❉❡❝♦♥✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❙✐s♠♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞✐❣✐t❛❧❡s ② ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ r✉✐❞♦

sís♠✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ s✐s♠ó❣r❛❢♦ ❚r✐❧❧✐✉♠ ✶✷✵ ✐♥st❛❧❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛♠♣✉s

❏✉r✐q✉✐❧❧❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❯◆❆▼
(1) (2) (1)
❋✐❣✉❡r♦❛ ❙♦t♦✱ ❆✳ ✱ ❈❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ❈❤á✈❡③✱ ❆✳ ② ❩úñ✐❣❛ ❉á✈✐❧❛ ▼❛❞r✐❞✱ ❋✳ ❘✳

❛♥❣❢s♦t♦❅❣❡♦❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s✳✉♥❛♠✳♠①

(1) (2)
❈❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ●❡♦❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s✱ ❯◆❆▼ ✳ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞ ❆✉tó♥♦♠❛ ❞❡ ◗✉❡rét❛r♦

❘❡s✉♠❡♥
▲❛ ❞❡❝♦♥✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ s✐s♠♦❣r❛♠❛s ❡s ✉♥ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ❡s❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥♦❝❡r ❡❧ ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦ r❡❛❧ ❞❡❧ s✉❡❧♦✳
❊♥ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦ s❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ❧❛ ❞❡❝♦♥✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ s✐s♠♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞✐❣✐t❛❧❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ s✐s♠ó❣r❛❢♦ ❚r✐❧❧✐✉♠✶✷✵
❞❡ ◆❛♥♦♠❡tr✐❝s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❝❡s❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s sís♠✐❝♦s ❝♦♠♦ s♦♥ ❙❆❈ ✭■❘■❙✮✱
❙❊■❙❆◆ ② ▼❛t❧❛❜✳ ❊❧ ♣r♦❝❡s♦ ♣❡r♠✐t✐ó ♦❜t❡♥❡r ❧❛s ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡s ② ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♠á①✐♠❛s ❡♥ ❏✉r✐q✉✐❧❧❛✱
◗✉❡rét❛r♦✳ ❚❛♠❜✐é♥ s❡ ❛♥❛❧✐③ó ❡❧ r✉✐❞♦ sís♠✐❝♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❡st❛❝✐ó♥ s✐s♠♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❡❧ ❝❛♠♣✉s ❏✉r✐q✉✐❧❧❛ ❞❡ ❧❛
❯◆❆▼ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞ ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛s✳ ▲♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♠✉❡str❛♥ ❧❛ ❝❛❧✐❞❛❞
❞❡ ❧♦s s✐s♠♦❣r❛♠❛s ② ❡❧ ♥✐✈❡❧ ❞❡ r✉✐❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛s ❛❧t❛s ❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❧♦s r❡❣✐str♦s✱ ♣♦s✐❜❧❡♠❡♥t❡
❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥s❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❡r❝❛♥í❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝❛rr❡t❡r❛s ② ✈❡❣❡t❛❝✐ó♥ ❝✐r❝✉♥❞❛♥t❡✳ ❊st❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣í❛ ♥♦s
♣❡r♠✐t✐rá ♣r♦❝❡s❛r ② ❞✐s♣♦♥❡r ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❝♦♥✜❛❜❧❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞✐♦s ❞❡ ♣❡❧✐❣r♦ sís♠✐❝♦✳

✶✳ ▲❛ r❡s♣✉❡st❛ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛❧

❯♥ s✐s♠♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡s ❧❛ ❝♦♥✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❡♥tr❡ ❧❛ r❡s♣✉❡st❛ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❡❧ s✐s♠ó❣r❛❢♦

❞❡♥♦t❛❞❛ ♣♦r r˙i (t) ② ❧❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ ❞❡❧ s✉❡❧♦ ẋ(t)✳ ❉✐❝❤♦ s✐s♠♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ❞❡♥♦t❛❞♦ ♣♦r s(t)✱ ❡st❛rí❛ ❡①♣r❡s❛❞♦
❝♦♠♦✿

s(t) = ẋ(t) ∗ r˙i (t) ✭✶✮

❞♦♥❞❡ r˙i (t) ❡stá ❡①♣r❡s❛❞♦ ❡♥ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ ❬❝✉❡♥t❛s✴♠✴s❡❣❪ ② s(t) t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝✉❡♥t❛s✳ ❊❧ sí♠❜♦❧♦
☎✯☎ s✐♠❜♦❧✐③❛ ❧❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥✳ ❙✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ❧❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❋♦✉r✐❡r ♣❛r❛
r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❧❛ ❡①♣r❡s✐ó♥ ✶ ❡♥ tér♠✐♥♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ♦❜t❡♥❡♠♦s✿

S(w) = Ẋ(w) · Ṙi (w). ✭✷✮

❊s ♣♦s✐❜❧❡ ❞❡♠♦str❛r q✉❡ ❧❛ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ✷ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❡①♣r❡s❛rs❡ ❞❡ ❧❛s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ❢♦r♠❛s✿

S(w) = (−iw) · X(w) · Ṙi (w), ✭✸✮

S(w) = (−iw) · Ẋ(w) · Ri (w), ✭✹✮

✶
 S(w) = (w)2 · X(w) · Ri (w), ✭✺✮
❡st♦ ❡s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ❧❛s ♣r♦♣✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❧❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❋♦✉r✐❡r✱ ❞♦♥❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ F (w) ② s✉
❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛ Ḟ (w) ❡stá♥ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s✱ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❞♦♠✐♥✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛✱ ♣♦r ❧❛ ❡❝✉❛❝✐ó♥ ✻✿

Ḟ (w) = (−iw) · F (w). ✭✻✮

❙✐ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛♠♦s ❧❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❡❝✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❧❛
❡❝✉❛❝✐ó♥ ✸✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r q✉❡✿

❬❝✉❡♥t❛s❪ ❂ ❬✶✴s❪❬♠❪❬❝✉❡♥t❛s✴♠✴s❪✳

▲❛s ❡❝✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s ✷ ❛ ❧❛ ✺ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥ ❧❛s ♣♦s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ❛❧ ❞❡❝♦♥✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛r ❧♦s
s✐s♠♦❣r❛♠❛s✱ ♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ s✐ ❧❛ r❡s♣✉❡st❛ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛❧✱ Ṙi (w)✱ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞✱ ❧❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s
❞❡❧ ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡❧ t❡rr❡♥♦ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ s❡r ❡♥ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ ✭❡❝✉❛❝✐ó♥ ✷✮ ♦ ❡♥ ❞❡s♣❧❛③❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ✭❡❝✉❛❝✐ó♥ ✸✮✳ ❯♥❛
✈❡③ ❝♦♥♦❝✐❞❛ ❧❛ r❡s♣✉❡st❛ ❞❡❧ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡s ♣♦s✐❜❧❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❧❛ ❞❡❝♦♥✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ s✐s♠♦❣r❛♠❛s ♣❛r❛
♦❜t❡♥❡r ❧❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ ② ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❝✐ó♥ r❡❛❧ ❞❡❧ t❡rr❡♥♦✱ ❞❛t♦ ♠✉② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞✐♦s ❞❡ s✐s♠✐❝✐❞❛❞
❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❥♦r❛r ❡❧ ❞✐s❡ñ♦ ❞❡ ❡❞✐✜❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s✳

✷✳ ❉❡❝♦♥✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ s✐s♠♦❣r❛♠❛s

▲❛ r❡s♣✉❡st❛ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ s✐s♠ó❣r❛❢♦ ❚r✐❧❧✐✉♠✱ ✐♥st❛❧❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛♠♣✉s ❏✉r✐q✉✐❧❧❛ ❞❡

❧❛ ❯◆❆▼✱ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ ② ❡stá ❡①♣r❡s❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♣♦❧♦s ② ❝❡r♦s ✶ q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥ ❧❛
r❡s♣✉❡st❛ ❞❡❧ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ❛♥t❡ ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ❞❡❧ t❡rr❡♥♦✳ P❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❧❛ ❞❡❝♦♥✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ s✐s♠♦❣r❛♠❛s✱
s❡ ❤❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ❞❡ s✐s♠✐❝✐❞❛❞ ✭❙❆❈ ♣♦r s✉s s✐❣❧❛s ❡♥ ✐♥❣❧és✮ ❬✸❪✱ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ❝✉❛❧ ❡s
♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❧♦s ♣♦❧♦s ② ❝❡r♦s ❞❡❧ ✐♥tr✉♠❡♥t♦ ② ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡
s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞✳ ❊st♦s ❞❛t♦s ❢✉❡r♦♥ t♦♠❛❞♦s ❞❡❧ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ❞❡❧ s✐s♠♦❣r❛❢♦ ❚r✐❧❧✐✉♠ ❬✶❪✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✿ P♦❧♦s✱ ❈❡r♦s ② ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ s❡♥s♦r ❚r✐❧❧✐✉♠✶✷✵

▲❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ s❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡❧ s✐s♠♦♠❡tr♦ ② ❧❛ ❞❡❧

❞✐❣✐t❛❧✐③❛❞♦r✱ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♥ ❢❛❝t♦r ❞❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❡st❛ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ s❡ ❡①♣r❡s❛ ❝♦♠♦✿

✷
 ❈❖◆❙❚❆◆❚ ❂ A0 ✯ ❙❡♥s♦r●❛✐♥ ✯ ❉✐❣✐t✐③❡r ●❛✐♥✱

❞❡❧ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ❞❡❧ s✐s♠ó❣r❛❢♦ ❚r✐❧❧✐✉♠ ✶✷✵P ❬✶❪ ② ❬✷❪ s❡ ❤❛♥ ♦❜t❡♥✐❞♦ ❧♦s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡
♣❛r❛ ést❡ s✐s♠ó❣r❛❢♦✿
A0 ❂ ✶✳✻✾✺①✶✵9
❙❡♥s♦r●❛✐♥ ❂ ✶✷✵✶ ❱✴✭s✴♠✮
❉✐❣✐t✐③❡r ●❛✐♥ ❂ ✶ ✴ ✭✶①✶✵−6 ❝✉❡♥t❛s✴❱♦❧t✮✱
❞❡ ❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❧❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ q✉❡❞❛ ❡①♣r❡s❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦✿

❈❖◆❙❚❆◆❚ ❂ ✭✶✳✻✾✺①✶✵9 ✮ ✯ ✭✶✷✵✶ ❱·s✴♠✮ ✯ ✭✶ ✴ ✭✶①✶✵−6 ❝✉❡♥t❛s✴❱♦❧t✮✮✳

❯♥❛ ✈❡③ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❧❛ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ t♦t❛❧✱ s❡ ❝♦♥str✉②ó ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧♦s ② ❝❡r♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r
❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❙❆❈ ❬✸❪✱ ❡❧ ❝✉á❧ s❡ ♠✉❡str❛ ❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥✿

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✿ ❆r❝❤✐✈♦ ❡♥ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❙❆❈ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡❝♦♥✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥

P♦r ♦tr♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❧❛s ❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❞❡❝♦♥✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥✱ s❡ ❤❛♥ t♦♠❛❞♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❧❛
❣rá✜❝❛ ❞❡ ❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ r❡s♣✉❡st❛ ❬✶❪ ♠♦str❛❞❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✸✿

✸
 ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✿ ●rá✜❝❛ ❞❡ ❋r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ r❡s♣✉❡st❛✳ ❚r✐❧❧✐✉♠ ✶✷✵P

✸✳ ❊❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ s✐s♠♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡❝♦♥✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✳

❆ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ s❡ ♠✉❡str❛♥ tr❡s ✐♠á❣❡♥❡s ❞❡ s✐s♠♦❣r❛♠❛s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧❡s ② ❞❡❝♦♥✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛

❛❧❣✉♥♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s r❡❣✐str❛❞♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❡st❛❝✐ó♥ ❏❯❘✶✳ ◆ót❡s❡ ❡❧ ♣❛r❡❝✐❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛s ♣♦❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❧♦s s✐s♠♦✲
❣r❛♠❛s✱ ❡st♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❧❛ ✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❝❡s♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❝♦♥✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❛❧t❛ ❝❛❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡
❞❡t❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ s✐s♠ó❣r❛❢♦ ② ❡❧ ❜❛❥♦ ♥✐✈❡❧ ❞❡ r✉✐❞♦✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✿ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❱❡rt✐❝❛❧ ❞❡❧ s✐s♠♦❣r❛♠❛ r❡❣✐str❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈❤✐❧❡ ♦❝✉r✐❞♦ ❡❧ ✷✼ ❞❡
❢❡❜r❡r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✵✱ ✵✻✿✸✹✿✶✹❯❚❈✱ ▼✇ ✽✳✽

✹
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✿ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ◆♦rt❡✲❙✉r ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ s✐s♠♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡❧ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ✷✵✵✾✵✽✶✺✱ ✶✸✿✷✷✿✹✺❯❚❈✳ ▼✇ ✺✳✺✱ ✸✸❑♠

❛❧ s✉r ❞❡ ❈❉✳ ❆❧t❛♠✐r❛♥♦✱ ●r♦✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✿ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❱❡rt✐❝❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ s✐s♠♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡❧ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ✷✵✵✾✵✾✷✹✱ ✵✼✿✶✻✿✷✵❯❚❈✳ ▼✇ ✻✳✷✱ ✸✹✼❑♠

❛❧ ♦❡st❡ ❞❡ ❈✐❤✉❛t❧❛♥✱ ❏❛❧✳

✹✳ ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡s ♠á①✐♠❛s ❡♥ ❧♦s s✐s♠♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ✈❡✲

❧♦❝✐❞❛❞✱ ❞❡s♣❧❛③❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ② ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❝✐ó♥✳

❙❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r♦♥ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡s ♠á①✐♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s s❡ñ❛❧❡s ❞❡❝♦♥✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐❡♥t❡s ❛ ✉♥

s✐s♠♦ ② ❛ r❡s♣✉❡st❛s ❞❡❧ s✐s♠ó❣r❛❢♦ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡❢❡❝t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ❝❡r❝❛♥♦s ❛❧ ♠✐s♠♦ ② ♥✐✈❡❧

❞❡ r✉✐❞♦ ❡♥ ❧♦s ❛❧r❡❞❡❞♦r❡s✳ ▲♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t❡♥✐❞♦s s❡ ♠✉❡str❛♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❚❛❜❧❛ ✶✳ ❊❧ s✐s♠♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❤❛

✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❝✐ó♥ ♦❝✉rr✐ó ❡❧ ❞í❛ ✷✹ ❞❡ ❙❡♣t✐❡♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✾✱ ❝♦♥ ❤♦r❛ ❧♦❝❛❧ ✵✷✿✶✻✿✷✵✱ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞

❞❡ ✻✳✷ ② ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ❛ ✸✹✼❑♠ ❛❧ s✉r♦❡st❡ ❞❡ ❈✐❤✉❛t❧á♥✱ ❏❛❧✐s❝♦ ❬✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ❙❡r✈✐❝✐♦ ❙✐s♠♦❧ó❣✐❝♦

◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❬✹❪ ❪✳ ❊st❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ❢✉é ❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❛②♦r ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞ ❡♥ ❡❧ ▼é①✐❝♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡❧ ❛ñ♦ ✷✵✵✾✳

✺
 ❊✈❡♥t♦ ❆❝❡❧❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❱❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ ❉❡s♣❧❛③❛♠✐❡♥t♦
❘✉✐❞♦ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❛❧ ✹①10−6 m/s2 ✶①10−7 m/s ✷✳✸①10−7 m
P✉❧s♦s ■♥❞✉❝✐❞♦s ✹①10−5 m/s2 ✵✳✵✵✸mm/s ✾①10−5 m
❙✐s♠♦ ▼✻✳✷ ✵✳✵✾mm/s2 ✵✳✶mm/s ✵✳✷mm
❚❛❜❧❛ ✶✿ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡s ♠á①✐♠❛s ❡♥ ❡❧ s✐s♠ó♠❡tr♦ ❚r✐❧❧✐✉♠✶✷✵

✺✳ ❆♥❛❧✐s✐s ❞❡ r✉✐❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❡st❛❝✐ó♥ ❏❯❘✶

❊❧ r✉✐❞♦ sís♠✐❝♦✱ ❡♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✱ ❡s ✉♥ ❡❢❡❝t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡s♦s ❢ís✐❝♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛s s✉♣❡r✲
✜❝✐❛❧❡s✱ ♠♦❞♦s ♥♦r♠❛❧❡s ❞❡ ✈✐❜r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ t✐❡rr❛ ♦ ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐♦ ❞❡❧ t❡rr❡♥♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛✉s❛s ❞❡
✈❛r✐❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞✐✉r♥❛s ② s❡♠❛♥❛❧❡s✳ ▲❛ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡st♦s ❡❢❡❝t♦s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥ ❢✉❡rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❣❡♦❧♦❣í❛ ❞❡❧
❧✉❣❛r✱ ❧❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣í❛ ② ❧❛ ✈❡❣❡t❛❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ r♦❞❡❛ ❧❛ ❡st❛❝✐ó♥ s✐s♠♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❬✶✵❪✳
P❛r❛ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛r ❡❧ r✉✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❢♦♥❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❡st❛❝✐ó♥✱ s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③ó ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞ ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥✲
❝✐❛s ✭P❙❉ ♣♦r s✉s s✐❣❧❛s ❡♥ ✐♥❣❧és✮✱ ②❛ q✉❡ ♣r♦✈❡❡ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♠❡❞✐❝✐ó♥ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ r✉✐❞♦
❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝♦ ❞❡❧ s✉❡❧♦✳ ❊st❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛r ❛ q✉❡ ❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛s ❧❛s s❡ñ❛❧❡s t✐❡♥❡♥ ✈❛r✐❛❝✐♦♥❡s
s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❡♥ ♦tr❛s ♣❛❧❛❜r❛s✱ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ P❙❉ ♠✉❡str❛ ❧❛ ❢✉❡r③❛ ♦ ❡♥❡r❣í❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❝♦♠♦
❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛s ② s❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❧❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❋♦✉r✐❡r✳
P❛r❛ ❡st❡ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s✱ ❡❧ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s P❙❉ s✉♣♦♥❡ q✉❡ ❡❧ r✉✐❞♦ ❡s ✉♥ ♣r♦❝❡s♦ ❡st♦❝ást✐❝♦ s✐♥ ✉♥❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛✳
❙✐ ❞❡✜♥✐♠♦s ❡❧ r✉✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ f (t)✱ s✉ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❋♦✉r✐❡r ❡stá ❡①♣r❡s❛❞❛ ♣♦r✿
Z ∞
F (w) = f (t)eiwt dt, ✭✼✮
−∞

② ❞❛❞❛ ❧❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡❧ r✉✐❞♦ ❡s ✉♥ ♣r♦❝❡s♦ ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐♦✱ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ❡①♣r❡s❛❞❛ ❡♥ ✼ ♥♦ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡✱

❡s ♣♦r ❡s♦ q✉❡ ❡s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦ ✉s❛r ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞ ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛✱ ❧❛ ❝✉❛❧ ❡stá ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦✿

|F (w)|2
P SD(w) = lı́m , ✭✽✮
T →∞ T
❞♦♥❞❡ ❚ ❡s ❡❧ ♣❡r✐♦❞♦✳ ▲❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ P❙❉ s❡ ❞❛♥ ❡♥ ❞❡❝✐❜❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥ r❡s♣❡❝t♦
❛ ✶♠✴s2 ✭ ❬P❙❉❪ ❂ ❞❇ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❛ ✭♠✴s2 ✮2 ✴❍③ ✮ ✳
❈♦♥ ❜❛s❡ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❝♦❧❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡s ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧❡s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐❡♥t❡s ❛ ❡st❛❝✐♦♥❡s
s✐s♠♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❡♥ t♦❞♦ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ P❡t❡rs♦♥ ❬✽❪ ♦❜t✉✈♦ ❝✉r✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ P❙❉ q✉❡ s♦♥ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦
✉♥ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛r ❧♦s ♥✐✈❡❧❡s ❞❡ r✉✐❞♦ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❡st❛❝✐ó♥ s✐s♠♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✳ ❊st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s❡ ♠✉❡str❛ ❡♥ ❧❛
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✼✿

✻
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✼✿ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ P❡t❡rs♦♥✳ ❙❡ ♠✉❡str❛♥ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡❧ r✉✐❞♦ sís♠✐❝♦ ❡♥ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧
♣❡r✐♦❞♦✳ ❚♦♠❛❞♦ ❞❡❧ ❙❡r✈✐❝✐♦ ●❡♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s

✻✳ ❉❡s❝r✐♣❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❝❡s♦ ② ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❖❜t❡♥✐❞♦s

❙❡ ❤❛♥ s❡❧❡❝❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛s ❞❡ ✷✵ ♠✐♥✉t♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡❣✐str♦s✱ ♣r❡✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡❝♦♥✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✱ ❞❡

r✉✐❞♦ sís♠✐❝♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡❧ ❞í❛ ② ❧❛ ♥♦❝❤❡✱ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥á♥❞♦ ❧❛s s❡ñ❛❧❡s ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s sís♠✐❝♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r✲
♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❧❛s ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s✱ t♦❞♦ ❡st♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ♣❛q✉❡t❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❙❊■❙❆◆ ❬✻❪
② ❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❙❆❈ ❬✸❪✳ ❯♥❛ ✈❡③ s❡❧❡❝❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❧❛s ✈❡♥t❛♥❛s ❞❡ t✐❡♠♣♦✱ ❧❛s tr❛③❛s s❡ ♣r♦❝❡s❛r♦♥ ❝♦♥ ❧❛
✉t✐❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ▼❛t❙❛❝ ❬✸❪ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❧❡❡r ❧♦s r❡❣✐str♦s ❡♥ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❙❆❈ ② s❡ r❡❛❧✐③ó ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛✲
♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛r ❡❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛s✳ P❛r❛ ❧❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ P❙❉ s❡ ❡s❝r✐❜✐ó ✉♥
♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛r ❡❧ r✉✐❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❡st❛❝✐ó♥ ❏❯❘✶ ❝♦♥ ❧♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣❛r❛ r✉✐❞♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ② ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❡
P❡t❡rs♦♥ ❬✾❪✳ ❊♥ ❧❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✽ s❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❡❧ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ❞❡ r✉✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ❞í❛ ✸✵ ❞❡ ◆♦✈✐❡♠❜r❡✱ s❡❧❡❝❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦
✈❡♥t❛♥❛s ❞❡ ✷✵ ♠✐♥✉t♦s✱ ❛ ❧❛s ✸✿✵✵❤rs✳ ✭✵✾✿✵✵ ●▼❚✮✱ ✶✹✿✵✵❤rs✳✭✷✵✿✵✵●▼❚✮ ② ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s ✷✵✿✵✵ ❤♦r❛s ✭✵✷✿✵✵
●▼❚ ❞❡❧ ❞í❛ ✶ ❞❡ ❉✐❝✐❡♠❜r❡✮✳

✼
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✽✿ ❱❛r✐❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ r✉✐❞♦ sís♠✐❝♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡❧ ❞í❛ ✸✵ ❞❡ ◆♦✈✐❡♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✾ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡
✈❡rt✐❝❛❧

✼✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥❡s

❊❧ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ♣r♦✈❡❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ✈❡❧♦❝✉❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ q✉❡ s✉❢r❡ ❡❧
s✉❡❧♦ ❡♥ ◗✉❡rét❛r♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥s❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♦❝✉rr❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ s✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞ ✻✳✷ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝♦st❛ ❞❡❧
P❛❝í✜❝♦✳ ▲♦s ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ ② ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ♦❜t❡♥✐❞♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❡st❛❝✐ó♥ ❏❯❘✶ ♣❛r❛ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❢✉❡r✲
t❡s s♦♥ ❧♦s ♣r✐♠❡r♦s ❞❛t♦s ❡♥ s✉ t✐♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ◗✉❡rét❛r♦✱ s✐❡♥❞♦ ♣♦s✐❜❧❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♣♦st❡r✐♦r❡s ❡st✉❞✐♦s ❞❡
❛t❡♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ sís♠✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ♠❡❥♦r❛ ❞❡ ❡❞✐✜❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❝♦♥ ❛❧t✉r❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❜❧❡s✱ ②❛ q✉❡ ❛ú♥ s❡ ❞❡s❝♦♥♦❝❡♥
❝♦♥ ♣r❡❝✐s✐ó♥ ❞❛❞❛ ❧❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❡st❛❝✐♦♥❡s s✐s♠♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s✳ ▲♦s ♥✐✈❡❧❡s ❞❡ r✉✐❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❡st❛❝✐ó♥ ❏❯❘✶ ❞❡ ❧❛
❯◆❆▼✱ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛♥ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♥✐✈❡❧❡s ♠á①✐♠♦s ② ♠í♥✐♠♦s s❡❣ú♥ ❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡
P❡t❡rs♦♥ ❬✾❪✱ ❛✉♥q✉❡ ❡st♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s s♦♥ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈♦s✱ ②❛ q✉❡ ❡s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❡❧
♣r♦❝❡s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛s ❞❡ t✐❡♠♣♦ s❡❧❡❝❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐❛✱ ❛❞❡♠ás ❞❡ r❡q✉❡r✐r ✉♥ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s
❛♥✉❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥♦❝❡r ❧♦s ❡❢❡❝t♦s q✉❡ ❧❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ② ❧❛ ♣r❡s✐ó♥ r❡❛❧✐③❛♥ s♦❜r❡ ❡❧ s✐s♠ó❣r❛❢♦✳ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡
♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝♦♥❝❧✉ír q✉❡ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛r ❝♦♥ r❡❣✐str♦s ❝♦♥✜❛❜❧❡s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❡st❛❝✐ó♥ s✐s♠♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❏✉r✐q✉✐❧❧❛ ❞❡
❧❛ ❯◆❆▼✳

❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦s

❆ ❧♦s ❉♦❝t♦r❡s ❏✉❛♥ ▼❛rtí♥ ●ó♠❡③✱ ❈❛r❧♦s ▼❡♥❞♦③❛ ② ❘♦♠á♥ Pér❡③ ♣♦r s✉s ✈❛❧✐♦s❛s s✉❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛s
♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ♠❡❥♦r❛ ❞❡ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦✳

❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛s

❬✶❪ ❚r✐❧❧✐✉♠ ✶✷✵P ❙❡✐s♠♦♠❡t❡r✳ ❯s❡r ●✉✐❞❡✳ ◆❛♥♦♠❡tr✐❝s

❬✷❪ ❚❛✉r✉s P♦rt❛❜❧❡ ❙❡✐s♠♦❣r❛♣❤✳ ❯s❡r ●✉✐❞❡✳ ◆❛♥♦♠❡tr✐❝s✳

✽
 ❬✸❪ ❙❛✈❛❣❡✱ ❇✳✱ ●♦❧❞st❡✐♥✱ P✳ ❛♥❞ ❙♥♦❦❡✱ ❆✳ ❙❆❈ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ❛♥❞ t✉t♦r✐❛❧✳

❬✹❪ ❙❡r✈✐❝✐♦ ❙✐s♠♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ✇✇✇✳ss♥✳✉♥❛♠✳♠①✳

❬✺❪ ●ó♠❡③ ●✳✱ ❏✳▼✳ ➱t✉❞❡ ❙♣❛t✐♦✲❚❡♠♣♦r❡❧❧❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❘✉♣t✉r❡✳✶✾✽✽✳ ❚❤és❡ ❞❡ ❉♦❝t♦r❛t ❞❡ ❧✬❯♥✐✈❡rs✐té
P❆❘■❙✲✼✲❉❡♥✐s ❉✐❞❡r♦t✳ ■♥st✉t✉t ❞❡ P❤②s✐q✉❡ ❞✉ ●❧♦❜❡ ❞❡ P❛r✐s✳

❬✻❪ ❍❛✈s❦♦✈✱ ❏✳ ❛♥❞ ❖tt❡♠ö❧❧❡r✱ ▲✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❙❊■❙❆◆ ❱❡rs✐♦♥ ✽✳✶ ✕ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t♦r② tr❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❝♦✉rs❡✳ ❇❡r❣❡♥
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✳ ◆♦r✇❛②✳

❬✼❪ ▼❝◆❛♠❛r❛✱ ❉✳❊✳ ❛♥❞ ❇♦❛③ ❘✳■✳ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❙❡✐s♠✐❝ ◆♦✐s❡ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❙②st❡♠ ❯s✐♥❣ P♦✇❡r ❙♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❉❡♥s✐t②
Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❉❡♥s✐t② ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥s✿ ❆ ❙t❛♥❞✲❆❧♦♥❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ P❛❝❦❛❣❡ ✳ ❖♣❡♥ ❋✐❧❡ ❘❡♣♦rt ✷✵✵✺✲✶✹✸✽✳ ❯❙
●❡❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❙✉r✈❡②✳

❬✽❪ P❡♥❣ ❩✳ ❛♥❞ ❍✉❛♥❣ ❳✳ ▼❛t❙❆❈ ✕ ❖♣❡♥ ❙❆❈ ✜❧❡ ✇✐t❤ ▼❛t❧❛❜✳✷✵✵✻

❬✾❪ P❡t❡rs♦♥✱ ❏✳✱ ✶✾✾✸✳ ❖❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ♠♦❞❡❧❧✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ s❡✐s♠✐❝ ♥♦✐s❡✳ ❖♣❡♥✲✜❧❡ r❡♣♦rt ✾✸✲
✸✷✷✱ ❯✳ ❙✳ ●❡♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❙✉r✈❡②✱ ❆❧❜✉q✉❡rq✉❡✱ ◆❡✇ ▼❡①✐❝♦✳

❬✶✵❪ P♦✇❡❧✱ ❈✳✱ ✶✾✾✷✳ ❙❡✐s♠✐❝ ◆♦✐s❡ ✐♥ ♥♦rt❤❝❡♥tr❛❧ ♥♦rt❤ ❈❛r♦❧✐♥❛✳ ❇❙❙❆✱ ❱♦❧✳ ✽✷✱ ◆♦✳ ✹✳ ✶✽✽✾✲✶✾✵✾✳

❬✶✶❪ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✐r✐s✳✇❛s❤✐♥❣t♦♥✳❡❞✉✴♣✐♣❡r♠❛✐❧✴s❛❝✲❤❡❧♣✴✷✵✵✾✲❆♣r✐❧✴✵✵✵✺✷✺✳❤t♠❧

❬✶✷❪ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✐r✐s✳✇❛s❤✐♥❣t♦♥✳❡❞✉✴♣✐♣❡r♠❛✐❧✴s❛❝✲❤❡❧♣✴✷✵✵✾✲❆♣r✐❧✴✵✵✵✺✷✽✳❤t♠❧