Acids, Bases, Salts & Metals ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS CONCEPTS OF ACIDS AND BASES Arrhenius Concept According to Arrhenius, an acid is a compound that releases H” ions in water; and a hase is a compound that releases OH" fons in water Bronsted-Lowry Concept In 1923 J.N. Bronsted and J.M. Lowry independently proposed a broader concept of acids and bases. According to this concept, ‘© Anacid isany molocul or ion that can donate a proton (H*) © Abbase is any molecule or ion that can accept a proton ‘© _Anacidis a proton donor whilea base isa proton acceptor. ‘© Water that accepts a proton is a Bronsted base. Conjugate Acid-Base pairs ‘An important concept that emanates from Bronsted-Lowry concept is conjugate acid-base pairs. In an acid-base reaction the acid (HA) gives up its proton (H*) and produces a new base (A’). + Thenew base that is elated to the original ‘canjugate (meaning related) base. ‘+ Similarly the original basc (B-) after sccepting a proton (H*) gives a new acid (HB) which is called a conjugate id is called a acid. Classes of Bronsted Acids and Bases Bronsted acids can be classified as per its capacity to furnish Protons a follows: ‘Monoprotic acids are capable of donating one proton only, + Polypratic acids are capable of donating two or more protons, e.g. H,S0,, H3PO,, carbonic acid (HCO), hydrosulphuric acid, etc. Monoprotic bases can accept one proton. Polyprotic bases can accept two or more protons, ¢. anions of diprotic and triprotic acids. Strength of Bronsted Acids and Bases The strength of a Bronsted acid depends upon its tendency 10 donate a proton. The strength of a Bronsted base depends on its ability to accept a proton. For example, Hl is nearly 100% ionised in water. Its reaction with water can be depicted by the equation: Conjugate pair Hcl + HO HOT er Strong Stiong Weak Weak acid base acid base ‘Conjugate pale ‘The above reaction has proceeded almost completely to the right; that indicates that HCI has a strong tendency to lose a proton. Aso, the base H,O has a strong ability to accept a proton. The ‘overall situation is that the acid and basc on the left are cach stronger than the conjugate acid and conjugate base on the right. That is why the equilibrium is displaced to the right. Thus it ‘may be stated that: © asirong acid has a weak conjugate hase © @sirong base has a weak conjugate acid Strong Acids: HCI, HBr, HI, HNO, H;S0,, HCIO;, HCIO, ‘Strong Bases: Alkali metal hydroxides, Ba(OH)>, S(OH),, Ca(OH), MeOH), Lewis Concept of Acids and Bases In the carly 1930s, G.N. Lewis gave an even a more general model of acids and bases. According to Lewis theory: © anacidis an electron-pair acceptor + a base isan electron-pair danor Lewis visualized an acid and base as sharing the clectron pair provided by the base. Asa result a covalent bond (or coordinate bond) between the Lewis acid and the Lewis base is formed. ‘The resulting combination is called a Complex. PH SCALE-THE MEASURE OF ACIDITY ‘The concentrations of H* and OH" ions in aqueous solutions are frequently very small and hence not convenient to work with It was Danish chemist Soren Sorenscn who in 1909 proposed a more uscful quantity called pH. The pH of ‘2 solution is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen lon concentration (in moVL): pH =-log[H,0"] or pH ==log [H"] + Theaboveequation gives a convenient numbers to work with. ‘The negative logarithm gives. positive number for pH, which ‘otherwise would be negative due to the small value of [H"]. ‘The pH of a solution is a dimensionless quantity. + pHs simply a way to express hydrogen ion concentration, ‘Acidic and basic solutions at 25°C can be distinguished by their pH values, as follows:+ ApOH scale analogous to the pH scale can be devised using the negative logarithm of the hydroxide ion concentration of a solution. Thus, we define pOH pOH = log [OH"] + In general, from the definitions it follows that pH + pOH = 14.00 ‘+ The pH scale ranges from 0 to [4 on this scale. pH 7 is considered neutral, below 7 acidic and above 7 basic. Farther from 7, more acidic or basic the solution is. PH In Humans and Animals Most of the biochemical reactions taking place in our body are in a narrow pH range of 7.0 to 7.8. Even a small change in pH hampers the processes. Any condition in which blood pH drops below 7.35 is known as acidosis, if pH rises above 7.45+then it is called alkalosis. Acid Rain When the pH of rain water goes below 5.6, itis called aid rain, ‘Acid rain is a major environmental disaster. pH in Plants Soils need to be of optimum pH for plants to have an adequate ‘growth .It should be neither highly alkaline nor highly acidic. In digestive system pH plays an important part in the digestion of food. Our stomach produces hydrochloric acid (formic acid) which helps in digestion ‘of food. When we eat spicy food, stomach produces too much of ‘acid which causes ‘acidity’. irtation and sometimes pain too. In ‘order to get cured from this we use ‘antacids’ which are bases like “milk of magnesia’ (suspension of magnesium hydroxide in water). Self-defence of Animals and Plants Bee sting causes severe pain and burning sensation. It is due to the presence of methanoic acid (formic acid) in it. Use of a mild base like baking soda can provides relief from pain. Some plants like ‘nestle plant’ have fine stinging hair which inject ‘methanoic acid into the body of any animal or human being that comes in its contact. BUFFER SOLUTIONS Generally pH of an aqueous solution decreases on addition of a small amount of HCI because of the increase in the concentration of Ht ions. On the other hand, if a small amount of NaOH is ‘added, the pH of the solution increases. However, there are some solutions which resist the change in pH on addition of small amount of strong acid or alkali. Such solutions are called buffer solutions. For example, solution of ammonium acctste, blood, a equimolar mixture of NH,OH + NH,Cl, CH;COOH + CHjCOONa, etc. Types of Buffer Solution * Ackdic buffer: Acidic buffer solution contains equimolar quantities of weak acid and its salt with strong base. For example, acetic acid (CH;COOH) and sodium acctate (CH,COONa). A solution containing equimolar quantities of acetic acid and sodium acetate its pH value around 4.74, + Basie buffer: Basic buffer solution contains equimolar quantities of a weak base and its salt with a strong acid. For example, hydroxide (NH,OH) and ammonium chloride (NHC). ‘SALTS Asaltis an ionic compound which dissociates to yield a positive ion other than hydrogen ion (H*] and a negative ion other than hydroxide ion (OH-] Example: NaCl > Na’ + Cl- (Fused Aq. soln) Classification of Salts + Normal Salt: In case the acid and base neutralise completely the salt formed is a normal salt. e.g. NaCl, CuSO, * Addie Salt: Ifa polybasic acid is neutralised partly by a base, the salt formed is acidic. ¢.g. H,SO,, HjPO, + Basie Salts: This type of salts are formed by incomplete neutralization of a base with an acid or by partial replacement of hydroxy radicals of a diacids or tracidic base with an acid radical. ¢.. Cu(OH)NO; - Basic copper nitrate, ‘+ Double Salt - Such a salt is formed by mixing saurated solution of two simple salts followed by crystallisation of the saturated solution. ¢.g. FeSO, (NH,)},SO,6H,0 (Mobr’s salt) isa mixture of FeSO, (Simple salt) and (NH,),SO, (Simple salt) ‘+ Mixed Salts~ There is no general method for the formation of this type of salt ¢. Sodium potassium sulphate NaK SO, (two basic radicals, Na‘. K*) = Complex salt - Such a salt is formed by mixing saturated solution of simple salts followed by crystallisation of the solution similar to double salts. e.g. KyF.(CN), SOME COMMON USEFUL SALTS A large number of salts arc useful for our homes and industry for various purposes. Some are discussed below: Baking Seda Chemically baking sins soci bycogen carbo: NaHCO, tis an important part of food. ‘+ Baking soda is manufactured by Solvay’s process. + It is mainly used for manufecturing washing soda but baking soda is obtained as an intermediate.+ Onheating, sodium hydrogen carbonate is converted into sodium carbonate and carbon dioxide is given off: 2NaHCO, best, Na,CO; +H,0+CO,t Uses It is used as a component of baking powder. + Iisused as a tenderizer and leavening agent in baking (In ‘combination with a liquid and acid it releases CO,) ‘+ tis used as deodorizer because of its neutralizing action. * Wis used in landry work for enhancing the detergents effectiveness because it stabilizes the pH level (acts asa uur) + Its used in fire extinguishers. Baking soda undergoes a chemical reaction that gives off CO, that makes it useful in extinguishing small grease or electrical fires. 2NaHCO; —“*4Na,CO; +H,0+CO, t + Its used as abrasive cleaner. Washing Soda ‘+ Washing soda is used for washing of clothes. Chemically, washing soda is sodium carbonate decahydrate, Na,CO,,10H,0. ‘+ Washing soda is manufactured by Solvay's process. Uses + Its used in the manufacture of caustic soda, glass, soap powders, borax and in paper industry. For removing permanent hardness of water. + Asa cleansing agent for domestic purpose. Plaster of Paris Also called POP, chemically itis2CaSO,H,O.orCaSO,,1/2H,0 (calcium sulphate hem hydrate Gypsum, (CaSO,.2H,0) is used as the raw material to ‘manufocture POP. + The only difference between gypsum (CaSO,2H,0) and plaster of Paris(CaSO,.1/2H,0)is the ess amount of water of crystallization. Uses + Inmedicine, used for making plaster casts to hold fractured bones in place while they set. It is also used for making casts in dentistry. + Formaking fire proof materials. Bleaching Powder Bleaching isa process of removing colour from a cloth to make itwhiter. Bleaching powder has been used for this purpose since long. Chemically, it is calcium oxychloride CaOC,. Uses Used in tertile industry for bleaching of clothes. In paper industry for bleaching of wood pulp. It makes woo! unshrinkable. Used as disinfectant and germicide for sterilization of drinking water and swimming pool water. For the manufacture of chloroform(CHC!,) ‘+ Used as an oxidizing agent in chemical industry, Sodium Hydroxide ‘Also known as Caustic Sods, chemically itis NaOH, Industrial ‘methods of its production are: + Causticisation process (Gossage process) * Castner Kellner cell + Chlor-Alkali process Uses + Itisused in many industries, mostly as.a strong chemical base in the manufacture of pulp and paper, textiles, soaps, dyes, cellulose, detergents etc. ‘+ Itisused in petroleum refining. ‘Magresiom hydroxide (MgOH,) i& an important component Of antacids and laxatives. Milk of magnesia is a suspension of| ‘magnesium hydroxide in water. [tis used as an antacid and lative Tracts as antacid by lowering the amount of acid in the stomach ‘and is used forthe treaument of heartbum, indigestion tc, It also acts as laxative by drawing water into the intestines ‘which causes movement of the intestines. ‘Sodium Carbonate Also called soda ash, its chemical formula is Na;CO,, It exists in various forms, namely anhydrous sodium carbonate NayCO3 (Soda-ssh). Monohydrate Na;CO3.H,0 (crystal carbonate), heptahydmte. Na,CO,.7H,0 and decahydrate Na,CO;, 10H; (washing soda or sal soda) ‘Sodium carbonate is generally prepared now a days by ammonia soda or Solvay process. The ingredients of this process are readily available and inexpensive. These are Salt brine (NaCI) (from sea), ammonia (NH,) and lime stone CaCO, (from mines). The process consists of many sections, CaCl; is an important by product obtained. Uses ‘+ It is used for softening of hard water, For this purpose hydrated sodium carbonate, Na,CO,.10H,0 known as washing soda is used. + Ammixture of sodium carbonate (Na,CO3) and potassium carbonate (K,CO,) is used as fusion mixture. is used in paper, paint and textile industries is used for the manufacture of glass, borax, soap and ‘caustic soda (NoOH) gs USA ASU PN SRO) Out of 118 chemical elements known till date, 103 has been well characterized in terms of their properties. The systematic classification of these 103 clements shows their numbers as: + Metals=79 © Non-metals=17 * And metalloids=7COMPARISON OF METALS AND NON-METALS Metals and non-metals differ both in physical and chemical propertics. The characteristic physical properties of metals and non-metals are listed in following table: Serial No. ‘Metals, ‘Nea-metals 1. | Metals have lustre. They reflect light from polished or freshly cut surface 'Non-metals do not have lustre (exceptions ~ Diamond and lodine) 2. _ | Metals generally have high density. ‘Non-metals generally have low density. 3. _ | They are good conductors of heat and elec- tricity “They are usually bad conductors of heat (exception — carbon in the form of gas carbon and graphite) ‘Metals are malleable and ductile, They can be ‘beaten into thin sheets and drawn into wires, ‘Non-metals are not malleable and ductile. They can be crushed into powder. ‘5. | Theyhave athree dimensional crystal structure with metalic bonds ‘They have different ypes of strucuures with covalent and van-der- ‘Waals’ bonds 6, _ | Metals are generally bard. ‘Non-metals are generally soft (Exception: Diamond) 7. | Metals generally have 1 103 electrons in their ‘outermost shell ‘Non-metals generally have 4 8 in their outermost shell ofthe atom. 8, _ | They show valency 1 to 4. ‘They show valency 1107. 9.__| They are electropositive in nature. ‘They are electronegative in nature. 10. | They generally form basic oxides. “They generally form acidic oxides. Ti. __| They actas reducing agents. “They act as oxidizing agents. 12, _ | Active metals react with cold and hot water. ‘Non-metals usually do not react with cold or hot water. 13. | Active metals react with non- oxidizing acids to form their oxides or oxyacids Solid nom-metals resct with oxidizing acids to form hydrogen gas. 14, | They resct with non-metals under different ‘conditions to form salts. "They react with metals as well as non metals under different condi- tions to form salts. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METAL The chemical reactions undergone by metals are furnished below: Reaction with Oxygen Most of the metals react with oxygen and form oxides. The reaction may take place without heating as in sodium, calcium ( potassium, while some metals react with oxygen on heating to form oxides. + Oxidesofmetals are basic innature as they react with water and form bases, eg. Na,O, CaO, MgO. K,0, etc. * Oxides of aluminium (AI,0,), zine (ZnO), tin (SnO) and iron (Fe,0;) are amphoteric in nature as they react with acids as well as with bases. Reaction of Metals with Acids Metals react with common acids like dilute HCI and dilute H,SO, with evolution of H. Reaction of Metals with Water Many metals react with water to form hydroxides. Hydroxides are basic in nature. Sodium and potassium react with cold water. ‘+ Magnesium reacts with hot water Mg{s) + H,0(0) —+ Me(OH)9(0q) + H(g) Metals like Al or Fe react on beating with water or with stam, In these conditions metals form metal oxides. Reaction of Metals with Common Bases ‘Some metals like aluminium and zinc react with common bases. Sn{s) + 2NaOH (aq) + H,O ())-+ Na,SnO, sodium stannate Nez, Sodium zincate The process of extraction of metal from its ore metallurgy. + Minerals are naturally occurring compounds of metals. * Ores are those minerals from which metals can be ‘economically extracted. Examples + Aluminium is the most common metal in the Earth's, ‘crust, occurring in all sorts of minerals. However, it isn't ‘economically worthwhile to extract it from most of these minerals. instead, the usual ore of aluminum is bauxite - ‘which contains from 50 - 70% of aluminium oxide, ‘Zn(s) + 2NaOH (aq) —> alled—u er Examples of Ores ‘Some important ores and the metals present in these ores are listed in the following table: Type of ore Metals Native Metals (Found in Free State) | Gold (Au), silver (Ag) [Oxide ores Tron (Haematite, Fe,03); Aluminium (Bauxite, Al,03. 24,0); Tin(Cassiterite, S00); Copper Cuprite, Cu,0); Zinc (incite, ZnO); Teanium (Iimenite, FeTiO,, Rutile, Ti0,) ‘Sulphide ores Zinc (Zine blende, ZnS); Lead (Galena, PbS); Copper (Copper glance, Cu,S); Silver (Silver glance or Argentite, Ag,S); lron (lronpyrites, FeS,) Carbonate ores Iron (Siftrite, FeCO,); Zinc (Calamine, ZnCO,), Lead (Cerrusite, PbOO;) Sulphate ores Lead(Anglesite, PbSO,) Halide ores ro panos drags acl Silicate ores Zine (Hemimorphite, Zn,Si,O(OH),.H;0 ‘The method used to extract metals from the ore in which they are found depends on their reactivity. ALLOYS Alloys are metallic materials prepared by mixing two or more molten metals. These are used for many purposes, such as construction, and are central to the transportation and clectical industries. Composition of some common alloys and their uses are given in the following table. [Atoy (Ue ; 1, | Brass For making utensils and cartridges. 2. [Brome For making statues, medals, ships, coins and machines 3._| Solder For joining metals, solding wire and electronic components etc. 4. | Duraluminum | Al = 95.5%, Cu = 3%, Used in bodies of aircrafts, kitchen parts ctc. ware and automobile Mn= 1.0%, Mg = 0.5% E-pamee Cu= 60%, Zn = 20%, Ni= 20% | For making utensils and ornaments 6. | Gun metal For Gears and castings etc. 7.__| Bell metal Forbells, gangs etc. 8._|Magnalium | Al= 90%, Mg= 10% For balance bears, light instruments 9._|Type metal | Pb= 82%, Sb= 15% Sa=3% | Forcasting type 10. | Stainless steel | Fe, Ni, Cr, C For utensils, cutlery etc, + Inhomogeneous alloys, atoms of the different clements are distributed uniformly. Examples include brass, bronze, and the coinage alloys. ‘+ Heterogeneous alloys, such as tin-Icad solder and the mercury amalgam sometimes used to fil teeth, consist of a mixture of crystalline phases with different compositions. ‘An amalgam is an alloy of mercury with one ot more metals. Most of the metals form amalgams with mercury except iron and platinum. Amalgams of sodium and aluminium are good reducing agents. Amalgam of silver, tin, cadmium and copper have been utilized as dena fillings. 1. Which one of the following gases dissolves in water to 2. Which one of the following salts when dissolved in water give acidic solution? makes the solution basic? (a) Carbon dioxide (b) Oxygen (a) Sodium chloride (b) Copper sulphate (©) Nitrogen (a) Hydrogen (6) Femic chloride (@), Sodium scctate1 Which of the following salts are insoluble in water? (a) Chlorides of Fe and Mn (b) Nitrates of Ag and Pb {c) Carbonates of Pb and Ca (4) Phosphates of Na and NH, ‘Two clements gallium and oxygen combine to form a compound Ga,0;. Which among the following is the TA valency of gallium? @) 1 @&)2 © 3 @4 ‘Arrange the following bases in increasing order of their, basic strength 1. Sodium hydroxide 2. Magnesium hydroxide 3. Aluminium hydroxide 4. Ammonium hydroxide Select the correct answer using the code given below Codes: @ 4 2 1 3 4 1 2 3 @4 3 2 1 @io2 3 4 Which one among the following is not a property of sult? LA (0) Salts have ordered packing arrangements called lattices (@)_ Salts have low melting points but high boiling points (©) Salts are brittle (@)_ Salts conduct electricity when dissolved in water or ‘even in the molten state Which among the following statements with regard to pH scale is/are correct? 1. Misa logarithmic scale. Il, The scale is limitedto0-14 because the ionic product of water is about 10°, Ill. The lower the value of pH, the greater is the acidity of the solution. Select the correct answer using the code given below (@) and I only (&) 1, Wand UT (©) Vand I only (@) only Statement I: Metal ions are Lewis acids. ‘Statement I: Metal ions are electron pair acceptors. (2) Both the statements individually tue and Statement His the correct explanation of Statement I. Both the statements are individually rue but Statement isnot correct explanation of Statement 1 (6) Statement I is tre but Statement It is false. Statement | is false but Statement [is true. (@) oxygen from air is dissolved in the water which makes the water acidic dirt, which get contaminated with the water during ‘eration makes the water acidic (©) ultraviolet radiation dissociates water molecules, ‘and makes water acic (@) carbon dioxide from air is dissolved ‘The concentration of hydrochloric acid in a given solution is 10-* M. What is the value of pH for this solution? @) 7 (b) > 7 but not 14 ©) <7 @ 4 2 1B. “a 1s. 16, 17. Human stomach produces acid "X* which helps_in digestion of food. Aci Ou) (a) acetic acid (b)-methanoic (c)_ hydrochloric acid (@) citric acid Bases turn red litmus blue and acids tur blue litmus red, A student tested a liquid with a red litmus paper and it stayed red with no change, This shows that the liquid oa (a) must be pure water (b) must be an acid (c) isnota base (@)_is neither a base nor an acid Which of the following statements regarding oxidation and reduction are correct? 1. Inoxidation, loss of electron takes place whereas in reduction, gain of electron takes place. 2. In oxidation, gain of electron takes place whereas in reduction, loss of electron takes place. 3. Oxidizing agent decreases the oxidation number but reducing agent increases the oxidation number. 4. Oxidizing agent increases the oxidation number but reducing agent reduces the oxidation number, Select the correct answer using the code given below: Code: (a) Land3 (b) 2and4 (c) 2and3 (d) land4 The following equation is an example of a redox reaction, in which Cly is the oxidizing agent and FeBr, is the reducing agent: 2FeBry (aq) + 3h, (g) = 2FeCI (aq) + 3Br, (1) Which one among the following statements is in for this redox reaction? ygcrts gain or appear to gain clectrons (c) Reducing agents are themselves oxidized (d) Oxidizing agents oxidize other substances ‘Which one among the following is the correct order of strength of acids? (a) HySO, > HPO; > CH,COOH (b) H3PO, > H;SO, > CH;COOH (c) CH;COOH > HyPO; > H,SO, (a)_CH,COOH > H,S0, > HjPO; Which one among the following is an electrochemical cell that cannot be charged? fal (a) Electrolytic cell (b) Storage cell (c) Primary cell (d) Fuel cell The pH of fresh milk is 6. When it tums sour, the pH (a) becomes <6 (b) remains the same ic.,6 (©) becomes> 6 (d)_ becomes neutral, i.c.,7 ‘Which onc among the following is a double salt? (a) K4lFoCN),) (b)_ K;S0,-A13(S0,)524H,0 (©) CuS0,:SH,0 (d) NaCl ‘Statement I: Addition of water to an aqueous solution of HCI decreases the pH.2. Statement II: Dilution of acid decreases its [H"] perunit volume. (a) Boththe statements are individually uc and Statement Il is the correct explanation of Staicment | (b) Both the statements are individually true but Statement Il is not the correct explanation of ‘Statement 1 ‘Statement | is true, but Statement Il is false Statement | is false, but Statement Il is true decreases © @ The pH of fresh ground water slight ‘exposure to air because (@) carbon dioxide from air is dissolved in the water (©) oxygen from air is dissolved in the water (©) the dissolved carbon dioxide of the ground water escapes into air (4) the dissolved oxygen of the ground water escapes into air Antacids are commonly used to get rid of acidity in the stomach. A commonly used antacid is LA (2) sodium hydrogen phihalate (b) magnesium hydroxide (©) calcium hydroxide (@)_- manganese acetate Aluminium is used in thermite welding because ~ (2) aluminium is a light metal (©) aluminium has more affinity for oxygen (@)_ aluminium is a reactive metal ‘Which one of the following materials is very hard and very ductile? ‘Stung by hairs of nettle leaves causes burning pain. This iS due to the injection of INDA2017-1| (@) Acetic acid (©) Methanoic acid ©) Sulphuric acid (€), Hydrochloric acid The chemical name of baking soda is [NDA 2017-1] (@) Nao, (b) NaHCO, © C (@) NsOH Which compound, when dissolved in water, conducts ity and forms a basic solution? [NDA 2017-11 @) HCI (b) CH,COOH (©) CH,OH @) ‘The principal use of hydrofluoric acid is [NDA 201 (2) im etching glass (b) as ableaching agent (©) as an extremely strong oxidizing agent (4) inthe preparation of strong organic fluorine compounds Zc i wed io prvect fon fom corrosion bees ic INDA 2017-11] (©), more clecraposiive than ion (b) cheaper than iron (©) a bluish white metal (@)_ a good conductor of heat and electricity ‘The desirable range of pH for drinking water is INDA 2017-11] @) 6.5085 (b) 5.01065 ©) 651070 (@) 7.01085 28. 2. 2 10, n, 12, 13. (b) Tungsten (a) Carborundum (©) Castiron (@) Nichrome Match List 1 with List Il and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists Lista List-t A. Blue vito! |. Sodium bicarbonate B. Epsom salt 2, Sodium hydroxide C. Baking soda 3. Magnesium sulphate D. Caustic soda 4. Copper sulphate @ B-4:C-2;D-1 (b) A-4;B-3;C-2; Dt © B4C1;D-2 — @) A4:B-3C-1;D2 In paper manufacturing, degumming of the raw roaterial isdone using (a) sulphuric acid (b)_ bleaching powder (©) caustic soda (@) nitric acid Dolomite powder is applied in some agricultural lands. ‘The purpose of applying it is to vi (a) increase the pH of the soil (©) lower the pH of the soil (C) increase the phosphorus content of the soil (@) increase the nitrogen content of the soil ‘The pH valuc ofa sample of muliple-Cu>Ag (b) Ag>Cu>Zn (c) Cu>Zn>Ag (a) Cu>Ag> Zn