraldic pose that stands above the entrance.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Cyclopean masonry is a type of stonework found
in Mycenaean architecture, built with massive limestone
boulders, roughly fitted together with minimal clearance
between adjacent stones and with clay mortar or no use of
mortar. The most famous examples of Cyclopean masonry
are found in the walls of Mycenae and Tiryns, and the style
is characteristic of Mycenaean fortifications.
ANCIENT WALL CONSTRUCTION
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A grave circle is a royal cemetery
structure of the Mycenaean civilization. It can be
found outside and inside the citadel walls. Famous
example is the Grave Circle A and Grave Circle B of
the Mycenae.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A grave circle is a royal cemetery
structure of the Mycenaean civilization. It can be
found outside and inside the citadel walls. Famous
example is the Grave Circle A and Grave Circle B of
the Mycenae.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Tiryns is a major Mycenaean citadel,
located in Argolis, near Mycenae, already
important by the Middle Helladic period. Like the
other citadels, it is surrounded by cyclopean walls
and the central structure is the megaron.
ANCIENT CITADEL
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Treasury of Atreus, also called Tomb of
Agamemnon is a beehive, or tholos, tomb built about 1350
to 1250 BC at Mycenae, Greece. This surviving architectural
structure of the Mycenaean civilization is a pointed dome
built up of overhanging (i.e., corbeled) blocks of
conglomerate masonry cut and polished to give the
impression of a true vault.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Treasury of Atreus, also called Tomb of
Agamemnon is a beehive, or tholos, tomb built about 1350
to 1250 BC at Mycenae, Greece. This surviving architectural
structure of the Mycenaean civilization is a pointed dome
built up of overhanging (i.e., corbeled) blocks of
conglomerate masonry cut and polished to give the
impression of a true vault.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Palace of Nestor is the best-
preserved among the palace complexes of the
Mycenaean civilization and located in a major
Mycenaean are called Pylos or Pylia. The palace
was built in the 13th century BC by King Nestor,
son of Neleus, who holds an important position in
the Homeric epics.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Corbelling is a common construction
technique used by the Mycenaean civilization. The
image shows the corbelled roofing of the tunnel
that leads the cistern of the ancient Mycenae.
IDENTIFY THIS ANCIENT
ARCH CONSTRUCTION
Answer: The Tomb of Clytemnestra was a Mycenaean
tholos type tomb built in c. 1250 BC. The tomb is named
after Clytemnestra, the wife of king Agamemnon, mythical
ruler of Mycenae and leader of the Greeks in the Trojan
War. This tholos tomb is similar to the Tomb of
Agamemnon but has more advance construction
techniques.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows what is known as the
circular hearth of a typical Mycenaean palace or
megaron. The main room of a megaron always
has a round hearth which is surrounded by four
columns. Directly above the hearth is an opening
in the roof for the smoke to be released.
A MYCENAEAN MEGARON
Answer: This part of Mycenaean megaron is the
main room or throne room. It is identifiable by
the presence of a circular hearth surrounded by
columns and has an opening above for the smoke.
A MYCENAEAN MEGARON
Answer: Athenian acropolis is the best-known
acropolis, built during the second half of the 5th
century BC. The Athenian acropolis, located on a
craggy, walled hill, was built as a home of Athena,
the patron goddess of the city. It contains famous
examples of Greek architecture.
IDENTIFY THIS
ANCIENT SITE
Ancient Greek Architecture
Answer: A Greek polis or colony typically contains
(A) houses, (B) walls, (C) acropolis, (D) theater, (D)
theater, (E) stadium, (F) tholos, (G) main temple,
(H) agora and (I) port.
E
OF A TYPICAL GREEK POLIS

F
IDENTIFY THESE PARTS

D
G
C
H
B
I
A
Answer: Panathenaea, in Greek religion, an annual
Athenian festival of great antiquity and importance. It was
eventually celebrated every fourth year with great
splendour. The festival consisted solely of the sacrifices
and rites proper to the season (mid-August) in the cult of
Athena, the city protectress. The great procession will end
at the Athenian acropolis.
ANCIENT FESTIVAL
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Propylaea was the monumental
gateway to the Acropolis of Athens, and was one
of several public works commissioned by the
Athenian leader Pericles in order to rebuild the
Acropolis a generation after the conclusion of the
Persian Wars. The façade presents a standard six
Doric columns.
OF THE ATHENIAN ACROPOLIS
IDENTIFY THIS PART
Answer: The Doric order is characterized by a plain,
unadorned column capital and a column that rests directly
on the stylobate of the temple without a base. The Doric
entablature includes a frieze composed of trigylphs—
vertical plaques with three divisions—and metopes—
square spaces for either painted or sculpted decoration.
IDENTIFY THIS
GREEK ORDER
Answer: An Ionic order is most recognizable by its
columns. Every column is made of a base, a fluted shaft,
and the volute on top. In the Ionic order, the volute is
shaped like scrolls or spirals. Its entablature has three
parts – a plain architrave divided into two, or more
generally three, bands, with a frieze resting on it that may
be richly sculptural, and a cornice built up with dentils
IDENTIFY THIS
GREEK ORDER
Answer: Corinthian order is characterized by an ornate
capital carved with stylized acanthus leaves. The column
has a base and a fluted shaft. Its entablature has three
parts – a plain architrave divided into two, or more
generally three, bands, with a frieze resting on it that may
be richly sculptural, and a cornice built up with dentils.
IDENTIFY THIS
GREEK ORDER
Answer: The Tholos of Epidaurus was designed by the
architect Polykleitos the Younger of Argos and it is one of
the few round buildings of Greek architecture built around
365 BC. Its exterior colonnade comprised 26 Doric order
columns, while the interior had 14 Corinthian order ones. It
is thought to be one of the first structures to use a
colonnade of Corinthian columns.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Limestone and marble are the two
common stones used in constructing Greek
temples. One of the most famous is the Pentelic
marble used in structures of the Athenian
acropolis.
USED IN GREEK TEMPLES
NAME THE STONES
Answer: Distyle in antis describes a small temple
with two columns at the front, which are set
between the projecting walls of the pronaos or
porch, like the Temple of Nemesis at Rhamnus.
DESCRIBE THIS PLAN STYLE
OF A GREEK TEMPLE
Answer: Amphiprostyle tetrastyle describes a
small temple that has columns at both ends which
stand clear of the naos. Tetrastyle indicates that
the columns are four in number. The shown
example is the Temple of Athena Nike in the
Acropolis of Athens.
OF A GREEK TEMPLE
Answer: Prostyle tetrastyle describes a small
temple that has columns at one end which stand
clear of the naos. Tetrastyle indicates that the
columns are four in number.
OF A GREEK TEMPLE
Answer: Dipteral octastyle describes the huge
temple of Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, with the
naos surrounded by a double row of columns with
eight columns across the entrance front.
OF A GREEK TEMPLE
Answer: Peripteral hexastyle describes a temple
with a single row of peripheral columns around
the naos, with six columns across the front. The
image shows the Temple of Athena in Paestrum.
OF A GREEK TEMPLE
Answer: Peripteral octastyle describes a temple
with a single row of peripheral columns around
the naos, with eight columns across the front. This
image shows the original plan and ruins of the
Parthenon.
OF A GREEK TEMPLE
Answer: A pseudoperipteral (left) temples
appears to have a single layer of outer colonnade
where some columns are only projecting from the
naos walls. A pseudodipteral (right) temple
distinguished from a dipteral by the absence of
the second, or inner, row of columns in the outer
colonnade.
DESCRIBE THESE PLAN STYLES
OF A GREEK TEMPLE
Answer: A tholos temple is characterized by a
circular arrangement of columns. The image
shows the famous ruins of the Tholos of Delphi.
OF A GREEK TEMPLE
Answer: Delphi was an ancient religious mountain-side
sanctuary dedicated to the Greek god Apollo. Developed in
the 8th century B.C., the sanctuary was home to the Oracle
of Delphi and the priestess Pythia, who was famed
throughout the ancient world for divining the future and
was consulted before all major undertakings
IDENTIFY THIS
ANCIENT SITE
Answer: Delphi was an ancient religious sanctuary
dedicated to the Greek god Apollo. The central and most
important part of Delphi was the Temple of Apollo, where
the Pythia delivered her prophetic words in the adyton, a
separate, restricted room at the rear. The temple of Apollo
sat atop a large terrace supported by a polygonal wall.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Athena Pronaia is another important
sanctuary in Delphi, Greece that is composed of a
group of buildings including the Temple of Athena
Pronaia and the famous Tholos of Delphi.
IDENTIFY THIS
ANCIENT SITE
Answer: The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus (aka
Artemesium) is a massive Greek temple in the ancient city
of Ephesus. It is one of the 7 Ancient Wonders of the World.
It was built in 550 BC with and measured 68.6m by 129.5m,
almost double the size of Parthenon at Athens. It had 127
columns which were 18.3 metres (60 ft) high and 1.2
metres (4 ft) in diameter.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Parthenon is the Doric temple that dominates
the hill of the Acropolis at Athens. It was built in the mid-
5th century BCE and dedicated to the Greek goddess
Athena Parthenos (“Athena the Virgin”). Directed by the
Athenian statesman Pericles, the Parthenon was built by
the architects Ictinus and Callicrates under the supervision
of the sculptor Phidias. Work began in 447 BCE, and the
building itself was completed by 438.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Athena Promachos ("Athena who fights in
the front line") was a colossal bronze statue of Athena
sculpted by Pheidias, which stood between the Propylaea
and the Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens. Athena was
the tutelary deity of Athens and the goddess of wisdom
and warriors.
IDENTIFY THIS ANCIENT SCULPTURE
Answer: Athena Parthenos is a lost massive
chryselephantine (gold and ivory) sculpture of the Greek
goddess Athena, made by Phidias and his assistants and
housed in the Parthenon in Athens; this statue was
designed as its focal point. The statue was around 11
meters tall and stood on a pedestal measuring 4 by 8
meters.
IDENTIFY THIS ANCIENT SCULPTURE
Answer: The Erechtheion (or Erechtheum) is an ancient
Ionic Greek temple constructed on the acropolis of Athens
between 421 and 406 BCE in the Golden Age of the city in
order to house the ancient wooden cult statue of Athena
and generally glorify the great city at the height of its
power and influence. It is famous for its south porch
contains the famous six caryatids.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows the famous six
caryatids in the south porch of the Erechtheion,
in the Acropolis of Athens. The current caryatids in
the Erechtheion are only replicas. The original
caryatids are housed in the British museum and
the Acropolis Museum in Athens.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Hera at Olympia (aka
Heraion) is an ancient Greek temple at Olympia,
Greece built during the Archaic period that was
dedicated to Hera, queen of the Greek Gods. It is
one of the oldest Greek temples and one of the
most venerable.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Altar of Hieron or the Great Altar of
Syracuse is a monumental grand altar in the ancient
quarter of Neapolis in Syracuse, Sicily. It was built in the
Hellenistic period by King Hiero II and is the largest altar
known from antiquity. In ancient Greek society, the altar
was not only a feature of a temple setting, but it was
principal in animal sacrifice (an activity that designated an
area as being sacred to the gods).
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Pergamon Altar (aka Altar of Zeus and
Athena) is a monumental construction built during the
reign of king Eumenes II in the first half of the 2nd century
BC on one of the terraces of the acropolis of the ancient
Greek city of Pergamon in Asia Minor. The structure is
35.64 metres wide and 33.4 metres deep; the front
stairway alone is almost 20 metres wide.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The pediment is the low-pitched gable,
or triangular area formed by the two slopes of the
low-pitched roof of a temple, framed by the
horizontal and raking cornices and sometimes
filled with sculpture.
OF A GREEK TEMPLE
IDENTIFY THIS PART
Answer: Tympanum is a vertical recessed
triangular space forming the centre of a pediment,
typically decorated.
OF A GREEK TEMPLE
IDENTIFY THIS PART
Answer: The entablature is the group of
horizontal member resting on the columns of the
one of the classical orders. It is divided into three
parts: architrave, frieze, and cornice.
OF A GREEK TEMPLE
IDENTIFY THIS PART
Answer: The architrave is the lowest member or
beam of an entablature, resting directly on the
columns.
OF A GREEK TEMPLE
IDENTIFY THIS PART
Answer: Frieze is the middle member of an
entablature, between the architrave and cornice.
In Doric order, the frieze contains triglyph and
metope. In Ionic order and Corinthian order, the
frieze can be plain or adorned with sculptures.
OF A GREEK TEMPLE
IDENTIFY THIS PART
Answer: Frieze is the middle member of an entablature,
between the architrave and cornice. In Doric order, the
frieze contains triglyph (A) and metope (B). The triglyph is
a carved panel with three vertical columns on its surface. A
metope is a panel that fills the space between two triglyphs
and typically adorned with carvings.
OF A GREEK TEMPLE
B
A
Answer: Cornice is the topmost part of a classical
entablature.
OF A GREEK TEMPLE
IDENTIFY THIS PART
Answer: In a simple Doric column, the capital consists (in
ascending order) of three parts; the necking (C), which is a
continuation of the shaft, but which is set off from it
visually by one or more narrow grooves; the echinus (B), a
circular block that bulges outward at its uppermost portion
in order to better support the abacus (A); and the abacus
itself, a square block that directly supports the entablature
above.
C
OF A DORIC CAPITAL
B
A
Answer: Crepidoma is a solid mass of masonry
serving as the visible base of a building, especially
a Greek temple. In a Greek temple, the lower steps
are called the stereobate; the top step, on which
the columns rest, is called the stylobate.
OF A GREEK TEMPLE
Answer: Antefixes were are molded and painted
terracotta decorative covers to conceal the edges of joined
roof tiles and protect the seams from the elements. They
often took the form of heads, either of humans or
mythological creatures. It is different from acroterion
which are placed on the top and corners of the pediment.
OF A GREEK TEMPLE
IDENTIFY THIS PART
Answer: An acroterion or acroterium is an architectural
ornament placed on a flat pedestal called the acroter or
plinth, and mounted at the apex or corner of the pediment
of a building in the classical style. An acroterion placed at
the outer angles of the pediment is an acroterion
angularium.
OF A GREEK TEMPLE
IDENTIFY THIS PART
Answer: A mutule is any of the rectangular blocks under
the soffit of the cornice of the Greek Doric temple, which
are studded with guttae. It is supposed to represent the
piece of timber through which the wooden pegs were
driven in order to hold the rafter in position, and it follows
the sloping rake of the roof.
OF A GREEK TEMPLE
IDENTIFY THIS PART
Answer: A fluted column is a column with a shaft that has
shallow vertical grooves called flutes or fluting. Fluting
promotes a play of light on a column which helps the
column appear more perfectly round than a smooth
column. As a strong vertical element it also has the visual
effect of minimizing any horizontal joints.
OF THE COLUMN SHAFT
DESCRIBE THE STYLE
Answer: A dentil is a small block used as a
repeating ornament in the bedmould of a cornice.
The pattern is called dentil molding and first used
in Greek temple cornices.
DECORATIVE MOLDING
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A meander or meandros is a decorative border
constructed from a continuous line, shaped into a
repeated motif. It is also called the Greek fret or key
pattern. This decoration was also seen in other
civilizations, but the Greeks used it prominently. The
Romans later on adapted it.
DECORATIVE MOTIF
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A volute is a spiral, scroll-like ornament that
forms the basis of the Ionic order, found in the capital of
the Ionic column. It was later incorporated into Corinthian
order and Composite column capitals.
PART OF AN IONIC CAPITAL
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Entasis, in architecture, is the convex
curve given to a column, spire, or similar upright
member, in an attempt to correct the optical
illusion of hollowness or weakness that would
arise from normal tapering. Entasis is almost
universal in Classical columns
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Egg and dart, in architecture, design
shape used in moldings. It consists of a series of
bas-relief ovals alternating with pointed, narrow,
dartlike carvings.
GREEK MOLDING
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Zeus at Olympia is a massive
Doric temple in Olympia, Greece. Built around 550BC, this
large Greek temple housed the famous Statue of Zeus, one
of the 7 ancient wonders of the world. The temple was
destroyed by the Roman empire or by fire around 400 to
500AD.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Statue of Zeus at Olympia is one of the Seven
Ancient Wonders of the World. Made by Phidias and
houses in the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, it is almost 12 m
(40 feet) high and plated with gold and ivory, represented
the god sitting on an elaborate cedarwood throne
ornamented with ebony, ivory, gold, and precious stones. It
was probably destroyed along with the temple.
FAMOUS GREEK STATUE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Olympian Zeus (aka Olympieion
or Columns of the Olympian Zeus) is a former colossal
temple at the center of the Greek capital Athens. It was
constructed in 174 BCE and only finally completed by
Roman emperor Hadrian in 131 CE. Its unusually tall
columns and ambitious layout made the temple one of the
largest ever built in the ancient world.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A caryatid a stone carving of a draped
female figure, used as a pillar to support the
entablature of a Greek or Greek-style building.
ANCIENT COLUMN STYLE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Olympian Zeus at Agrigento in
Sicily was the largest Greek temple ever built. However, it
was never completed and now lies in ruins. The temple,
whose structure is still under debate, measured 112.7 x
56.3 m at the stylobate, with a height of some 20 m. It is
identifiable by its unique peristyle incorporating
telamones.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A telamones or atlantes is a male figure
used as a pillar to support an entablature or other
structure. It is rarely used in Greek architecture.
One famous example is the telamones of the
Temple of Olympian Zeus at Agrigento, Sicily.
COLUMN STYLE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Poseidon at Sounion is
an ancient Doric temple at Cape Sounion, built
during 444–440 BC and one of the major
monuments of the Golden Age of Athens. A Doric
temple, it overlooks the sea at the end of Cape
Sounion, at an elevation of almost 60 metres (200
ft).
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Hera at Selinus is a
Doric temple located in Sicily. The temple was
dedicated to Hera in the 5th century BCE.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Temple of Isis at Delos is a Doric
temples located in the island of Delos, one of the
most important mythological, historical, and
archaeological sites in Greece. It is identifiable by
its unique ruins.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Aphaia or Afea is located
within a sanctuary complex dedicated to the
goddess Aphaia on the Greek island of Aigina,
which lies in the Saronic Gulf. The temple is a
good example of a Doric temple.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Poseidon at Isthmia is
an ancient Greek temple on the Isthmus of
Corinth dedicated to the god Poseidon and built in
the Archaic Period. This temple is one of the
earliest recorded stone Greek temples.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows an example of a Greek
tetrapylon, a monumental cubiform gateway with
four openings on each side. This tetrapylon is the
one located in Aphrodisias, an ancient city in Asia
Minor.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Hera I at Paestrum is the
first of the two Greek temples dedicated to Hera
in Paestrum, one of the major ancient Greek cities
in Southern Italy. It is one of the best-preserved
Greek temples. The temple is peripteral with 9×18
columns.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Hera II at Paestrum is the
second Greek Doric temple dedicated to Hera in Paestrum,
one of the major ancient Greek cities in Southern Italy. It is
erroneously called the Temple of Nepture or Poseidon. The
Temple of Hera II resembles the Temple of Zeus at
Olympia. Built around 460-450 BC, it is one of the best
preserved early Greek temples.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Athena is a Greek Doric-
Ionic temple found at Paestum, one of the major
ancient Greek cities in Southern Italy. It was built
around 500 BC and one of the best-preserved
Greek temples.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Athenian Treasury at Delphi is one
of the notable examples of a Greek anta temple.
Treasuries in Greek temple complexes are used to
store valuable votive offerings.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Hephaestus,
Hephaisteion or Theseum is a well-preserved
Doric peripteral temple located at the north-west
side of the Agora of Athens, on top of the Agoraios
Kolonos hill. It remains largely intact due to its
continued use by the Greek Orthodox Church until
1834.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Athena Nike (Athena as
a goddess of victory) is the smallest temple at the
Acropolis in Athens, placed at its southwest
corner, at the edge of a high cliff. It is an
amphiprostyle Ionic temple.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The structure is called the “Portara”, a
huge marble gate and the single remaining part of
an unfinished Temple of Apollo of 530 BC in
Naxos, a ancient Greek island.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Apollo Epicurius (“Apollo the
Helper) is a unique and unusual example of a Greek
temple. It is located in Phigalia, Greece and built in 5th
century BC. The temple is oriented north-south instead of
east-west and contains the three types of Greek columns –
Doric, Ionic and Corinthian.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Philippeion in the Altis of Olympia
was an Ionic circular memorial in limestone and
marble or a tholos. The temple consisted of an
outer colonnade of Ionic order with 18 columns.
Inside, it had nine engaged half-columns of the
lavishly- designed Corinthian order.
Answer: The Doric Temple of Segesta is an unusually
well-preserved temple just outside the site of the ancient
city of Segesta, one of the major cities of the Elymians, one
of the three indigenous peoples of Sicily. It is thought to
have been built in the 420s BC by an Athenian architect,
despite the city not having a large Greek population. The
temple also lacks a cella, any ornamentation, altar or deity
dedication, and was never roofed over.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Concordia is an ancient Greek
temple in the Valle of the Temples in Agrigento on the
south coast of Sicily, Italy. It is the largest and best-
preserved Doric temple in Sicily and one of the best-
preserved Greek Doric temples. The Valley of the Temples
is a famous site because it contains the ruins of seven
Greek temples.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Hera Lacinia or Juno Lacinia is a
Greek temple in the Valley of the Temples, a section of the
ancient city of Agrigentum (ancient Greek Akragas, modern
Agrigento) in Sicily. It was built in the middle of the fifth
century BC, about the year 450 BC, and in period and in
style belongs to the Archaic Doric period.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Athena Polias in Priene
was an Ionic Order temple located northwest of
Priene’s Agora, inside a complex of the sanctuary.
It was dedicated to Athena Polias, the same as the
patron deity of Athens. The ruins of the temple is
identifiable by its five remaining Ionic temples.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Apollo in the ancient Corinth is
one of the earliest Doric temples in the Poloponnese
constructed of local limestone on top of an imposing, rocky
hill. It was built about 540 B.C. in the Doric style on the
ruins of much earlier temple. It is famous for the ruins of
its monolithic Doric columns. Unlike other temples, the
columns in this temple were carved from a single stone.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Apollo at Didyma was the fourth
largest Greek temple. It is located in the ancient port city of
Miletus. The temple's oracle, second in importance only to
that at Delphi, played a significant role in the religious and
political life of both Miletus and the greater Mediterranean
world.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Intercolumniation is the proportional spacing
between columns in a colonnade, often expressed as a
multiple of the column diameter as measured at the
bottom of the shaft. (A) pyknostyle with 1.5x spacing, (B)
systyle with 2x spacing, (C) eustyle with 2.25x spacing, (D)
diastyle with 3x spacing and (E) araeostyle with 3.5x or 4x
spacing.
INTERCOLUMNIATION STYLES
IDENTIFY THE FIVE
Answer: The Theater of Dionysos Eleuthereus is
the oldest Greek theater and was built in the 6th
century BCE. It is in the south slope of the
Athenian acropolis. The theatre was part of a
wider sanctuary dedicated to Dionysos
Eleuthereus from the Archaic period.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Theater of Thoricus is one of the
earliest stone Greek theaters. It was built around
525 to 480 BC in the ancient city of Thoricus in
Attica. It is identifiable by its rectangular shape
with curved sides. This early Greek theater layout
will eventually transform into semicircular plans.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Odeon of Pericles is the very first example of
an odeon, a small version of a Greek theater for music and
poetry presentation. Unlike the eventual form of a Greek
odeon, the Odeon of Pericles is an enclosed structure built
in 345 BC by Pericles with a square plan instead of the
usual circular shape for an odeon. It was covered with
timber made from captured Persian ships, culminating in a
square pyramid-like roof resembling a tent.
Answer: The Odeon of Herodes Atticus or Herodeon is
an impressive example of a Greek odeon built between
160AD to 174AD by the rich Athenian benefactor, Herodes
Atticus. While the odeon structure is originally Greek, the
Odeon of Herodes Attics is distinctively Roman since it was
built in the time when Rome and Greece architecture are
already mixing. The structure was built on the southwest
slope of the Athenian acropolis.
Answer: The image shows the ruins of the
Theater of Oropos in Attica, Greece built around
200 BC. The site can be identified by the remaining
columned procenium.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Theater of Argos is one of the
largest Greek theaters located in Argos, Greece. It
was built around 320 BC and has 81 rows and a
seating capacity for 20,000 spectators. It is one of
the great architectural marvels of the Greeks.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The First Ancient Theater of Larissa is
a large Greek theater located in Frourio Hill in
Larissa, Thessaly. Built around 300BC, it has a
capacity of 10,000 spectators.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Theater of Delphi is a Greek theater
situated in the sanctuary of Delphi, Greece. It was
built around 400BC and has a capacity of 5,000
spectators. It stands near the Temple of Apollo.
Like all Greek theaters, it is cut from the mountain
side.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Hellenistic Theater of Dion is a
Hellenistic-era Greek theater located in Dion,
Pieria in Greece and built around 220 BC. It is
notable for its construction that corresponds the
early Greek theaters.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Theater of Ohrid is a Hellenistic-era Greek
theater in Ohrid, Macedonia. It was built in 200 BC and is
the only Hellenistic-type theatre in the country. The open
theater has a perfect location: the two hills that surround it
keep it protected from winds that could interfere with
acoustics during performances.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Little Theater of Epidaurus is a
small Greek theater near the port of Epidaurus,
Greece. Its construction started in the 4th century
B.C. with a capacity of 2,000 spectators.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Great Theatre of Epidaurus is a theatre in
the Greek city of Epidaurus, located on the southeast end
of the sanctuary dedicated to the ancient Greek God of
medicine, Asclepius. It is considered to be the most perfect
ancient Greek theatre with regard to acoustics and
aesthetics. It was constructed at the end of the 4 th century
by the architect Polykleitos the Younger.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Great Theater of Syracuse is a
Greco-Roman theater on the south slope of the
Temenite hill in Syracuse, Sicily. It was first built in
500BC by the Greeks and renovated during the
Roman period.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Ancient Theater of Taormina is a
Greco-Roman theater located in Taomina, Sicily
and built in the 3rd century BC.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Theater of Pergamon is a Hellenistic-era
Greek theater located in the ancient city of Pergamon, in
now Turkey. It is one of the most breath-taking theater due
to its view and steep seating. It is surprising in its
dimensions: 80 rows of very tall steps, with the highest
situated about 36 meters above the orchestra pit; it could
seat 10,000 spectators.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Theater of Segesta is a famous
Greco-Roman theater with a outstanding view of
the Gulf of Castellamare. It is located in Segesta,
Sicily and built from 4th century BCE.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Ancient Theater of Dodoni is one of the
largest and most preserved Greco-Roman theaters with a
capacity of 18,000 spectators. It was built during the 3rd
century BC in Dodoni in Epirus, Greece. During the Roman
period, the arena become circular common among Roman
amphitheaters.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Located in the area of Ithomi in the heart
of Peloponnese, the Ancient Theater of Messene
is one of the most impressive historic sites in the
country. Dating back to the 3rd century BC, this
site is part of Ancient Messene with the Agora and
Asklipeio.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Ancient Theater of Megalopolis
was constructed by Polycleitus of Argos, circa 370
BC, and had a capacity of around 20,000
spectators and perfect acoustics. It is located in
the ancient settlement called Megalopolis in
Poloponnese, southern Greece.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The three basic parts of a Greek theater
as (A) skene, a large rectangular building situated
behind the orchestra, used as a backstage; (B)
orchestra large circular or semicircular area at
the center part of the theatre, where the play,
dance, religious rites, acting used to take place;
and (C) theatron, the seating area.
OF A GREEK THEATER
C
IDENTIFY THE PARTS

B
A
Answer: The Ancient Stadium in Olympia is one of the
most famous remnants of a Greek stadium. Unlike the
other stadium ruins, only few components has survived.
The stadium is notable because this is where the famous
nude games of the Olympic Games happen. It is
considered as the very first Greek stadium.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows the ruins of the Ancient
Stadium of Epidaurus. It was constructed in the 5th
century B.C. to host the nude athletic games. These games
were hosted every four years to honor Asklepius, the god
of healing. At first, in the 5th century B.C., the stadium had
no seats and the spectators were standing, but in the late
4th century B.C. seats from limestone were constructed.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Stadium of Nemea is another
important example of a Greek stadium. This
stadium was also used in the Olympic Games. It
sits on the ancient site of Nemea in modern day
region of Corinthia.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Kallimarmaro Stadium or Panathenaic
Stadium is a stadium made of marble in Athens, Greece.
This image is the refurbished version of the marble
stadium built around 144 AD and has a capacity of 50,000
seats. It is the only stadium in the world built entirely of
marble.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Stoa is an ancient Greek term applied to a type of
long, narrow, free-standing building with a colonnaded
façade. The image shows one of the finest Greek stoa, the
Stoa of Attalos in the Agora of Athens. It was built by and
named after King Attalos II of Pergamon, who ruled
between 159 BC and 138 BC.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Stoa of Zeus at Athens was a two-
aisled stoa located in the northwest corner of the
Ancient Agora of Athens. It was built c. 425 BC–410
BC for religious purposes in dedication to Zeus by
the Eleutherios, a cult founded after the Persian
War. The stoa is uncommon because it was also
used for religious purposes.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Agora, in ancient Greek cities, an open space that
served as a meeting ground for various activities of the
citizens. The ancient Agora of Athens (also called the
Classical Agora) is the best-known example of an ancient
Greek agora, located to the northwest of the Acropolis.
Around the agora are several of the major Athenian
buildings.
IDENTIFY THIS
GREEK PLACE
Answer: A typical Greek house is called “oikos” which also
refers to the family or household. Greek houses were
made of two or three rooms, built around an open-air
courtyard or patio made of stone, wood or clay bricks.
Larger homes have a kitchen, bathroom, men’s dining
room (andron) and women’s sitting area (gynaeceum).
GREEK STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The House of the Masks is a known structure in
Delos, Greece, an island in the Cyclades. Along with the
other structures in Delos, it is known for its mosaic art. The
House of the Masks is named after the mosaic motif of
theatre masks decorating ivy scrolls arranged in strips
around a central surface area decorated in a cubic pattern.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Lion of Knidos is a famous marble statue
found in the ancient cemetery of Knidos in Turkey
(previously colonized by Greeks). The statue was originally
placed above a mausoleum structure. The image on the
left is an illustration of the mausoleum while the right
image shows the statue in the British Museum in London.
ANCIENT STATUE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Mausoleum of Halicarnassus is one of the
Seven Ancient Wonders of the World. The monument was
the tomb of Mausolus, ruler of Caria, in southwestern Asia
Minor. It was built in his capital city, Halicarnassus,
between about 353 and 351 BCE by his sister and widow,
Artemisia II. The building was designed by the Greek
architects Pythius and Satyros.
Answer: Colossus of Rhodes is colossal statue of the sun
god Helios that stood in the ancient Greek city of Rhodes
and was one of the Seven Ancient Wonders of the World.
The Colossus was said to be 32 meters high and stood
beside Mandrákion harbour, perhaps shielding its eyes
with one hand, as a representation in a relief suggests. The
statue was destroyed around 640 AD.
IDENTIFY THIS ANCIENT STATUE
Answer: This grid planning is called Hippodamian
or gridiron. This type of urban planning came
from the Father of Urban Planning, Hippodamus
of Miletus. The left shows the plan of Miletus while
the right image shows the plan of Priene.
GREEK TOWN PLANNING
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Portonaccio Temple is one of the best-
documented Etruscan temple located in Veii, an ancient
Etruscan city around 510 BC. It was built on an almost
square base of volcanic tufa blocks measuring 18.5 m
along the sides. The temple was perhaps dedicated to
Menrva (the Etruscan version of Athena/Minerva).
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Ancient Roman Architecture (Etruscan Architecture)
Answer: The image shows one of the forms of an Etruscan
tomb. This tumuli tomb is called the Tomb of the Chariots
located in Populonia, an ancient Etruscan town. These
tombs are roung structures with low chambers made of
stone set on sloping stone pavings to aid drainage, a roof
of stone slabs, and all covered with an earth and grass
mound.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Tomb of the Bronze Fans is another
interesting round Etruscan tomb found in the ancient
Etruscan town of Populonia. The entrance to the tumulus
has a plain limestone stela standing on each side, probably
originally painted. Within were four burials dating from 630
to 560 BCE.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Tomb of the Bronze Statuette of the
Offering Bearer is another form of Etruscan tomb in the
ancient town of Populonia, Italy. These small free-standing
cube blocks with gabled roof appeared around 6 th century
BCE. It is named after the bronze statuette found in its
chamber.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows another example of an
Etruscan stone tomb with square plan and a
chamber inside. This particular form of Etruscan
tomb is best seen in the Etruscan Necropolises
of Cerveteri and Tarquinia in Italy.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: It is believed that the Etruscans introduced the
arch construction to the Romans. The Etruscan Arch is
one of the arched gates of the walls of Perusia, an ancient
Etruscan settlement. It was built in 3 rd century BC, restored
in 40 BC after the Perusian war and now remains as one of
the best surviving and most monumental of the Etruscan
city gates. It is eventually called Arch of Augustus during
the Roman Imperial period.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Another example of a surviving Etruscan
arched gates is the Etruscan Arch of Volterra, a
walled mountaintop town in the Tuscany region of
Italy. This arch construction from the 4th century
BC is considered as one of the first true arch to be
constructed.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Like many other ancient civilizations, the
presence of a major river supported the agricultural
system of ancient Rome. The Tiber River provided a
reliable source of fresh water. Romans used this water to
irrigate their farms, as well as to provide drinking water for
humans and animals. This led to the emergence of the
Roman Kingdom around 753BC that eventually became the
Roman Empire.
SUPPORTED THE ROMAN CULTURE
NAME THE RIVER THAT
Ancient Roman Architecture
Answer: Although the Ancient Romans weren't the first to
create concrete, they were first to utilize this material
widespread. By 200 BC, the Romans successfully
implemented the use of concrete in the majority of their
construction. They used a mixture of volcanic ash, lime,
and seawater to form the mix. Roman concrete or
concrete works is known opus caementicium. Note that
some sources argue that the Romans invented concrete.
THAT ROMANS USED AND IMPROVED
IDENTIFY THIS BUILDING MATERIAL
Answer: The Roman road network is one of the most
impressive construction that the Romans built. The road
was constructed by filling the ditch. This was done by
layering rock over other stones. Into the ditch was dumped
large amounts of rubble, gravel and stone. The whole
Roman road network comprised more than 400,000
kilometres (250,000 miles) of roads, of which over 80,500
kilometres (50,000 mi) were stone-paved.
FOR THIS CIVIL CONSTRUCTION
ROMANS ARE KNOWN
Answer: While Romans did not invent the round arches,
they are the first major culture to use it extensively in their
construction. This led to numerous monumental Roman
buildings and structures. An arch is an architectural form
that controls the pressure from the weight of a building in
a specific way. The arch directs pressure downwards and
outwards, creating a strong passage underneath it that has
the ability to support heavy structures.
FOR THIS CONSTRUCTION
ROMANS ARE KNOWN
Answer: Tuscan order is the simplest of the five orders of
Classical Roman architecture, which were codified in the
Renaissance. It resembles the Doric order but has a
simpler base and an unadorned frieze. The right image
shows one of the few examples of the Tuscan order in
modern architecture, the Saint Paul’s Church in Convent
Garden of London, built by Iñigo Jones in 1633.
ROMAN ORDER
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Composite order, which was not
ranked as a separate order until the Renaissance,
is a late Roman development of the Corinthian. It
is called Composite because its capital is
composed of Ionic volutes and Corinthian
acanthus-leaf decoration.
ROMAN ORDER
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Cloaca Maxima is another impressive
Roman construction. It is one of the world’s earliest sewage
systems and built during the Roman Kingdom, the early
culture of the Romans. It was constructed in Ancient Rome
in order to drain local marshes and remove waste from the
city.
ANCIENT ROMAN STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A Roman temple had a rectangular temple
raised on a high podium, with a clear front with a portico at
the top of steps, and a triangular pediment above columns.
The sides and rear of the building had much less
architectural emphasis, and typically no entrances. The
image shows the Maison Carrée, one of the best
preserved Roman temples.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Maison Carrée which means “square house”
in French is an ancient Roman temple in Nimes, France.
Built around 2AD, it is one of the best-preserved Roman
temples to survive in the territory of the former Roman
Empire. It is raised on a 2.85m high platform with a
rectangular plan measuring 26.42m by 13.54m.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Roman Temple of Vic is an ancient
Roman temple in the area of Vic in Catalonia,
Spain. It was built around 2nd century BC and was
previously covered by a castle structure until
1882. It is also known as Roman Temple of Ausa.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Roman Temple of Alcantara is a
small temple located in Extremadura, Spain. Along
with the Roman temple of Vic, it is one of the only
two Roman temples preserved nearly complete in
Spain. It was designed by Gaius Julius Lacer
around 103 AD.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Hadrian at Rome was dedicated
to the deified emperor Hadrian on the Campus Martius in
Rome, Italy by his adoptive son and successor Antoninus
Pius in 145 AD. Its surviving colonnade is now incorporated
in the façade of the Piazza di Pietra.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Hercules Victor or Hercules
Olivarius is a Roman temple in Rome, Italy. It is one of the
tholos-type Roman temples. The temple is the earliest
surviving marble building in Rome. The Hercules Temple of
Victor is also the only surviving sacred temple in ancient
Rome that is made of Greek marble. It was built later 2 nd
century BC with 20 Corinthian columns.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Venus at Baalbek in
Lebanon is one of the unique Roman temple ever
constructed, built around 3rd century BC. It has a
circular cella surrounded by Corinthian columns
and is entered through a tetrastyle porch of two
rows of columns, approached up a flight of steps.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Bacchus in Baalbek, Lebanon is
one of the famous surviving Roman temples. It is in the
same temple complex as the Temple of Jupiter. This
monument to Bacchus is one of the best preserved and
grandest Roman temple ruins; its age is unknown, but its
fine ornamentation can be dated to the second century CE.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image the remains of the Temple of Jupiter
at Baalbek or also known as Roman Heliopolis, is a
colossal Roman Temple in Baalbek, Lebanon. It is
considered as the largest Roman temple. Built around
60AD, its columns were 19.9 meters high with a diameter
of nearly 2.5 meters. A wide staircase provided access to
the elevated platform, which measured 47.7 m × 87.75 m
on top.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Pantheon is an ancient Imperial building in
Rome that was begun in 27 BC by the statesman Marcus
Vipsanius Agrippa, probably as a building of the ordinary
Classical temple type—rectangular with a gabled roof
supported by a colonnade on all sides. Its concrete dome is
impressive structural innovation.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows the interior of the domed
rotunda of the Pantheon in Rome. Made primarily from
bricks and concrete, the Pantheon consists of three
sections: a portico with granite columns, a massive domed
rotunda and a rectangular area connecting the other two
sections. Measuring 142 feet in diameter, the domed
ceiling was the largest of its kind when it was built.
IDENTIFY THIS INTERIOR
Answer: The Pantheon is an ancient Imperial building in
Rome that was begun in 27 BC by the statesman Marcus
Vipsanius Agrippa, probably as a building of the ordinary
Classical temple type—rectangular with a gabled roof
supported by a colonnade on all sides. Its concrete dome is
impressive structural innovation.
IDENTIFY THIS SECTION
Answer: The Temple of Hadrian in Ephesus is a small
temple in Ephesus, Turkey. It is known for its well-
preserved ruins. Built around 138AD, it was dedicated to
Emperor Adrian. The facade of the temple has four
Corinthian columns supporting a curved arch, in the
middle of which contains a relief of Tyche, goddess of
victory. The side columns are square.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Vesta in Rome, Italy is another
example of a tholos-type Roman temple with 20 Corinthian
columns all around. Its date of construction and builder are
unknown. It is located in the Roman Forum and houses the
Vesta’s holy fire, which symbolizes Rome’s safety and
prosperity.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Minerva Medica is not
actually a temple but sanctuary or monument
(nymphaeum) for nymphs. The structure is
connected to the water supply and was built
around 400 AD.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Saturn was an ancient
Roman temple dedicated to the Roman god
Saturn. Its remains stand in Rome, Italy and one of
the structures around the Roman Forum. It was
built in 497 BC.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Augustus and Livia is
one of the well-preserved Roman temples located
in Vienne, France. It was built in the 1st century AD
and dedicated to the imperial cult, to honor the
Emperor Augustus and his wife Livia.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Dedicated to Helios, the Roman god of the sun,
the Temple of Garni in Armenia was built by the Armenian
King Tradates I in the 1st century AD. The construction was
probably funded with money the king received from the
Roman Emperor Nero in exchange for military support
against the Parthian empire. The Garni Temple contains 24
Ionic columns resting on a elevated podium and unlike
other Greco-Roman temples, it is made of basalt.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows the three famous Roman
temples in the well-preserved Roman city of Sbeitla,
Tunisia. The three temples are dedicated each for the gods
Jupiter, Juno and Minerva. These three temples are
collectively known as the Sbeitla Forum Temples.
ANCIENT STRUCTURES
IDENTIFY THESE
Answer: The Temple of Zeus at Aizanoi in the Phrygian
city of Aizanoi (modern-day Turkey) is one of the best-
preserved Roman temples. Its construction started in 92 CE
and continued during the reign of Hadrian in the 2nd
century CE. The temple is pseudodipteral, with eight Ionic
columns at the ends and fifteen along the sides. The
temple was dedicated to two deities.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Thugga (also Dougga) was a town in North Africa
which was first a Numidian and then a Carthaginian
settlement before being incorporated into the Roman
Empire. Its temple called the “Capitoleum” or “Dougga
Capitol” was built in 2nd century AD and dedicated to
Jupiter, Juno and Minerva. The Capitoleum is exceptionally
well preserved, which is a consequence of its inclusion in
the Byzantine fortification.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Mars Ultor stands in the Forum
of Augustus in Rome and was built to commemorate
Augustus' victory in 42 BCE at the Battle of Philippi over the
assassins of Julius Caesar. The building became the place
where important military decisions were taken and a site
of several state ceremonies with a military connotation.
Portions of its colonnade and platform still stand today.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Jupiter Stator is
considered as the first all-marble building in
Rome. It was built in 146BC and was destroyed in
64 AD in the Great Fire of Rome. It was a octastyle
peripteral building with six columns along the
short sides and eleven on the long sides.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus or
also known as Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus is the most
important temple in ancient Rome, located in the
Capitoline Hill. It was first built in 509 BC. The temple was
destroyed and rebuilt multiple times until it was subsumed
into other structures in 16 th century.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia at
Palestrina (ancient Praeneste) in Italy was built in the 2nd
century BCE to honor the goddess Isis and the goddess
Fortuna. The massive site spans a mountainside, built with
Roman cement or pozzolana, and remains a rare example
of an intact pagan temple complex. The temple complex is
one of the most impressive Roman monument made from
concrete.
ROMAN TEMPLE COMPLEX
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Diana is a Roman building in
Nimes, France. While it is called a temple, the plan of the
building is more like a basilica. There were also known
evidence that it was dedicated to Diana. The structure was
built in 1st century AD. Its ruins show impressive
construction of Roman dome and barrel vaulting.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Portunus or Temple of
Fortuna Virilis is a Roman temple in Rome, Italy.
Its dedication is still unclear. It is one of the best-
preserved of all Roman temples.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows the surviving columns
of the Temple of Castor and Pollux, an ancient
Roman temple in Forum Romanum in Rome, Italy.
The Roman temple is one of a number of known
Dioscuri temples remaining from antiquity.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Red Basilica of Pergamon (also known as
Red Hall, Red Courtyard or Temple of Serapis) is a
monumental temple in the ancient city of Pergamon in
modern Turkey. The temple plan resembles a basilica
instead of a Roman temple. It was constructed around 2 nd
century AD.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Italian Carrara Marble is the world’s finest
marble and were popularly used by the Romans in
constructing their buildings and making sculptures. Rome’s
closest source of marble was modern Carrara in Tuscany.
The Pantheon and the Trajan's Column in Rome are built of
Carrara Marble.
MARBLE USED BY ROMANS
IDENTIFY THIS COMMON
Answer: The Opus Testaceum (means claywork)
or Opus Latericium (means brickwork) is a Roman
wall construction method consisting of a concrete
core and brick facing. The bricks can have
different shapes and sizes but the common is the
triangular ones.
ROMAN WALL CONSTRUCTION
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Opus Incertum is a Roman wall
construction method consisting of a concrete core
with irregularly-shaped stone facing.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Opus Reticulatum is a Roman wall
construction method with concrete core and
diamond-shaped stone facing. The facing is made
of pyramidal shaped stones of tufa or basalt with
diamond shaped faces forming a diagonal grid on
the wall surface.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Opus Quadratum refers to the
Roman wall construction using stone blocks of
similar and uniform sizes arranged in rows. This
technique was used around the 6th century BC
and, over time, the precision and accuracy of
block cutting improved.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: While Opus Caementicium also means
concrete, it also refers to the concrete wall
construction without any facing. This method is
very rare because Romans are fond of facing their
walls instead of the plain concrete.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Opus Mixtum is a hybrid Roman wall
construction consisting of both Opus Reticulatum and Opus
Latericium. It means mixed work and refers to opus
caementicium coated with panels or strips of lattice and
brick. This style was particularly widespread in the Flávio
and Adriano periods.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Opus Craticium is another hybrid
Roman wall construction characterized by the
inclusion wood. This method is related to the
modern half-timbering construction.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Opus vittatum or opus listatum is a later
Roman concrete technique that is adopted in the
early fourth century C.E. This technique alternated
horizontal courses of tufo with alternating courses
of bricks. This technique is particularly evident in
building projects of Constantine I.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A forum in ancient Roman architecture was a
central open space (typically rectangular) used as a
meeting place, market, or gathering place for political
discussion or demonstration. The open space is
surrounded by important Roman public and religious
buildings and monuments.
ROMAN SPACE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows the ruins in the famous
Forum Romanum, the main forum of Rome, Italy.
Also known simply as the Roman Forum, this plaza
is a rectangular open space. Many of the oldest
and most important structures of the ancient city
were located on or near the Forum.
IDENTIFY THIS
FORUM
Answer: The image shows the reconstruction of
the famous Forum Romanum, the main forum of
Rome, Italy. Also known simply as the Roman
Forum, this plaza is a rectangular open space.
Many of the oldest and most important structures
of the ancient city were located on or near the
Forum.
IDENTIFY THIS
FORUM
Answer: The adjacent multiple fora shown as called
collectively as the Imperial Fora in Rome, Italy adjacent to
the Forum Romanum. These fora are built by prominent
Roman emperors from 46 BC to 113 AD. It includes (A)
Forum of Trajan, (B) Forum of Augustus, (C) Forum of
Caesar, (D) Forum of Nerva and (E) Forum of Vespasian.
E
IDENTIFY THESE
ROMAN FORA
D
B
C
A
Answer: A basilica in ancient Roman architecture is a
public building with multiple functions, typically situated
alongside the town’s forum. It is used for courts as well as
serving other official and public functions. Basilicas are
typically rectangular buildings with a central nave flanked
by two or more longitudinal aisles, with the roof at two
levels, being higher in the center over the nave to admit a
clerestory and lower over the side-aisles.
OF ROMAN STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS TYPE
Answer: The Basilica Ulpia is an example of a
large Roman basilica in Rome, Italy. It is located on
one side of the Trajan’s Forum, the largest forum
in Rome. Only few of its interior columns survived
today.
Answer: The parts of a typical Roman basilica are
the (A) apses or altar, (B) nave, (C) aisles and (D)
entrances. Remember that the secular Roman
basilica became the prototype of early Christian
churches. The parts will then be adapted in
Christian architecture.
A TYPICAL ROMAN BASILICA
A
IDENTIFY THE PARTS OF

D
D
D
B
C
C
D
D
A
Answer: The image shows the remains of the colossal
Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine or also known as
Basilica Nova, in Rome, Italy. The building consisted of a
central nave covered by three groin vaults suspended 39
meters (128 ft) above the floor on four large piers, ending
in an apse at the western end containing a colossal statue
of Constantine.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Basilica Aemilia is a Roman basilica found in
the Forum Romanum in Rome, Italy. Today only the plan
and some rebuilt elements can be seen. The Basilica was
100 meters (328 ft) long and about 30 meters (98 ft) wide.
Along the sides were two orders of 16 arches, and it was
accessed through one of three entrances.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Basilica Julia is another example of
a Roman basilica around the Forum Romanum, in
Rome, Italy. It was built in 46 BC by Gaius Julius
Caesar and only its foundation and few column
bases survived.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Basilica Porcia is considered as the very first
Roman Basilica built in ancient Rome. It was built by order
of Marcus Porcius Cato in 184 BC as censor and is named
after him. He built it as a space for administering laws and
for merchants to meet, against some opposition. No
remains of this basilica survived as new building was built
after it was destroyed in 52 BC.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Basilica Argentaria is not actually a
basilica but a portico with pillars lining the Temple
of Venus Genetrix in the Forum of Caesar in Rome
(Italy). The name only appears in late sources of
the age of Constantine. It is famous for its intact
ruins and colonnade.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Basilica in Pompeii is considered as the
earliest surviving Roman basilica. It was built in 120 BC in
Pompeii, ancient city located in what is now the commune
of Pompei near Naples in the Campania region of Italy. The
image shows the remains of the nave and the columns.
However, unlike other Roman basilica, it has portico on
one end which was clearly a Greek influence.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Royal Stoa was an ancient basilica
constructed by Herod the Great during his renovation of
the Temple Mount at the end of the 1st century BCE. Herod
is a known Roman king in Judea and responsible for several
Roman structures in Jerusalem. The image shows a model
of the Royal Stoa in Temple Mount.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A vault construction is a structural member
consisting of an arrangement of arches, usually forming a
ceiling or a roof. While barrel vault was already used in
ancient Egypt and Middle East, the Romans first used the
groin vault. Vault construction have improved in the
Byzantine and Islamic period.
TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A tunnel vault, barrel vault or wagon vault is a
semicircular arch extended in depth: a continuous series of
arches, one behind the other. The simplest form of an
architecture vault, consisting of a continuous surface of
semicircular sections. The right image shows the colossal
concrete barrel vaults used in the Basilica of Maxentius
and Constantine.
TYPE OF VAULT
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A cross vault or groin vault is a vault formed by
the perpendicular intersection of two barrel vaults. The
edges formed by their intersections are called groins. A
series of groin vaults were used to form the largest and
tallest parts of buildings like the Baths of Diocletian and the
Basilica of Constantine. The right image shows the
remaining ceiling of the frigidarium of Baths of Diocletian.
TYPE OF VAULT
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: While domes originated in many parts of the
world, the Roman domes are the most impressive. The
Romans introduced the large-scale masonry hemisphere.
The dome exerts thrusts all around its perimeter, and the
earliest monumental examples, such as the Roman
Pantheon (right image), required heavy supporting walls.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A semidome is a common Roman
construction formed as half of a dome, especially
as formed by a vertical section, as over a
semicircular apse.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Venus and Roma is a Roman
temple in Rome, Italy. It is considered as the largest Roman
temple within Rome. The temple, which was probably
designed by the emperor Hadrian was begun c. 125 and
inaugurated in 135 AD. The image shows the ruined cella of
the temple. The temple has two back-to-back cella that
each houses a statue of the goddesses.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Temple of Divus Antoninus Pius and Diva
Faustina is an ancient Roman temple in Rome, adapted to
the 17th century church of San Lorenzo in Miranda. It
stands in the Forum Romanum, on the Via Sacra. The
temple was begun in 141 CE by Antoninus Pius and was
initially dedicated to his deceased and deified wife,
Faustina the Elder.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Roman fire clay bricks were widely used in
100AD. It became the primary building material for the
walls of houses, Roman baths, and monuments. The
Romans improved the Greek brick-making. Roman legions,
who stamped bricks with their mark, also spread Rome's
brickmaking know-how throughout the empire.
ROMAN BUILDING MATERIAL
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows some of the remaining portions
of the Servian Wall, an ancient Roman defensive wall
constructed around the city of Rome in early 4th century
BC. It was built of volcanic tuff and was up to 10 m (33 ft) in
height in places, 3.6 m (12 ft) wide at its base, 11 km (6.8
mi) long. It was superseded by the larger Aurelian walls
built in 300AD as the Roman territory grew.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows a section of the
massive Aurelian walls that enclose the city of
Rome. This line of city walls was constructed in 3 rd
century AD. The walls also consist of gates and
towers.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Roman City Walls of Lugo is a
famous Roman structure in Lugo, Spain. The walls
were constructed in 3rd century AD and are still
largely intact. The fortifications were listed as
UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A nymphaeum is an ornamental water fountain
which is believed to be the sanctuary of water nymphs.
These structures were also known in Greek architecture.
The term originally referred to natural grotto but later
referred to an artificial grotto or a building filled with plants
and flowers, sculpture, fountains, and paintings. The
nymphaeum served as a sanctuary, a reservoir, and an
assembly chamber where weddings were held.
TYPE OF ROMAN STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Nymphaeum of Jerash is a notable
example of a Roman nymphaeum in the Roman
colony of Jerash, Jordan. It was constructed
around 191 AD and has been a famous landmark
in Jordan.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Nymphaeum of Trajan at Ephesus
or Trajan’s Fountain is another notable example
of a Roman nymphaeum. It was a huge public
fountain located in the city center of Ephesus, now
in modern Turkey.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Nymphaeum of Sagalassos is a
notable restored Roman nymphaeum in
Sagalassos, southwest Turkey. It was first
constructed from 160 to 180 AD.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Roman theater was developed
from the Greek theaters. However, Roman
theaters tend to have their own foundation rather
than being built on hillside earthworks. It also
more enclosed. The components are the same but
adapted a latin name.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A Roman theater has three main parts. It
includes (A) scaenae which refers to the backdrop
structure, (B) orchestra with semicircular shape
and (C) cavea which refers to the seating
structure.
PARTS OF A ROMAN THEATER
C
IDENTIFY THE
B
A
Answer: The Roman Theater of Guelma is one
of the notable Roman theater constructed outside
Rome. It is situated in the ancient Roman colony
called Calama, now Guelma, Algeria in North
Africa. The image shows the restored theater that
was rebuilt in 1902 to 1918.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Roman Theater of Orange in
Orange, France is another impressive example of
a Roman theater. It was built in the 1st century AD,
it was used to spread Roman culture to the
Roman colonies. It was partially reconstructed in
1825 to return its original purpose.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Roman Theater of Bosra is a large
Roman theater built in Bosra, in southwest Syria.
Built around 2nd century BC, the theater is notable
for its large fortifications built by the Muslims
between 481 to 1251 AD.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Roman Theater of Amman is a Roman
theater built in 2nd century BC in the ancient Roman colony
called Philadelphia, now Amman in Jordan. The large and
steeply raked structure could seat about 6,000 people: built
into the hillside, it was oriented north to keep the sun off
the spectators.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Aspendos Theater is a well-
preserved Roman theater in Aspendos, an ancient
Greco-Roman city in Antalya, Turkey. With a
diameter of 96 metres, it provided seating for
12,000. It was built in 155 AD by the Greek
architect Zenon, a native of the city.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Roman Theater of Emerita
Augusta is a Roman theater constructed by
Vipsanius Agrippa in the ancient Roman colony
called Emerita Augusta, now Merida in Spain. It
was constructed in 16 BC and now one of the
famous landmarks of modern Spain.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Roman Theater of Palmyra is an
unfinished Roman theater in the ancient Palmyra
in Syria. The 2nd century CE theatre was built in the
center of a semicircular colonnaded piazza which
opens up to the South Gate of Palmyra. The site is
a UNESCO World Heritage since 1980.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Theater of Sabratha is a
remarkable Roman theater built in the ancient
Roman colony called Sabratha in now Libya. It was
first built in 2nd century AD with a capacity of 5,000
spectators. The theater is remarkable for its intact
3-storey scaenae.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Theater of Caesaria Maritima is a
Roman theater built by Herod the Great in the
ancient city of Caesaria Maritima named after
Augustus Caesar. Built around 100 AD, this
restored Roman theater is still used today for
public performances.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Roman Theater of Dougga is an
ancient Roman theater built in the Roman city of
Dougga in northern Tunisia. It was built during the
2nd century AD and still being used today for local
performances.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Roman Theater of Philippopolis is a
remarkable example of a well-preserved Roman temple. It
was built in 190 AD in now Plovdiv, Bulgaria. The theatre
can host between 5,000 and 7,000 spectators and it is
currently in use.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Roman Theater of Fourviere is an
impressive ruins of a Roman theater located in
Lyon, France. It was built on the hill of Fourvière,
which is located in the center of the Roman city. It
was first built in 15 BC and has a capacity of
10,000 spectators.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Roman Theater of Benevento is a Roman
theater in Benevento, southern Italy. It was built in the 2nd
century by emperor Hadrian near the city's cardo maximus
(126 AD). Abandoned in Lombard times, it is now
surrounded by the medieval Rione (district) Triggio.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The South Theater of Jerash is a remarkable
intact Roman temple in Jerash, Jordan. Built during the
reign of Emperor Domitian, between 90-92AD, the South
Theater can seat more than 3000 spectators. The theater's
remarkable acoustics allow a speaker at the centre of the
orchestra floor to be heard throughout the entire
auditorium without raising his voice.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows a model of the largest and most
important theater in ancient Rome, Italy. Built in the late 1 st
century BC, the Theater of Marcellus had a capacity
between 15,000 to 20,000 spectators. Unlike the other
intact ruins, much of its materials were dismantled and
reused for other structures. A portion of its façade is
incorporated in Palazzo Orsini in 1712.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows the Palazzo Orsini, a
structure built in 1712 in Rome, Italy. The building
incorporates a portion of the façade of the
Theater of Marcellus, the largest and most
important theater in the ancient city of Rome.
IDENTIFY THIS
STRUCTURE
Answer: While the Great Theater of Ephesus was built
during the Hellenistic period of Greece, the Romans
remodeled it into a Roman theater. The Roman influence
can be seen in its massive walls with chambers. This
Roman theater is one of the largest with a capacity of
25,000 spectators. It was first built in 3 rd century BC and
enlarged during the Roman period.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Odeon of Amman is a small version
of a Roman theater built in Amman, Jordan.
Odeon refers to smaller theaters for musical and
poetry activities in Roman and Greek architecture.
This odeon was built in 2nd century AD and still
used today.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Roman Theater at Side was built in
the 2nd century AD in now modern Turkey. The
theatre is the most complete ruin at Side which is
the largest in the Roman style in the region. It
could seat around 15,000 people.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: An amphitheater is a freestanding round or oval
structure with a central area and seats concentrically
placed around it. In Roman times, these were used for
entertainment such as gladiatorial games, battles between
men and mock navy battles. There are currently 230
Roman amphitheaters found in different regions of the
former Roman empire.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows the well-preserved
ruins of the Amphitheater of Pompeii in the
ancient city of Pompeii, Italy. It is the oldest
surviving Roman amphitheater and was built
around 70 BC. It was buried by the eruption of Mt.
Vesuvius in 79 AD.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Pula Arena is a Roman
amphitheater located in Pula, Croatia. It is the only
remaining Roman amphitheater to have four side
towers entirely preserved. It was constructed
between 27 BC and AD 68 and among the largest
and best-preserved.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Arles Amphitheater is a Roman
amphitheater in Arles, France. It is identifiable by it
is two-tier and the towers that were added during
the medieval period. It was built in 90 AD and has
a capacity of 20,000 spectators.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Ulthina Amphitheater in Tunisia is
another example of a Roman amphitheater dug
into the earth. The edifice, which dates from the
reign of Hadrian, measures 113mx90m and seated
about 16,000.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Pozzuoli Amphitheater or also known as
Flavian Amphitheater of Pozzuoli is the third-largest
Roman amphitheater in Italy. It was begun under the reign
of the emperor Vespasian and probably finished under the
reign of his son Titus. The elliptical structure measures 147
x 117 meters with the arena floor measuring 72.22 x 42.33
meters. The arena can hold up to 50,000 spectators.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Amphitheater of Leptis Magna is a
notable Roman amphitheater built lower than
ground level in Leptis Magna, an ancient Roman
city in now Libya. The structure dates from 56 AD
and has a capacity of 16,000 spectators.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Arena of Nimes is a famous Roman
amphitheater located in Nimes, France. It was built in 70
AD and considered as one of the best-preserved Roman
amphitheaters. In Roman times, the building could hold
24,000 spectators, who were spread over 34 tiers of
terraces divided into four self-contained zones or
maeniana.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Verona Arena is a famous well-
preserved Roman amphitheater in Verona, Italy
built in 1st century AD. It has a capacity of 30,000
and still being used today. It is one of the famous
landmarks in Italy.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Amphitheater of El Djem is an
impressive Roman amphitheater in the ancient
Roman city of Thysdrus, now El Djem in Tunisia. It
was built in 238 AD and considered as one of the
best-preserved Roman amphitheaters specially in
Africa.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Trier Amphitheater is a Roman
amphitheater in Trier, Germany. The structure which was
dug into the side of a hill was erected around the 2nd
century A.D during Antoninus Pius' rule. It could
accommodate approximately 20,000 spectators and was
built into what was the city's wall.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Colosseum or Flavian Amphitheater is the
largest and the most famous Roman amphitheater still
standing today. Built in 80 AD in Rome, Italy and is made
from travertine limestone, tuff (volcanic rock), and brick-
faced concrete. The Colosseum could hold an estimated
50,000 to 80,000 spectators. It is one of the New Seven
Wonders of the World.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A circus is the Roman version of the
Greek hippodrome, a long, narrow, U-shaped
open-air structure designed for chariot races and
horse races.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows a reconstruction of the famous
the Circus Maximus in Rome, Italy. It is the finest and
largest Roman circus in ancient Rome. It measured 621m
in length and 118m in width and could accommodate over
150,000 spectators. The remains of the Circus Maximus is
now a public park in Rome.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows the ruins of the Circus of
Augusta Emerita in Merida, Spain. It was situated a bit
outside Augusta Emerita, and was built in the first quarter
of the first century, during the reigns of the emperors
Augustus and Tiberius. Measuring 440 x 115 meter, it could
accommodate about 30,000 people.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Hippodrome of Constantinople is actually a
Roman circus first built by Emperor Septimius Severus in
203 AD in Byzantium in now Turkey. It was renovated by
Constantine the Great in 324 AD when the city was
renamed as Constantinople. The city is now called Istanbul,
in modern Turkey.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows some of the ruins of
the cavea of the Tyre Hippodrome, a Roman
circus built in 2nd century AD in Tyre, Lebanon. It is
one of the best-preserved Roman circus which
made it a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A horreum (plural is horrea) is a type of Roman
public building or warehouse used to store grain and other
consumables. By the end of the imperial period, the city of
Rome had nearly 300 horrea to supply its demands. The
image shows a reconstructed model of a small Roman
horreum in Germany. It contains multiples storage rooms
within.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Horrea Galbae is an impressive large Roman
horrea in ancient Rome, Italy. It was comprised of three
long rectangular courtyards set out in parallel, each
surrounded by colonnades or arcades of tabernae, with a
single entrance positioned on the axis at a short end. The
size of the Horrea Galbae was enormous, even by modern
standards; the horrea contained 140 rooms on the ground
floor alone, covering an area of some 21,000 sqm.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows the ruins of the main
entrance of the Horrea Epagathiana, a notable
Roman horrea in ancient Rome, Italy. It was built
in 2nd century AD and was used to store grains
and other valuable objects.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A thermae refers to a complex of rooms
designed for public bathing, relaxation and social activity
for Romans. While bathing structures were not introduced
by Romans, their thermae are the most impressive. Larger
and most remarkable thermae are those built by emperors
in major Roman cities.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A balnae refers to a smaller public or
private bathing structure in Roman architecture.
These structures were found in great numbers
throughout Rome, Italy.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Baths of Agrippa is an ancient
Roman thermae in Rome, Italy. It was built in 25
BC by Marcus Agrippa and was considered as the
first great thermae and first public Roman bath.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Baths of Titus is a thermae built by
Titus in 80 AD in the ancient city of Rome. The
structure sits adjacent to the larger Baths of
Trajan built a century later. The surviving ruins of
the thermae were demolished in the Renaissance
period.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Baths of Trajan was a massive
Roman thermae in ancient city of Rome, Italy built
around 104 AD. The architect of the complex is
said to be Apollodorus of Damascus. The image
shows a reconstructed model of the massive
thermae complex.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Baths of Trajan was a massive
Roman thermae in ancient city of Rome, Italy built
around 104 AD. The architect of the complex is
said to be Apollodorus of Damascus. The image
shows a famous remnant of one of the exedrae
walls of the famous thermae.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Baths of Caracalla is a large Roman
thermae located in Rome, Italy. It was first built in
212 AD with 100,000 sqm area. It was the second
largest Roman thermae. The images show its
original plan and reconstructed model.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Baths of Caracalla is a large Roman
thermae located in Rome, Italy. It was first built in
212 AD with 100,000 sqm area. It was the second
largest Roman thermae. The images show the
ruins of the central structure of the famous
Roman thermae.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Baths of Diocletian is the largest Roman
thermae located in Rome, Italy. It was built at the late 3 rd
century AD and now partially in ruins and partially reused
in other structures such as Basilica of St. Mary of the
Angels and the Martyrs, San Bernardo alle Terme and the
National Roman Museum.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Baths of Diocletian is the largest Roman
thermae located in Rome, Italy. It was built at the late 3rd
century AD and now partially in ruins and partially reused
in other structures such as Basilica of St. Mary of the
Angels and the Martyrs, San Bernardo alle Terme and the
National Roman Museum. The image shows a portion of
the thermae near the basilica.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows a well-preserved ruins
of the Hadrian’s Baths in Leptis Magna, a
prominent ancient Roman city in Libya. The
thermae was built in 126 AD as part of the
Emperor Hadrian’s rebuilding program. It is one of
the best-preserved thermae in Roman history.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Baths of Antoninus is a well-
preserved Roman thermae in Carthage, Tunisia.
Built around 162 AD by the Roman Emperor
Antoninus Pius, it is the largest Roman thermae in
Africa and the third largest among the Roman
thermae.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows the intact frigidarium of the
Stabian Baths in Pompeii, Italy. It is one of the best-
preserved thermae interiors. The oldest part dates back to
4th century BC. The thermae is also known for the oldest
surviving dome in Roman architecture which dates back to
2nd century BC.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows one of the baths in the
Roman Baths, a well-preserved Roman thermae
in Somerset, England. This portion of the thermae
is called the “Great Bath” and is among the most
famous Roman attraction in England.
IDENTIFY THIS
STRUCTURE
Answer: The Baths of Constantine in Arles or Thermae
at Arles is a well-preserved Roman thermae located in
Arles, France. It was built in 400 AD under Emperor
Constantine. Only the Caldarium (warm bath) and parts of
the Hypocaust (underfloor heating) and the Tepidarium
(warm air room) remain. The Thermae of Constantine has
been listed as World Heritage Sites since 1981.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: In Roman architecture, a triumphal arch is a
monumental structure pierced by at least one arched
passageway and erected to honor an important person or
to commemorate a significant event. While it is mostly
associated with Romans, the origins of these structures are
still unknown.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Arch of Titus is a Roman triumphal
arch located in Rome, Italy built in 81 AD by the
Emperor Domitian to commemorate Titus's
official deification or consecratio and the victory of
Titus together with their father, Vespasian, over
the Jewish rebellion in Judaea.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Arch of Septimius Severus is an intact
Roman triumphal arch located at the northwest end of the
Forum Romanum in Rome, Italy. It was built in 203 AD by
Septimius Severus to commemorate the Parthian victories
of Emperor Septimius Severus and his two sons, Caracalla
and Geta, in the two campaigns against the Parthians.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Arch of Constantine is the largest surviving
Roman triumphal arch built in Rome, Italy in 315 AD to
commemorate the emperor Constantine's victory over
Maxentius in 312 CE. The arch is typical of the genre and
presents a huge 20 metre high rectangular block of
masonry consisting of three separate arches: one larger
central arch with a shorter and narrower arch on either
side.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Arch of Marcus Aurelius is a notable Roman
triumphal arch built in 165 AD in the ancient Roman city of
Oea, now Tripoli in Libya. The structure also serves as a
tetrapylon or a monumental gateway. Parts of this arch
such as the panels of the attic were used in the Arch of
Constantine.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Arch of Caracalla is a Roman
triumphal arch in Djemila, Algeria. The arch was
erected in 216 AD in honour of the Emperor
Caracalla, his mother Julia Domna, and his
deceased father Septimius Severus.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Arch of Septimius Severus is a
Roman triumphal arch in Leptis Magna in now
Libya. However, it was built in 203 AD as an
entrance tetrapylon of the city. The structure is
famous for its unique Hellenistic decorations such
as a broken pediment.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Arch of Trajan is a Roman
triumphal arch located in the ancient Roman city
of Timgad in Algeria. It was built in 2nd century AD
as an entrance monument to the city.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Arch of Sergii is a Roman triumphal arch
located in Pula, Croatia. Built in 27 BC, it commemorates
three members of the Sergii family, specifically Lucius
Sergius Lepidus, a tribune serving in the twenty-ninth
legion that participated in the Battle of Actium and
disbanded in 27 BC.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Triumphal Arch of Orange (Roman Arausio)
was built during the reign of Augustus (27 BCE - 14 CE) on
the Via Agrippa to Lyon (Roman Lugdunum). It was first
built to honor the veterans of the Gallic Wars and Legio II
Augusta. It was later reconstructed by emperor Tiberius to
celebrate the victories of Germanicus over the German
tribes in Rhineland
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Porte de Mars is a notable Roman
triumphal arch built in the 3rd century AD in Reims,
France. With 32 meters length and 13 meters high,
it is considered as the widest among the Roman
triumphal arches.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Arch of Trajan at Benevento is an
ancient Roman triumphal arch erected in 117 AD
in honour of the Emperor Trajan across the Via
Appia, at the point where it enters the city. The
sculptural work of the arch was an impressive
feature of the structure.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Arch of Augustus at Aosta in Aosta,
Italy is an ancient Roman triumphal arch built in
25 BC to commemorate the Roman victory over
the Salassi and was the work of Aulus Terentius
Varro Murena.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Arch of Janus is the only quadrifons
triumphal arch preserved in Rome, Italy.
Quadrifons means it has openings on all sides.
Built in 4th century BC, its commemoration or
purpose is relatively unknown.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Arch of Hadrian at Jerash is a
notable ancient Roman triumphal arch in Jerash,
Jordan. Built around 130 AD, it was erected to
honor the visit of Roman Emperor Hadrian to the
city (then called Gerasa) in the winter of 129–130.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Hadrian’s Gate of Antalya is an ancient
Roman triumphal arch located in Antalya, Turkey. Built
around 130 AD, it was erected in the name of the Roman
emperor Hadrian, who visited the city in the year 130. It is
the only remaining entrance gate in the walls that
surround the city and harbor.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A victory column or triumphal column
is a Roman monument in the form of a column
used to commemorate a victorious battle, war, or
revolution. The column typically stands on a base
and is crowned with a victory symbol, such as a
statue.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Trajan’s Column is a Roman triumphal arch
in Rome, Italy built in 113 AD by architect Apollodorus of
Damascus to commemorate Roman emperor Trajan's
victory in the Dacian Wars. The structure is about 30
meters high with 5m pedestal. Made from Carrara marble,
it has a spiral frieze with elaborate sculpture. The top was
crowned with a sculpture of Pope Sixtus V in 1587
accessible thru the internal spiral staircase.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Column of Marcus Aurelius is a
large Doric triumphal column located in Piazza
Colonna in Rome, Italy. It was built in 193 AD in
honor of the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius and
modeled after the Trajan’s Column. However, it
was taller with a total height of 39.7m.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Column of Phocas is a Roman
triumphal column in Forum Romanum of Rome,
Italy. Built in 608 AD, it was dedicated in honor of
the Eastern Roman Emperor Phocas. The
Corinthian column has a height of 13.6m made
from marble.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The image shows the surviving base of
the famous Column of Antoninus Pius located in
Rome, Italy. Built in 161 AD, it was devoted to the
Roman emperor Antoninus Pius. Its original height
is 14.75m made from red granite.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Column of Constantine is the
oldest Constantinian monument in Istanbul,
Turkey standing in the center of the Forum of
Constantine. The Roman triumphal column was
built in 330 AD to honor Emperor Constantine the
Great.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: An aqueduct is a structure or conduit used to
convey water. While water conveying structures were
already present in ancient Persia, India and Egypt such as
the qanat system, the Roman aqueducts are considered as
an engineering marvel with its length and height and the
use of concrete and arches to span great lengths.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Aqueduct of Segovia is a Roman
aqueduct built in Segovia, Spain. It is one the best-
preserved elevated Roman aqueducts but the date
of its construction is not accurately determined.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Pont du Gard is an aqueduct bridge
built in 1st century AD in Nimes, France. It is the
highest of all Roman aqueduct bridges and among
the best-preserved. It is even added as UNESCO
World Heritage Sites.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Aqueduct of Valens is a 4th-century
AD Roman aqueduct used to supply water to
Constantinople or now Istanbul, Turkey. The
aqueduct remained in use for many centuries. It
was extended and maintained by the Byzantines
and the Ottomans.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Ferreres Aqueduct or Pont del
Diable is a Roman aqueduct bridge, part of the
aqueduct supplying water to the ancient Roman
city of Tarraco in Catalonia, Spain. The structure is
a famous landmark in Spain and was listed as a
UNESCO World Heritage in 2000.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Acueducto de los Milagros or Miraculous
Aqueduct is a ruined Roman aqueduct bridge that was
used to supply water to the ancient Roman colony of
Emerita Augusta, now Merida, Spain. Due to its impressive
ruins, the structure was listed as UNESCO World Heritage
Site.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: In ancient Roman architecture, a domus refers to
a house structure used by upper classes and free Roman
during the Republican and Imperial Roman period. The
domus included multiple rooms, indoor courtyards,
gardens and beautifully painted walls that were elaborately
laid out including vestibulum (entrance hall), atrium,
cubicula (bedrooms), triclinium (dining room), tablinum
(living room) and culina (kitchen).
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: A Roman villa is a country house that
was built and inhabited during the Roman
Republic or the Roman Empire. In general the
house has a courtyard, and all rooms are
accessible from the courtyard. Roman villas are
typically connected agricultural farms.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: Insula or insulae in Roman architecture is a
block of grouped but separate buildings or a single
structure. The insulae were largely tenements providing
economically practical housing where land values were
high and population dense. Distinct from the domus, the
upper-class private residence, they were inhabited
primarily by the working class.
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Golden House of Nero or Domus Aurea,
palace in ancient Rome that was constructed by the
emperor Nero between AD 65 and 68, after the great fire
of 64AD. Even though only few portions of the palace
survived, it is historically important because it expressed
the aesthetic of monumental architecture that was to
characterize the imperial style of Roman architecture
under Domitian, Trajan, and Hadrian.
ROMAN STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Library of Celsus in ancient Ephesus, located
in western Turkey, was a repository of over 12,000 scrolls
and one of the most impressive buildings in the Roman
Empire. Constructed in the 2nd century CE, it was named
after the city's former Roman governor. Today, only the
library's impressive facade remains of this once great
building.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Pyramid of Cestius is a unique
tomb structure built in Rome, Italy in 12 BC.
Inspired by Egyptian pyramid construction, it was
built as a tomb for Gaius Cestius, a member of the
Epulones religious corporation.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Porta Nigra is a large Roman city
gate in Trier, Germany. It is today the largest
Roman city gate north of the Alps. It was built in
grey sandstone in 170 AD and turned dark during
the Middle Ages which gained its name. It is also
designated as UNESCO World Heritage Site.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Rotunda of Galerius is a Roman
structure commissioned by Roman Emperor
Galerius as part of his palace in Thessaloniki, a
region in Greece. The structure is also famous for
its concrete dome and an early form of flying
buttress.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Tower of Hercules or Farum Brigantium is
a Roman lighthouse in Galicia, Spain. It is the oldest
surviving lighthouse and the only fully preserved Roman
lighthouse still used today. Built around 1st century AD and
modeled after the Lighthouse of Alexandria, the structure
was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Curia Julia is a well-preserved curia
or senate house in the ancient city of Rome, Italy.
Built in 44 BC, the structure is impressive because
it survived mostly intact.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Mausoleum of Hadrian and Castel
Sant’Angelo is a cylindrical Roman structure in Rome, Italy
commissioned by Emperor Hadrian as a mausoleum for
himself and his family. Built around 139 AD, it was later
used as a fortress and castle and now as a museum. The
structure was once the tallest building in Rome.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS
Answer: The Palace of Diocletian is ancient Roman
palace built between 295 and 305 CE at Split, Croatia by the
emperor Diocletian as his place of retirement. It is the
largest and best-preserved example of Roman palatial
architecture, representing a transitional style half Greek
and half Byzantine. It was designated as a UNESCO World
Heritage in 1979.
ANCIENT STRUCTURE
IDENTIFY THIS

REVGO Printable Flashcards (HOA1) - 072HCQ10 - Deanver Eli Pae 01

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

REVGO Printable Flashcards (HOA1) - 072HCQ10 - Deanver Eli Pae 01

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Answer: Lascaux Cave is a Palaeolithic cave

situated in southwestern France, near the village

IDENTIFY THE PARTS

IDENTIFY THE COMPONENTS

OF A TYPICAL GREEK POLIS

IDENTIFY THESE PARTS

IDENTIFY THE PARTS

IDENTIFY THE PARTS OF

You might also like