CHAPTER 14 - TRUSS ANALYSIS ‘Truss is a structure made of rods or linear struts connected by fasteners oc rivets at its ends. Although truss members can be connected to each other in many different ways, truss connections are modelled as pinned connections ie. connections that cannot resist bending moments, Trusses resist external aetons by developing axial stresses. In general, a truss can carry far more load qhan its weight which can even. be neglected in many cases. Therefore, trusses ve ysed in applications where loads have to be supported over large Jotances, Some of the commonly used truss designs are shown in Fig, 14.1, —Z7NS _ 2)-3, the truss is statically indeterminate (Fig. 14.4). Fig. 14.4 j=4and m= 6 j= 6andm = 10 ; m> 3-3 m>j-3 jotdt pom (0), The truss is statically ~The truss is statically indeterminate indeterminate ifm < 2j-3, the truss is statically unstable (Fig. 14.5). Ja Tie tod fo of ary ny Whar ppl he plars38 ade j=6andm=8 j=4andm m<2j-3 m< 3-3 ~The truss is statically unstable “The truss is statically unstable it ilable equations of statics. ‘an be found with the availal : ‘The Mende eases equal to two times the number ie joints, since there are two equations at each joint (ZF, = 0 and io 0) when we separate a given joint from the rest of the structure as @ free body. jeally indeterminate, In general, trusses with cross panels (X) are statica i This can fe understood by removing one of the diagonals of the cross panel in, which case the truss will remain stable when the member is removed. ‘Stability a. a) System with fewer reactions than equations of equilibrium is always unstable, b) System with number of reactions greater than or equal to the number of equations of equilibrium is not necessarily stable. Such cases must always be investigated by the designer by visualising the displacement of the structure under the action of forces and moments in all possible directions. A general analytical procedure for assessing stability does exist, but itis suitable only for use with a computer, At each joint of the truss, we can formulate two equations of equilibrium (SF, = 0 and EF, = 0) by cutting the joint away from the rest of the structure as a free body, We can assemble the entire set of equations for each joint of the structure into @ matrix. The determinant of this matrix will be zero for unstable structures, 5 Analysis Methods 1. Draw a com| free . = 7 and nodes a body diagram (Fig, 14.6) by taking all memb Seer mela eo @0*Fig. 14.6 Formulate the equilibrium conditions for all nodes with respect to a convenient reference frame: For plane truss: EF, = 0, LF, = 0 For space truss: DF, = 0, DF, = 0, EF, = 0 3. Solve the equations resulting from the equilibrium conditions. Method of Joints A more general method is the method of joints, which is based 0”. isolating each joint as a free body and solving the nwo equations of equilibriur (2F, = 0 and EF, = 0). The equation of moment equilibrium is not necessar+ because alll forces pass through a common point at truss joints. Firstly, the support reactions are calculated. A joint that has not mor” than two unknown forces is isolated as a free body. The unknown forces are: found using the equations EF, = 0 and ZF, = 0. By this way, other joints considered and unknown forces are computed. ¥. The letters ‘Cand: ‘The forces can then be drawn onto the truss. i used for compression and tension forces respectively. Another conventi use positive sign for tension In order to bring more clarity, analysed by the method of joints. and negative sign for compression. following truss (Fig. 14.7) w Be Step i To check the determinaey oft truss i Number of members (m) = 7 Number of joints G) = 5 Fora truss to be statically determi m=2j-3 7=25-3=7 “The truss is statically determinate Step H: To determine w reactions Ry Rox and Roy by equations of Statics ie. 2F,=0, and IM = 0 EF,= Ry + Roy = 0 ZF, = Ryy ~ 10 = O => Ryy = 10 KN apply Murb —¢— EM, = Ryl.— 10.2L = 0 => Rys q oat) Ry, =-R, = - 20 kN Sep HII: Compute the member forces by setting up two equilibrium eq each joint. Firstly that joint is considered where imum forces are acting. Ht aa For analysis purpose, Joint C i i nd Soy eal) eo int C is chosen, which has one known force and (Ws @ = Oa, ry z Joint C ‘ 5 3 a TF, (+t) = PaSind-10=0 = 10 iS Pewee = a= =" sin4S “a oe sos ‘ EE, (+ >) = -PqCos45 — 0 e) Pao = Pe, Cos45 = =Ia Joint E ER, = Pos + PgSings:= 0) Pox = 10V 260845 = 10/2 4 - nok EF, = -PeyCO845 — Py = 0 Py, =—10Y2C0845 =-10/2—1 = 41 a Fg om Joint A EF, = Ry + Poe = 0 Pg = Ry = -20 KN ty =P,=0 Py =O Joint B LF, = Pyc — PysCos45 — Py = 0 = Pac—Pae _ = 10=(-20) _ Pay = ie tan 10/2kN EF, = Py + PaoSin45= 0 F 1 Py = - PypSin45= -10/2 — = -10kN ne = « Pao i Complete member forces are shown in Fig. 14.8. The notation (1) refers to tensile force and (C) refers to compressive force, M (Ritter’s method) aS ee sections consists of cutting the (russ pelea treating one of the pieces as a free body and62 i rks for cut sections the free body into equilibrium. This method wo! u rene more That three unknown forces (Fig. 14.9). Sections with xceed the number of available equations inknown forces ©: bring produce than three wi equilibrium. Steps involved for sections are as follows: computing the member forces by the method ¢ Find the support reactions from the overall equilibrium conditions, Divide the truss into two parts by a section passing through the n members for which the forces are required to be calculated. cutting the section, it must be ensured that not more than members have unknown forces. 1 2 4. Vectors are drawn to represent the unknown forces at the Finally, the unknown forces are solved using the three equations: equilibrium. Fig. 14.9 « We will now consider the same analysed method of joints and find the mente es Wes oe i by the method of sections. . ae cs} = a o we = ° a = =] 7 is EF —) a = @0Om = & Step I: Cutting of Seeti € Instead of solvi 2 cut through Thee ll te forces, which forces are required ? C determined. The free body to be drawn cither of the Aces right side, It really makes no di oT 10 KN gigza which one we decide ifference il ive tie Oxted GH Lae We will analyse the RHS, Step Il: Find the member force: equations of statics i EE, (+ 1) = PmSin4s - 10 = 0 Pq = 10V2 KN EM, (+U)= Por + 20. L= 0 Pop = 10 KN EE, (+ -») = ~ Pap ~ PoaG0845 - Po = 0 es = is of Statically Indeterminate Trusses ‘The method of virtual work or sometimes referred to as the unit load method, is one of the several techniques available that can be i sed to analyse statically indeterminate trusses. Other methods are quite cumbersome and not suited for large complex structures. The following relationship ts used to calculate the displacement in & member subjected to tension of compression i: $,U sa yea °= Dae Where, S= Applied load Us npplied oad in the ins mersbers ve @ SEPSIS _ externally Ff e Young's modulus Cross-sectional area of the memberAIRCRAFT § Computation of member forces '§ made by following given below: © Obtain a basé structure (statically determ| members. inate) by removing the redun truss by applying the method of, Compute the member forces in th av ee : Let'S, be the forces obtained in eae! ss with one redundant member assumed to member is X, (=1) and find the ember forces under this . © Consider the same (ru Let the force in the redundant forces without any external load, Let the m of loading be U,. = Consider the next redundant member. Let the force in the redundant member is X, (=1) and find the member forces with external load. Let the member forces under this system of loading be Uy, * Net force in each member can thi ji mae en be determined by the [s#8:5 ae © Let the relative displa Gesdart ns a ee SUL SU,L Ae and 3, = Dee Now, 3, = 3° Substituting 6, and 8, equal to zero, we rs get the following two eq SUL UJL One Ke Tg REDMI NOTE 6 PRO Mele) Veer vist a0 O eass as Sieglt acdurelany Podblns ?— = 1B —eakn \ Step I; To ch ae eck the determinacy of the | sm i Number of members (m) = ae 8 Number of joints G) eS : We wastpres ‘or statically indetermi we C ce m> aps 'y Tminate truss, Fig. 14.11 *The truss is statically indeterminate by one member ‘Cross-sectional area of each member is 50 mm. Step Il: To determine unknown reactions «Young's Modulus (E) is 80 Ran Rex and Ry by using equations of Statics ie, 5F,=0, 3F,=0 and SM =0 TF, = Ry + 4= 02 Ry = -4kN EM, =4.3-Ry-4=0>R)=3kN EF, = Ry + Ray = O=> Ry = -3 KN kN/mm?, Step IIT; Remove the redundant member and compute the member forces in the truss by using the method of joints: From Fig, 14.11, Sin @ = 3/5 and Cos 9 = 4/5 oN Cy 1 ——e 4h ™ sm sm 2 onl We at, " { { ue aN aN am truss with the redundant member assumed to be Step IV: Consider the same s rember be unity. Find the member forces cut. Let the force in the redunda without any external load.-14.0 + X,44.32 =0 14 X, =—-~ = 3.240741 * 4.32 Thus, total member forces in the above statically indeterminate truss are shown in Fig. 14.12. ou cy aT eer iB, e Fig. 14.12 Space Structures Structures, which are designed to resist loads acting in more than one Plane are known as the space structures. In order to analyse a space structtre it is desirable to draw its several views with the forces shown in all the views. The equilibrium of any structure in space is defined by the following six equations. SF, = 0, EF, = 0, 2%, = 0, and EM, = 0, 2M, = 0, EM, = 0. t ‘Fhe fires set Of zhree equations represents the summation of for Ampoaents along the three mutually perpendicular axes. The second > three equatious depresems summation of moments ‘about the three axes. |iss ANALYSIS i i o fee body in space, it is possible to uations of statics, find out six unknown forces rom the If Ris a resultant force in space. geometry as follows: SPACE, we can calculate FB, and F, from the 2, = RCosa, F, = R Cos F, = R Cosy Where a, f}.and y are the angles betwee; axis respectively (Fig. 14.13). When the three eee ad thes gents: resultant (R) can be written as: ponents are known, the Fig. 14.13 If the resultant force or one of its components is found, the remaining Components can be computed fram the following relation: R ! @ three Where X, ¥ and Z are components of length oe ae “tually perpendicular axes. Similarly, we can cateulate ments ‘nd M, as follaws: M.= M Cosa, M, = M Gos, M, = M Cosy of analysing the space Struct Another most commonly used method the in the (notes moss Set Shod can even be used © andi Wane trusses (or 2-) erases).jcati stiffness me! r AD a set of finite elements, where the end dividing the structure into a a ee ‘ae In case of a truss, €@ truss e consi es each joint becomes 4 node. Foren determined for each element separately and com ined/trans : cture in a Global Structural indi tribution to the whole structure if c oe aeevaperoach followed in the matrix stiffness method is di the following paras. Element Stiffness Matrix in Local Coordinates Firstly, we will consider a single truss member in a local ¢o system (x, y) and define its stiffness (Fig. 14.14), The local coordinate will align with the member orientation. Let u,’ and u,’ are the displacements. y _ a Fig. 14.14 We will now generate the stiffness matrix for this arbitrary ne and uy=0, ‘we get the left column of the poe ich u/=0 and u,’=1, we get the right column of the stiffness term (AE/L) as : A : written as: @ constant, the stiffness matrix of a single truss element {k)- “I 1 ml 1 the forces (F) and the di are related by th ‘ isplacements (u’) i =a Be rated by the equation {F)—[k'{u'), which Grae ie ~zTRUSS ANALYSIS: aod AEP 1 = ej]= n= where, [k]=== fa { The above equation will be the Same no matter what is the orientation nti up to le along the axis of the member, Displacement Transformation Matrix Since a truss structure consists of many members of possibly many orientations, we will transform: all local displacements into a ‘single uniform own in Fig. 14.14 represented as (x, ye Fig. 14.15 shows a single truss element with the local displacements u,’ and u,’ and the global displacements u,, v,, u, and v,. a global coordinate system, which is she ‘Node 1 Fig. 14.15 the element at node 1a unit value in the u, direction 1=1 4 Sa as shown in Fig. 14.16. A displacement in oe coordinate u, is equal to a displacement in the local coda u'=u,,Cos0,, where 9, is the angle of the element with the wae ae Thus Cos@, transforms u, to u,”. We can repeat this procedure pa ee col te slobal coordinates in uum. baa oy . aoe er ees zero (u,=0, V,=1, U,=Vv,=0), (uj=Vv,=0, W=1, ¥,=0), \.- 1) The lag condition is show in'Fig’ 4.16. The transformation om 6 10 u,'is u,'=V,Cos8,. ther two cases, but we can Although we have not considered the ot Be Visualise that a displacement of u,’ will be caused De eae and v, and u,’ caused by u, and v,. If we ee spe : ; We can express u,’ and u,’ in terms of uj, Vy, U; and v2 follows: he@o REDMI NOTE 6 PRO Mi DUAL CAMERATRUSS ANALYSIS: our element stiffness matrix from because 2 degrees of freedom per truss lear neh aah see ees degrees of freedom per ¢lement in global degrees of freed coo lom (Fig. 14.16), We know that {F}=(k(u"}, we will transfor lacements to global displacements {u) by using the equation Gea m {F)={k'}fal{u) or (F}=[a]"[k'}fa] {uy We have the displacements and forces in terms of global coordinates now. The stiffness matrix is still local, and is pre and post-multiplied by transpose of matrix [a] and fa]. Let [K]=[a]"(k'][a], where [kK] now represents the local stiffness matrix in terms of global coordinates. This gives us a final expression as follows: {F]={K}{u} 4a s _ AE} | Where [k]= aie 0 By performing matrix multiplication, we get the following equation. sual Bag 2B uy) [Bx] wy =F oli ee a er Pe a ee tla nae a ae Rg [L|- 2 aw 4 Giang ae 2 Poy nae de ot SD, The displacements in the members can be found by the fol equation: {u} = (F}tKy! Internal member forces nodes. We have already solved for the displacements at all the nods , Save scifiness scaniees thar relate forces to displacements, and the deseriptiof geometry of each element in the transformation matrices. It cey that we have enough information to find internal forces, Once the displacements are computed, the member forces can by the following equation: AE Uy Uy P, =|—| [4 ; (FZ) af For a space structure, the stiffness matrix [K] is given by: Poe ap -2 ay -av Aenea == yw w-(*) av a pe =o L)yl-2 aw -20 2 oe te R, =20kN =-R,=-20kNTRUSS ANALYSIS, nm The direction cosines for calculated using the coordinates of thet of the members of the truss are 12 i L 7 4 3 Ves o 1 0 a v2 3 Ves W272 0 lo] glo 23 _L “Oa oa " ‘ va Ve “Va We WAR 2 00 eT a i 3H 0 cL L 0 al o 1 0 s 2) L a 0 1 0 0 Where by =v + d= and y= ‘y ‘i The stiffness coefficients are given in the following Table, from where the stiffness matrix of the entire truss can be obtained. To simplify the problem, it is assumed that the cross-sectional area (A) and the modulus ofNow we can generate the total stiffness matrix [K] from stiffness coefficients, It will be seen that the matrix [K] is a symmetric n as eke 28.8 1 ag 2S Be if The force matrix is given by‘TRUSS ANALYSIS. Now [F] = [K}{uy} {ug = [KP (F] 29490 -204930 204091 0 yw 0 aoa “1 ~ 20490 2929 ~ 29493} 1 204931 3044 | “2 ~2049h1 — 208951 294931) 294031 204538 gS oh ° =I 0 o o 0 0 ° +h jp t-{72M93 ~390901 20491 930499 aun -1 KP") zavsa 204084 20894 gate aH waa o ® \ ® o 0 o 0 o =) a T934 29294934 Oa 2Hegse 0 - 2009 Q -t ° -I ® +1 o =1 o ra ie -1 -2 “| “1 -1 0 o ° - wy 18.28 Vai -10 Uy 28.28 Yo 10 a us 48.28 an = V3 0 uy -10 V4 0 Us oO Vs 0 Member forces can now be obtained from the following equation: AE uy-u ‘| i =e Hl ms 18.28 aa =-200N Pa=B oh “49-10 no a 1 fees yp -raaas wae F Ya j|-10-0 ®,=h ol ae a =-20kN16 a =14,14 kN wee BH 10-0 48.28-(-10)| _ Py =[0 = 0-0 }=0 -10-0 Py = [1 = ee a Aa 10kN wstian