CHAPTER 7-2 INTRODUCTION | 148 Electronic Measuring Instruments 7-1 Instructional Objectives This chapter will discuss some basic ideas behine electranic measuring instruments. We will see that electronic voltmeters have fewer loading errors and greater sensitivity than volt-onm-milliammeters, and that they allow us to measure complex quantities. After completing Chapter 7, should be able to 1. Define the principles of operation of the electronic voltmeter (EVM), 2. List the different types of EVMs. ‘ 3. Interpret readings from the EVM. 4. Analyze or design a basic electronic ohmmeter circuit 6. Describe the basic principle of operation of the vector impedance m And the vector voltmeter. The volt-ohm -miliammeter. or VOM, is a rugged. accurate instrument, i suffers from certain disadvantages, The principal problem is thet it lack both sensitivity and high input resistance, A sensitiity of 20,000 0/V with 0. t0.0.5-V range has an input impedance of only (0.5 V) (20,0000/V), 10K The electronic voltmeter (EVM), on the othe: hand, can have an input istance ranging from 10 to 100 MQ, and the input resistance will real constant over all anges instead of being different on each range as in th VOM. The EVM presents less loading to circuits under test than the VOM. The different types of electronic voltmeters go ty a variety of names th tend 10 reflect the technology used in the bridge balance circuit, The orginal{7 ‘THE DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER 149 EVMs used vacuum tubes, so they were called vacuum-tube voltmeters (VTVMs). With the introduction of the transistor and other semiconductor —e5 FIGURE 7-17_ Bas vliet cuits.) The a gn! fet rtd hen enles. (0) The 3c signe fst Sing hen rete164 7-9 TRUE RMS VOLTMETER tn anatar method reaction takes pace ate emplileaton 98 shown Fag F178, Thee meined general uses 2 hgh 2pe"loop g3in and lage apatve feedback to overcome the orkineanty cf he rete does. Bitemgtngcuvent wotmeters that use half-wave or ul-waverecticatn ve usualy of the average-responding type. ih te mete cae aired, {ena ofthe ts vlup of 0 waveform inatxd oft average value. Thus. og, (Sutre ae caltvoted in terme of bath rs 293 Fak values. Since 80 may Tawiorns encountered in eecronice af sinusoidal, these metiogs a nsteciny and much les expenswe hun 2 tve rns-reading vole, NNonsiuseldl waveforms however, wi use tne 1ype ef meter 1 read high Sriow, depending on the form factor ofthe waveform, The fom factors Tessas ofthe mrs ste tothe vsrage value af tis wavetOx. ean by fnpressed 3s ate @. ‘The main advantage ofthe se voltmeter is at using negative f eat reduces tha respones ime. However fre ie the dlsdvanage of ‘esuced sonst, unless compensated by eorespanding large epen-e (ins that are normaly requeed Comix wovefos are mest accurately messued with 2 true ems volt moter The instrament indeates the ts value t any wavelorm (SUCh ea ‘in wave square move, or snioath weve) by using an Ms detector that ‘chponea Sect tothe basting velue ofthe input gral - Ee ceue thes vlve of Bn abrary wot we may feed 2n input signal a eving sament nose pronmay t23 thermocouple 28 shown nf. 7-18 Paci tht ¢ thermocouple is 3 junetion of wo disimiar metals whooe contat pote 6 function of the temperate ofthe junction, The he ‘Sure te temperature of tha theemocouple and produces an output vel {hati progarnal fo the power dlvered {0 hese. Vion 0-18), Prove vtor=i(( pave, on whee isthe constant of proponionsiy FIGURE 7-18 Ano daca Hemocaup‘TRUE RME VOLTAETER 165 ‘Tha vale of K mx. 7-17 depends on the distance between the heater ‘nd the thermocouple and on the materials used sn the heater and thane Shain Zero et: nan EVM th 2 st utd to blece the aterence amplifier 1 ri oh ‘oF souee-couped amplince Shel of ene , ah ig 1.45 REVIEW QUESTIONS om ~ ‘ite studying tba material in ie chante. nyancuaring the questions given ae mean below: These questions wl test your knowledge afte soniee 1 How does the FETVM die fom the VOM? 2. What i lierence ampitar? 3 What ore he two base FET VM circuits used fo measung de voltages? 4. Wy i posse to mak the anmate scale lnety inthe bets eva ‘uit discussed in ths chapter? oa - What i the function ofthe zero agst in a difrence amplifier or @ Pome tourefalower ye of EVM? Wats the function of he carton agus ia ieence ample o& cone 2 soe aowet toe of EM | sal by 7. Why isthe voltage aividr used on the input ofan EVM? ch sad 9. How des 3 tems vote mao es an sw ha ‘co 8. Wy ssi thc tn vd vote ene ice 18. ere 12. ath ee aang natzone ome vt of ine NED; ot siddbe-7-16 PROBLEMS 7-4 Gwen tha EVM of Fig, 76. assume the folowing values: Ap =15 49 "e100. snd gq=0003 siemens. tthe maar hes a wegen Sy 4, 18008 snd a ful-ealecurent of SMA, wht value of Cr ners! oa a futkscle eunenit 7-2 tm EVM of Fig. 7-6 isto have ful-sale curt for vs gual to, eho 226 reabtoncy must be ade In sees wth Cs wees174 7-17 LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS 7.3 Inthe cicvt of Fig. 7-8, 8 200-V ange is 10 be ade to the vat tides show the naw voltage sue wth aporopine resistance fot vesitance of ma dvider eto be 10 MD ‘ 7.4. Gwon the EVM of Fig 7-10. nd he ation between aneeta cum {nd Input voltage # f= 100K0. gq0008 siemens. R= 1540, yd A= 18008 78 In Fig. 7-10, rp= 10K. 9¢=0008 samins, Re=15 KD. ond Ao {20088 How much eurant fons fo" #1 Input? What sz essen et Be ae ae wi Ser nr 1 eB ma 746 A posk-lospeak se detector is cornecte 10 te input ofthe Bi ‘shawn in Fig. 7-10, with the paramaier values given in Prablem 7.4, 4 Stet” of 18000 to Oma eased The-ve Sewctor © an el fatto peak creo th pst sl ote ae datacor ea Vn Sinewave what value of coltsouon asta prduces fll sec 7.7 in Problem 7-6 an arentar of 100009 to 50 AA is used the ‘Spnal to the ao detector 1s 8.05 ts sine wave, whet value Coloration resistor preduoes full-scale exert? 7-8 Given the EVM of Fig. 7-13. Ae=40K0 1g 200KA, 2d gn Siemens An anerof 1800001 mA is use. (the Inout signs STV rma sine wave, what vale Of edition resistor produ fullseale deflection? 9 eptat robles 7-8 using 2 1000-2 to 6O-mA ammeter. 2 Expsriments E14 and 1 take use of he theory that has Boon rete Cchopte’ 7 The purpose ofthe experiment iso rowde hards-on experery Both excerments con be perform wth standard electronic compar found in any scones Iaboratory. Tha sortants ofthe laborton ese te submited by each stucent et Hed atthe end of e5ch exper procede