Techniques in Integrating

Functions
Learner's Module in Basic Calculus
Quarter 4 ● Module 2 ● Week 3

GERTRUDES D. BAGANO
Developer
Department of Education • Cordillera Administrative Region

NAME:________________________ GRADE AND SECTION ____________

TEACHER: ____________________ SCORE _________________________
 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
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ii
 What Is It

Lesson 2.1. U- Substitution

This section discusses a technique in antidifferentiation called the U- Substitution.

Illustration:
To evaluate ∫ 2𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥, expand (𝑥 2 + 1)2 then distribute 2𝑥 and use the addition
theorem of antidifferentiation. The indefinite integral is solved as follows:

∫ 2𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 2𝑥(𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 1)𝑑𝑥

= ∫(2𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 3 + 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 5+1 4𝑥 3+1 2𝑥 1+1
= + + +𝐶
5+1 3+1 1+1
2𝑥 6 4𝑥 4 2𝑥 2
= + + +𝐶
6 4 2
𝑥6
= + 𝑥4 + 𝑥2 + 𝐶
3

2𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1)2 is easy to expand and that we only need the theorem to evaluate its indefinite
integral. But what will happen if the exponent is 10, say 2𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1)10 ? Will we still expand the
binomial and use the addition theorem of antidifferentiation? Such method is still correct.

However, it would be tedious and would take time. The U – substitution method would help us
evaluate its integral easier.

The U- Substitution method is also known as the chain rule for antidifferentiation which
is the counterpart of the chain rule for differentiation.

Let us evaluate ∫ 2𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥 using the U- Substitution method.

Find an expression for u. Usually we take u to be the more complex Recall that
expression, or its derivative is part of the integrand. In this case we let 𝑑
(𝑥 2 ) = 2𝑥.
𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1. Observe that when we differentiate the expression 𝑥 2 + 1, We applied
we get 2𝑥, thus 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥. Note that 2𝑥 is part of the integrand. here the
power rule of
Rearranging the integrand, we have differentiation.

∫(𝑥 2 + 1)2 2𝑥𝑑𝑥

5
In terms of 𝑢, the integral can be written as
∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢, where 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Now that we simplified the integral, we proceed with the antidifferentiation process. That is,
∫(𝑢)2 𝑑𝑢

use the power theorem of antidifferentiation.

𝑢3
+𝑐
3

Substitute 𝑥 2 + 1 to 𝑢.
(𝑥 2 +1)3
+𝐶 (final answer)
3

The final expression we got here does not look exactly the same as the one we solved
earlier. Let us then expand this expression. That is,
(𝑥 2 +1)3
+𝐶
3
𝑥 6 +3𝑥 4 +3𝑥 2 +1
= +𝐶
3
𝑥 6 3𝑥 4 3𝑥 2 1
= + + + +𝐶
3 3 3 3
𝑥6 1
= + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 + + 𝐶.
3 3

Is this now equal to the answer we got from our previous method?

𝑥6 𝑥6
You may say no since we got + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 + 𝐶 which is not exactly the same as + 𝑥 4 +
3 3
1 1 1
𝑥 2 + + 𝐶. Note, however, that is a constant and 𝐶 is an arbitrary constant, thus, + 𝐶 is still
3 3 3
constant. Hence, our answers in the 2 different methods are equal.

Example 1. Evaluate ∫ √5𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥.

Solution:
To apply the power theorem of antidifferentiation, we express
∫ √5𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(5𝑥 + 3)1/2 𝑑𝑥

We let
𝑢 = 5𝑥 + 3
𝑑𝑢 = 5 𝑑𝑥

From the given we only need 𝑑𝑥, so we get

1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
5

Substituting these, we get

1 1
∫(𝑢)2 ( 𝑑𝑢)
5

6
 1
Bring the constant outside the integral sign.
5
1 1
∫(𝑢)2 𝑑𝑢
5

Apply the power theorem of antidifferentiation. That is,

1
1 𝑢2+1
• +𝐶
5 1+1
2
3
1 𝑢2
= • +𝐶
5 3
2
1 2 3/2
= • 𝑢 +𝐶
5 3
2
= 𝑢3/2 + 𝐶
15

Substitute back 𝑢 = 5𝑥 + 3. Then,

2
(5𝑥 + 3)3/2 + 𝐶
15

2
Thus, ∫ √5𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥 = (5𝑥 + 3)3/2 + 𝐶
15

The Short Cut!

1
∫ √5𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(5𝑥 + 3)2 𝑑𝑥
Step 1. Apply the power theorem of antidifferentiation.
3
(5𝑥 + 3)2
1
∫(5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 3)2
3/2
Step 2. Differentiate the function inside the parenthesis.
𝑑
(5𝑥 + 3) = 5
𝑑𝑥
Step 3. Get the reciprocal of the derivative of the function.
1
5
Step 4. Multiply the reciprocal with the result in step 1.
3
(5𝑥 + 3)2 1
• +𝐶
3/2 5
Step 5. Simplify
3
2(5𝑥 + 3)2
+𝐶
15
3
2(5𝑥+3)2
Thus, ∫ √5𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
15

Note: The procedure is done step by step to guide you in doing the shortcut for the first
time. Mastering the shortcut will save you time and paper in evaluating the integral of a
function.

3 7
(5𝑥+3)2 1
= • +𝐶
3/2 5
 𝑥3
Example 2. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(1−2𝑥 4 )5
Solution:
𝑥3 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫
(1 − 2𝑥 4 )5 (1 − 2𝑥 4 )5

We let
𝑢 = 1 − 2𝑥 4
𝑑𝑢 = −8𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥

From the integral, we have the factor 𝑥 3 but not – 8. Therefore, we divide both sides
of 𝑑𝑢 = −8𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 by – 8 to find 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 which is in the given.
1
− 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
8

Rewriting in terms of 𝑢
1 𝑑𝑢
− ∫
8 (𝑢)5

To apply the power rule, we write

1 𝑑𝑢 1
− ∫ 5
= − ∫ 𝑢−5 𝑑𝑢
8 (𝑢) 8

Applying the power rule, we get,

1 𝑢−5+1
=− • +𝐶
8 −5 + 1
1 𝑢−4
=− • +𝐶
8 −4
1
= +𝐶
32 𝑢4

Substitute back 𝑢 = 1 − 2𝑥 4
1
= +𝐶
32 (1 − 2𝑥 4 )4

𝑥3 1
Thus, ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
(1−2𝑥 4 )5 32 (1−2𝑥 4 )4

The Short Cut!

𝑥3
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 3 (1 − 2𝑥 4 )−5 𝑑𝑥
(1 − 2𝑥 4 )5

Step 1. Apply the power rule in (1 − 2𝑥 4 )−5 .

(1 − 2𝑥 4 )−4
−4

Step 2. Copy the 𝑥 3 .

(1−2𝑥 4 )−4 3
•𝑥
−4

8
Step 3. Differentiate the function inside the parenthesis, get its reciprocal and multiply it
with the function in step 2. (Make sure that the derivative of the function inside the
parenthesis is found in the integrand, if not, then we cannot use the short cut method.)
(1−2𝑥 4 )−4 3 −1
•𝑥 •
−4 8𝑥 3

Step 4. Simplify
(1 − 2𝑥 4 )−4 −1
•
−4 8
1
= +𝐶
32(1 − 2𝑥 4 )4

𝑥3 1
Thus, ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
(1−2𝑥 4 )5 32(1−2𝑥 4 )4

𝑥
Example 3. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥 Recall that
𝑑
(ln 𝑢 ) =
1
,
1+ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑢
Solution: We let 1
thus, ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢
𝑢 = 1 + 𝑥2
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Examples
1 1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑥 | + 𝐶
2 𝑥
We cannot apply the power
Rewriting in terms of 𝑢 theorem of antidifferentiation in
this given, since −1 + 1 is 0. A
𝑥𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑢
zero denominator would lead to
∫ = ∫
1 + 𝑥2 2 𝑢 an undefined value.
1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑢 1 1 1
2 𝑢 2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥
∫
2𝑥 2 𝑥
1 1
= ln|𝑢| + 𝐶 = ln|𝑥 | + 𝐶
2 2

Substitute 1 + 𝑥 2 to 𝑢
1
= ln|1 + 𝑥 2 | + 𝐶
2

𝑥 1
Thus, ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln|1 + 𝑥2| + 𝐶
1+ 𝑥 2 2

The Short Cut!

𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 ( 1 + 𝑥 2 )−1 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑥2

Note that the function has an integral that yields to natural logarithmic function. Hence,
1
= ln/ 1 + 𝑥 2 / • 𝑥 • +𝐶
2𝑥
ln/1+ 𝑥 2 /
= + 𝐶
2

9
 2𝑥
Example 4. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(1−𝑥)5
Solution:
We let 𝑢 = 1−𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑑𝑥
−𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

We can also say that,

𝑥 = 1−𝑢

Do the U – Substitution
2𝑥 𝑥
∫ 5 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(1 − 𝑥) (1 − 𝑥)5
1−𝑢
= 2 ∫ 5 𝑑𝑥
𝑢

To apply the power theorem of antidifferentiation, we write

1−𝑢 1 𝑢
2 ∫ 5 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ ( 5 − 5 ) 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 𝑢 𝑢
−5 1
= 2 ∫(𝑢 − 4 ) 𝑑𝑢
𝑢
= 2 ∫(𝑢−5 − 𝑢−4 )𝑑𝑢
𝑢−4 𝑢−3
=2 ( − )+𝐶
−4 −3
1 1
= 2 (− 4 + 3) + 𝐶
4𝑢 𝑢
2 2
= − 4+ 3+𝐶
4𝑢 𝑢
1 2
= − 4+ 3+𝐶
2𝑢 𝑢
1 2
= − + (1−𝑥)3 + 𝐶
2(1−𝑥)4

2𝑥 1 2
Thus, ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − + + 𝐶
(1−𝑥)5 2(1−𝑥)4 (1−𝑥)3

Example 5. Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
We let 𝑢 = 5𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 5 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
5

Do the U – Substitution
1
∫ 𝑒 𝑢 ( 𝑑𝑢)
5
1
∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
5
1 𝑢
𝑒 +𝐶
5

Substitute back 𝑢 = 5𝑥
1 5𝑥
𝑒 +𝐶
5

10
 1 5𝑥
Thus, ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 +𝐶
5

The Short Cut!

∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Note that ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶

But if 𝑢 has a coefficient not equal to 1, an exponent, etc., then we can say that
1
∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑢 • 𝑢′ + 𝐶. Hence,
1
∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 5𝑥 • 5 + 𝐶
1 5𝑥
= 𝑒 + 𝐶.
5

𝑒 3𝑥
Example 6. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥 −2
Solution:
𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3𝑥
𝑒 −2 𝑒 −2

We let
𝑢 = 𝑒 3𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑢 = 3 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3

Do the U – substitution.
𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑢
∫ 3𝑥 = ∫
𝑒 −2 3 𝑢
1
= ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
3

Substitute back 𝑢 = 𝑒 3𝑥 − 2
1
= ln|𝑒3𝑥 − 2| + 𝐶
3

𝑒 3𝑥 1
Thus, ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑒3𝑥 − 2| + 𝐶
𝑒 3𝑥 −2 3

The Short Cut!

𝑒 3𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 (𝑒 3𝑥 − 2)−1 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥 − 2
1
= ln|𝑒 3𝑥 − 2| • 𝑒 3𝑥 • 3𝑥 + 𝐶
3𝑒
1
= ln|𝑒 3𝑥 − 2| + 𝐶
3

11
 3 −1
Example 6. Evaluate ∫ 2𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
We let 𝑢 = 𝑥3 − 1 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3

Do the U – substitution
3 −1 1
∫ 2𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
3
1 2𝑢
= • + 𝐶
3 ln 2
2𝑢
= +𝐶
3 ln 2

Substitute back 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 − 1.
3
2𝑥 −1
= +𝐶
3 ln 2

3
3 −1 2𝑥 −1
Thus, ∫ 2𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
3 ln 2

The Short Cut!

3 −1
∫ 2𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑢
2𝑥 −1
3
1 Note that ∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶. But if 𝑥 is
ln 𝑎
= • 𝑥2 • 2 + 𝐶
ln 2 3𝑥 accompanied by a coefficient not equal to 1,
3
2𝑥 −1 1 an exponent, etc., then we may say that
= • +𝐶
ln 2 3 𝑎𝑢 1
3 ∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = • +𝐶
2𝑥 −1 ln 𝑎 𝑢′
= +𝐶
3 ln 2

Example 7. Evaluate ∫ 88𝑠−8 𝑑𝑠

Solution:
We let 𝑢 = 8𝑠 − 8 𝑑𝑢 = 8 𝑑𝑠 The Short Cut!
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑠
8
∫ 88𝑠−8 𝑑𝑠
Do the U – Substitution
1 88𝑠−8 1
∫ 88𝑠−8 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 8𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = • +𝐶
8 ln 8 8
1 8𝑢
= • +𝐶 88𝑠−8
8 ln 8 = +𝐶
8𝑢−1 8 ln 8
= +𝐶
8 ln 8

12
 Substitute back 𝑢 = 8𝑠 − 8.
88𝑠−8−1
= +𝐶
8 ln 8
88𝑠−9
= +𝐶
8 ln 8

88𝑠−9
Thus, ∫ 88𝑠−8 𝑑𝑠 = +𝐶
8 ln 8

Example 8. Evaluate ∫ cos 3𝜃 𝑑𝜃

Solution:
We let The Short Cut!
𝑢 = 3𝜃 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝜃 ∫ cos 3𝜃 𝑑𝜃
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝜃 1
3
= sin 3𝜃 • +𝐶 Note that ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 =
3 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 + 𝑪. We can also
1
Do the U -Substitution. = sin 3𝜃 + 𝐶 say that ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 =
3
1 𝟏
∫ cos 3𝜃 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 • +𝑪
3 𝒖′
1
= sin 𝑢 + 𝐶
3

Substitute back 𝑢 = 3𝜃
1
= sin 3𝜃 + 𝐶
3

1
Thus, ∫ cos 3𝜃 𝑑𝑥 = sin 3𝜃 +𝐶
3

Example 9. Evaluate ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝑡 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Solution:
We let 𝑢 = cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Do the U – Substitution
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠5 𝑡 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑢5 𝑑𝑢
𝑢6
= +𝐶
6

Substitute back 𝑢 = cos 𝑡

𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝑡
= +𝐶
6

𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝑡
Thus, ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝑡 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = + 𝐶
6

Example 10. Evaluate ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
We let 𝑢 = 4𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 4 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
4

13
 Do the U – Substitution
1
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
4

From the Pythagorean Identity

𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 − 1

1
=
4
∫(𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 − 1) 𝑑𝑢
1
= [∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑢]
4
1
= (− cot 𝑢 − 𝑢) + 𝐶
4
1 1
= − cot 𝑢 − 𝑢 + 𝐶
4 4

Substitute back 𝑢 = 4𝑥
1 1
= − cot 4𝑥 − • 4𝑥 + 𝐶
4 4
1
= − cot 4𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
4

1
Thus, ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 4𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
4

Example 11. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 (𝑥 2 ) tan(𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥

Solution:
We let 𝑢 = sec(𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑢 = sec(𝑥 2 ) 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 2 ) • 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = x sec(𝑥 2 ) 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
2

Do the U – substitution.
∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 (𝑥 2 ) tan(𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥 2 ) • 𝑥 sec(𝑥 2 ) tan(𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ 𝑢2 ( 𝑑𝑢)
2
1
= ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
2
1 𝑢3
= • +𝐶
2 3
𝑢3
= +𝐶
6

Substitute back 𝑢 = sec(𝑥 2 )

𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 (𝑥 2 )
= +𝐶
6

𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 (𝑥 2 )
Thus, ∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 (𝑥 2 ) tan(𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
6

Example 12. Evaluate ∫ 4𝜋+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

Solution:
We let 𝑢 = 𝜋 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

14
 Do the U – Substitution.
∫ 4𝜋+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 4𝑢 𝑑𝑢
4𝑢
= + 𝐶
ln 4

Substitute back 𝑢 = 𝜋 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

4𝜋+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
= +𝐶
ln 4

4𝜋+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Thus, ∫ 4𝜋+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = +𝐶
ln 4

𝑥2
Example 13. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 3 −1) √ln((𝑥 3 −1)
Solution:
3𝑥 2
We let 𝑢 = ln(𝑥 3 − 1) 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 −1
1 𝑥2
𝑑𝑢 = 3 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑥 −1

Do the U – Substitution
𝑥2 1 𝑥2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ • 3 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 3 − 1) √ln((𝑥 3 − 1) √ln((𝑥 3 − 1) 𝑥 − 1
1 1
= ∫ 1/2 • 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 3
1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑢
3 𝑢1/2
1
=
3
∫ 𝑢−1/2 𝑑𝑢
1
1 𝑢2
= • 1 +𝐶
3
2
1
2𝑢2
= +𝐶
3

Substitute 𝑢 = ln(𝑥 3 − 1)
1
2 [ln(𝑥 3 −1)]2
= +𝐶
3
2√[ln(𝑥 3 −1)
= +𝐶
3

𝑥2 2√[ln(𝑥 3 −1)
Thus, ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
(𝑥 3 −1) √ln((𝑥 3 −1) 3

Lesson 2.2. Integration by Parts

This lesson discusses another method of antidifferentiation called Integration by Parts.

Integration by Parts method is used when the theorems of antidifferentiation and U-

substitution are not sufficient to evaluate the integral of a function.

15
 Deriving the Rule on Integration by Parts

The rule came from the product rule of differentiation.

𝑑
[𝑓(𝑥) • 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

Integrate both sides of the equations.

𝑑
∫ [𝑓(𝑥) • 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫[𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) • 𝑔(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) • 𝑔(𝑥) − ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑣 = 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 or ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

The Rule on Integration by Parts

∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

In applying the rule, assign 𝑢 and find 𝑑𝑢, assign 𝑑𝑣 and find 𝑣. The mnemonic LIATE
can help us in choosing 𝑢. We may choose 𝑢 according to this order.
Logs
Inverse
Algebraic
Trig
Exponential
- https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/integration-by-parts.html -

Example 1. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
From the mnemonic LIATE, algebraic comes first before exponential. This tells us
that we let
𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
−3𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑣 = − 𝑒 −3𝑥
3

Substitute everything in the Integration by Parts Rule.

∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

16
 ∫ 𝑥𝑒−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
1 1
= 𝑥 (− 𝑒 −3𝑥 ) − ∫ (− 𝑒 −3𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
3 3
1 1
= − 𝑥𝑒 −3𝑥 – (− ) ∫(𝑒 −3𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
3 3
1 1 1
= − 𝑥𝑒 −3𝑥 + (− 𝑒 −3𝑥 ) + 𝐶
3 3 3
1 1
= − 𝑥𝑒 −3𝑥 − 𝑒 −3𝑥 +𝐶
3 9

1 1
Thus, ∫ 𝑥𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥𝑒 −3𝑥 − 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝐶
3 9

Example 2. Evaluate∫ 𝑥 cos 8𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
From the mnemonic LIATE, algebraic comes first before trig. This tells us that
we let 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = cos 8𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = ∫ cos 8𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑣= sin 8𝑥
8

Substitute everything in the Rule

∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

∫ 𝑥 cos 8𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
1 1
= 𝑥 ( sin 8𝑥) − ∫ sin 8𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8 8
1 1
= x sin 8𝑥 − ∫ sin 8𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8 8
1 1 1
= x sin 8𝑥 − [ (− cos 8𝑥)] + 𝐶
8 8 8
1 1
= x sin 8𝑥 + cos 8𝑥 + 𝐶
8 16

1 1
Thus, ∫ 𝑥 cos 8𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = x sin 8𝑥 + cos 8𝑥 + 𝐶
8 16

Example 3. Evaluate ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
Recall that there is no specific formula given for integrating a logarithmic function. The
rule on integration by parts is a method to evaluate the integral of a logarithmic function.
1
We let 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑣=𝑥
Substitute everything in the Rule
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
1
= ln 𝑥 ( 𝑥) − ∫ 𝑥 ( 𝑑𝑥)
𝑥
= 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥

17
 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶

Example 4. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 (3𝑥 − 1)6 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
Since the given is purely algebraic, we let 𝑢 be the simpler one. Thus,
𝑢=𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = (3𝑥 − 1)6 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = ∫(3𝑥 − 1)6 𝑑𝑥

*Use U – Substitution shortcut.

(3𝑥−1)7 1
•
7 3
(3𝑥−1)7
𝑣=
21

Substitute everything in the Rule

∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

∫ 𝑥 (3𝑥 − 1)6 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
(3𝑥−1)7 (3𝑥−1)7
=𝑥 ( )− ∫ 𝑑𝑥
21 21
𝑥 (3𝑥−1)7 1
=
21
−
21
∫(3𝑥 − 1)7 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 (3𝑥−1)7 1 (3𝑥−1)8 1
= − • • +𝐶
21 21 8 3
𝑥 (3𝑥−1)7 (3𝑥−1)8
= − +𝐶
21 504

𝑥 (3𝑥−1)7 (3𝑥−1)8
Thus, ∫ 𝑥 (3𝑥 − 1)6 𝑑𝑥 = − +𝐶
21 504

𝑥
Example 5. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥+1)3
Solution: We let 𝑢=𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
1 1
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑣= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥+1)3 (𝑥+1)3
= ∫(𝑥 + 1)−3 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑣 = − (𝑥 + 1)−2
2

Substitute everything in the rule.

∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝑥+1
1 1
= 𝑥 [− (𝑥 + 1)−2 ] − ∫ − (𝑥 + 1)−2 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 1
= − 𝑥(𝑥 + 1)−2 − (− ) ∫(𝑥 + 1)−2 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 1 (𝑥+1)−1
= − 𝑥(𝑥 + 1)−2 + • + 𝐶
2 2 −1
1 1
= − 𝑥(𝑥 + 1)−2 − (𝑥 + 1)−1 + 𝐶
2 2
−𝑥 1
= − +𝐶
2(𝑥+1)2 2(𝑥+1)
−𝑥−(𝑥+1)
= +𝐶
2(𝑥+1)2

18
 −2𝑥−1
= +𝐶
2(𝑥+1)2

Alternative Solution:
𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 1)3

We may say that 𝑥 = (𝑥 + 1) − 1. Hence,

𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) − 1
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 + 1)3
𝑥+1 1
= ∫ [(𝑥+1)3 − (𝑥+1)3 ] 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= ∫ [(𝑥+1)2 − (𝑥+1)3 ] 𝑑𝑥
= ∫[(𝑥 + 1)−2 − (𝑥 + 1)−3 ]𝑑𝑥
(𝑥+1)−1 (𝑥+1)−2
= − +𝐶
−1 −2
−1 (𝑥+1)−2
= −(𝑥 + 1) + +𝐶
2
1 1
= − + +𝐶
𝑥+1 2(𝑥+1)2
−2(𝑥+1)+1
= +𝐶
2(𝑥+1)2
−2𝑥−2+1
= +𝐶
2(𝑥+1)2
−2𝑥−1
= +𝐶
2(𝑥+1)2

𝑥 −2𝑥−1
Thus, ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
(𝑥+1)3 2(𝑥+1)2

Note: You may check your answer by getting its derivative. If the derivative of your answer
is the integrand, then your answer is correct.

What’s More

General Directions: Follow the directions given for each section. Write your
solutions and final answers on your answer sheet.

Activity 1. Using U – Substitution or Integration by Parts, evaluate the Indefinite

Integral of the following.

1. ∫ √3 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

19
 REFERENCES
Leithold, L. (2002). The Calculus 7.1st ed. Boston, USA: Addison – Wesley Publishing
Company, Inc.

Asin, R. (1999). Integral Calculus Reviewer/Text. 3rd ed. Manila: Merriam & Webster
Bookstore, Inc.

Nivera, G. (2007). Advance Algebra, Trigonometry and Statistics: Patterns and Practicalities.
1st ed. Makati City: Don Bosco Press.

Balmaceda, J. (2016). Senior High School Basic Calculus. 1st ed. Pasig City: Lexicon Press,
Inc.

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