9

SCIENCE
Quarter 1 – Module 4:
Heredity: Inheritance and Variation

Self-Learning Module
 Science
9
Quarter 1 Module 2
Week 4

Heredity: Inheritance and Variation

Department of Education
Mandaue City Division

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION | DIVISION OF MANDAUE CITY 2|P age

 FOREWORD

This self-learning kit will serve as a guide in learning the different patterns of
non-Mendelian inheritance. Different activities are presented here for further
understanding and discover new learning’s that are useful and important. This also
provides series of assessment to assure and measure that learning takes place.

This will be your guide in knowing new ideas and enrich your previous
knowledge about the topic. This will help in identifying characters whose inheritance
does not conform with predicted outcomes based on Mendel’s laws of inheritance;
solve genetic problems related to sex-linked traits and describe the location of genes
in chromosomes.

This Self Learning Kit is divided into eight parts:

A. What I Know? serves as the pretest

B. What’s In? or the activities assesses your prior knowledge about the lesson

C. What is New? uses an activity, that connects your previous understanding

to the new lesson
D. What is It? discusses the lesson/ topic thoroughly through the flow charts
and figures/ pictures.
E. What’s More? gives you another activity or additional information to enrich
and strengthen your learning
F. What I have Learned? gives you the summary of the lesson
G. What I Can Do? is an independent activity which you will perform and this
is the application of the lesson
H. Assessment is the summative type of test that will measure your
understanding of the lesson

Through this self-learning kit, you will fully understand and grasp that certain
traits do not always follow the Mendelian principles of heredity.

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION | DIVISION OF MANDAUE CITY 3|P age

 At the end of this Self-Learning Kit, you are expected to:

Learning Competency:

• Explain the different patterns of non Mendelian inheritance S9LT-Id-29

Objectives:
• Explain how sex in humans is determined
• Solve problems related to sex-linked traits
• Describe sex-limited and sex-influenced traits
• Identify the components of a DNA molecule
• Construct a model of a molecule of DNA

What I Know?

Relate CHROMOSOMES, GENES and DNA to one another. Draw them in a separate sheet
of paper and answer the given questions below.

What Why How

are chromosomes, genes are they related to one do each of them

and DNA? another? function?

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION | DIVISION OF MANDAUE CITY 4|P age

 What’s In?

Let’s do a quick review on the different terms discussed in the previous level.

Genes DNA Gametes Zygote Chromosomes

Meiosis Fertilization Autosomal Somatic Traits

____________________1.Contains the information needed to form and control the physical

make-up and chemical processes of an organism
____________________2. Chromosomes that are not found on X and Y
____________________3. These are reproductive cells that unite during sexual
preproduction to form a new cell called a zygote
____________________4.A specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is located
usually on a chromosome
____________________5.The rod-shaped or threadlike DNA- containing structures of
cellular organisms that are located in the nucleus
____________________6. The union of two gametes
____________________7.The process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells
containing half the original amount of genetic information
____________________8.The feature of an organism
____________________9. A cell formed by the union of two gametes
____________________10.Chromosomes those are responsible for body development

What’s New?

The inheritance of some characters does not strictly follow Mendel’s Law of
Independent Assortment. There are many traits that are inherited together more
frequently. For example, the expression of certain traits depends on whether one is male or
female. Apparently, the expression of the traits is determined by or related to one’s sex.

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION | DIVISION OF MANDAUE CITY 5|P age

 Activity No. 1
Boy or Girl?

Objective:
• Discuss how sex in humans is determined

Materials:
Paper and Pen

Procedure:
1. Draw a Punnett square which shows the inheritance of the sex chromosomes.
Represent the female sex chromosomes with XX and the male sex chromosomes with XY.

X Y
X

Guide Questions:

1. What will be the sex of a child produced when an egg is fertilized by a sperm that
has a Y chromosome?
2. What type of chromosome in the sperm, must fertilize an egg, to result in a female
child?
3. Based on this Punnett Square, what percent of children would you expect to be
male?
4. Which sex chromosome is present in both male and female?
5. Infer which sex chromosomes determines a person’s sex.
6. What are the other factors that may influence the expression of human sexuality

What is It?

Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination

Humans have 46 chromosomes in each cell. Observation of the human body cells
shows 23 pairs of chromosomes for both males and females. Twenty- two pairs are
somatic chromosomes. The 23rd pair consists of sex chromosomes. Human males and
some other male organisms, such as other mammals and fruit flies, have non-identical
sex chromosomes (XY). Females have identical (XX) sex chromosomes.

• How is sex determined and inherited?

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION | DIVISION OF MANDAUE CITY 6|P age

 Let us study gamete formation based on the sex chromosomes. You will observe in
the illustration below that all egg cells receive an X chromosome; while half of the sperm
cells receive X chromosomes and the other half receive Y chromosomes.

If an egg is fertilized by a sperm with a Y chromosome, as shown in Figure 1, the

offspring is male. When an egg is fertilized by a sperm carrying an X chromosome, the
offspring is female. Note that there is a 50 percent chance of having a male or female
offspring. The greater the number of offspring, the greater is the chance of getting the
expected 1:1 ratio of male and female.

Independent Assessment 1

Answer the following questions:

1. How many paired chromosomes are there in human?

2. How many sex chromosomes are there in human?

3. What are the sex chromosomes for male? Female?

4. What type of sperm must fertilize an egg to result in male child?

5. How is sex determined and inherited?

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION | DIVISION OF MANDAUE CITY 7|P age
 What’s More?

This section discusses three kinds of sex-related inheritance, namely: sex-limited,

sex-influenced and sex-linked.

Activity No. 2
When Gender Matters

Objective:
• Solve problems related to sex-linked traits.
Materials:
Paper and Pen
Procedure:
1. Read the given problem:
A. Color-blindness is a recessive, sex-linked disorder in humans. A color-blind
man has a child with a woman who is a carrier of the disorder.
KEY: XCY = color blind male X Xc= normal female, carrier of the gene

2. Illustrate using a Punnett square the probability of having children who will have
normal vision and children who will be color-blind.

XC Y
X

XC

Guide Questions:

Q1. What is the genotype of the male parent?

Q2. What is the genotype of the female parent?

Q3. What is the probability that this pair will have color-blinded children?

Q4. What will be the chances that their daughter will be color-blind?

Q5. What will be the chances that their son will be color-blind?

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION | DIVISION OF MANDAUE CITY 8|P age

Sex-Linked Genes

Genes located on the X chromosomes are called X-linked genes. Genes on the Y
chromosomes are called Y-linked genes.

Examples of X-linked trait in humans:

1. Hemophilia. A person suffering from hemophilia could die from loss of blood even
from a small wound because the blood either clots very slowly or does not clot at all.

2. Color Blindness. Person with color blindness have difficulty recognizing colors in a
normal way. This is also known as color deficiency. Try to determine the number below
in the given illustrations.

For a female to become color-blind, she must be homozygous (XC XC) for the color-
blind genes. The trait is, therefore, recessive in females. If a female has only one X
chromosome with the allele for color blindness, she becomes normal but can pass on the
trait to her offspring. She is therefore a carrier of the trait. Since males have only one X
chromosome, the gene for color blindness when present in the male, will always be
expressed because it does not have an allele to hide or prevent its expression.

Thus, the male will be color- blind. This is the reason why color blindness is
more common in males than in females.

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION | DIVISION OF MANDAUE CITY 9|P age

 Table 1 Genotypes and Phenotypes of color blindness in humans

Example of Y-linked trait in humans:

An example of a Y-linked trait is Hypertrichosis pinnae auris, a genetic disorder

in humans that causes hairy ears. Since the trait is found in the Y chromosome, then
only males can have the trait. A father who has the condition will pass it on to all his
sons, and they, in turn, will pass it on to their own sons.

Sex-Limited Traits

Sex-limited traits are generally autosomal, which means that they are not found
on the X or Y chromosomes. The genes for these traits behave exactly the same way that
any autosomal gene behaves. The difference here comes in the expression of the genes in
the phenotype of the individual. Sex-limited traits are expressed in only one gender.

Example for female:

1. Milk lactation in cattle. These genes are carried by both males and females, but
it is only expressed in females.

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION | DIVISION OF MANDAUE CITY 10 | P a g e

 Table 2 Expression of Lactation in Cattle

Example for male:

1. Beard growth. Usually males are the ones have beard

Sex- Influenced Traits

Sex-influenced traits are also autosomal, it means that there are not carried on
the sex chromosomes. These traits are expressed in both sexes but more frequently in
one than in the other sex.

One classic example of a sex-influenced trait is pattern baldness in humans,

though the condition is not restricted to males.

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION | DIVISION OF MANDAUE CITY 11 | P a g e

 This gene has two alleles, “bald” and “non-bald”. The behaviors of the products of
these genes are highly influenced by the hormones in the individual, particularly by the
hormone testosterone. All humans have testosterone, but males have much higher levels
of this hormone than females do. The result is that, in males, the baldness allele
behaves like a dominant allele, while in females it behaves like a recessive allele

Table 3 Expression of Pattern Baldness in Humans

Independent Assessment 2

Test I. Solve the following problems:

1. Hemophilia is a disease caused by a gene found on the X chromosome. Therefore, it

is referred to as a sex-linked disease. The recessive allele causes the disease. A man
with hemophilia marries a woman that is homozygous dominant for the trait.

Key for the trait. Mother: XH= XH X H Father Xh = Xh Y

Illustrate using a Punnett square the probability that their children will have the
disease.

Xh Y
XH

XH

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION | DIVISION OF MANDAUE CITY 12 | P a g e

Guide Questions:

Q1. What genotype does the male parent have? How about the female parent?

Q2. Will any of their children have the disease?

Q3. Predict the probabilities of their children having the disease

2. Predict the genotypic and phenotypic ratios in the offspring if the mother is bald and
the father is not bald. Perform a cross using a Punnett square.

Key: XB XB = Mother is bald Xb Yb = Father is not bald

Xb Yb
XB

XB

Test II. Answer the following questions.

1. In what way are sex-limited and sex – influenced characters similar?

2. What is the main difference between sex-limited and sex-influenced traits?

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION | DIVISION OF MANDAUE CITY 13 | P a g e

 DNA: The Genetic Material

Scientists now know that the genetic material is DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid).
Modern research techniques helped scientists to answer many questions about DNA and
heredity. The work of earlier scientists gave Watson and Crick a lot of information about
DNA. By the end of the 1940’s, scientists had found that DNA consists of long strands of
nucleotides (basic building blocks of DNA).

phosphate

base

deoxyribose sugar

Figure 2: Structure of a nucleotide

Components of nucleotides:

1. Pentose sugar called deoxyribose

2. Phosphate group

3. Four Nitorgenous bases

Thymine (T) is paired with Adenine (A)

Guanine (G) is paired with Cytosine (C)

DNA is composed of chains of nucleotides built on a sugar and phosphate

backbone and wrapped around each other in the form of a double helix. The backbone
supports four bases: guanine, cytosine, adenine, and thymine. Guanine and cytosine are
complementary, always appearing opposite each other on the helix, as are adenine and
thymine. This is critical in the reproduction of the genetic material, as it allows a strand
to divide and copy itself, since it only needs half of the material in the helix to duplicate
successfully.

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION | DIVISION OF MANDAUE CITY 14 | P a g e

 Independent Assessment 3

Test I. Identify the components of the DNA nucleotide.

A. _______________

B. _____________

C. __________________

Test II. Answer the question.

The left side of a DNA molecule has the nucleotide sequence CGTACTAACGGTA,
what is the sequence of the right chain of the DNA molecule?

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION | DIVISION OF MANDAUE CITY 15 | P a g e

 What I have Learned?

Wrap Up
• Males have 44 body chromosomes and two sex
chromosomes X and Y. The males determine the sex
of their children. Females have 44 body chromosomes
and two sex chromosomes, both X. The total number
in each cell of an individual is 46. These
chromosomes contain the genes, which are the factors
of heredity.
• In humans, XX chromosomes determine femaleness
and XY determine maleness.
• A sex-linked trait is on the X chromosome. Females
have two X chromosomes; they can inherit or carry
the trait without being affected if it acts in a recessive
manner.
• Sex-limited traits are those that are expressed
exclusively in one sex.
• Sex-influenced traits are expressed in both sexes but
more frequently in one than in the other sex.
• Genes are located in the chromosomes.
• DNA contains the information needed to form and
control the physical make-up and chemical processes
of an organism.
• DNA is a double-stranded helix made up of repeating
units of nucleotides.
• A nucleotide is composed of the following: sugar and
phosphate molecules, and nitrogeneous bases. The
base can either be adenine, guanine, thymine, and
cytosine

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION | DIVISION OF MANDAUE CITY 16 | P a g e

 What I can do?

DNA Modeling

Objectives:

• Identify the components of a DNA molecule

• Construct a model of a molecule of DNA

Materials:

Cutouts of basic subunits of DNA

Crayons Scissors
Tape or glue
Procedure:
1. Cut out all of the units needed to make the nucleotides from the handout provided on
page 17.
2. Color code the nitrogenous bases, phosphorus, and sugars according to the teacher's
directions.
Adenine = yellow
Guanine = green
Thymine = blue
Cytosine = red
Phosphate = brown and
Deoxyribose = black
3. Using the small squares and stars as guides, line up the bases, phosphates and
sugars.
4. Now glue the appropriate parts together forming nucleotides. Construct DNA model
using the following sequence to form a row from top to bottom:
Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine
Adenine
Cytosine
5. Let this arrangement represent the left half of your DNA molecule.
6. Complete the right side of the ladder by adding the complementary bases. You will
have to turn them upside down in order to make them fit.

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION | DIVISION OF MANDAUE CITY 17 | P a g e

7. Your finished model should look like a ladder

Guide Questions:

1. What are the common parts of a nucleotide?

2. What is the one part of the nucleotide that differs among the other different
nucleotides?

3. List the different kinds of nitrogen bases

4. Is there always going to be an equal number of adenine and thymine nucleotides in

molecule? Why?

5. Is there always going to be an equal number of guanine and cytosine nucleotides in

a molecule? Why

6. The sides of the ladder are made up of alternating ___________and_______________

molecules. The steps (or rungs) of the ladder are made up of ____________ held together
by hydrogen bonds.

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION | DIVISION OF MANDAUE CITY 18 | P a g e

Basic subunits of DNA

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION | DIVISION OF MANDAUE CITY 19 | P a g e

 Summative Assessment

Instruction: Read and understand the questions carefully. Choose the letter of your best
answer.

1. How many sex chromosomes are there in humans?

A. 46 B. 23 C. 2 D. 1

2. The structure of the DNA is a double-helix arrangement. The nitrogen bases in each
of the chain can only be paired with specific bases, like adenine pairs only with thymine;
and cytosine pairs only with guanine. If the left chain of the DNA molecule has the
nucleotide sequence CC G T A G G C C, what is the sequence of the right chain of the
molecule?
A. GGCCAACCG C. GGCATCCGG
B. TTACGAATT D. none of the above

3. Hemophilia is an example of _______________.

A. Holandric gene B. X-linked gene C. Y-linked gene D. polygene

4. Inheritance that are expressed exclusively in one sex of the species.

A. Sex-influenced traits C. sex-limited traits
B. Sex-linked traits D. sex determination

5. What molecule is responsible for the genetic material of an individual?

A. DNA B. RNA C. Proteins D. Chromosomes

6. What is the shape of a DNA molecule?

A. Single Strand B. Double Strand C. Triple Triangle D. Octahedral

7. How many paired of chromosomes are there in a human cell?

A. 22 B. 23 C. 41 D. 46

8. What type of sugar is present in nucleotide?

A. Fructose B. Glucose C. Lactose D. Ribose

9. What is the sex chromosome for male?

A. YX B. XX C. YY D. XY

10. What do you call the reproductive cells that unite during sexual preproduction to
form a new cell?

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION | DIVISION OF MANDAUE CITY 20 | P a g e

 A. Gametes B. Zygote C. Allele D. Genes

Synopsis:
This self-learning kit talks about the different patterns of non-Mendelian
inheritance. It explain the characters whose inheritance does not conform
with predicted outcomes based on Mendel’s laws of inheritance; solve genetic
problems related to sex-linked traits and describe the location of genes in
chromosomes. This kit provides discussions and activities that are in line
with the DepEd competencies and objectives.
The learners are expected to learn and understand the concepts that are
useful in their daily lives. So learners, have fun in learning the concept.

Resources:

Learning Material

Liza A. Alvarez et al., Science 9 Learning Module Pasig: FEP Printing Corporation., 2014,
36-49.

Pictures:

Pictures are from Microsoft word clip art and science 9 learning manual
Icons are from bitmoji

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION | DIVISION OF MANDAUE CITY 21 | P a g e

Science – Grade 9
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Heredity: Inheritance and Variation Free Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor M. Briones

Undersecretary:

Development Team of the Learner’s Module

Writer: Glesby S. Camangyan

Editor: Cecilia A. Calipondan

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION | DIVISION OF MANDAUE CITY 22 | P a g e

 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Division of Mandaue City
Plaridel St., Centro, Mandaue City, Cebu, Philippines 6014
Telephone Nos.: (032) 345 – 0545 | (032) 505 – 6337
E-mail Address: mandaue.city001@deped.gov.ph
Website: https://depedmandaue.net

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION | DIVISION OF MANDAUE CITY 23 | P a g e