Iïndid Iïndid

iïNdId Ydia;S%h ix.%yh iïNdId Ydia;S%h ix.
%yh
19 jk l,dmh - 2016
iïNdId
19 jk l,dmh - 2016
Ydia;S%h ix.%yh
msßfjka wOHdmk YdLdfõ m%ldYkhls'
wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha
wf,úh iòyd fkdfõ' msgljrfha is;=jï yd msgljr ks¾udKh wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha msßfjka wOHdmk YdLdfõ m%ldYkhls'
fiakdkkao bkaøð;a u¾;sia
rcfha uqøK fomd¾;fïka;=j

iïNdId
^Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh&
19 jeks l,dmh - 2016
m%Odk ixialdrl
uydpd¾h kdìß;a;kalvjr ØKr;k ysñ
iydh ixialdrl
wdpd¾h l=U,af.dv Oïudf,dal ysñ
wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha msßfjka wOHdmk YdLdfõ m%ldYkhls'
i
2 - CM 23766
msgljrfha is;=jï we;=,; msgqys rE rgd
iy msgljr ks¾udKh
,,s;l,dfõ§
fiakdkkao bkaøð;a u¾;sia uy;d
îxj¾Ok iyldr&
fi!LH YdÍßl wOHdmk yd l%Svd YdLdj
wOHdmk wud;HdxYh
biqremdh
we;=<; msgq ieliSu

l=iqï chúl%u uy;añh
iStï 23766-2"000^2016$12& Y%S ,xld rcfha uqøK fomd¾;fïka;=j
ii
w;smQcH wU.yj;af;a idikjxi
lúOc isßioaOïudjßh h;s ix>m;s
bJÞiNjr ØKidñ uydkdhl iajdóka jykafia
^1863-1886&
iii
iv
iïNdId
^Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh&
19 jeks l,dmh - 2016
wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha msßfjka wOHdmk YdLdfõ m%ldYkhls'
v
w;sf¾l ixialrKh : mQcH jákdmy fidaudkkao ysñ
iyldr wOHdmk wOHCI ^msßfjka&
mQcH nq,;a.u Wmkkao ysñ
mQcH n,f.dv wurfcda;s ysñ
mQcH lgq.ïm,.u mshr;k ysñ
mQcH udfodaúg jðrnqoaê ysñ
mQcH fodvïf.dv mshisß ysñ
mQcH m,af,a.u jx.Si ysñ
mQcH ñ,a,Efõ irKmd, ysñ
mQcH f.daKfoKsfha ;miais ysñ
mQcH kUv.iajefõ iqOïur;k ysñ
mQcH f;ßmeye Oïñkao ysñ
ld¾hd,hSh lghq;= : ví,sõ' fla' .uf.a

msßfjka iïnkaëlrK ks,OdÍ
úúO iydh : WmfoaYl uKav,h
fidaÿm;a ne,Su : wdpdhœ l=U,af.dv Oïudf,dal ysñ
uqøKh : rcfha uqøK fomd¾;fïka;=j
vi
u.fmkaùu :
w;s.re ckdêm;s;=ud"

.re w.%dud;H;=ud"

.re wOHdmk wud;H;=ud


wOHdmk f,alï;=ud"

wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha m%Odk .KldêldÍ"


msßfjka wOHdmk WmfoaYl kdysñ


vii
viii
mgqk
msgj
q
* w;s.re ckdêm;s;=udf.a Y=NdYsxik m‚jqvh … … xiii
* .re w.%dud;H;=udf.a Y=NdYsxik m‚jqvh … … … xv
* .re wOHdmk wud;H;=udf.a Y=NdYsxik m‚jqvh … … xvi
* wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha f,alï;=udf.a Y=NdYsxik mKsjqvh … xvii
* .re msßfjka wOHCI ysñhkaf.a Y=NdYsxik m‚jqvh … xviii
* wiak … … … … … … … xix
I fldgi
Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldh
1' Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldh fYdaNudk l< uydkdysñjre 1

uydpd¾h welsßh., kkao uyd ia:úr
2' rdu[a[ uyd ksldhsl NsCIq wkkH;dj 22
lsßkafoa pkaoiquk kdysñ
3' rdu[a[ uyd ksldhsl mßmd,k jHqyfha l%udkql+, úldYh 38
ul=,Efõ úu, uyd ia:úr
4' rdu[a[ ksldfha wêlrK l%uh 47
uydpdhœ w;a;x.fka r;kmd, ia:úr
5' rdu[a[ uyd ksldfha mßmd,k jHjia:dj fyj;a l;sldj; 58
rdclSh mKaä; ud;f,a Oïul=i, uyd ia:úr
6' iSy, foaYh yd rdu[a[ foaYh w;r mej;s fn!oaOd.ñl 64
iïnkaOhka ms<sn| ye¢kaùula
wdpd¾h fn,s.,af,a Oïufcd;s ysñ
7' rdu[a[ uyd ksldfha idïm%Þhsl WmiïmÞ úkh l¾uh 72
wxl=Uqf¾ fmaujxi uyd ia:úr
II fldgi
md,s
8' lÉpdhk yd fud.a.,a,dk jHdlrK iïm%Þhkays iïnkaOh 117
ms<sn| uQ,sl wOHhkhla
Ydia;%m;s" rdclSh mKaä; id,sh wfYdalmqr kkao ysñ
ix
msgj
q
9' md,s jHdlrKfhys iajdëk;ajh ms<sn| iajr ikaêh weiqßka 136

úu¾Ykhla
fudKrd., kkaoisß ysñ
10' wÜGl:d Yíoh iQpkh l< ;%smsgld.; Yío 149
fndr,kafoa Oïur;k ysñ
III fldgi
ixialD; yd w,xldr
11' A critical study on the functionalism of Alankarasastra 165

Ven. Mahawela Ratnapala
12' wYajf>daImdohkaf.a nqoaOpß; ldjHh jQ l,S rid,sma; 188
uyd ldjHhls
uy/UEjefõ md,s; ysñ
13' R.a fõoh 201
;s;a;.,af,a `ØKr;k ysñ
IV fldgi
isxy,
14' ikak .egmo yd mßl:d hk jHdLHdk l%uhkays w¾: újrK 215

l%u ms<sn| wOHhkhla
tia' YIsld uOqjka;s o is,ajd
15' isxy, úudkj;a:q m%lrKh md,s uQ,dY%fhau mßj¾;khlao @ 226
wdpd¾h tAkac,a fldgj,f.or
16' ioaO¾u r;akdj,S l;=jr O¾ufiak ysñhka jevjdih lf<a 242
ld,doajdr úydrfhys o @
wdpd¾h lmqre nKavdr ch;s,l
17' Ydia;%Sh f,aLkhg m%dfhda.sl m%fõYhla 253
rx. nqoaêl lxldkxf.a
18' mßj¾;kh ms<sn| ye¢kaùula 268
flfy,aj, kkao ysñ
19' NdId wOHhkfha § jd.a úoHd{hka iy jHdlrK{hdf.a ld¾h 285
Ndrh l=ula o @
rxð;a fiakdkdhl
x
msgj
q
V fldgi
wd.ï yd o¾Ykh
20' ks¾jdKh Y=kH;djhla o @ 297

wdpd¾h id.r l=iqur;ak
21' fhd.lafLu yd fhd.fCIau hkafkys w¾: úuiSu yd tys Ndú;h 304
ms<sn| wOHhkhla
Wv.,fo‚fha Oïuúu, ysñ
22' ldh Ñ;a; .eg¨j 319
j;aiq, jika; nKavdr
23' f:rjdo úkh b.ekaùï újrKfhys,d rÑ; úkh àld .%ka: 335
ms<sn| flá újrKhla
iQßhjej iqfïO ysñ
24' NsCIq iudcfha m%Njh yd jHdma;sh 351
jdúkafka m[aØkkao ysñ
25' WmksIoa ldka;dj yd wOHd;aufõoh 362
wU,shoafoa Wmkkao ysñ
26' nqoaOld,Sk Ndr;fha wd.ï iy nqÿka jykafia 376
ñkqjka.uqfõ uydkdu ysñ
27' mer‚ Y%S ,xldfõ meje;ajqKq wisßu;a wßhjxi W;aijh 394
uydpd¾h j,afmd, rdyq, ysñ
mßj¾;kh ( Ydia;%m;s jgf.or úu,nqoaê ysñ
VI fldgi
b;sydih yd mqrdúoHdj
28' mer‚ ,laÈj foaYmd,k l%shdj,sh ;=< prmqreIhdf.a 411
Þhl;ajh ms<sn| úu¾Ykhla
î' mS' ysrKHd ch;s,l
29' fi,a,sms ikaksfõok udOHhla jQfha flfia o @ 429
lms;dka mqIaml=udr ú;dkf.a
30' mqrdK Y%S ,xldj úfoaY rgj,a iu. meje;ajQ cd;Hka;r 447
in|;d ms<sn| ft;sydisl wOHhkhla
WfmaCId .uf.a
31' ksYaYxlu,a, rcqf.a reyqfKa .djq; geï ,sms 471
oñ;a rK.,
32' wêufkda úoHdj 483
ã' ã' wd¾' o is,ajd
xi
msgj
q
VII fldgi
wOHdmk yd ufkdaúoHdj
33' wdl,am idOkh yd wdl,am fjkia lsÍu ms<sn| 503

ufkdaúoHd;aul wOHhkhla
l=Uqlkaok f¾j; ysñ
34' Y%S ,xldfõ NdId wOHdmkh" msßfjka yd mdi,a 523
35' úIh ud,dfõ m%Odk fldgia yd tAjd w;r mj;akd wka;¾ 548
iïnkaO;dj ms<sn| úuiqula
,dyq., iq.;ØK ysñ
36' wOHdmkh yd fm!reI ixj¾Okh 558
ir;a ùrisxy
37' id¾:l .=re isiq in|;djla i|yd fn!oaO WmfoaYkh 567
Ydia;%m;s frdgqU isßfidaNk ysñ
VIII fldgi
úúO
38' ixl,amSh yd m%dfhda.sl jYfhka wdhq¾fõofhys yd 577

nqÿoyfuys iurEms;dj
iS' fla' .uf.a
39' f.da,Sh ckixLHdj yd tA wdY%s; m%jK;d 587
uydpd¾h iqfka;%d f;kakfldaka
40' ;srir ixj¾Okh" ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s ie,iqï lsÍu yd l%shdjg 600
kexùu ^kHdhd;aul ú.%yhla&
ã' Ô' ldxpkd
xii
w;s.re ckdêm;s;=udf.a Y=NdYsxik mKsjqvh
Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uydksldh msysgqjd jod< w;smQcH wU.yj;af;a
bkaodiNjr[dKidñ irKxlrdNs Odk uydkdhl ia jdóka øhka jyka fia
wkqiu
a rKh lrkq jia tlS f;audj uQ,l
s fldg.;a wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha msßfjka
wOHdmk YdLdj u.ska m%ldYhg m;alrkq ,nk 2016 iïNdId Ydia;h S% iÕrdjg
iqNme;=ï m‚jqvhla ksl;= a lrkakg ,eîu ms<n
s | j uu w;sYh i;=gg m;afjñ'
Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmkh ms<sn| w;S;h úuid ne,Sfï § iïNdjH msßfjka

wOHdmkhg ysñjkafka iqúfYaIs ia:dkhls' Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl wOHdmkh ks¾udKh
ù fmdaIKh jkafka wdrdóh wOHdmkh ;=<k s 's wkqrdOmqr uydúydrfhka wdrïNj
wd.u" cd;sh" l,dj" ixialD;sh yd idys;Hh iqfmdaIKh jQfha wdrdóh
wOHdmkfhks' fmrÈ.ska ìys jQ iqúfYaIs mer‚ mçjreka fndfyduhlf.a
wOHdmksl ;sôßf.h jQfha o msßfjkhs'
iïNdjH msßfjka wOHdmkh úúO hq.j, § iqúfYaIs ixj¾ê; ,laIK

úoHudk l< w;r Y%S ,dxlSh wkkH;dj iqrlaIs; lsÍfuys,d tod fuod;=r
fnfyúka n,md ;sfí' fuys ,d uykqjr hq.fha jevisá wirK irK je,súg Y%S
irKxlr ix>rdc udysñmdKka úiska lrkq ,en we;s lem lsÍu mqÿu t<jk
iq¿h'
uE; w;S;fha cd;shg kdhl;ajh ÿka Èjx.; tia'ví'wd¾'ã' nKavdrkdhl

w.%dud;H;=uka úfoHdoh yd úoHd,xldr msßfjka cd;sl úYajúoHd, njg m;a
lsÍfuka msßfjka wOHdmkh jvd;a mq¿,a ;,hlg f.k tkakg iqúfYaIs
odhl;ajhla oelajQ nj wmg isysm;a fõ' fï jk úg wmf.a hymd,k rch
u.ska o fuf;la l,a ixj¾Okhfjñka wd iïNdjH msßfjka wOHdmkh ;j
ÿrg;a ixj¾Okh lrkq Wfoid wjYH myiqlï jeäfldg §ug yels iEu
W;aidyhla u orñka isà'
j¾;udk .re w.%dud;H rks,a úl%uisxy ue;s;=ud wOHdmk wud;Hj isá

wjêfha § msßfjka mk; yd ksfhda. ud,dj kS;s.;fldg l< fufyjr msßfjka
wOHdmkfha ;j;a lvbula f,i uu olsñ' iïNdjH msßfjka wOHdmkh
cd;Hka;r ;,hg kxjd,kakg oaúNdId msßfjka l%uh ìysùu m%n, rel=,la jkq
we;ehs uf.a úYajdihhs'
xiii
ft;sydisl iïm%odhhka Tiafia ixj¾Okh jQ msßfjka wOHdmkh j¾;udkfha
kshdukh jkafka wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha msßfjka wOHdmk YdLdj u.skh a ' tu.ska
isÿlrkq ,nk b;d jeo.;a fufyjrla yeáhg jd¾Islj m<lrkq ,nk iïNdId
Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh ye¢kaúh yelsh'
Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uydksldfha b;sydih yd iïNdjkSh;ajh w.h lrñka

yd m%dud‚l úIh oekque;s úh;=kaf.a w.%.kH ,smsj,ska iukaú;j ielfik
iïNdId 19 jeks l,dmh t<solajkakg lghq;= l< wOHdmk wud;H;=uka m%Odk
t;=udf.a ld¾h uKav,hg;a" úfYaIfhka msßfjka wOHdmk YdLdjg;a fuys ,d
udf.a iqNme;=ï iys; ia;+;sh msßkukq leue;af;ñ'
ffu;%Smd, isßfiak"
ckdêm;s"
Y%S ,xld m%cd;dka;%sl iudcjd§ ckrch'
2016la jQ wfma%,a ui 28 jeks Èk § h'
xiv
.re w.%dud;H;=udf.a Y=NdYsxik mKsjqvh
Y%S ,dxflah wOHdmkfha cd;sl wkkH;dj ixrlaIKh fldg fmdaIKh l<
wdh;kh msßfjkhs' tlS msßfjka wOHdmk l%shdj,sfha fufyhqï uOHia:dkh
jk wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha msßfjka wOHdmk YdLdj u.ska 19 jeks jrg;a
zziïNdId Ydia;%Sh iÕrdjZZ m%ldYhg m;alsÍu meiish hq;= h' fujeks Ydia;%Sh
jákdlulska hq;a iÕrd w;sYh ÿ¾,Nh'
Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uydksldfha W;a;Í;r uydkdhl wmj;a ù jÞ< w;smc

Q H
wU.yj;af;a kdysñ wkqiaurKh f;aud lr.ksñka" rdu[a[ uydksldfha
b;sydih" fufyjr m%uqL fldg.;a ,sms /ilska iy úh;=ka úiska iïmdokh
lrk ,o Ydia;%Sh ,smsj,ska iukaú; fujr iïNdId iÕrdj o ±kqï iïNdrhla
mdGlhd fj; ;s<sK lrkq we;s nj ksiel h'
tÞ wkqrdOmqr hq.fha § uyd úydr msßfjfkka wdrïN jQ iïNdjH msßfjka

wOHdmkh wog o wLKavj cd;sl fufyjrla bgqlrñka mj;S' tys wNsjDoaêh
fjkqfjka j;auka rch o mq¿,a wjOdkhla fhduqfldg wjYH ie,iqï ilia
fldg we;' msßfjka wOHdmkh kÕd isgj q d cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r uÜgñka jevÞhS
YsIH iajdñkajykafia,d fukau isiq orejka o ìyslsÍu tys wNsm%dhhs'
tlS cd;sl fufyjr Wfoid Þhl jk zziïNdId Ydia;%Sh ix.%yhZZ

t<solajkakg lem jQ ieug lD;fõ§ fjñka" fuu Ydia;%Sh fufyjr iudc
Wkak;sh Wfoid Yla;shlau fõjd hs m%d¾:kh lrñ'
rks,a úl%uisxy"
w.%dud;H'
2016 iema;eïn¾ ui 26 jeks Èk'
xv
.re wOHdmk wud;H;=udf.a Y=NdYsxik mKsjqvh
wOHdmk wud;HdxYh hg;g .efkk wdh;k w;ßka furg iïNdjH wOHdmkh
flfrys u lemjQ wxYh yeáhg ud olskafka ,laÈj mqrd úisÍ mj;akd msßfjka
cd,h kshdukh lrkq ,nk msßfjka wOHdmk YdLdjhs' tfia igyka lrkafka wka
lsisjla ksid fkdj Y%S ,dxlSh wOHdmk b;sydih iïNjh ù úldYkh jkafka
msßfjka wOHdmk l%uh ksid neúks'
wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha iEu wxYhla u mßmd,kh lrk w;r;=r úfYaIfhka

msßfjka wOHdmk YdLdj wdY%fhka wfma rfÜ Y%S ,dxlSh cd;sl iNH;ajhg yd
ixialD;shg fukau fn!oaOd.ug iqÿiq mßÈ iïNdjH wOHdmkh m%j¾Okh lsÍu
wmf.a wruqKhs' msßfjka wOHdmkh uf.a úIh lafIa;%hg wh;aùu u ud ,o Nd.Hhla
fldg i,lk w;r wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha msßfjka YdLdj m%;sixúOdkh lsÍu
u.ska O¾uOr úkhOr NslaIQka jykafia,d msßila ;kkakg wjia:dj ,enqfKd;a
th uy;a mskalulehs o uu is;ñ'
iïNdjH ms ß fjka wOHdmkfha .= K d;a u l nj wdrla I d lr .ks ñ ka kQ ; k

f,dalhg .e,fmk mßÈ ixj¾Okh lsÍu j¾;udk wm rcfha m%uqL mrud¾:hls'
fuys,d wjYH m%;smdok lsisÿ mels,Sulska f;drj ,ndfoñka b;sydifha ljrÞlj;a
fkdjQ ;rfï rcfha Þhl;a j hla ,ndfoñka w;s . re ckdêm;s ; = u ka iy .re
w.%dud;H;=ud olajk iyfhda.h w.h l< hq;=h' tA fjkqfjka fm!oa.,slj udf.a;a
fmdÿfõ wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha;a m%Kduh Tjqkg msßkuñ'
jd¾Islj t<s olajkq ,nk iïNdId Ydia;%Sh ix.%yfha 19 jeks l,dmh o

fmr l,dm fuka u by< .= K d;a u l w.hls k a hq ; = j iïmdokh fldg we;s nj
fmfka' tA i|yd ,sms iemhQ f,aLl ieug;a ks¾udKd;aul yd ldf,daÑ; Ydia;%Sh
iÕrdjla ilia lsÍfuys,d uÕ fmkajQ wOHdmk f,alï;=ud m%Odk wmf.a ld¾h
uKav,hg;a úfYaIfhka msßfjka wOHdmk wOHlaI iajdóka jykafia we;=¿ msßfjka
wOHdmk YdLdjg;a ia;+;sh msßkuñka bgq l< fufyjr w.hñ'
iïNdId Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh m%ldYhg m;alsÍfuka yd ,laÈj mqrd úisÍ mj;akd

ms ß fjka cd,h m% ; s i xúOdkh ls Í fuka Y% S ,xldfõ iïNdjH wOHdmkh kÕd
is g q j ka k g;a tA u.s k a O¾uúkhOr h;s mrmq r la wkd.;hg Þhdo lrka k g;a
yelsfõjd hkq uf.a yDohdx.u m%d¾:kdjhs'
kS;s{ wls, úrdÊ ldßhjiï"

wOHdmk wud;H'
wOHdmk wud;HdxYh"
2016 la jQ wfm%a,a ui 27 jeks Èk § h'
xvi
.re wOHdmk f,alï;=udf.a Y=NdYsxik mKsjqvh
iEu j¾Ihlu m<lr we;s iïNdId Ydia;%Sh ix.%y l,dmj, wvx.= fldg we;s idr.¾N
,smsf,aLk u.ska fmrÈ. Ydia;% ms<sn| ×kh fuka u lsishï iqúfYaIS f;audjla msßfjka
m%cdj w;rg f.khkakg W;aidy ord we;' tA wkqj fujr Ydia;h S% ix.%yh Y%S ,xld rdu[a[
uydks l dh ms y s g q ù fuys , d mq f rda . dó jQ w;s m Q c H wU.yj;a f ;a bka Þ iyjrØKidñ
irKxlrdNsOdk uydkdhl iajdókaøhka jykafiaf.a .=KdkqiaurKh f;aud fldg f.k
;sîu wmf.a n,j;a i;=gg lreKls'
uyskoa d.ukh;a iu. furg werô fn!oaO wOHdmkh l%uj;aj yd úêu;aj werfUkafka
msßfjk keu;s wOHdmksl wdh;kh wkqrdOmqr hq.fha§ ia:dmkhùu ksidh' tÞ mgka wo
olajd ld,h ;=< úúO wdYs¾jdoj,g fuka u wNsfhda.j,g o uqyqK foñka meñKs msßfjka
jxY l;dfõ b;sydih fjku úIhOdrdjla n÷h' nqoaO O¾uh mokï fldgf.k wdrïN
jqj;a miqld,Skj msßfjka wOHdmkh úúO úIh lafIa;% Tiafia jHdma;ùu ksid msßfjk hkq
wmf.a ft;sydisl ×kiïNdrfha fldaIagd.drh yeáhg ye¢kaùfuys jrola ke;' foaYSh
±kqu muKla fkdj l,ska l,g furgg meñ‚ úfoaYslhka úiska wmg Þhdo l< ±kqu o
iudc.; jQfha msßfjk ud¾.fhks'
jir oyia .Kkdjla ;siafia úúO wdl%uK yd úfoaYSh n,fõ.j,g uqyqKfoñka Y%S
,dxflah wkkH;djh wdrlaId lr.kakg msßfjk iu;aù ;sîu wmf.a Nd.Hhls' úúO
cd;Ska w;g m;a nqÿoyu l%ul%ufhka fjkia fjñka hoa§ furg NslaIQka jykafia,d f:arjd§
fn!oaO iïm%Þh fkdfjkiaj yd wLKavj mj;ajdf.k tkakg iu;a jQfha wka lsisjla ksid
fkdj furg Yla;su;a msßfjka wOHdmk l%uhla ;snqK ksidh'
flfia fj;;a ngysr cd;Skaf.a wd.ukh;a iu. iïNdjH msßfjka wOHdmkh hï

ÿ¾oYdmkak ld,hg wj;S¾K jQ nj wms oksuq' tfia ;sìh§ kej; jrla furg msßfjka
wOHdmkh mqk¾Ôjhla we;s lrkakg 18 jk Y; j¾Ifha ueo Nd.fha my< jQ w;s fY%aIaG
ix> ms;DjrhdKka jykafia kul jQ msKavmd;sl je,súg Y%S wirK irK irKxlr ix>rdc
udysñmdKka jykafiaf.a mqfrda.dó kdhl;ajhg yelshdj ,eìK'
;okka;rj furg n,hg m;a iEu rchla úiskau msßfjka wOHdmkh kÕd isgqjkakg
lsishï W;aidyhl fh§ we;' j¾;udk rcfha .re wOHdmk weu;s;=ud" .re w.ue;s;=ud
fuka u w;s.re ckdêm;s;=ud;a fï iïnkaOfhka úfYaI wjOdkfhka isák nj uu oksñ'
tjlg wOHdmk wud;H OQrh ±rE .re rks,a úl%uisxy ue;s;=ukaf.a uÕ fmkaùu hgf;a
1979 wxl 64 ork msßfjka mk; yd 1990 wxl 01 ork ksfhda. ud,dj iliaùu kQ;k
msßfjka l%ufha jeo.;a lvbula jQjdg iel ke;'
fuu miqìu ;=< idr.¾N O¾uYdia;%Sh ,smsj,ska ix.Dys;j t<solajkq ,nk iïNdId
Ydia;%Sh iÕrdj msßfjka wOHdmk jDlaIfha ygf.k úlis; jQ iq.kaOj;a mqIamhla fldg
uu w.h lrñ'
iqks,a fyÜáwdrÉÑ"
wOHdmk f,alï'
wOHdmk wud;HdxYh"
2016 la jQ Tlaf;dan¾ ui 28 jeks Èk § h'
xvii
3 - CM23766
msßfjka wOHlaI ysñhkaf.a Y=NdYsxik mKsjqvh
iïud iïnqoaOYdikh Ñria:dhS jkafka NslaIqj ksidh' ,xldfõ Ydiksl Wkak;sh hfula
b;is;ska wfmalaId lrkafka kï Tyq fyda weh úiska l< hq;= m%Odku ld¾hh jkafka NslaIq
wOHdmkh k.d isgqùuh' ±k W.;a is,aj;a NslaIQka isák ;dla muKla YdikiaÓ;shla
wfmalaId l< yelsh' we;eï úg NslaIQka isáh o Tjqka kQ.;a jQ úg yd ÿis,aj;a jQ úg
isÿjkafka yqfola Ydik mßydkshla u mu‚'
,xldfõ NslaIq wOHdmkh l%shd;aul jk m%Odk wOHdmk wdh;k folls' tA msßfjk

yd úYajúoHd,hhs' úYajúoHd,hg NslaIQka jykafia meñfKkafka o msßfjka wOHdmkh id¾:l
jqjfyd;a mu‚' tneúka ,laÈj Ydikh;a wOHdmkh;a k.disgqùug kï NslaIq wOHdmkh
k.d isgqúh hq;=uh'
mqrdKfha úYd, iduQysl NslaIq jdiia:dk lSmhla mej;sh;a jeäukla NslaIQka jykafia,d
jevisg we;af;a jk.;j fyda .ïno b;d mqxÑ úydria:dkj,h' tAjdfha ±jeka; úydr"
O¾uYd,d fkdmej;sh;a ñksiqka nK wid oka § fuf,dj iÞpdr iïmkak j úiQ nj;a
ur‚ka u;= iaj¾. fudalaI iïm;a ,nkakg iqÿiqlï ,nd isá nj;a m; fmdf;a i|yka
fjhs'
tfy;a tA ;;a;ajh fjkia ù j¾;udkfha ,laÈj fndfyda fjfyr úydr ±jeka; kj
úydrdx.hkaf.ka iukaú;j bÈjk njla fmfkhs' tfy;a tAjdfha jev isáñka wd.ñl yd
idudðl lghq;=j, fhfokakg iqÿiq NslaIQka jykafia,d ke;slu .ek ks;r wikakg ,efnhs'
ñksiqka w;r o iÞpdr iïmkaklï msßyS fuf,djla mrf,djla ke;s msßila ks¾udKh fjñka
mj;akd njla olakg ,efnhs' thska fmfkkafka úydria:dk ÈhqKq jqj;a Ydikh ÈhqKq ù
ke;s njls'
l,lg fmr furg mej;s ÈhqKq iy Wiiau wOHdmk wdh;kh jQfha msßfjKhs' wog;a
Ôj;a jk l,lg fmr rcfha Wiia /lshdj, ksr;j isg úY%du ,;a fndfyda fofkla msßfjka
wOHdmkfhka id¾:l;ajh ,enqfjdah' Tjqka kS;s.rel" ±k W.;alï iys; msßila jQ nj o
i;Hhls' tl, msßfjka wOHdmkh fl;rï id¾:l ùo h;a úfoaYsl NslaIQka jykafia,d mjd
nqÿoyu bf.kSug furgg wdy' wo ;;a;ajh imqrd fjkiah' wo jeäukla isÿjkafka furg
NslaIQka jykafia Wiia wOHdmkh i|yd úfoaYj,g hduh'
fuu miqìu ;=< Ydikh;a NslaIq wOHdmkh;a k.d isgqùug kï msßfjK k.d isgqúh
hq;=h hkak meyeÈ,sh' n,hg m;a iEu rchla u fï i|yd hï hï W;aidyhka ord we;;a
tAjd t;rï M,Þhs ù we;s njla fkdfmfkhs' fï i|yd rchg l< yels foa we;;a jvd
jeo.;a jkafka Ydik NdrOdÍ NslaIQka jykafia,d fuka u msßfjka .=re YsIH fomlaIh
ixúOdkh ùuhs'
j¾;udk rcfha ckdêm;s" w.ue;s yd wOHdmk weu;s ;k;=re ork iEu flfkla u
fï ;;a;ajh jgydf.k isák nj fmfkhs' Tjqkaf.a uÕfmkaùu yd wdOdr Wmldr ,ndf.k
msßfjka wOHdmkh kÕdisgqùu wmf.a wNsu;d¾:hhs'
l,l mgka wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha msßfjka YdLdj úiska m%ldYhg m;alrñka wd
iïNdId Ydia ; % S h ix.% y h fï j¾Ifha m% l dYhg iQ Þ kï flfrka f ka tu.s k a ms ß fjka
wOHdmkfha kshqla; jQjkaf.a ±kqu;a wNsudkhla j¾Okh jk neúks' Bg Þhl jQ ieug
wmf.a m%Kduh ysñ fõ'
uydpd¾h kdìß;a;kalvjr ØKr;k ysñ"

wOHdmk wOHlaI ^msßfjka&'
wOHdmk wud;HdxYh"
biqremdh"
2016 la jQ wfm%a,a ui 28 jeks Èk § h'
xviii
wiak
.=Koyñka msßmqka iudchlg wjYH moku ,efnkqfha tu iudch úiskau
ms<s.;a wdpdr O¾u yd wOHdmk uÜgu u;hs' cd;shl b;sydih fln÷±hs
lshdmdkqfha tys we;s wOHdmk o¾Ylhhs' .=Kd;aul wOHdmkhla fkdue;sj iúu;a"
hqla;s.rel" idOdrK iudchla f.dvke.sh fkdyelsh' thg wOHdmkh w;HjYHu
idOlhls'
,dxflah wOHdmk b;sydih wkqrdOmqr rdcOdksfha wdrïNhg;a mQ¾j njg

idOl we;' kdu ud;%slj lshefjk fy<gqjd fuh ;yjqre lrhs' uydúydrh
uq,l
a r ìysjk wfma wOHdmkh l%ufhka jHdma; ù wNh.sßh o bkamiq wIag uQ,dh;k
wdÈh o ìys fõ' miqj fõ.j;aj jHdma;jk wOHdmkh NdId Ydia;%hkag muKla
fkdj úoHdj" ;dlaIKh" ;¾lh" .‚;h wd§ úúO lafIa;% ksfhdackh lrñka b;d
by< w.hlska hq;=j ìysúh'
isxy, rdcOdks ixl%uKh;a iuÕu idys;H hq.hhka o jHdma; úh' hg;aúð;

hq . hhka f;la wOHdmkfha uQ , ia : dkh jQ f ha " wd.ñl fla k a ø ia : dkh o jQ
úydria:dkhhs' fcHda;sIHh fy< fjolu ;ju;a fYaI fjñka mj;skqfha .fï
mkaif,auh'
úfoaY wdl%u‚lhka yuqfõ hg;a úð;hla njg m;a jQ ,xldfõ rdcH wOHdmkh
o Tjqka hg;g .;af;a Wml%uYS,j
S h' tys m%;M
s ,h jQfha ñIkdß wOHdmkh ìysùuhs'
úydria:dkh yd .u w;r mej;s iïnkaOh o foord .sh w;r wOHdmkh
iïmQ¾Kfhkau úfoaY wdêm;Hhg hg;a úh'
±kg mj;akd wOHdmk l%u rgdj ;=< o msßfjKg ysñjkqfha jeo.;a ;ekls'
wNsfhda. /ila ch .ekSug j¾;udk msßfjkaj,g isÿjkq we;' wOHdmksl"
;dlaI‚l" Ydia;%Sh yd ixialD;sluh jYfhks' tA yuqfõ ziïNdIdZ kue;s fuu
Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh t<solskqfha n,j;a fjfyilsks' j¾;udk wOHdmk wjYH;djg
hï fyda msgqjy,la fï ;=<ska jkq we;" hk úYajdifhks' fujr fuu Ydia;%Sh
ld¾hdj,sh i|yd Wmldr lf<da fndfydah' .re ckdêm;s;u
= d" w.ue;s;u
= d" wOHdmk
weu;s;=ud tA i|yd m%Odk jk w;r wOHdmk f,alï;=ud we;=¿ ld¾h uKav,h;a
.KldêldÍ;=ud we;=¿ ld¾h uKav,h;a wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha msßfjka tAllfha
iyldr wOHdmk wOHlaI ysñjre we;=¿ ld¾h uKav,h;a fuys § lD;fõ§j isys
lrñ'
tfuka u fï i|yd Ydia;%Sh ,sms imhdÿka ishü ëu;=kag o fkdjla ;=;s mqo
lrk w;r uqøK lghq;= lr ÿka rcfha uqøKd,hdêm;s we;=¿ ld¾h uKav,hg o
kka whqßka Wmldr l< ieugu o mska foñ'
ixialdrl'
xix
xx
iïNdId 1
Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uydksldh fYdaNudk l<

uydkdysñjre
uydpd¾h mQcH welsßh., kkao uyd ia:úr"
wxYdêm;s" fn!oaO ixialD;sl wOHhkdxYh" Y%S ,xld fn!oaO yd md,s úYajúoHd,h
,xld rdu[a[ uydksldfha wdrïNh iksgqyka

Y%S
jkafka l%s' j' 1864 j¾Ifha cQ,s ui 2 jeks Èk
fyj;a nqoaO j¾Ifhka wei< ui wj ;=ÿiajl Èk
.d,af,a .sx.Õ uq,a fldgf.k uyfudaor b¢lrk
,o f[hHOïu uqksjr ix>rdc ux., iSudj" kï
jQ Wol=lafLm iSudfõ § isõ kula Wmiïm;a;sfhys
msysgqjkq ,enQ Èkfha isgh' tys uQ,sl;ajh ±refõ
idikjxilúOc is ß ioa O ïudpßh h;s i x>m;s
wU.yj;af;a bkaodiNjrØKidñ" mqjlaoKavdfõ
m[aØkkao" jrdmsáfha iqÑ;a; hk ix>fka;Dka jykafia,dh'
rdu[a[jxih ,shQ mQcH;r ud;f,a idik;s,l wkqkdhl udysñfhda

fufia i|yka lr;s' zzfï WmiïmÞ ux., ufyda;aijh ksñ;s lrf.k
tl, ,shk ,o ix.S;s m;%h jeo.;a ft;sydisl igykla fia ie,lsh yel'
úisy;r kula muK ldrl uydix>hd jykafia úiska Wvq.,afudfÜ .=K;sii
a "
NslaIqjf.a WmiïmÞ ux.,Hh Y%S nqoaO j¾I 2407 jk j¾Ifhys wei< ui
wj;=ÿiajla ,;a i÷Èk iji yhg muK .d,af,a uyfudaor .fÕa Wol=lafLm
iSudfõ § isÿ lrk ,§' wk;=rej f;,slv kkaoidr" .d,af,a ckdkkao"
2 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
.srejdm;a;=fõ ;Kfyafkafmd, iS,r;k hk NslaIQka ;=ka kuf.a WmiïmÞ

ux.,Hh mQ ¾ fjda l a ; jrdms á fha iq ñ ;a ; uyd ia : úrhka jyka f ia f .a
WmdOHdh;ajh we;s j mqjlaoKavdfõ m[aØkkao udysñ" wU.yj;af;a
bkaodiNjrØKidñ udysñ" §fmaf.dv iS,laLkaO udysñ" hk h;s fY%aIaGhka
jykafia,df.a lu–dpdhœ;ajh we;s j tÈk rd;%sfhys Ydik f.!rjfhka
isoaOlr jÞrK ,È' ^1864'07'12&
fufia mgka.;a Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uydksldfha m%:u uydkdhl moúhg

tjlg is á uydix>hd úis k a zzwU.yj;a f ;a bka o diNjrØKidñZZ
udysñmdKka jykafia m;alr.kakd ,§' tu ksid uydkdhl moúh ksldh
wdrïN jQ jljdkqfõ isg u mejf;kakls' tÞ isg wo olajd u fuu
W;a;Í;r moúhg m%;sn, iïmkak O¾u úkhOr uyf;r kula m;a lr.kq
,nkafka ix> iïuq;sfhks' fuu wjêh jk úg tkï 2014 jk úg ksldh
ixj¾Okhg Þhl fjñka wkqms<sfj<ska tu moúh fyn jQ ix>mS;Dka
jykafia,d ixLHdj oy;=ka kuls'
01' Y%S ,xld YdikjxY lúOc isßioaOïudpßh h;s ix>m;s wU.yj;af;a

irKxlr bkaodiNjr`ØKidñ m%:u uydkdhl udysñmdKka jykafia
^1863-1886&
cd;N+ñh yd foudmshka olaIsK ,xldfõ .d,a, Èia;%slalfha wlaóuk

.%dujrfha wU.yj;af;a ksji úh' wU.yj;af;a uydkdhl iajdókajykafia
.d,af,a wlaóuk Wiia uqo,s mrmqrla jk uokdhl fm<mf;ys Wmkay'
fodka udf;ia o is,ajd uokdhl rd<ydñ yd bÈm, j,õjf.a f,fkdaydñ
r;akdhl ue;s‚h Wkajykafiag ujqmsh jQy' l%s' j' 1833 j¾Ifha b,aui
breÈk Wmka fuu l=urejkg fld¾fka,sia uokdhl hk kduh ;nk
,oafoah' uyfudaor úydria:dkfha ú,dfka ysñhka ,jd wl=re lshjd .d,af,a
;=jlal=.,j;af;a mqrdK úydria:dkfha wlaóuk fidaNs; ysñmdKkaf.ka
uQ,sl nK oyï m%.=K lr nq' j' 2396 fkdfyd;a l%s' j' 1847 cqks ui 15 jeks
Èk wU.yj;af;a irKÙlr hk kdufhka W;=ï jQ meúÈ Ôú;hg we;=<;a
jQy'
bla ì ;s irKÙlr idufKa r hka jyka f ia fnka f ;dg jkjdi

úydrdêm;sj jev úiQ .Kdpdhœ fnkaf;dg wF:oiais uydia:úrmdohdKka
jyka f ia f .a md fijfKys O¾uúkh YíoYdia ; % d Èh yÞrd iómdjpr
iïNdId 3
YsIHNdjhg meñ‚hy' úisjhia blaujd isá irKÙlr idufKarfhda nq' j'

2400 fjila ui mqrmif<diajl Èk fyj;a l%s' j' 1856 uehs 15 Èk fixlv.,
u,aj;= úydr iSudud,lfhys § wêYS,hg muqKqjk ,oy' tl, mek keÕ=Kq
hï hï u;fNao lrKfldgf.k Wlg,S njg meñ‚ irKÙlr ysñfhda
h<s;a idufKar ù nq' j' 2404 ^l%s' j' 1861& jekafkys msßil=;a iuÕ .d¨
jrdfhka keõ ke.S nqreu rg n,d msg;a jQy' l%ufhka nqreu rg uKavf,a
kñka m%isoaO r;kdmqKaK rdcOdkshg meñK tysrdc fY%aIaG jQ zzisßmjr
úchkka;hi mKaä; uyd Oïurdcdê rdcZZ jQ wfkal fia;sNskao fuKavqx
uyrc;=udf.a Þhl;ajfhka yd zzf[hHOïudNs uqksjr ØKls;a;s isßmjr
Oïufikdm;s uyOïurdcdêrdc.= r eZZ kdfuda m ,CIs ; ix>rdchdKka
jykafiaf.a WmdOHdh;ajfhka ix>rdcdrduia; úiqx.du noaO iSudfjys §
nq' j' 2405 jekafkys WmiïmÞ N+ñhg meñK zzbkaodiNjr[dKidñZZ hk
ix>rdc o;a;sh kdufhka Wm,laIs; jQy' nqoaO j¾I 2406 § ^l%s' j' 1863& .d¨
jrdfhka ,laÈjg f.dv nei je,sj;af;a úchdkkao úydria:dkhg jevu
l<y' wU.yj;af;a iajdókaøfhda tu j¾Ifha u ,laÈj rdu[a[ ksldh
kï jQ NslaIq jxYh msysgqjdÆy' îsxy, úYajfldaIh - I" 06-07&'
nq' j' 2424 ueÈka ui 07 jeks ßúÈk fyj;a l%s' j' 1880 fmnrjdß 15
Èk 35 kulf.a w;aika iys; j zzYdikjxY mjrisß ioaOïudpdÍh h;sZZ
ix>m;s hk f.!rj kdfudmdêh iys;j ksldfha m%:u uydkdhl Oqrh
mjrk ,§' Wkajykafia iajksldhsl NslaIQkaf.a wdl,am iïm;a;sh wkkH;dj
wdrlaIdj i|yd hï hï l%shdud¾. fmkajd ÿkay' tAjd w;r oimk; kñka
l;sldj;la we;s lsÍu;a" nqreul=vh fjkqjg ,dxlsl ;,a w;af;ka l<
P;%hla kshu lsÍu úfYaIhs' O¾u Ydia;%Sh jYfhka o Wkajykafia úfYaI
ld¾hhla mila l<y'
1' .=re Nla;s m%Kdu md,s moH lD;sh rpkd lsÍu'

2' z×fkdamdhskSZ Ydia;%Sh iÕrdj wdrïN lsÍu'
3' m%d;sfudalaIhg iúia;r j¾Kkdjla lsÍu'
4' nqreu rg ;sfnda rc;=udg md,s .d:d 100lska ixfoaYhla heùu'
5' ishïrg Mqiaifoaj Ydik fYdaNk wßhjxY iÕrc ysñg .d:d
124l md,s ixfoaYhla heùu'
6' WmiïmÞj o" ÿYaYS,jdo wd§ jdohkag iïnkaO ùu'
±laúh yelsh'
4 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
fufia iïnqoaO idikfha wNsjDoaêhg WÞr fufyhla isÿ l< Y%S ,xld
rdu[a[ uydksldfha wdÈ l;_DN+; uydkdhl udysñhdfKda 1886 j¾Ifha
ckjdß 29 Èk mhshd., O¾u¥; uQ,uyd úydrmsßfjka úydria:dkfha §
wmj;a ù jÞ<y'
02' w;smQcH §fmaf.dv ioaOïujr fcd;smd, iS,laLJO udysñhka jykafia

^1887-1916&
fojeks uydkdhl moúh bisÆy' olaIsK ,xldfõ .d¨ Èia;%slalfha

§fmaf.dv kï .%dujrfhys ckau,dNh ,enQy' foudmshka ms<sn| ksYaÑ;
f;dr;=rla ,nd .; fkdyels úh' WmkaÈkh 1870 jYfhka i|ykah' kdhl
udysñmdKka jykafia ms<sn| ,o f;dr;=rej,g wkqj wdpd¾h WmdOHdh
iajdókajykafia,d .ek o f;dr;=re úr,h' nqreu rg uydúydr jxYdkq.;
úY=oaOdêYS,fhys o,aySl¾u kï úkh l¾ufhka miq l%s' j' 1891 cqks 12 jeks
Èk WmiïmÞjg m;a jQy' wU.yj;af;a uydkdhl udysñhka jykafia
wmj;aùfuka wk;=rej nq' j' 2429 kjï ui mqr Èhjl kï ;sÓh,;a l=c
Èk ^l%s' j' 1886 fmnrjdß ui 5 jeks Èk& mhd., uQ,uyd úydrhg /ia jQ
uyd ix>hd úiska wm l:dkdhlhdKka jykafia Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd
ksldfha uydkdhl moúhg m;a lr.kakd ,oy'
kdhl udysñmdKka jykafiaf.a ksldhsl yd idiksl fiajdjka w;ßka

lSmhla fufia olajuq'
* WmiïmÞj f.k tAug iïnkaO ùu'

* ksldh m%;sIaGdmkh lsÍug iydh ùu'
* ksldh md,k n,h oij¾.sl ldrl iNdjlg mejÍug uQ,slj
l%shd lsÍu'
* ksldfha wêYS, ixLHd; WmiïmÞ N+ñhg m;ajkakkag ix>S;s
m;% ,shd Ndrlrkq ms‚i ix× f,aLldpßh kï moúh wdrïN
lsÍu'
fï wka o fï WÞr fia j hla ks l dh fjkq f jka is ÿ l< uydkdhl

udysñmdfKda 1916 cqks ui 03 jeksÈk wmj;a ù jÞ<y'
iïNdId 5
03' w;s m Q c H is ß mjr iq . ;idikfidNk ioa O ïuls ; a ; s úkhdpßh

ńvlkafoa isß úu,dkkao;siai uydkdhl udysñhka jykafia ^1917-
1924&
Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldfha f;jk uydkdhl moúhg m;a j j¾I
y;la muK fláld,hla jev isáhy' uydkdhl udysñhkaf.a cd;N+ñh
jQfha olaIsK ,xldfõ ńvlkao kï .%duhhs' ud;r ;,amdú, iurfldaka
isx.mamq,s wdrÉÑf.a fodak .sudrd iy ńvlkao .ïm;s jQ ńv wdrÉÑf.a
fÞka wmamqydñ fom< Wkajykafiaf.a ujqmsfhda jQy' 1850 § muK ckau,dNh
,enQy'
Wvq.,afudfÜ fmd,a.iawdr kï wrKH fiakdikfhys ngw; .=Kr;k

uyd ia:úrmdohka jykafiaf.a nK oyï bf.k fÞf<dia jia msÍfuka
ńvlkafoa úu,dkkao hk kñka l%s' j' 1862 § meúÈ jQy' ú;drkafo‚fha
bkaoidr" Èlaje,af,a pQ,mÿu iy wU.yj;af;a uydkdysñ hk W;=uka
jykafia,df.a md fijfka md,s NdIdj" O¾u úkh wOHdmkh muKla
fkdj Pkaoia w,xldr wdÈh o W.;ay' l%s' j' 1870 fmdfidka ui 19 Èk
l¿;r ld,k§ Wol=lafÄm iSudfõ § mQcH;r jrdmsáfha iqñ;a; uyd iajdóka
jykafiaf.a WmdOHdh;ajfhka W;=ïjQ WmiïmÞ N+ñhg we;=<;a jQy'
§fmaf.dv iS,laLJO uydkdhl udysñhkaf.ka miq l%s' j' 1917 cQ,s ui

01 Èk úu,dkkao udysñfhda uydix>hdf.a jeä Pkaofhka uydkdhl
moúhg m;a jQy' ksldfha ld¾hNdrh myiqlrkq jia Wkajykafia wêlrK
kdhl moúh;a" wkqkdhl moúh;a wdrïN l<y' ldrl iNdfõ idudðl
ixLHdjg ;j y;r kula m;a l<y' fufia l%shdl< uydkdhl udysñhka
jykafia ;ukajykafiaf.a uydkdhl moú m%dma;shg .sys" meúÈ lsishï
msßila wlue;af;ka isák nj ±kS ksldfha kdhllug jvd ix>hdf.a
iu.sh w.fkah hk ±lafuys msysgd ksldfha iu.sh wfmalaIdfjka ish
moúfhka b,a,d wiaùug mjd iQÞkï jQ nj wkqkdhl ud;f,a idik;s,l
ysñmdfKda rdu[a[jxih lD;sfhys i|yka lr we;' ^74-79 msg&q fï idlaIf
s hka
Wkajykafiaf.a WÞr;ajh fmfkhs'
f,da iiqka ÈhqKqjg l%shdlrñka jevisá kdhl udysñhka jykafia

l%s' j' 1924 iema;eïn¾ 28 Èk wmj;a ù jÞ<y'
6 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
04' w;smQcH isßioaOïudpßh ud;r isß Ø‚kaÞiN uydkdhl udysñhka

jykafia ^1924-1937&
Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldfha isõjeks uydkdhl moúhg m;a jQ

w;smQcH ud;r Ø‚kaÞiN udysñhkaf.a cd;N+ñh jQfha olaIsK ,xldfõ
ud;r .%dujrhhs' mrjdyer kdkdhlaldr ,shkdrÉÑ .=fKdaydñfka;a" fÞka
Þú;a wfíis ß úl% u .= K j¾Ok wdrÉÑ wma m q y dñ;a hk fofokd
Wkajykafiaf.a foudmsfhda jQy' Wm; isÿ ù we;af;a l%s' j' 1851 ud¾;= 29
jeksÞh'
f.dvms á h úydria : dkfha y,a . u ms h r;k udys ñ hka f .ka wl= r e

Ydia;%h yd fyrK nKoyï bf.k kj jia imsreKq l, l%s' j' 1860 § muK
meúÈ Èúhg we;=<;a j we;' y,a.u mshr;k udysñ" Èlaje,af,a pQ,mÿu
udysñ hk wU.yj;af;a uydkdysñ fijfka md,s NdIdj O¾u úkh muKla
fkdj Pkaoia w,xldr o W.;ay' l=vdfõ fÞka wkaÈßia mKaä; uqykaÈrï
rd<ydñf.ka is x y, jHdlrK;a " md,s jHdlrK;a " Pka o ia w,xldr;a
bf.kf.k we;' kCI;%h isß ch,;a fcda;sr;ak .=re;=udf.ka o ixialD;
iy ;¾l Ydia;%h rdïf.damd, Ydia;%S kï n%dyauK mçjrhdf.ka o W.;af;ah'
.d,af,a udm,.u uy.fÕa iSudud,lfha § §fmaf.dv fcd;smd, kdysñf.a
WmdOHdh;ajfhka 1872 j¾Ifha § W;=ï jQ WmiïmÞ N+ñhg m;a jQy'
l%s' j' 1925 j¾Ifha foieïn¾ 20 jeks Èk ldrl md,l ix> iNdfõ
iudkÉPkaofhka W;=ïjQ uydkdhl moúhgm;a jQy' ksldfha uyd f,aLl
moúh weröu yd ,sms f,aLk lghq;= uekúka mj;ajdf.k hdug jev
ms < s f j,la ieliS u " ldrl ix> iNdfõ m% ; s i xia l rKhla we;s ls Í u
Wkajykafiaf.a úfYaI ld¾hhka fia ie,fla' Ydia;%Sh yd iudÔh jYfhka
Wkajykafia uy fufyjrla l<y' uq.aOfndaÈ ikakh" lÉpdhk jHdlrK
ikakh" iq¿isl ikakh" mßIaldr úNd.úksi wd§ lD;s jeo.;a fõ'
úYd, f,dal Ydiksl fiajhla l< ×kskao kdhl udysñfhda nq' j'
2480 fjila ui wji;jl ,;a ^l%s' j' 1937 cqks ui 01 Èk& l=c Èk
isyskqj‚ka hq;= j wmj;a ù jÞ<y'
iïNdId 7
05' w;smQcH idikjxilúOc ;%smsgljd.siairdpßh fldaÞf.dv Wmfiak

uydkdhl udysñmdKka jykafia ^1938-1940&
w;smQcH fldaÞf.dv WmfiakdNsOdk uydkdhl udysñhkaf.a cd;N+ñh

jQfha olaIsK ,xldfõ .d¨ Èia;%slalfha fldaÞf.dv kï uyd .%dujrhhs'
fuu .%dufhys úiQ Wvq.ïfmd< chiqkaor wÈldrïf.a fÞka w,a,sia o is,ajd
wmamqydñg yd ófma j‚.Ñka;duŒ fudfydÜáf.a fodak .sudrd ydñfkag
mq;a j l%s' j' 1866 j¾Ifha Tlaf;dan¾ 23 Èk Wm; ,enQy'
wkql%ufhka jevqKq orejdg lgql=rekafoa mqxÑ uy;a;hd ,jd w;afmd;a

;nd wl=re lshjd miqj msáf.dv iajdókajykafia" ómdj;af;a Wmdil wmamqydñ
wd§ úoaj;=kaf.ka uQ,sl wl=re Ydia;%h bf.k l%s' j' 1880 § ófma mdGYd,djg
we;=<;a lf<ah' miqj mqjlaoKavdfõ isß m[aØkkao udysñhkag ndrfok
,ÿj uQ,sl nK oyï m%.=K lr 1883 wf.daia;= 24 Èk fldaÞf.dv Wmfiak
kñka meúÈ jQy' meúÈ Èúhg wjYH wOHdmkh Wvq.ïfmd< fÞUj, O¾u.=ma;
msßfjfkka ,nd .;ay' fuys§ isxy, md,s ixialD; yd O¾u úkh o yeoErEy'
úisjhia imqrd isá fldaÞf.dv Wmfiak fyrKmdfKda 1888 j¾Ifha

ÿre;= ui udoïmd fudaor Wol=lafÄm iSudud,lfha § W;=ïjQ WmiïmÞ
N+ñhg we;=<;a jQy' bkamiq mdkÿf¾ j,fmd, isßioaO¾fudaoh msßfjk
msysgqjd tys wdêm;Hh Wiq,ñka jevisáhy' 1937 j¾Ifha w;smQcH ud;r
isß×kskaÞiN uydkdhl udysñhka wmj;aùfuka we;s jQ mqrmamdvqjg 1938
j¾Ifha § Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldfha uydkdhl OQrhg m;a Wkajykafia
ish ksldh úiska YdikjxY lúOc ;%smsgl jd.SYajrdpd¾h hk f.!rj
kdufhka mqokq ,enQy'
w;s m Q c H flda Þ f.dv Wmfia k uydkdhl udys ñ mdKka jyka f ia

ksldhg;a O¾u Ydia;%hg;a uyfufyjrla isÿ l<y' fnda.djla fia mej;s
mkakP;%h yels,sh yels f.dgq w;a;la njg m;a lsÍu" uydudkH ã' tia'
fiakdkdhl ue;s;=udf.a iNdm;s;ajfhka m%:ujrg rdu[a[ ksldh wdrlaIl
iNdj wdrïN lsÍu" m%dfoaYSh ix> iNd fldÜGdY 20lg fnÞ tla fldgilska
;=kaku ne.ska f;dardf.k uq¿ ,xldju ksfhdackh jk f,i md,l iNdjla
msysgqùu" 20 kulf.ka hq;a ldrl ix> iNdjla msysgqùu" wNskj jHjia:djla
iïmdokhfldg kj md,k l% u hla we;s ls Í u" uyd fnda ê iud.fï
WmiNdm;s rejkaje,s Þ.eí ixj¾Ok iñ;sfha wkqYdil Oqrh ±Íu'
8 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
Ydia;%Sh jYfhka Wkajykafia uyfufyhla bgq l<y' fk;a;sr;akdlrh"

fk;a;sidrd¾:§mkS" OdFjF:ú,disks" uq.aOfndaOjHdLHdkh" úkh YslaIdj"
ixjr úNd.h" pdß;a;§mkS" wx.=;a;r ksldh jHdLHd wd§ .%ka: 20lg wêl
ixLHdjla Wkajykafia úiska ,shk ,§' tfia u ioaO¾fudaoh msßfjk
wdrïN lsÍu Ydikhg isÿ l< w;HqÞr fiajhg fyd| u ksoiqkls'
l%s' j' 1939 cqks ui 24 jeks Èk fldaÞf.dv Wmfiak uydkdhl

udysñmdKka jykafia ish¨ ixialdrhka wksi nj m%lg lrñka O¾u
Y%jKh lrñka isáh § wmj;a ù jÞ<y'
06' w;smQcH ;%smsgljdÑiairdpßh idikOc ud;f,a Oïisoaê uydkdhl

udysñhka jykafia ^1939 -1940&
w;smQcH ud;f,a Oïuisoaê uydkdhl ysñmdKka jykafiaf.a cd;N+ñh

jQfha lkao Wvrg ud;f,a Èia;%slalfha y,xf.dv kï jQ .%dujrhhs' m,smdk
rclreKd kjr;a k w;a ; kdhl mKa ä ; jdi, uq È hka f ia rd<ydñf.a
l¨nKa v dr ks , fu;= u d yd Èidkdhl rxjvï uq È hka f ia rd<ydñf.a
rkaue‚fla l=udßydñ fom< Wkajykafiaf.a ujqmsfhda jQy' l%s' j' 1872
ckjdß 28 jeks Èk Wm; ,nd we;'
u,aj;= uydúydr uydkdhl ;síngqjdfõ isoaOd¾: iqux.,dNsOdk uyd

iajdókajykafia fj;ska w;afmd;a ;nd u;=rg Oïumd, kdysñ Wvqmsys,af,a
m‚lalf,a wdÈkaf.ka uQ,sl wl=re Ydia;%h yÞ<y' wjYH fyrK nKoyï
mqyqKq jQ miq l%s' j' 1885 fkdjeïn¾ 15 jeks Èk w;smQcH wU.yj;af;a
bkaodiNjrØKidñ uydkdysñf.a WmdOHdh;ajfhka yd ud;f,a YdikOc
isßiquk;siai ysñhkaf.a wdpd¾h;ajfhka W;=ï jQ m%j%cHd N+ñhg we;=<;a
jQy' fnïuq,af,a Y%S j¾Ok msßfjk" r;au,dfka mruOïufp;sh msßfjk
wd§ úoHdia:dkj,ska iajlSh O¾uYdia;%×kh ÈhqKq lr.;ay'
W.;ukd O¾uúkh Yío Ydia;%hkaf.ka mßmQ¾K;ajhg m;a j úisjhia

imq r d is á Oïuis o a ê fyrKmdfKda §fmaf .dv fcd;smd, kdysñhkaf .a
WmdOHdh;ajfhka l¨.fÕa Wol=lafÄm iSudud,lfha § l%s' j' 1900 § W;=ï
jQ wêYS,ixLHd; WmiïmÞ N+ñhg we;=<;a jQy' wLKav j wOHhk ld¾hfhys
fhÿkq Oïuisoaê ysñmdfKda ksÜgUqfõ úoHdkkao msßfjfka mßfjKdêm;s
iïNdId 9
Oqrhg m;a jQy' Wkajykafia ms<sn| ud;f,a idik;s,l wkqkdysñfhda

fufia i|yka lr;s' zzud;f,a YdikOc isß OïuisoaOHdiN uydkdhl
udysñfhda jeäh l:d fkdl<y' blaukska jev l<y' ia:dfkdaÑ; m%×fjka
fyì uqkajykafia O¾u úkfhys yi< nqoaêuf;ls'ZZ zwgqjdpdÍZ hk úlg
kula uqkajykafia iuÕ tlg W.;a fudrgqfõ fïOdkkao ysñ wd§ msßila
Oïuis o a ê kdys ñ hka g Ndú; l<y' ta ; rï wgq j d m% . = K l< neúks '
^rdu[a[jxih 79 msg& mQcH;r ud;f,a Oïuisoaê kdysñhka ksldfha
wNsjDoaêhg wemlem ù l%shd l< ksid Wkajykafiag uydkdhl ùug fmr
i[aØf,alï moúh o msßkud we;'
fldaÞf.dv uyd kdysñhkaf.a wmj;aùfuka miq 1940 j¾Ifha uehs 08

jeks Èk mhd., O¾u.=ma; msßfjka uQ,uyd úydrhg /ia jQ ldrl md,l
uyd ix>iNdj úis k a iudkÉPka o fhka ud;f,a Oïuis o a ê ys ñ mdKka
jykafiag uydkdhl moúh msßkuk ,oy'
w;smQcH ud;f,a OïuisoaOHdiN uydkdhl udysñhkag jeä l,la tu

moúh bis,Sug yels jQfha ke;' tkak tkak u .s,ka nj jeä ù l%s' j' 1940
j¾Ifha foieïn¾ 07 Èk ud;f,a YdikOc isß Oïuisoaê kdhl ysñmdfKda
wmj;a jQy'
07' w;smQcH idikfidaNk h;s ix>m;s lrf;dg isß bkaoidr;siai uydkdhl

udysñhka jykafia ^1940-1954&
Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uydksldfha y;ajeks uydkdhl moúhg m;ajQ

lrf;dg isß bkaoidr;siai uydkdhl ysñmdKkaf.a cd;N+ñh jQfha olaIsK
,xldfõ ud;r Èia;%slalfha lkaoWvmx.=fõ ylauk j,lv lrf;dg kï jQ
.%dujrhhs' lrf;dg .ue;af;hs nndydó ydñfka yd úl%ur;ak cd;=xf.hs
f,dl= wmamqydñ fom< kdhl ysñmdKkaf.a foudmsfhda jQy' Wm; isÿ ù
we;af;a l%s' j' 1862 j¾Ifha § h'
mQcH;r ńvlkafoa úu,dkkao kdysñmdKkaf.ka nKoyï j;a ms<sfj;a

bf.k l%s' j' 1870 j¾Ifha cQ,s 08 jeks Èk we,afo‚fha úydria:dkfha §
lrf;dg bkaoidr hk kñka meúÈ ù we;' mqjlaoKavdfõ m[aØ;siai
udysñf.a WmdOHdh;ajfhka yd ńvlkafoa úu,dkkao;siai ysñhkaf.a
10 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
wdpd¾h;ajfhka fï meúÈ lsÍu isÿ flßks' W.; ukd O¾u úkh yd

YíoYia;%dÈh .=remdo uQ,fha u Wol=lafLm iSudfõ § wU.yj;af;a uyd
kdysñhkaf.a WmdOHdh;ajfhka iy Tnvlkafoa úu,dkkao;siai ysñhkaf.a
wdpd¾h;ajfhka wêYS, ixLHd; WmiïmÞjg m;a l<y' ñka wk;=rej
f,dal Ydiksl fiajdfõ ksr; fjñka Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uydksldfha
wNsjDoaêhg kka whqßka iïnkaO fjñka l%shd l<y'
ud;f,a Oïuisoaê uydkdhl udysñhka jykafia wmj;aùfuka miq l%s'

j' 1941 j¾Ifha ckjdß 08 Èk jevn,k uydkdhl OQrhg lrf;dg isß
bkaoidr;siai ysñhka m;a lrk ,§' bkamiq 1946 uehs 11 Èk mhd.,
O¾u.=ma; msßfjka úydria:dkfha § zzYdik fYdaNk h;six>m;sZZ hk
f.!rj Wmdê kduh o iys;j uydkdhl OQrhg m;a lrk ,§' Wkajykafia
uydkdhl moúh ±rE ld,h ;=< § rdu[a[ uydksldfha ÈhqKqjg lghq;=
/ila l< nj i|yka fõ'
wdl=,;ajhg m;a j ;snQ ksldh md,k l%uh ishla kulska hq;= kj

md,l ix> iNdjla msysgqjd h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a lsÍu;a" w;sf¾l úxY;a
j¾.sl ldrl ix>iNdjla msysgqùu;a" uydia:úrhka jykafia,d oy kulska
hq;a ufydamdOHdh uKav,hla msysgqùu;a" uydf,aLl moúh fjkqjg iu
uyd f,aLlmoú folla we;s lsÍu;a" jHjia:d ix.%yh ixfYdaOkh fldg
ksldfha úydria:dk kduf,aLkh;a thg hdfldg uqøKh lsÍu;a" Y%S ,xld
rdu[a[ uyd ksldh rcfha ,shdmÈxÑ lr kS;s.; lsÍu;a" NslaIQkaf.a O¾u
×kh mq¿,a lsÍfï Wmdhla jYfhka mßh;a;s md,l uKav,h kñka wxYhla
we;sfldg wd.fudamdê O¾u mÍlaId kñka mÍlaIKhla wdrïN lsÍu;a
Wkajykafiaf.ka isÿ flreKq fiajdfjdah'
kdhl udysñfhda úydrdêm;s" mßfjKdêm;s" wdpd¾h moú orñka"

wOHdmksl fuka u iudc fiajdjla o l<y'
fï wkaoug ksldhg;a" Ydikhg;a" rgg;a uy fufyhla isÿ l<

h;six>m;s lrf;dg bkaoidr;siaidNsOdk uyd kdhl udysñmdfKda l%s' j'
1954lajQ fkdjeïn¾ 14 jeks Èk wmj;a ù jÞ<y'
iïNdId 11
08' w;smQcH w.a.uyd mKaä; ;%smsgljdÑiairdpßh idys;HiQÍ ysiaie,af,a

Y%S ØfKdaohdNsOdk uydkdhl udysñmdKka jykafia ^1954-1966&
Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldfha wgjeks uyd kdhl moúhg m;a
w;smQcH ysiaie,af,a ØfKdaohdNsOdk uydkdhl udysñmdKka jykafiaf.a
cd;N+ñh jQfha fld<U Èia;%slalfha ^j¾;udk .ïmy Èia;%slalfha& w¨;al=re
fldar<fha" Þishm;a;=fõ ysiaie,a, kï .%dujrhhs' fuu .ï mshfiys úiQ
fodak fyf,akd m;sr;ak ydñfka iy m;srdc wmamqydñ,df.a idkaÑ wmamqydñ
fom< Wkajykafiaf.a ujqmsfhda jQy'
l%s' j' 1879 j¾Ifha foieïn¾ ui 17 jeks Èk Wmka fï mskaj;a

l=urejdg ujqmshka úiska ndfrdka m;srdc hk kduh ;nk ,§' wkql%ufhka
jevqKq orejdg ksisjhi t<ô l, fÞka mSßia ffjoHdp¾h;=udf.ka wl=re
lrjd ysiaie,af,a iq.;drdufha jev isá uqÙ.uqfõ isßksjdi udysñhkag
Ndr fok ,ÿj W.; ukd nK oyï we;s j 1893 cQ,s ui ysiaie,af,a
×fkdaoh kñka meúÈ ìug m;a lrk ,§' uqka jykafiaf.a WmdOHdhka
jykafia;a" wdpd¾hhka jykafia;a jQfha uq`X.uqfõ isßksjdi udysñhkauh'
fnïuq,af,a Y%S j¾Ok msßfjk" fÞvïj, ioaO¾u.=ma;" mhd., O¾u.=ma;"

mdkÿf¾ j,afmd< ioaO¾fudaoh yd uykqjr ioaO¾fudaNdi hk msßfjka
úoHdia:dkj,ska isxy," md,s" ixialD;" m%dlD;" O¾u" úkh" jHdlrK"
b;sydih" mqrdúoHd" ;¾l kHdh wd§ úIhhka m%.=K lr uyd mçjrfhla
njg m;a úh'
fï jk úg úisjia imqrd W.;ukd O¾u úkh ms<sn| yi, ±kqula

we;s j isá ×fkdaoh fyrKmdfKda l%s' j' 1901 cQ,s ui 16 jeks Èk l¿;r
l¿.fÕa Wol=lafÄm iSud ud,lfha § §fmaf.dv fcda;smd, kdysñhkaf.a
WmdOHdh;ajfhka WmiïmÞfjys msysg jQy' l%s' j' 1954 j¾Ifha uydkdhl
OQrfha jev ne,Sug m;a l< w;r 1956 j¾Ifha uehs ui 15 jeks Èk
uydkdhl ;k;=r iaÓr lrk ,§'
w;smQcH ysiaie,af,a ØfKdaoh uydkdhl udysñhkaf.ka ksldfha

wNsjDoaêhg jev lghq;= rdYshla l%shd;aul úh' ksldh md,l iNdj úYd,
lsÍu" meúÈ WmiïmÞ W;aij nyq, lsÍu" wOHdmk ;;a;ajh Wiia lsÍu"
ksldh i; ixj;air ufyda;aijh l=,orejka mkaiShla meúÈ lrjñka
iïNdjkSh f,i meje;aùu" wkqkdhl moú y;rla we;sfldg ksldhsl
12 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
lghq;= mD:q, lsÍu" fï yereKq fldg ksldhg f.!rjhla ,efnk wdldrhg

Ydia;%Sh yd iudc fiajd /ila Wkajykafia úiska isÿ lrk ,§'
n,.,af,a iriaj;S msßfjfka Wm m%Odk OQrh úydrdêm;s OQrh yd

mßfjKdêm;s OQrh fynùu" mßh;a;s md,l iNdfõ iNdm;s OQrh ldrl
iNsl OQrh bis,Su" wkqúÊcl OQrh bis,Su" nqreu rcfhka w.a.uydmKaä;
Wmdêh msßkeóu" úfoHdoh úYajúoHd,h idys;HiQÍ f.!rj Wmdêh msßkeóu"
úfoHdoh úoHd,xldr úYajúoHd,j, ikd;k iNd idudðl;ajh ±Íu' fï
ish,af,ka lsisúgl Wkajykafia WoaÞu ù l%shd lf<a ke;' ksy;udkS nj;a
w,afmaÉP nj;a tu pß;fha lemS fmfkk ,laIKhhs'
Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldhg w;HqÞr fufyjrla l< w;s mQcH
ysiaie,af,a ØfKdaoh uyd kdysñfhda 1966 Tlaf;dan¾ ui 10 jeks Èk
wmj;a ù jÞ<y'
09' w;smQcH ididkOc isß iS,laLkaO ioaOïujr fcda;smd, pkaols;a;siaisß

§fmaf.dv isßpkaoúu, uydkdhl udysñmdKka jykafia ^1966-1976&
Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldfha kjjeks uydkdhl moúhg m;a w;smQcH
§fmaf.dv isßpkaoúu, udysñhkaf.a cd;N+ñh jQfha olaIsK ,xldfõ .d¨
m<df;a §fmaf.dv kï .%dujrhhs' tu .u úiQ fyajdjiï ;=vqjf.a nd,ydñfka
iy chùr lxldkï,df.a lfrda,sia wmamqydñ fom, Wkajykafiaf.a foudmsfhda
jQy' fuu fom<g Þj l%s' j' 1890 § Wm; ,nd we;'
.d,a f ,a oxf.or mq I a m drdudêm;s §fma f .dv ioa O ïujr fcd;s m d,

iS,laLkaOdNsOdk kdysñhkaf.ka wlaIrdNHdi lr W.;ukd nKoyï yÞrd
1900 § §fmaf.dv pkaoúu, hk kdufhka meúÈ jQy' wdpd¾h WmdOHdhka
jQfha §fmaf.dv fcda;smd, uyd iajdókajykafiah'
tjlg §ma;su;a úoHdia:dkhla njg m;a j ;snQ ishkEfldar<fha

ksÜgUqfõ úoHdkkao msßfjkg we;=<;aj O¾uúkh;a" isxy," md,s" ixialD;"
;¾l Ydia;% wdÈh;a yÞrd m%dÖk NdfIdmldr iud.u u.ska mj;ajkq ,nk
úNd.j,ska W;a;SrKh ù ±k W.;a h;sjrhdK flfkla njg m;a jQy' 1910
j¾Ifha § úisjhia imqrd isá kdhl ysñmdfKda iqmßY=oaO WmiïmÞ N+ñhg
m;a jQy'
iïNdId 13
ysiaie,af,a uydkdhl udysñhka wmj;aùfuka ysia jQ uydkdhl moúhg

1967 j¾Ifha Tlaf;dan¾ 18 jeks Èk m;a lrk ,ÿj 1968 j¾Ifha fmnrjdß
20 Èk tu ;k;=f¾ iaÓr lrk ,§' w;smQcH §fmaf.dv pkaoúu, uydkdhl
ysñmdKka jykafiaf.a md,k ld,fha § ksldfha wNsjDoaêhg fya;=jk
jeo.;a isoaëka isÿ lr we;' tA w;r jeo.;au ld¾hh jYfhka folv ù
mej;s Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldh tlai;a lr tl ksldhla njg m;a lsÍu
w;sYH jeo.;a isoaêhhs'
ksÜgUqj úoHdkkao msßfjka Wm m%Odkdpd¾h yd m%Odkdpd¾h ;k;=re

fydnjñka O¾u Ydia;%Sh jYfhka úYd, fufyjrla bgq l<y' úfoaYSh
O¾u¥; fia j djka y s fhoùug ;rï fmdfyda k d Ys I Hhka ìys l<y'
.% k a : lrKfhys fhÿKq w;s m Q c H §fma f .dv is ß pka o úu, udys ñ mdfKda
idro¾YŒ kï jHdlrK .%ka:h" mxp;ka;% jHdLHdKh uqøK oajdrfhka
t<s ±lajQy' ;ju;a uqøKh fkdl< .%ka: rdYshla o we;'
Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldhsl NslaIq kdhl;ajfha uyÕ= fufyjrla

wjika lrñka 1976 j¾Ifha foieïn¾ ui 18 jeks Èk w;smQcH §fmaf.dv
isßpkaoúu, uydkdysñmdKka jykafia wmj;a ù jÞ<y'
10' w;s m Q c H rdclS h mKa ä ; úoHd úYdro ;% s m s g ljdÑia i rdpßh

idikjxilúOc isßioaOïudpßh m%jpk úYdor b÷refõ W;a;rdkkao
udysñhka jykafia ^1977-1986&
Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldfha oyjk uydkdhl Oqrhg m;a w;smQcH
b÷refõ W;a;rdkkaÞNsOdk udysñhdKkaf.a cd;N+ñh jQfha olaIsK ,xldfõ
.d¨ Èia;%slalfha fnka;r j,,a,dúg fldar,fha b÷rej kï jQ .%dujrhhs'
rxpdf.dv fodak fmdäfkdakd Wmdisldj yd fÞka mEksia .=Kfialr wmamqydñ
fom< Wkajykafiaf.a foudmsfhda jQy'
l%s' j' 1909 j¾Ifha fkdjeïn¾ 25 Èk Wmka l=< l=urejdg foudmshka

úiska ã' we,a' .=Kfialr hk ku ;nk ,§'
f.dak., rcfha msßñ mdif,ka uQ,sl wOHdmkh ,en fidf<diajk

úfha § ,o Ys I H-.= r e m;a ù u bj;,d b÷refõ Y% S úu,;s i a i uyd
iajdókajykafiaf.ka uQ,sl nK oyï m%.=K lr l%s' j' 1925 ckjdß 07 Èk
4 - CM23766
14 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
b÷refõ W;a;rdkkao kñka meúÈ jQy' W;a;rdkkao fyrKmdKkaf.a wdpd¾h

WmdOHdh jQfha b÷refõ Y%S úu,;siai uyd iajdókajykafiah'
Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldfha uq,a hq.fha wOHdmk wdh;khla

yeáhg lS¾;shla ,ndf.k mej;s ia:dkhls je,a,j;af;a O¾fudaoh msßfjk'
fuys o wOHdmkh ,nd we;s b÷refõ kdysñfhda l%s' j' 1937 jk úg m%dÖk
mKaä; Wmdêh ,nd isáhy' 1944 § úYajúoHd,fhka msßkuk Wmdêhla jQ
úoHd úYdro Wmdêh ysñlr .;ay' fufia nyqY%e;fhl= jQ kdysñfhda wd.ñl
m%;smÞj fuka u O¾u Ydia;%Sh fiajh o l<y'
l%s' j' 1930 cqks ui l¿;r l¿.Õ Wol=lafÄm iSudud,lfha § u,s.iafma

×kdkkao iajdókajykafia WmdOHdh;ajfhka wêYS, ixLHd; WmiïmÞj
,enQy' ksldfha úúO ;k;=re orñka jev isá kdhl ysñhkag wêlrK
kdhl moúh o ,enq‚' tys uekúka lghq;= lrñka isáh §" §fmaf.dv
w;smQcH isßpkaoúu, uydkdysñhkaf.a wmj;aùfuka we;s jQ mqrmamdvqjg
rdclSh mKaä; úoHd úYdro b÷refõ W;a;rdkkaÞNsOdk kdhl ysñmdfKda
ldrl iNdj úiska 1977 cQ,s 08 Èk uydkdhl ;k;=rg m;a lrk ,oy'
bkamiq uydkdysñfhda ksldfha md,kh úêu;a l< w;r" ix> iNd fldÜGdY
35 olajd j¾Okh lrk ,§'
Ns l a I Q k a jyka f ia , df.a wOHdmkh ms < s n | kj ixl,a m hla f,i

ye¢kafjk wkqrdOmqr nqoaOY%djl O¾u mSGh msysgqùfuys,d rdcH fufyhùu
yd wjYH Wmfoia ,nd§u;a m%:u O¾u mSGdêm;s f,i j¾I lSmhla lghq;=
lrñka O¾u úkh folg;a iïnqoaO Ydikhg;a fkdueflk fiajhla l<y'
th O¾u mSG b;sydifha úfYaIfhka i|yka j mj;S' Wkajykafia nqÿoyfuys
lreKq .ek .%ka: rpkd lr we;' úoHdrKH iÕrdj wdrïN lr mj;ajdf.k
hdu" oDIaáúNd.h" máÉpiuqmamdoh jeks .eUqre lreKq úuiqug ,la l<y'
wgGlj.a.hg ,shQ ikakh o úfYaIfhka i|yka l< hq;= fõ'
uyck iy Ydiksl ixúOdkj, wkqYdil OQr orñka nqÿoyfï ÈhqKqjg

uy fufyhla l<y' fuu ish¨ fiajdjka ksud lrñka wmßñ; f,dal
Ydiksl fiajdjla isÿ l< b÷refõ W;a;rdkkao uydkdhl ysñmdfKda 1986
j¾Ifha ud¾;= 15 jeks Èk wmj;a ù jÞ<y'
iïNdId 15
11' w;s m Q c H rdclS h mKa ä ; ;% s m s g l jdÑia i rdpßh YdikfYda N k is ß

irKXlrjxidj;xi m%jpk úYdro fmd;af;afj, m[aØidrdNsOdk
uydkdhl udysñhka jykafia ^1986-1997&
Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldfha tfldf<dia jk uydkdhl moúhg

m;a w;smQcH fmd;af;afj, m[aØidr uydkdhl udysñmdKkaf.a cd;N+ñh
jQfha olaIsK ,xldfõ yïnkaf;dg Èia;%slalfha .srejdm;a;=fõ fn,sw;af;a
;drfmaßh kï .%dujrhhs' fodak isis,shdkd Wfífialr ydñfka iy .ïm;s
à' tka' fÞka fldrfkaßia ;drfmaßh rd<ydñ Wkajykafiaf.a ujqmsfhda jQy'
Wkajykafia fuf,djg ìys ù we;af;a l%s' j' 1915 j¾Ifha Tlaf;dan¾ 23
jeksÞh'
ksys¿j rcfha mdi, wdY%fhka uQ,sl wOHdmkh ,nd ńvlkafoa

isßirKXlr udysñhkaf.ka NdId Ydia;% nKoyï m%.=K lr l%s' j' 1928 cQ,s
ui 02 jeks Èk fmd;a f ;a f j, m[a Ø idr kñka meúÈ jQ y ' ud;r
isßØ‚kaÞiN kdysñ WmdOHdhka jykafia f,i o ńvlkafoa isß irKXlr
udysñhka wdpd¾hka f,i o lghq;= l<y' Wkajykafiaf.a md fijfka
uQ,sl nK oyï m%.=K lr jeäÿr wOHdmkh i|yd n,.,af,a iriaj;S
msßfjkg we;=<;a jQy' tys § j¾.mámdáfhka by<g wOHdmkh ,enQ
fmd;af;afj, ysñmdfKda rdclSh mKaä; Wmdêh olajd bf.k .ksñka
O¾u úkh NdId idys;H wdÈfhys m%ùK ysñkula jQy'
j¾I 1935 § ud;r ×kskaÞiN kdysñhkaf.a WmdOHdh;ajfhka wêYS,

WmiïmÞfjys msysg jQy' ;uka jykafiaf.a ±ä lemùu u.ska u ksldfha
my< u ;,fha isg by< u ;,h olajd ke..;a fmd;af;afj, udysñhka
jykafia ksldfha tfldf<dia jk uydkdhl njg 1986 wf.daia;= ui 31
jeks Èk m;a jQy'
fmd;af;afj, uykdysñhkaf.a md,k ld,h ;=< § ksldhsl yd Ydiksl

fiajd /ila isÿ úh' ksldhsl ;k;=rej,g olaI ysñjreka m;a lsÍu" .sys
meúÈ iïnkaOh wre;a nr lsÍug ksldh ixj¾Ok iNdjla msysgqùu" ksldhsl
msßfjkays mßfjKdêm;s lD;HdêldÍ ixúOdkhla we;s lsÍu
i[aØf,aLldêldÍ OQrfha ld¾hNdrh mq¿,a lsÍu" mßh;a;smd,l iNdj
mqkre;a:dmkh lsÍu" ;%smsgl úNd.h meje;aùu" l;sldj; ixfYdaOkh lr
uqøKfhka ksl=;a lsÍu wd§ lghq;= rdYshla bgq l<y'
16 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
Ydia ; % S h iudcfia j d /ila o Wka j yka f ia úis k a is ÿ lrk ,§'

fmd;af;afj, ðkrdc msßfjk wdrïN lsÍu" l=reKE., fn!oaOdf,dal
msßfjk wdrïN lsÍug wkq.%yh ±laùu" fmd;af;afj, irKXlr úoHd,h
weröu" fmaIl¾u uOHia:dkh iy iñ;s iud.ï rdYshla wdrïN lsÍu" fï
ish¨ fiajdjka .ek i,ld fiajh we.hSu;a jYfhka fmd;af;afj, kdysñhka
ñhekaudrfha rcfhka msßkuk w.a.uyd mKaä; f.!rj Wmdêfhka msÿï
,eîu úfYaIhls'
fïid úYd, fiajhla isÿ l< w;smQcH fmd;af;afj, m[aØidrdNsOdk

uydkdhl udysñmdfkda 1997 j¾Ifha foieïn¾ ui 29 jeks Èk ish¨
ixialdr O¾uhkaf.a wks;H iajNdjh m< lrñka wmj;a ù jÞ<y'
12' w;smQcH idikfidaNk isß ioaOïujdÑiairdpßh irKxlfrdmfik

jxidj;xi w.a.uydioaOïu fcd;slOc idys;HY+Í fõje,afo‚fha
fïOd,xldr uydkdhl udysñmdKka jykafia ^1997-2012&
Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldfha fÞf<diajk uydkdhl moúhg m;a

w;smQcH fõje,afo‚h fïOd,xldrdNsOdk udysñmdKka jykafiaf.a cd;
N+ñh jQfha niakdysr m<df;a .ïmy Èia;%slalfha fõje,afo‚h ñ,a,j kï
jQ .%dujrhhs' rdcmlaI ú;drK,df.a ,shÕ=ydñ iy isx.ïl=ÜáwdrÉÑf.a
bix wmamqydñ fom< Wkajykafiaf.a foudmsfhda jQy' fuu foudmshkag Þj
Wm; isÿ ù ;sfnkafka 1909 foieïn¾ ui 07 jeks Èk§h'
f;da,x.uqj l‚Iag úoHd,fhka uQ,sl wOHdmkh ,enQy' miqj jdoaÿfõ

OïuÈkak" lÈrd.u iqukidr wd§ uyf;rjrekaf.ka nKoyï Wf.k
1922 uehs 29 Èk fõje,afo‚fha fïOd,xldr hk kñka meúÈ jQy' lÈrd.u
iqukidr udysñ" l;¿fõ iS,jxi udysñ hk fofokd jykafia fïOd,xldr
ysñmdKkaf.a wdpd¾h WmdOHdhjre jQy' jeäÿr wOHdmkh i|yd óß.u
idikj¾Ok msßfjkg we;=¿ j isxy," md,s" ixialD;" wNsO¾u wd§ úIhhka
ms<sn| m%ùK;ajhla ,nd .;ay'
W.;ukd O¾uúkh yÞrd úisjhia imqrd isá fïOd,xldr fyrKmdfKda

udTh f,da¨jdf.dv bUq,a.yuxlv Wol=lafLm iSudud,lfha § 1930 uehs
ui 12 Èk mQcH;r fldaÞf.dv WmfiakdNsOdk ufydamdOHdhhka jykafiaf.a
WmdOHdhh;ajfhka wêYS, Wmiïm;a;shg m;ajQy' bkamiq ksldfha úúO
iïNdId 17
lghq;=j,g iïnkaO jQ Wkajykafia ksldfha Wiia ;k;=re jk i[aØ

f,alï ;k;=r" wêlrK kdhl ;k;=re bisÆy' wêlrK kdhlj isáh §
fmd;af;afj, uydkdysñhkaf.a wmj;aùfuka we;s jQ mqrmamdvqjg 1998 ckjdß
ui 03 Èk ylauK fmd;af;afj, ðkrdc uy msßfjkg tla/ia jQ ldrl
ix> iNdj úiska w;smQcH fõje,afo‚fha fïOd,xldr kdysñhka ksldfha
jevn,k uydkdhl moúhg m;a lr.kakd ,§' bka wk;=rej mhd.,
O¾u.=ma; msßfjka uQ,uyd úydria:dkhg /ia jQ ldrl md,l ix> iNdj
1998 ud¾;= ui 28 jeks Èk uydkdhl ;k;=r iaÓr lrk ,§' uydkdhl
moúhg wÞ< Y%S ikakia m;%h tjlg rdcH kdhsldj jQ" .re pkaøsld
nKavdrkdhl l=udr;=x. ue;s‚h úiska 1998 wf.daia;= ui 23 jeks Èk
fld<U ksoyia p;=rY%fha § mqolrñka Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldfha 12
jeks uydkdhl moúfhka mqok ,§'
Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uydksldfha uyd kdhl moúh fydnjñka w;s WÞr
Ydiksl hq. fufyjrl fh§ isá uydkdhl udysñmdKka jykafiag 2000
jif¾ § nqreu rch úiska zzw.a.uyd ioaOïufcd;slOcZZ f.!rj iïudk
Wmdêh ms¥ w;r" ishu yd ;j;a rgj,a lsysmhlska u úfYaI ;s<sK mqo fldg
we;' fn!oaO yd md,s úYajúoHd,h úiska zzidys;Hpl%j¾;SZZ Wmdêh;a"
úoHd,xldr msßfjk úiska zzO¾uYdia;% YsfrdauŒZZ Wmdêh;a" Y%S ,xld rdu[a[
uydks l dh úis k a zzYdik fYda N k Y% S ioa O ¾ujd.S Y a j rdpd¾h is ß
irKXlfrdamfiak jxYdj;xiZZ hk f.!rj iïudk Wmdêhla msßkeuQ
w;r ;j;a Èjhsfka úúO wdh;k u.ska Wkajykafiag f.!rj iïudk
msßkud we;'
f,da iiqka jev i|yd fõje,afo‚fha uydkdhl udysñmdfKda fmrwmr

foÈ. rgj,a rdYshl ixpdrh lr we;' bkaÈhdj" isx.mamQrej" uef,aishdj"
;dhs,ka;h" nqreuh" cmdkh" íafÜ%,shdj" fldßhdj" ldïfndach wdÈh
bka lSmhls'
Wkajykafia ksldfha úúO ;k;=re orñka tys wNsj¾Okhg lghq;=

l<y' ksldhsl ishü ldrl iNslhka jykafia,dg kdhl hk ks, kduh
Ndú; lsÍug wkque;sh ,nd ÿkay' tA jf.a u ksldfha ÈhqKqjg ixj¾Ok
iNd l%shd;aul lsÍu" ksldh uQ,ia:dkh bÈlrùu" oyilg wêl l=,orejka
msßila iiqka.; lrùu" ksldhdrlaIl iNdj mqkre;a:dmkh lsÍfï ix>
iNd ixLHdj 44 olajd jeä lsÍu" m<d;a kdhl moú we;s lsÍu" l;sldj;
18 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
ixfYdaOkh lsÍu" ;%smsgl O¾u mSGh weröug lghq;= lsÍu wd§ w;HqÞr
Ydiksl" wd.ñl" cd;sl" ksldhsl fufyjrla bgq l< w;smQcH fõje,afo‚fha
fïOd,xldrdNsOdk uydkdhl udysñmdKka jykafia ilroï wksi nj
m<lrñka wjqreÿ 103la wdhq úkaokh lr 2012'08'29 Èk wmj;a ù jÞ<y'
Ydik fYdaNk" ;%smsgl jd.SYajrdpd¾h" isß iS,jxi jxid,xldr" w.a.uyd

mKaä;" úkhdpd¾h" úkh úYdro rdclSh mKaä;" w;smQcH kdmdk fmauisß
uydkdhl udysñhka jykafia ^2012-09-03 Èk isg&
Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldfha f;f,ia jk uydkdhl w;smQcH

kdmdk fmauisß uydkdhl udysñhka jykafiaf.a cd;N+ñh jQfha uOHu
m<df;a uykqjr osia;%slalhg wh;a md;ÿïnr Wv.ïmy fldar<fha kdmdk
.%dujrhhs'
talkdhl uqoshkafia,df.a uyl=Uqf¾ f.or lsßnKavdr ks<fï;=ud yd

ks h xf.dv ys á nKa v dr uq o s h ka f ia , df.a nKa v dr ueKs f la ud;dj uq k a j
ykafiaf.a foudmsfhda jQy' Wm; isoq jQfha jHjydr j¾I 1922 fkdjeïn¾
ui 30 jeks oskfhah' kdmdk f.dfrdla.y l=Uqf¾ wd¾' tï' úfÊ;=x.
ud;dj úiska m<uqfjka wm kdysñg w;fmd;a ;nk ,§' wk;=rej tjl
j,, meje;s mru ú{dkd¾: iñ;sh u.ska md,s; mdi,ska yd miqj wuqKq.u
.=kakEmdk mdi,ska o ^wo f;kakfldaka úu,dkkao uy úÿy,& wOHdmkh
,enQy'
wm uykdysñmdKka jykafiaf.a msh;=ud yd yQßlvqfõ Wÿïnrdrdufha

ks¾ud;D w;smQcH f;,smeye isß iS,jxidiy kdysñmdKka w;r È.=l,l
isg mej;sfha ±ä ñ;%;ajhls' ;u mq;=g ie;mqï ;=kla muK md .ukska
mdi,g hd hq;= neúka kdysñhka <Õ meúÈ lsÍug is;d yqßlvqfõ mkai,g
le|jdf.k f.dia Wka jyka f ia g mq ; = Ndr lf<a h ' fufia yQ ß lvq f õ
Wÿïnrdrduhg meñ‚ álsnKavdr l=, l=urejd w;smQcH f;,smeye isß
iS,jxidiN kdysñ fijfKa § meúoaog wjYH ish¨ oE m%.=K lf<ah' isxy,
fydaäfha isg i;l fmd;a" idufKar nK oyï fmd; md,s jrke.,a, o jk
fmd;a l< álsßnKavdr l=, l=ure tA jk úg i;smÜGdk iQ;%h yd nd,dj;drh
o kdysñ úiska mdvï lrjd ;sìK'
iïNdId 19
álsßnKavdr l=urejkaf.a m%jDcHdj isÿ jQfha 1933 cQ,s 8 jk Èkhs'

Wmka .fï isg uy fmryerlska we;l= msg kxjd ie;mqï ;=k y;rl u.
f.jd yqßlvqjg le|jdf.k ú;a zkdmdk fmuisßZ kñka meúoao ,enQ
kdys ñ mdfKda yq ß lvq f õ wkq k dhl ia j dóJøhka jyka f ia f .a 42 jeks
YsIHjrfhda fj;s'
1935 § .=re foajhka úiska kdmdk fmauisß idufKarhka jykafia

msßfjka wOHdmkh i|yd je,a,j;af;a O¾fudaoh msßfjkg ndr fok ,oy'
tys§ riakljefõ Y%S ioaOïujxi wkqkdhl iajdóJøhka jykafia yd w;smQcH
b÷refõ W;a;rdkkao udysñhka jykafia hgf;a lSlre úkS; YsIHfhl=
f,i uQ,sl msßfjka wOHdmkh ,enQy' tfiau ;u fcHIaG meúÈ ifydaor
neUsfha úu,jxi iajdóJøhka jykafia fj;ska m%dÖk uOHu úNd.h olajd
wOHdmkh ,enQy' 1946 jif¾§ m%dÖk uOHu wjidk úNd.hka i|yd
jeäÿr wOHdmkh ,eîug kdmdk fmauisß ysñmdKka ksÜgUqfõ úoHdkkao
msßfjkg we;=<;a ù tys§ w;smQcH §fmaf.dv pkaoúu,dNsOdk uydkdhl
udysñhka jykafia" rdclSh mKaä; f.!rjd¾N f;,smeye uqkskao jxi
iajdóJøhka jykafia wd§ W;=uka hgf;a wOHdmkh ,nd rdclSh mKaä;"
úkhdpd¾h" úkh úYdro" wdÈ Wmdê /ila Èkd .;ay' úkh úYdro Wmdêh
Èkd ysgmq w.%dud;H vâ,s fiakdkdhl uy;d fj;ska zl,amjDCIZ mQcdj o
,enQy'
1943 wf.daia;= 6 Èk lkao Wvrg lgq.iaf;dg" msÕdTh Wol=fCÄm

iSud ud,lfha§ w;smQcH lrf;dg bJøidrdNsOdk uydkdhl udysñhka
jykafiaf.a WmdOHdh;ajfhka yd yqÍlvqfõ úoHdid.r mßfõKdOHCI
w;smQcH f;,smeye isß iS,jxidiN wkqkdhl iajdóJøhka jykafiaf.a
wdpd¾hFjfhka kdmdk fmauisß udysñmdfKda W;=ï WmiïmÞ N+ñhg m;a
jQy'
w;smQcH kdmdk fmauisß udysñmdKka jykafia 1957 § legj, f,ú,

ðfkaJødrdufha wdrïN flreKq úoHdf,dal uyd msßfjfka mßfjKdêm;s
moúh Ndrf.k wjqreÿ 10g wêl ld,hla th orñka W.;a .sys meúÈ msßila
iiqkg rgg Þhdo l<y' ;uka jykafia W;=ï m%jDcHd N+ñhg m;a msx ìfuys
1967 jif¾§ Y%S úoHdid.r msßfjk wdrïN fldg tys uq,au mßfjKdêm;Ska
jykafia jYfhka w.kd wOHdmksl fufyjrla o isÿ l<y' kdmdk fmauisß
uydkdhl udysñhka jykafia Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldh NsCIq jxYh
20 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
fjkqfjka isÿ l< fiajdj w;s úYsIagh' Wka jykafia ±rE fuu Ydiksl
moúj,ska th meyeÈ,s fõ'
* 1956 jif¾ isg ud;f,a Y%S iqñ;% ix> iNdfõ f,alï Oqrh ±Íu'
* Y%S ,x' rd' u' ks' uykqjr m%dfoaYsl ix> iNdfõ iu f,alï moúh
wdpd¾h mQcHmdo ,nq¥fõ isßOïu iajdóka jykafia iuÕ ±Íu yd
iNdm;s wkqYdil moú ±Íu'
* 1974 isg Y%S ,x' rd' u' ks' ldrl iNdjg m;a ù tu ld¾hNdrh
uekúka bgq lsÍu'
* 1967 is g Y% S ,x' rd' u' ks ' fcÜGdkq ú Êcl Wmßudkq ú Êcl
;k;=rej,g m;aj wêlrK lghq;= uekúka bgq lsÍu'
* Y%S ,x' rd' u' ks' úkh l¾u" WmiïmÞ úkh l¾u" NsCIq ,shdmÈxÑh
wd§ uyd ld¾h mejÍ we;s i[aØf,aLl Oqrfha j.lSï 1987 jif¾
isg 1988 olajd jir 10la uekúka bgq lsÍu'
* Y%S ,x' rd' u' ks' W;a;Í;r moúhla jk wêlrK kdhl moúhg
1998 § m;aj 2012 jif¾ wjidkh olajdu ukd ld¾hNdrhla bgq
lsÍu'
fuu fiajdjg wu;rj Y%S ,x' rd' u' ks'$uQ,sl rdu[a[ ksldh f,i
ksldh fn§ ;snQ wjia:dfõ fofldgiu h<s tla fldg tlu ksldhla f,i
ix> idu.%sh we;s lsÍugo w;smQcH kdmdk fmauisß uykdysñmdfKda mqfrda.dó
fufyjrla isÿ l<y'
;jo úfoaYhkays cd;Hka;r fn!oaO iïuka;%Kj,g fukau O¾u

m%pdrl lghq;=j, ksr;j isák Y%S ,dxlsl NsCIQka jykafia,df.a tu uyÕ=
ld¾hNdrhka we.hSï jia Tiaá%hdj" c¾uksh" tx.,ka;h" iaúÜi¾,ka;h"
cmdkh" Ökh" ol=Kq fldßhdj" ;dhs,ka;h" ñhkaudrh ^nqreuh&" ldïfndach"
uef,aishdj" isx.mamQrej" bkaÈhdj" fkamd,h wdÈ rgj,g jevu fldg
w;HqÞr fiajdjla isÿ lrñka jevisá;s'
iïNdId 21
Wkajykafiaf.a fuu fiajdjkaj,g Wmydr jYfhka"
nqreu rcfhka zw.a.uyd mKaä;Z Wmdêh o" Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd
ksldfhka zYdik fYdaNk ;%smsgl jd.SYajrdpd¾h isß iS,jxi jxid,xldrZ
f.!rj kdfudamdêh o" le,‚h úoHd,xldr msßfjka wdh;kfhka zia:úr
jxYd,xldr Ydik lS¾;s Y%SZ f.!rj kdfudamdêh o" fjk;a cd;sl ixúOdk"
wdh;k yd mokï u.ska o úúO f.!rj kdfudamdê m%Þkhkh lr we;'
;u Ôú;hu f,dal Ydiksl fiajdj i|ydu lem fldg foaYSh úfoaYSh

iïudkhg md;% jQ Ydik fYdaNk" ;%smsgl jd.SYajrdpd¾h" isß iS,jxi
jxid,xldr" úkhdpd¾h" úkh úYdro" rdclSh mKaä;" w.a.uyd mKaä;"
yqÍlvqj Y%S úoHdid.r msßfjka uQ, uyd úydrdêm;s" w;smQcH kdmdk fmauisß
udysñmdKka jykafia Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldhsl ldrl uyd ix>
iNdj u.ska 2012'09'03 Èk jevn,k uydkdhl moúhg m;a lr .ekSfuka
wk;=rej 2012'10'19 Èk tAlÉPkaofhka w;smQcH uydkdhl moúhg m;a lr
.;ay' Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldfha 13 jk uydkdhl moúh fydnjk
w;smQcH kdmdk fmauisß udysñmdKka jykafia ±kg 95 jeks úfha miqfjñka
W;a;Í;r uydkdhl OQrfha uyd fufyjr uekúka bgq lrñka jev fjfi;s'
wdY%s; .%ka:
1' isxy, úYajfldaIh - I" 8 ldKav'

2' rdu[a[jxih" ud;f,a idik;s,l ysñ" 1964 m%:u uqøKh" fld<U'
3' rdu[a[jxi§mksh" fomdku iq.;nkaOq ysñ" álsßnKavd isf,da.u" 2003" weia'
f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U'
4' Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldhsl uydkdhl mqrdKh" fomdku iq.;nkaOq ysñ"
welsßh., iqu;s ysñ" kkaokñ,a,.," 2008" fmd,a.yfj, WmiïmÞj ksñ;af;ks'
5' ØfKdamdhkS" Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldfha 68 jeks WmiïmÞ Ydia;%Sh
ix.%yh" 2012'
22 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
rdu[a[ ksldhsl NsCIq wkkH;dj

lsßkafoa pkaoiquk kdysñ
^;%smsgl jd.Siajr" Ydia;%fõ§" Ydia;%m;s" rdclSh mKaä;&
,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldh wdrïN fldg jir

Y%S 150la msÍfï fuu ft;sydisl wjia:dfõ ;;a
ksldhsl NsCIqka jykafia,df.a wkkH;dj ms<sn|j
úuid ne,Su fuu ,smsfha wruqKhs'
19 jk Y; j¾Ifha ,laÈj mej;s Ydiksl ;;a;ajh

;j;a Ydiksl iïm%Þhla ìysùug fya;= jQ nj;a
;;a ld,Sk Ydiksl miqìu úuiSfï § meyeÈ,s fõ'
tu n,j;a wjYH;dj imqrd,Su ms‚i tjlg jev
úiQ ùr mqreIfhl= jk wU.yj;af;a irKxlr
kue;s h;sjrhka jykafia wm%;sy; ffO¾hfhka yd fkdmiqng W;aidyfhka
o n,j;a Y%oaOdfjka o l%shd lrñka rdu[a[ foaYhg jevu fldg r;kdmqKaK
kqjr fuKavqx rc;=udf.ka f.!rj i;aldr mQcd ,nñka f{hH OïudNsuqksjr
ØKls;a;siaisß mjrOïu fiakdm;s uydOïu rdcdê rc.=re ix>rdchka
jykafia WmdOHdh fldg rdcmQð; uyd ix>hd fj;ska iqmsßisÿ meúÈ
WmiïmÞj ,en is h rg meñ‚hy' ;uka jyka f ia f .a o Wmfoia ,en
fojeksjrg rdu[a[ foaYfha yxij;S kqjrg jevu fldg l,Hd‚ iSudfõ§
rdu[a[ rg wdrKHjdiS rdc.=re ix>kdhl ysñmdKka m%Odk wdrKH
ix>hdf.ka iqmsßisÿ meúÈ WmiïmÞj ,ndf.k meñ‚ w;s.re mqjlaoKavdfõ
iïNdId 23
m[aØkkao ysñmdKka we;=¿ msßi yd tlaj idlÉPdfldg fuu Ydik

jxih bÈßhg;a mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd WmiïmÞ úkhl¾uhla isÿ lsÍug
;SrKh l<y' tA i|yd iqÿiq WmdOHhka jykafia kula jk w;s.re jrdmsáfha
iqñ;a; udysñmdKka jevujdf.k fuu W;=uka jykafia,d ;=kakuf.a
tl;=fjka 1864 cqks ui 12 jeks Èk .d,af,a fudaor Wol=lafLm iSud
ud,lfha§ m%:u WmiïmÞ úkh l¾u isÿ lsÍfuka rdu[a[ ksldh kñka
wNskj NsCIq jxYhla wdrïN flre‚'
is h jia tlyudrl ld,hla f.jd meñ‚ ;;a k s l dhs l Ns C IQ k a

jykafia,df.a wkkH;d ,laIK lsysmhla ms<sn|j fuys§ idlÉPd flf¾'
f.dgq w;a; fyj;a zmKaKÉP;%hZ1
î& zzrdu[a[ ksldhsl NsCIQyq f.dgq w;= Ndú; lr;sZZ

îi& zzrdu[a[ ksldhsl NsCIqkag muKla wdfõ‚l jQ fuu P;%h
;,a f.dnfhka ilia lrk ,oaols' fuh f.dgq w;a; kñka
y÷kajkq ,efí'ZZ
îii& fï f.dgq w;af;ys b;sydihla we;' th mer‚ jkjdisl
NsCIQka <Õ ;sî rdu[a[ ksldh my< jQ miq tu ksldhg
tlalrk ,§' tu ksldhsl NsCIQka y÷kd.; yels m%Odku
,CIKh fuh úhZZ'
fï by; Wmqgd ±lajQfha mQcH ud;f,a idik;s,l ysñhka úiska rÑ;

rdu[a[ jxYh kï .%ka:fha 99 jeks msgqfõ iy 101 jeks msgqfõ i|yka
jels lsysmhls' fuhska meyeÈ,sjkafka rdu[a[ ksldhsl NsCIQka f.dgq w;=
Ndú; lrk nj;a th ;,af.dnfhka ilia lrk ,oaola nj;a" tu ksldhsl
NsCIQka y÷kd.ekSfï m%Odk ,CIKh f.dgq w;a; nj;a h' f.dgq w;af;a
b;sydih f,i i|ykaj we;af;a ishï ksldfhka fjkaj m%;sm;a;s msÍug
bÈßm;a jQ jkjdi NsCIQka msßi jk uv.,af,a iajdóka jykafiaf.a mrmqf¾
je,sf.duqfõ wF:oiaiS kï ysñmdKkaf.a YsIHjrfhl= jQ .re Wrkal=,fï
irKxlr kï iajdóka ;uka mßyrKh l< bál=vh ix>hdg mQcd fldg
f.dgq w;a; mdúÉÑ l< njhs' je,sf.duqfõ udysñhka fuh ±l ish YsIHhdg
m%Yxid fldg ;u msßig f.dgq w;a; Ndú;d lrk f,i kshu fldg
;ukajykafia YsIHhd ,jdu f.dgq w;a;la idojdf.k mßyrKh l< njhs'2
24 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
Wkajykafia rdu[a[ ksldhg we;=<;a jQ miqj irKxlr iajdóka jykafiaf.a

Ys I Hhl= jk Ydia ; % f j,a , s f ha Wmfia k ys ñ hka w;s m Q c H wU.yj;a f ;a
kdys ñ mdKka iómfhys O¾u úkh yÞrjka k g f.ka j d.;a miq j ;a
kdysñmdKka we;=¿ NsCIqka l=vh Ndú;d lroa§;a Wmfiak ysñhka f.dgq
w;a; Ndú;d lrkq oel wU.yj;af;a udysñmdKka o úuid n,d jvd lem
jQ o w,afmaÉP jQ o .syshka yd idOdrK fkdjQ o f.dgq w;a; ksldhsl
NslaIQkag mdúÉÑ lrk f,i ±ka jQ nj i|yka fõ'3
w;smQcH wU.yj;af;a kdysñmdKka jykafia we;=¿ NsCIq msßila mhd.,

isg .d,a, n,d jäkd w;ru.§ fidhsid uqo,s;=udf.a f.or kjd;eka .;a
nj;a tys§ NsCIQka jykafia,d l=vh;a f.dgq w;a;;a folu mdúÉÑ lrkq ÿgq
uq o ,s ; = u d fï foflka tlla mdúÉÑ lrk fia l< b,a , S u la wkq j
uydkdysñmdKka miqj ix> iNdjg okajd ix> iNdj u.ska jvd Y%uK
idremH jQ tfiau ;ukagu iÞ.; yels jQ f.dgq w;a; ishü NsCIQka
jykafia,dg iïu; lrk ,o nj rdu[a[4 jxYfha iòyka fõ'
fufia rdu[a[ ksldhg meñ‚ f.dgq w;a; uq,a ld,fha yels,Sug

fkdyels fia ilia jQjla nj;a tA ksidu ÿïßh .ukaj,§ f,an,a w,jd nvq
fmÜáhl ouk nj;a wdmiq .kakd úg bÍ ;sfnk nj;a i|yka fõ'5
zzfnda.djZZ kñka y÷kajkq ,enQ tu P;%h yl=¿jd mdúÉÑ l< yels f,i
ilia lrk ,oafoa iS' î' kq.fj, Èhjvk ks<fu;=udf.a iydfhka w;smQcH
fldaÞf.dv Wmfiak uydkdhl udysñmdKka jykafia úiska nj;a i|ykaj
we;s w;r tu ksidu Y;j¾Idêl ld,hla rdu[a[ ksldhsl NsCIQka f.dgq
w;a; mdúÉÑ l< nj o rdu[a[ jxYfha i|yka fõ'
fumßoafoka rdu[a[ ksldhsl NsCIQka jykafia,d y÷kd.ekSug ;snQ

m%Odk ,CIKh jk f.dgq w;a; fï jk úg mßyrKfhka wE;a fjñka
mj;S' .%dujdiS NsCIQka jykafia,df.ka jeä msßila f.dgq w;a; mdúÉÑ
fkdlrk w;r l,d;=rlska we;eï jeäysá iajdóka jykafia,d mdúÉÑ
lr;s' j¾I oil follg wdikak ld,hl isgu mj;ajdfk wd fuu Y%uK
mßialdrh msßlr fj<| ie,aj, ld,hla úlsŒug ;nd ;snQ w;r ±kg
tfia o fidhd .; fkdyelsh' iuyr NsCIQka ly l=vfhka" ÿUqre l=vhg
udre ù we;s neúkq;a we;eï NsCIQkaf.a w; lsis i,l=Kla fkdue;s neúkq;a
tu ksldhsl .%dujdiS NsCIQka fï jk úg fjkafldg y÷kd.; fkdyels ù
we;'
iïNdId 25
fndfyda .%dujdiS rdu[a[ ksldhsl NsCIQkaf.ka j;_udkh jk úg

.s,syS f.dia we;s f.dgq w;a; wdrKHl fhda.dY%óh NsCIQka jykafia,d w;
;ju;a /`§ mj;S'
md;%h
l=, mq;%fhl= idiksl meúoao ,noa§u w;HjYH wksjd¾h mßialdrhls'

md;%h" nqÿrÿka úiska wkqo;a NsCIqjlg lem jQ md;% foj¾.hla jkafka h'
hlv md;%h yd ueá md;%hhs'6 WmiïmÞjg m;aùfï§ o md;% isjqre úpdrkq
,efí'7 wkqkaf.ka ;djld,slj b,a,d fkd.;a ;ud i;= lem md;% tA i|yd
;sìh hq;=h'
Y%uK YdlH mq;%Sh NsCIqka jykafia,dg úkhdkql+,j isõ msßisÿ is,a

/lSfï§ w;HjYH wx.hla jk md;%h yd isjqre mßfNda.h ms<sn|j uÊCêu
ksldfha pQ<yFÓmfodamu iQ;%fha fufia i|yka fõ'
zzfida ika;=ÜfGda fyda;s ldh mßydßflak

Öjf¾k l=Éý mßydßflak msKavmdf;ak
fida fhak fhafkaj mlalu;s iudÞfhaj
mlalu;s" fihH:dms kdu mlaÇ il=fKdaZZ
NsCIQka úiska fldia m~qj,ska isjqre ilia lsÍfï mqrdK isrs; wkq.ukh
lrk ,§' th rdu[a[ ksldhsl NsCIQkaf.a wkkH;djla f,iska tA jk úg
ie,lSu fufia l%shd;aulùug fya;= jkakg we;'
rdu[a[ jxifha l;=jrhdg wkqj uq,a hq.fha§ fldia m~q yd kq. m~q
jeks m~q j¾. Ndú; l< nj;a msgráka tk idhï j¾. Ndú;d fkdl<
nj;a tu m~q isjqre fndaïUq fld< ;eïnQ j;=frka fidaÞ.;a nj;a i|yka
lr we;' ;jÿrg;a Wkajykafia olajd we;af;a miq ld,fha msgráka tk
idhï j¾.j,ska jeä fofkla isjqre m~q fmdjd .kakd nj;a fldia wrgq"
kq. fmd;= ;ïnd m~q .ekSfï l%uh iïmQ¾Kfhka w;=reoka fjñka mj;sk
nj;a h'12
wÈka jir 50lg fmr ,shk ,o rdu[a[ jxi f,aLlhka jykafiag

wkqj tA jk úg .%dujdiS NsCIQka ms<sn| fuu lshuk fndfyda fihska
26 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
i;Hhls' tfy;a rdu[a[ ksldhsl wdrKHl fhda.dY%óh NsCIQka jykafia,d

fldia m~q" kq. m~q wd§ lem m~q j¾. ;ïnd isjqre r|ka lsÍu o tu m~q
isjqre fndaïUq fld< ;eïnQ j;=frka fidaÞ .ekSu o hk mqrdK isß; wog;a
wkq.ukh lr;s'
fuys § wmj;a ù jÞ< Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldfha wkqkdhl

OqrkaOrj jev isá w;smQcH ngqúg kkaÞrdu uyd iajdóka jykafia isyshg
kef.a' mqjla.yuä;a; wrKH fiakdikfha foid<sia jila jev isá w;smQckSh
úo¾Ykdpd¾h rkaiEf.dv iquk iajdóka jykafiaf.ka meúoao ,nd.;a
Wkajykafia f.dgq w;a;" md;%h" fldia m~q isjqr yd úld, f;a mdkfhka
je<lSu hk uQ,sl rdu[a[ ksldhsl m%;sm;a;s hdjÔjfhkau wkq.ukh
l<y' fuys by;ska i|yka lr we;s mßÈ tu idiksl mer‚ ms<sfj;a wog;a
rdu[a[ ksldfhka neyer ù ke;s nj fmfka'
WmiïmÞ úkh l¾uh Wol=lafÄm iSudud,lhl§ u isÿ lsÍu
,laÈj ksldh ;=fkka ishï uyd ksldfha WmiïmÞ úkh l¾u isÿ
lrkq ,nkafka fnfyúkau noaO iSudj,§ h' wurmqr ix> iNdfõ we;eï
ksldh fldgia Wol=lafÄm iSud ud,lhl§ u isÿ lrkq ,nk nj fmfka'13
rdu[a[ ksldfha WmiïmÞ úkh l¾u wdrïNfha mgkau isÿlrkq

,nkafka Wol=lafÄm iSudud,lhl§u h' j¾;udkfha o th tfiauh'
m<uqfjka ishï ksldh u,aj;= md¾Yajfhka WmiïmÞj ,nd isá wU.yj;af;a
irKxlr ysñmdKka jykafia wia.sß u,aj;= fomd¾Yajfha iSud ixlr jdo
ksid l,lsÍug m;aj rdu[a[ foaYhg f.dia WmiïmÞj ,nd .ekSug
lghq;= fldg we;' Wkajykafia we;=¿ lsysm kula rdu[a[ foaYfhka
iqmßiqoaO WmiïmÞj ,nd ish rgg meñK" fojeks jrg rdu[a[ foaYhg
f.dia l,Hd‚ iSudfjka WmiïmÞj ,nd meñK mqjlaoKavdfõ m[aØkkao
iajdóka jykafia we;=¿ NsCIq msßila tu idik mrïmrdfjka óg fmr
WmiïmÞj ,nd meñK jev isá jrdmsáfha iqñ;a; udysñmdKka jykafiaf.a
WmdOHdh;a j fhka wU.yj;a f ;a bka Þ iNjrØKidñ udys ñ mdKka
jykafiaf.a m%Odk;ajfhka .d,af,a uy fudaor Wol=lafÄm iSudud,lhl§u
m%:u WmiïmÞj úkh l¾uh isÿfldg ±kg jir 150la msÍ we;' iSud
ixlr fodaij,ska f;drj Wol=lafÄm iSudj myiqfjka iïu; lr.; yels
iïNdId 27
msßisÿ iSudj jk neúka yd rdu[a[ ksldhsl idïm%Þhsl iSudj fuh

neúkq;a ksldhsl WmiïmÞ úkhl¾u fuu iSudjl§u isÿlrkq ,efí'14
Wol=lafÄm iSudj kï c, hd;%djl bÈlrk ,o iSud ud,lhl§ fyda

c,fha ,S lKq isgjd ilia lrk ,o iSud ud,lhl§ tu úkh l¾u i|yd
ix>hd w;amig meñ‚ miq ix>hdf.a fl<jf¾ isg ueÿï n, mqreIhl=
úiska ^NsCIQjla& uq¿ jer fhdÞ w. È; yer c,h fyda je,s yd;ami úislsÍfuka
iïu; lr.kq ,nk iSudjhs' th ljr wdldrhlska fyda lsisfia;a f.dvìug
iïnkaO fkdúh hq;=h' tfia iïnkaO jqjfyd;a iSudixlr fodaIj,g yiqúh
yels fyhsks'
rdu[a[ ksldfha WmiïmÞ úkh l¾uh isÿ lrkq ,nkafka fojirlg

jrls' tu iSudud,lh c, hd;%djl w,xldr f,i bÈlrkq ,nhs' tfiau
rdu[a[ ksldfha WmiïmÞ úkh l¾uh isÿ lsÍu tla ;eklg tla m<d;lg
muKla iSud fkdflf¾' jßka jr fkdfhla m<d;aj,ska úfYaIfhka ksldfha
jeä iÕ msßila jdih lrk m<d;aj, isÿ lrkq ,nhs' nqÿrcdKka jykafia
tA tA Èidj, tA tA ckmoj, meúoao yd WmiïmÞj ,nd§u wkqu; fldg jÞrd
we;' 15
rdu[a[ ksldhsl WmiïmÞ úkh l¾uhkays ;j;a úfYaI;ajhla jkafka

WmiïmÞ iSud ud,lhg úkh l¾u i|yd jevu lrjk iEu NsCIQka
jykafia kulau j;audk;a mqrd wíNdyk úkh l¾uh lrjd f.k tys
jevu l< hq;=ùuhs' tfia úkh l¾u lrjd .;a njg m%dfoaYSh ix> iNd
f,aLldêldÍka jykafiaf.;a wíNdk úkh l¾ufha m%Odk;ajh Wiq,k
uyd f;reka jykafiaf.a;a w;aika iys; ,smshla bÈßm;a l< hq;=uh' fuh
rdu[a[ ksldfha muKla ±lsh yels iïm%Þhls' fuys§ i[aØ f,aLldêldÍka
jykafiag j.lSï /ila mejf¾'
wrKHjdiS ùu
rdu[a[ ksldh ìysjQ uq,a hq.fha § NsCIQka jykafia,d fndfyda fihska

wrKHjdiSj jev úiQ nj fmfka' ksldh wdrïN l< m%Odk W;=uka jykafia,d
f;kuf.ka fokula tkï mQcHmdo mqjlaoKavdfõ m[aØkkao yd mQcHmdo
jrdmsáfha iqñ;a; hk ysñmdKka jykafia,d foku u wrKHjdiS Oq;x.OdÍyq
28 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
jQy' uq,a hq.fha§u ksldhg we;=<;a jQ .re mQcH W,dkal=,fï irKxlr

ysñmdKka wd§ iajdóka jykafia,d o wrKHia:dk jk fldiafidalkao
wrKHj, jev úiQ jkjdiS NsCIQ msßils' ld,hdf.a wejEfuka we;eï
fiakdik .%dudka; fiakdik njg mßj¾;kh ù we;' .re;r mqjlaoKavdfõ
m[aØkkao ysñmdKka jykafia rdu[a[ foaYfhka WmiïmÞj ,nd meñ‚
miq ngqúg wrKH fiakdik wd§ fiakdikj, jev isá YsIH ix.%yh i|yd
.% d udka ; fha úiQ flá ld,h yefrka k g uq ¨ Ôú; ld,hu wrKH
fia k dikj,u jev úiQ y ' Wka j yka f ia wmj;a j k;= r eu jev is á fha
kdrkafoksfha Bßhf;dg kï wrKH fiakdikfha h' Wkajykafia we;sfldg
jÞ< wrKH iÕ mrmqr wo olajd;a mj;S'
m[aØkkao uyd iajdñmdohka jykafiaf.a wkqcd; YsIH r;akhla jQ

rkaiEf.dv iquk uyd iajdóka jykafia ish .=re foajhka we;s fldg jÞ<
lsßkao - mqjla.y uä;af;a wrKH fiakdikfha wjqreÿ 42la jev isg wmj;a
jQ y ' tu iq u k udys ñ hka jyka f ia f .a ; a .re;r flda Þ f.dv Wmfia k
kdysñmdKka jykafiaf.a;a YsIH .re yreu,af.dv iS,d,xldr iajdóka
jykafia wjqreÿ 62la tu wrKH fiakdikfha jev isg wmj;a ù jÞ< fial'
tjlg .sys-meúÈ fomlaIfha u mskaj;=ka ;=< m[aØkkao" rkaiEf.dv
iquk hk iajdóka jykafia,d .; l< Ndjkdkqfhda.S Ôú; meje;au wkqj
u.M,,dNSka f,i ms<s.ekSula ;snQ nj tu pß;l:djka ys yd ckdm%jdofhys
o ths' Wkajykafia,d Èú ysñfhka u Oq;x.OdÍyq o jQy' m[aØkkao iajdóka
jykafia jev úiQ háhk ngqúg wrKH fiakdikh o fï olajd wLKavj
mej; ths'
fï yer j¾I 1951 cqks ui 18 jeks Èk mQcHmdo ud;r isßØKdrdu

ysñmdKka jykafiaf.a ks¾ud;D;ajfhka wdrïN lrk ,o Y%S l,Hd‚
fhda.dY%u ixia:djg wh;a wrKH fiakdik yd fhda.dY%uj, wdrïNfha
mgka wrKH ms<sfj;a imqrñka Oq;x.OdÍ fhda.djpr is,aj;a NsCIQ mrmqrla
jevjdih lr;s'
fï wkqj rdu[a[ ksldh wdrïNl jljdkqfõ wrKH jdih .re l<

W;=uka jev jdih l<d fiau j¾;udkh olajd;a .%dujdiS NsCIQka jykafia,d
oyia .Kkla jev jdih lrk w;r wrKHjdih o fkdkeiS mej;f.k
tk nj fmfka'
iïNdId 29
isjqre fmrùu
rdu[a[ ksldhsl NsCIQka jykafia,d úydria:dkfhka neyer jevu

lsÍfï§ WNhdxi mdremKfhka hq;=j" tkï fojqr jid .<j¨fõ mgka
my<g isrer jefik fia o" fow;aj, ue‚lalgqj f;la o" fomdj, f.dma
weghg wÕ,a lsysmhla Wäka isák fia o isjqre fmdrj;s' fï ukdj isrer
jefik fia fiÅhdfjys foaYkd fldg we;s mßÈ úkhdkql+, fmrùuhs'16
rdu[a[" wurmqr muKla fkdj ishï ksldfha we;eï NsCIQka jykafia,d
o" ishï jk jdi ksldhsl ysñjre o" fuu WNhdxi mdremKh wkq.ukh
lr;s' ishï ksldfha WNh md¾Yjfha u nyq;rhla NsCIQka jykafia,d .ï
jÈk úg o fmdrjkafka tAldxi mdremKhhs'
rdu[a[ ksldhsl NsCIQka jykafia,d fndfyda úkh l¾u lsÍu yd

nqoaO jkaokdÈ wjia:dj, tAldxi .egjgq l%uhg isjqre fmrùu isß;ls'
WmiïmÞfmaCIlhka jykafia,d o WmiïmÞ ldrl ix>hdg we;=<;a NsCIQka
jykafia,d o tAldxi .egjgq l%uh wkq.ukh lr;s' ;j o l=, mq;%hl=
meúÈùfï§ o idufKarhka jykafia,d is,a iudokaùfï§ o isjqre fmdrjkafka
fuu l%uhgh' úfYaIfhka fuu l%uh rdu[a[ ksldhsl NsCIQka w;r mj;S'
.syshkaf.a wd.ñl j;dj;a yd úydria:dkj, lghq;=j, fh§u
rdu[a[ ksldfha NsCIQka jykafia,d mkais,a §u wd§ .syshkaf.a wd.ñl

lghq;=j,§ fjk;a ksldhj,g jvd fjkila mj;S' .syshka mkais,a b,a,d
kuia l dr mdGh lS f uka miq j ;s i rKh iudoka lrjd zzirKd.ukx
iïmqKaKxZZ hkqfjka lsh;s' fuh ishï ksldfha Ndú; fkdfõ' wurmqr
ksldfhys fnfyúka Ndú; jkafka zz;sirK .ukx iïmqKaKxZZ hkqfjks'
;sirK §fuka miqj YsCIdmo iudoka lrjd zz;sirfKk ioaêx m[apiS,x
Oïux wmamudfoak iïmdfo;ínx fyda zz;sirfKk ioaêx m[apiS,x Oïux
idOqlx iqrlaÅ;x lFjd wmamudfoak iïmdfo;ínxZZ hkqfjka lsh;s' wurmqr
ksldfha we;eï fldgia zzwmamudfoak iïmdfoa:ZZ hkqfjka o iuyr fldgia
zz;sirfKk ioaêx m[apiS,x Oïux idOqlx iqrlaÅ;x lFjd wmamudfoak
iïmdfoa:ZZ hkqfjka o lsh;s'
Þkh idx>sl lsÍu o zzbux NslaLx imßlaLdrx îdÜGmßLdrx& NslaLq

ix>iai foauZZ hkqfjka isÿ flf¾' ishï ksldfha idx>sl lsÍfuka miqj
5 - CM23766
30 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
zzbÉý;x mFÓ;x ;=hsyxZZ wd§ .d:dj lshd mska jdlHh lsh;s'17 u;l jia;%
mQcdfõ§ o iuyr ksldhj, zzld,l;dkx fkd Ø;skxZZ wd§ jYfhka mQcdj
isÿlrjk w;r rdu[a[ NsCIQka úiska th o zzbux u;ljF:x NslaLq ix>iai
foauZZ hkqfjka fláfhka mQcdj isÿ flf¾'
wkH ksldhsl úydria:dkj, wd.ñl f.dvke.s,s bÈlsÍfï lghq;=j,§

i,ams,a" u,ajÜá fjkafoais wdÈfhka uqo,a iïudoka lsÍfï úúO l%fudamdhka
l%shd;aul lrkq ,nhs' fufia fjkafoaislrejka ,jd uOHu rd;%sh wdikak
jk f;la f>daId lrkq ,nk fuu l%shdj wjg Ôj;ajk ck;djg o lrorhls'
rdu[a[ ksldhsl úydria:dkj, fujka ;rÕldÍ l%ufõohka wdrïNfha
wkq.ukh fkdl< o j;_udkh jk úg we;eï úydria:dkj, l%shd;aul
fõ' fnfyúka tu úydria:dkj, f.dvke.s,s bÈlsÍu wdÈh flfrkafka
Þhl mskaj;=kaf.a ueÈy;aùfuks'
tla uydkdhl ysñkula hgf;a ksldh mj;ajd .ekSu
rdu[a[ uyd ksldh wdrïNfha mgkau tla tla uykdysñkula hgf;a

mj;a j df.k tkq ,efí' tA uykdys ñ hka m;a lr.kq ,nka f ka ndys r
n,mEïj,ska f;dr j iqfmai," YsCIldó" nyqY%e;" úkOr ;fmdajDoaO" .=K
jDoaO" ix>fidaNk .=Kfhka hq;= ix>hd w;r iïNdjkdjg md;% jQ iqÿiqlï
we;s Ñrrd;%{ uyf;r kuls'
zznyqkdhl;ajh kï idik úf,damhg tAldka; fya;= neúka fï uyf;r

fof;kuq ; a wka ls i s h ïu flfkla uyf;r fkdlg hq ; = h ZZ oUfoks
l;sldjf;a i|yka fuu kshuhg wkqj nyq kdhl;ajh idik ÈhqKqjg
fkdj msßySug lreKla fõ' fuu uydkdysñmdKka yefrkak wkqkdhl
ia j dóka jyka f ia , d is õ kula fyda mia kula o tla wêlrK kdhl
iajdókajykafia kula o jev isá;s' uE;l§ m<d;a kdhl iajdóka jykafia,d
y;a kula m;alr .kakd ,oy' fï yefrkakg fjk;a ksldhj, fuka tA tA
m<d;aj,g tA tA m%foaYhkag m%Odk ix>kdhl" Wm m%Odk ix>kdhl" wêlrK
ix>kdhl wd§ jYfhka fndfyda kdhl ys ñ jreka m;a l s Í ula ke;'
fumßoafoka rdu[a[ ksldh tla uykdysñkula hgf;a jdo újdo j,ska
f;drj j;_udkh f;lau mj;ajdf.k tkq ,efí'
iïNdId 31
l=, fNaoh
nqoaO ld,Sk Ndr; iudch nuqKkaf.a j¾KdY%u O¾u wkqj n%dyauK"

CI;%sh" ffjYH" Y=ø hkqfjka isõ fldgilg fnÞ olajd ;sì‚' pKavd,"
fkaido" mqlal=i" r:ldr wd§ iudcfha b;du;a my;af,i ie,l=ï,enQ l=,
mSvkhg yiqjQ ck;djla o jdih l<y' nqÿrcdKka jykafia my< jk úg
n%yauKhska wNsnjd CI;%shhka bÈßhg meñK we;' tA wkqj nqoaO foaYkdj,
fï iudc fldgia y;r i|yka jkafka CI;%sh" n%dyauK" ffjYH" Y=ø hkqfjks'
fufia l=, fNaoh ;Èka n,mE iudchl nqÿrcdKka jykafia my< ù uyd
lreKdfjka ish,a,kagu idOdrK f,i NsCIq' NsCIqks" Wmdil" Wmdisld
hkqfjka p;=¾ j¾Khla y÷kajd ÿkay' tA wkqj iqkS; jeks li, fYdaOlhkag
fidamdl jeks wirKhskag o ieufokdgu idOdrKj j¾K fNaohlska l=,
fNaohlska f;drj ;u idiksl Þhdo ,nd§fuka Y%uK YdlH mq;%hka
jykafia,d njg o m;aj iir ÿla ksùfï u. fmkajd ÿka fial'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia ÿka fuu wdo¾Yhg wkqj Wkajykafiaf.a Y%djl

NsCIQka jykafia,d l=, fNaohg wkqj tla fldgilg muKla iSud fldg
meúÈ WmiïmÞj iqÿiq fkdjk nj ie<lsh yels' fï lrefKys ,d i<ld
ne,S f ï§ wU.yj;a f ;a bka Þ iyjr ØKidñ udys ñ mdKka jyka f ia f .a
m%Odk;ajfhka ìys jQ tA W;=ï f:arjxYh l=, fNaohlska f;dr ùu kïjQ
kshu Ydik ,laIKfhka Tma k.d ,xld N+ñfha m;=rejd yeßh njg
Wkajykafiaf.a Ôjk pß;fha m%:u Nd.fha i|yka fldg we;'18 rdu[a[
jxi l;=jrhka jykafia ;jÿrg;a i|yka fldg we;af;a ishï ksldfha
f.dú l=,hka muKla meúÈ lrjk nj;a wurmqr yd rdu[a[ foksldfhau
yeu l=,shlska u meúÈ lrjk nj;a wurmqr ksldh fï wkqj ksldh nyq,j
we;s nj;a rdu[a[ ksldfha l=, fNaoh ke;sj meúÈ lrjkjd fiau ish¨
fokdu tlg isák nj;a tlg úkh l¾u lrk nj;a tl kdhl;ajhlska
lghq;= lrk nj;a h'19 tfyhska u l=,h wkqj fNao Nskakùug ud¾.
fkd;enQ nj;a wo;a tlu NsCIQ jxYhla jYfhka fmkS isáh yels ù we;af;a
fï W;=ï idiksl l%shdj,sh ksid nj;a i|ykalr we;'20
kQ;k hq.fha úoajf;la jk uydpd¾h ;siai ldßhjiï uy;d zzmámÞZZ

O¾u Ydia;%Sh ix.%yhg zzrdu[a[ ksldfha m%Njh yd jHdma;shZZ hk uefhka
,smshla ilia lrñka fufia m%ldY lrhs' zzfï yereKq fldg wduka;%Kh
lsÍu" mkais,a §u" idx>sl Þk ms<s.ekSu" wjux., .Dyj, isß;a úß;a
32 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
wdÈfhys úúO fjkialï rdu[a[ ksldfha NsCIQka i;= úh' fï ish¨

lreKqj,g jvd rdu[a[ ksldhsl NsCIQj l=, f.da;% fkdi,ld yeÍu
wfkla ksldh foflka u fjka flfrk úfYaI ,laIKhla úh'ZZ21
fï ish¨ lreKqj,ska fy<sjkafka l=,fNaoh fkd;ld l%shdlsÍu

rdu[a[ ksldfha m%uqL ,laIKhla jk njhs'
foaj weoySfuka f;drùu
rdu[a[ ksldhsl NsCIQka jykafia,d foúhka weoySfuka fndfyda

fihska je<lS isá;s' f;rejka uq,afldg.;a úkhdkql+, msßisÿ meúÈ Ôú;hla
.; lrk NsCIQka foajd,hkays hd× lsÍu" lrùu" lkak,õ lsÍu" lrùu"
mQcdjÜá ;eîu" NsCIQ;ajhg fkd.e<fmkakla fyhska tu lghq;=j,ska fjka
j jdih lr;s' úfYaIfhka kqjr hq.fha kdhlal¾ jxYsl we;eï rcjreka
ish ìfidajreka bkaÈhdfjka f.kajd .ekSu ksid rc;=ud f;rejka j¢k
úg ìfidajrekag weoySu i|yd úydr f.hs mfil foaj rEm o fk<d we;'
fmdf<dkakre hq.fha Ysj,sx. weoySu m%p,s;j ;snQ njg f;dg.uqfõ rdyq,
udysñ we;=¿ we;eï NsCIQka jykafia,d foaúhka fj;g hejQ ikafoaY ldjH
ms<sn|j idys;H b;sydifhka meyeÈ,s fõ' W,l=vh foaúhg mqf;l= ,ndfok
f,i b,a,d le,‚fha úNSIK foúhkag f;dg.uq úchnd msßfjfKa isg
le,‚h olajd hejqKq ikafoaYhl wdldrfhka rdyq, ysñhka ie<,sys‚
ikafoaYh rpkd fldg we;' kd:" Wmq,ajka foújrekag o ikafoaY ldjH
rpkd ù we;'
uydpd¾h mKaä; lUqremsáfha wdßhfiak iajdóka jykafia úfoaYsl

W.;=ka ÿgq rdu[a[ ksldh kñka zzmámÞZZ O¾uYdia;%Sh ix.%yhg ,smshla
iliñka frðfkda,aâ iaàjka fldma,aiagka kue;s uyf;l= úiska l%sia;=
j¾I 1892 cQ,s ui § fld<U § m%isoaO lrk ,o zzu.Ofha yd ,xldfõ
m%d:ñl yd kQ;k nqÿiuhZZ keu;s lD;sfha i|ykla f,i rdu[a[ ksldhsl
NsCIQka yskaÿ pdß;% wkq.ukh fkdlrk njg;a tA ksidu Ysj" úIaKq wd§
foajd,j,g fkdfhk njg mdrïmßl ckm%sh nqÿiufha olakg ,efnk
foúhka weoySu - foaj jkaokdj o m%;slafIam lrk njg;a olajd we;'
rdu[a[ ksldfha m%Njh yd jHdma;sh kñka zzmámÞZZ O¾u Ydia;%Sh

ix.%yhg ,smshla imhk ldßhjiï uy;d w¨;a.u fcdydkakia mSßia kï
iïNdId 33
uyf;l= yd yslalvqfõ iqux., udysñhka w;r úIaKq foúhka weoySu

ms<sn| we;sjQ jdofha § tu weoySu jerÈ njg rdu[a[ ksldhsl NsCIQkaf.a
u;hla jQ njg igyka fldg we;'
rdu[a[ ksldhsl úydria:dkj, ms<su f.h ;=< nqÿ ms<su" Y%djl

ms<su yer yskaÿ foaj ms<su n|jd ke;' fï wkqj rdu[a[ ksldhsl NsCIQka
idïm%Þhsl ckm%sh m%n, weoySula jk foúhka weoySfuka je<lS jvd;a
úpdrYS,Sj lghq;= l< nj fmfka ±kqÿ fï ;;a;ajh /lS we;'
f.äh .eiSu
f;rejka jkaokd' msKavmd; p¾hd" j;ams<sfj;a lsÍu wdÈ lghq;=

±kaùug o yÈis lrorhl § tA nj ±kaùug f.äh kñka y÷kajkq ,nk
úfYaI WmlrKhla nqoaO ld,fha mgka u Ndú;hg meñK we;' ixlsÉp
idufKar l:dfõ i|yka Ndjkdkqfhda.S NsCIQka jykafia,d ;sia kug
ú>didohdf.ka meñK .eyegl§ fidr fogqjd ,jd f.äh .eiai jQ nj
i|ykaùfuka fï lreK ikd: fõ'22 ,laÈj mqrdK NsCIq Èkpßhdfjys
f.äh .eiSu .ek i|yka fõ'
,S fldghl ueo Trejla fuka idÞ fuu WmlrKh idÞf.k we;'

wÈka jir ;sy y;<sylg fmr l,d;=rlska we;eï .%dóh úydria:dkj, o
olskakg ,enQ fuu WmlrKh ksldhsl wrKH fhda.dY%uj, wog;a Ndú;fha
mj;S'23 f,dayfhka f,dayhg .eiSu NsCIQkag wdm;a;slr fyhska fuh jvd
fhda.H jQ lem jQ WmlrKhla f,i ie<lsh yelsh'
zzwjirZZ wduka;%Kh
ishï yd wurmqr foksldfha fkdue;s NdId jHjydrhla rdu[a[

ksldfha Þhlhka w;r fuka u NsCIQka w;r o Ndú;d fõ' rdu[a[ ksldfha
.sys Þhl Nj;ayq NsCIQka jykafia,dg zzwjirZZ hk jpkfhka wduka;%Kh
lr;s' NsCIqyq o ;ukag jvd jeä uy¨ NsCIQka jykafia,dg fuu jpkfhka
wduka;%Kh lr;s' fuh NsCIQka jykafia,dg jvd;a f.!rjh i|yd Ndú;hg
fhdÞ .;a" zzwjir iajdóka jykaiZZ" hk jpk ;=k flá ùfuka iEÿk
jpkhla nj fmfka' we;eï NsCIQka jykafia,dg ±kg;a fuu jpkh ;ksj
Ndú;d fkdlr zzwjir iajdóka jykaiZZ" hkqfjkau jHjydr lr;s'
34 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
úydrdêm;s moú m;alsÍu
úydrdêm;s NsCIQka jykafia kula wmj;a jQ úg tA wdÞykfhka miq

wdÞykhg md;% jQ ia j ks l dhs l jeäys á Ns C IQ k a jyka f ia , d ueÈy;a j
wkaf;ajdisl ioaêúydßl NsCIQka iys; iïuqL ix>hd úiska iqÿiq NsCIqjla
tA úydrdêm;s moúhg ;djld,slj m;a lrkq ,efí' úydrdêm;s moúhla
;djld,slj m;alsÍfï § o l,ska isá úydrdêm;Ska jykafiaf.a wkaf;ajdisl
Ns C IQ k a w;r úydrdêm;s l ug iq ÿ ia f ila is à ±hs m<uq j i,ld n,hs '
Wkajykafia,d w;r ke;fyd;a ioaêúydßl NsCIQka w;r iqÿiafila isà±hs
fojkqj i,ld n,kq we;' tA fomlaIhu w;r iqÿiq NsCIqjla ke;skï
fjk;a NsCIqjla ms<sn|j ksldh jHjia:dkql+,j i,ld n,kq we;' tA
;djld,slj m;a lrk úydrdêm;s moúh m%dfoaYSh ix> iNdfjka iïu;
úh hq;=h' tfia iïu; jQ ish¿ jd¾;d mQcH;r uyd f,aLldêldÍ ysñhka
u.ska ksldhsl ldrl ix> iNdjg fhduq fldg ;=kauila úfrdaO;d n,d
iïu; jQ miq mQcH;r uyd f,aLldêldÍ jykafia úiska i[aØ f,aLldêldÍ
jykafia fj; úydrdêm;s iïuq;s m;%hla ksl=;a lrk f,i kshu lrkq
,efí' tA wkqj ,shdmÈxÑ úydrdêm;s iïuq;s m;%h i[aØ f,aLldêldÍ
jykafia úiska m%dfoaYSh ix> iNdfõ f,aLldêldÍ jykafia fj; tjkq
,efí' úydrdêm;s iïuq;s m;%h m%dfoaYSh ix> iNd f,aLldêldÍ jykafiaf.ka
,nd.; hq;=h'
fï wkq j rdu[a [ uyd ks l dfha ;djld,s l úydrdêm;s moúhg

m;alsÍfï§ o YsIHdkqYsIH nj fyda idiksl ifydaor;ajh muKla fkdj
iqÿiqlï ms<sn|j úfYaIfhka i,ld n,kq ,efí' wkaf;ajdisl ioaêúydßl
fomsßiu w;r iqÿiq NsCIqjla ke;fyd;a fjk;a iqÿiq NsCIqjla fyda jHjia:djg
wkqj úydrdêm;s moúhg m;alsÍug bv we;'
m%Odk iqÿiqlï w;r hg;a msßfihska mia jij;a imqrdÆ NsCIqjla ùu"
Þhlhskaf.a wd.ñl lghq;= imqrd,Sug iu;a fpdaokd" mfrdamjdo rys;
,Êð NsCIq kula ùu o we;=<;a fõ' fuu jHjia:djg wkqj rdu[a[ uyd
ksldfha úydrdêm;s moú m;alsÍfï§ fjk;a ksldhj, fuka idufKar"
kjl úydrdêm;s NsCIQka m;a lrkq fkd ,efí' wkaf;ajdisl" ioaêúydßl
NsCIQka w;ßka fcHIaG jQ mu‚kau m;a lrkq fkd,efí'
iïNdId 35
by; lS fuu rdu[a[ ksldh jHjia:djg wkqj Y%S ,xld rdu[a[

ksldfha w;smQcH uydkdhl udysñmdKka jykafiaf.a iajdNsu;hg wkqj
úydrdêm;s moúh m;alsÍu fkdlrkq ,efí'
rdu[a [ ks l dhs l Ns C IQ k a f .a wkkH;dj ms < s n | by;s k a ±la j q K q

lreKqj,g wu;rj ±yeá l+re iE§u" mdúÉÑ lsÍu o l,d;=rlska wrKHia:dk
úfõlia:dkd§ ;ekaj, yer fndfyda úydria:dkj, olakg fkd,efí' tu
ksldhsl mer‚ NsCIQka jykafia,d úld,fha f;a-fldams mdkfhka o je<l=Kdy'
tA .ek jdo újdo mjd we;s úh' tfy;a ±kg .s,kamig f;a" fldams j<|;s'
wixL; ks¾jdK Od;=j yer ixL; ish,a, wks;H jQ f,dalhl mqoa.,hd

o mqoa., m%;sm;a;s o fjkia ù hEu mqÿuhlg lreKla fkdfõ' iudc"
wd¾Ól" ixialD;sl" wOHdmksl" foaYmd,ksl" ;dCI‚l yd wkHd.ñl úúO
n,fõ.j,g uqyqK foñka NsCIq;ajh mj;ajd f.khEfï§ fkdfhla fjkiaùï
isÿùug we;s bv m%ia:d nyq,ùu óg fya;=jhs'
fï lreK fufia fj;;a ;:d.;hka jykafia nqÿ njg m;a jQ wjia:dfõ

múgq ureg jÞf<a Wkajykafiaf.a Y%djl NsCIq" NsCIq‚" Wmdil" Wmdisld
hk isõjkla msßi jHla;" úkS;" úidro nyqY%e;" O¾uOr" O¾udkqO¾u
m%;smkak" idóÑ m%;smkak" wkqO¾updÍ ;;a;ajhg m;ajk;dla msßksjka
fkdmdk njhs' tfiau Ydikh ;=< i;r wdijÜGdkSh O¾uhka my< jQ
miqj YsCIdmo meKùfï m%Odk n,dfmdfrd;a;=j jQfha o Ydikfha Ñr
meje;auhs' ießhq;a uyry;ka jykafia YsCIdmo mekùug nqÿrÿkaf.ka
b,a,Su" iqNø NsCIqjf.a m%ldYhg wkqj uyliqma ysñhka l%shd l< wdldrh"
m<uq jeks" fojeks yd f;jeks O¾u ix.dhkd meje;aùu hkd§ ish¨
lreKqj,ska meyeÈ,sjkafka tA uyry;ka jykafia,d Ydikfha O¾u úkfha
ÑriaÓ;sh fjkqfjka l%shd l< wdldrhhs' ,dxlsl isxy, uyf;rejka
jykafia,d neñ‚;shdidh wjia:dfõ§ Èú mrÿjg ;nd ;%smsgl O¾uh
wdrCId fkdlf<a kï wo f,dalhg md,s ;%smsgl O¾uh wysñjkakg bv
;sì‚'
,laÈj jßka jr úúO fya;+ka ksid msßisÿ WmiïmÞj ke;s jQ wjia:dj,

úfoaY rgj,ska msßisÿ WmiïmÞj kej; f.kjq;a WmiïmÞj fuys kej;
msysgq jQ whqre Ydik b;sydifha igyka fõ' rdu[a[ ksldh ,laÈj msysgq
jQfha o rdu[a[ foaYfhka msßisÿ WmiïmÞj f.k tAfuks' w;S;fha jev
36 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
úiQ fï ish¨ W;=uka jykafia,d lghq;= fldg we;af;a Ydikh /l.ekSfï

mú;% fÉ;kdfjks'
fufia msysgqjk ,o rdu[a[ ksldfha w;smQcH uykdysñmdKka jykafia"

m% O dk wkq k dhl" wêlrK kdhl" ufyda m dOHdh wd§ wêldÍ W;= u ka
jykafia,d we;=¿ ldrl md,l ix> iys; iajdóka jykafia,d o mQcH;r
f,aLldêldÍ jykafia o lemùfuka uy;a Wkkaÿfjka tu ksldh m%;sm;a;s
.relj ukdj mj;ajd .ekSu fjkqfjka l%shd lrf.k hkakdy' fï wkqj
j;aukays o Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ ksldh is,aj;a" .=Kj;a" nyqY%e;" O¾uOr"
úkhOr" ix> fidaNk .=Kfhka hq;= mQckSh uyf;reka jykafia,df.ka
fkdisia nj wjidk jYfhka m%ldY l< yelsh'
mdol igyka
1' zzmKa K ÉP;a ; ka ; s Z Z ;d,mKa K d§ys fha y s fla y s Ñ l;x" iuka ; mdidÈld
úkhÜGl:d" fyajdú;drK uqøKh" 665 msg'
2' W,xl=,fï Y%S irKxlr uyd iajdñJø pß;h yd Ydia;%fj,a,sfha Wmfiak uyd
iajdñJø pß;h' rdclSh mKaä; ks;,j ØfKaij a r uyd ia:úr iajdóka jykafia"
ixialdrl ( mQcHmdo ul=,Efõ úu, uyd ia:úr" 2002 fojk uqøKh" II msg'
3' tu 40 jeks msg'
4' rdu[a[ jxYh" ud;f,a idik;s,l iajdóka jykafia" wkq, uqøKd,h" 1964"
105-106 msgq'
5' tu" 106 jeks msg'
6' zzwfhda m;af;da u;a;sld m;af;da cd;shd lmamshd ÿfõZZ" l=ÿisl" 68 .d:dj'
7' mdÑ;a;sh md,s I" NslaLq úNx." fiaÅhd ldKavh" 490 msgqj'
8' mámÞ O¾u Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 1997" 24 msg'
9' wkqcdkñ NslaLfõ c rckdks" uQ, rckx nkaO rckx ;j
m;a; rckx mqmaM rckx M, rck;a;s" uyd j.a. md,s'
oaú;Sh Nd.h" ÖjrlaLkaOlh" nq( c( uqøKh" 706 msg'
10' uQ, rckd§iQ y,soaÈx Gfm;ajd iínx uQ, rckx jÜg;s'
u[fcÜGxp ;=x.ydrxp Gfm;ajd iínx LkaO rckx jÜg;s'''''''''''''''
f,doaoxp lKavq,xp Gfm;ajd iínx ;prckx jÜg;s
w,a,sm;a;xp ks,a,sm;a;xp Gfm;ajd iínx m;a;rckx jÜg;s'''''''''''''
lsxiq mqmaMxp l=iqïy mqmamxp Gfm;ajd iínx mqmam rckx jÜg;s
M, rcfka mk k ls[aÑ k jÜg;s'''''''''''''''
iuka;mdidÈld úkhÜG l:d" uydj.a. jKaKkd" l=ÿisl.d:d wxl 67" 835 msg'
iïNdId 37
11' uyd úydr jxYfhka m%Njh jQ j¾;udk ;=ka ksldh" w;smQcH noafoa.u úu,jxi
wkqkdysñ' mámÞ O¾u Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 1997" 24 msg'
12' rdu[a[ jxYh" 112 msg'
13' uyd lmamsk j,õj" fÞvka¥j ffY,ìïndrduh" fÞvka¥j fudrfld, mkai,
wd§ ;ekaj, Wol=lafÄmiSud olakg ,efí'
14' iuka;mdidÈld úkhÜGl:d" uydj.a. jKaKkd" 785" 786 msgq'
15' uydj.a. md,s" uydlaLkaOl mínÊcd l:d" 46 msg'
16' rdu[a[ jxih" 100 msg'
17' oUfoks jxih" 13 msg'
18' wU.yj;af;a bkaÞiNjrØKidó uydkdhl
iajdóJøhka jykafiaf.a Ôjk pß;h" m%:u Nd.h"
fld;auf,a isß ioaOïujxi uyd ia:úr" m%ia:djkd" 1950" 7 msg'
19' rdu[a[ jxYh" 100-101 msgq'
20' tu" 72 msg'
21' zzmámÞZZ O¾uYdia;%Sh ix.%yh" 1997" 8 msg'
22' zztA;x .Kaäx myr;= .Kaä ioafoak ikaksm;siai;S;s
fpdarfcÜGflda .Kaäx myß" OïumoÜG l:d"
m<fjks Nd.h" fyajdú;drK uqøKh" iyiai j.a." 328 msg'
zzf.äh .eiQ l, i;x y;aÓ i;x wiai hkd§ka isys lrñkaZZ
zz;=ka mehla hjd f.äh .eiQ l,ZZ ,laÈj mqrdK Èk pßhdj'
23' zzwgg muK f.äh .eiQ l, n,j;a fkd.s,ka ish¨ fokdu /iaj''''''''ZZ
zzwyr lsi ksujd'''''''''' f.äh .eiQ l, nqÿka je|'''''''''''''''ZZ yh olajd
lugyka fufkys fldg yhg f.äh .eiQ l, úydrhg /iaj'''''''''''''''
zzmqjla.yuä;a; wrKH fiakdik l;sldj;'
zzms~q i|yd f.äh ye~ foùug m<uq''''''''''ZZ
zzmsKavmd;h i|yd f.äh ye~ jQ l,e''''''''''ZZ
Y%S l,Hd‚ fhda.dY%u ixia:d Èkpßhd" mQcHmdo kd Whfka wßhOïu uyd iajdóka
jykafia' wïn,kaf.dv uyskao uqøKd,h" 1978'
38 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldhsl mßmd,k

jHqyfha l%udkql,
+ úldYh
w;smQcH ul=,Efõ úu, uyd ia:úr
;%smsgl úYdro" Ydia;%m;s" Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyksldfha wêlrK kdhl
ks ldfha mßmd,k jHQyfha Wmßu ;,h ksfhdackh

jkafka w;smQcH uydkdhl moúfhks' m;a jQ
;eka isg moúh hdjÔúl h' ;uka jykafia wkqu;
fkdlrk ldrl iNd ;SrK kej; i,ld ne,Su
ms‚i ldrl iNdj fj; heùfï whs;sh uykdhl
udys ñ mdKka jyka f ia i;= h' Wka j yka f ia f .a
wkque;sh fkd,enQ lreKq iïnkaOfhka ;SrK
.ekSfï n,;, uydkdhl moúhg ysñ ù ;sfnk
ksid Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ ksldh tAldêldÍ n,hg
hg;aj mj;s;ehs flfkl=g fmkS hd yels h' th i;Hhla fkdfõ' iïm%Þhsl
jYfhka uydkdhl udysñhka jykafia ;ks ;SrK fkd .ks;s' Wkajykafia
ldrl fyda md,l iNdjla úiska .kakd ;SrK wkqu; lr;s' ksldfha ldrl
iNdj úiska ix> iïuq;sfhka .kq ,nk iïuq;s yd ;SrK n,d;aul lr;s'
tA wkqj úfYaI úêúOdk fhdo;s' ldrl iNdj úiska fojrla iïu; lrkq
,nk iïuq;s yd ;SrK m%;slafIam fkd lr;s' Wkajykafia moúhg m;a
jkafka ix> iïuq;sfhks' fujeks lreKq .ek is;k úg fuu moúhg
lsisfia;a u tAldêldÍ hehs fyda mqoa., noaO jQjlehs fyda wdNrKhla
muKlehs fyda m%ldY l< fkd yels h' th ix> iïuq;shg yd l;sldj;g
iïNdId 39
.re lrk moúhls' by; olajk ,o f;dr;=re wkqidrfhka .uH jkafka

ksldfha md,k m%;sm;a;s ckiïu;jdohg iudk jQjla njhs' tys moú fyda
mdrïmßl mq o a . , noa O tA j d fkdfõ' mßmd,k iïnka O fhka n,
meje;afjkafka iduqysl jYfhka iïu; lr.kakd iïuq;s yd ;SrKfhda h'
Wkajykafia md,l ix> iNdfõ yer wka ishü úOdhl iNdj, uq,iqk
.ekSu" ^tfy;a md,l iNdj wNskjfhka msysg jk m<uq /iaùfï uq,iqk
uydkdhl iajdókaøhka jykafiag wh;a fõ'& md,l iNdj úiqrejd yeÍu
yd h<s m%;sIaGdmkh lsÍu" w;sf¾l iudðlhka m;a lsÍu wdÈ jeo.;a ld¾h
iïNdrhla bgq lr;s'
^lÓld wxl - 103&
ful, ksldfha Wmßu m%Odk wêldÍ moú ixLHdj wgls ^08&' tA

hdjÔj moú wgg tla uydkdhl moúhla" wkqkdhl moú yhla iy tla
wêlrK kdhl moúhla we;=<;a fjhs' ld,hdf.a wejEfuka ixLHduh
fjkila isÿù ;sfnkafka wkqkdhl moúfha h' th wo jk úg yhla olajd
by< f.dia we;' wkqkdhl iajdóka jykafia,d uydkdhl udysñhka iyNd.S
fkdjk wjia:djkays iNdj, uq,iqk oeÍu" md,l iNdfõ iy ixj¾Ok
iNdj, iNdm;s ;k;=re ±Íu" WmßudkqúÊcl uKav,fha lghq;=j,g
iyNd.Sùu yd ldrl iNdj úiska iïu; flfrk lghq;= l%shd;aul lsÍu
i|yd fndfyda wjia:dj, wkqkdhl iajdóka jykafia,d l%shd lr;s'
^lÓld wxl - 106&
wdrïNfha isg fï olajd wêlrK kdhl moúfhys ixLHduh fjkila

isÿ ù ke;' ksldfha ishü wêlrK lghq;= fufyhjkq ,nkafka ldrl
- md,l ix> iNdj, iïuq ; s f hka m;a lrkq ,nk wêlrK kdhl
iajdókaøhka jykafia úisks' úkh msglh" l;sldj; yd ksldhsl iïm%Þhhka
W,a,x>kh fkdjk whqßka ksldhsl NsCIQkaf.a p¾hdj yd l%shdldrlï
fufyhùu" NsCIQka w;r mek k.sk wdrjq,a ksrjq,a lsÍu fuu moúh fj;
mejÍ we;s ld¾h Ndrhhs'
^lÓld wxl 108 - 109&
ksldfha mßmd,kh w;ska .;a l, n,;, w;ska l=vd tAllh m%dfoaYsl

ix> iNdjhs' tkï lsishï ksYaÑ; N+f.da,Sh n, iSudjla ;=< msysá wju
jYfhka úydria:dk ;syl iy Wmiïmkak NsCIQka y;<sia kulf.a tl;=jls'
40 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
.ukd.ukfha § u;=úh yels ÿIalr;d uq,a fldgf.k ks¾ÈIag m%ñ;j,

fjkila isÿ lr .ekSug l;sldj;ska bv § we;' m%dfoaYsl ix> iNdjl tla
fldÜGdihlg úydria:dk 20lg yd Wmiïmkak NsCIQka 25g fkd wvq jk
fia ldrl iNd wkque;sfhka fjkalr .;yelsh' m%dfoaYSh ix> iNd ixLHdj
yd ixhq;sh l=ula jqj;a tAjdg ,efnk n,;, tl iudk fõ' ;u n,;,
m%foaYh ;=< jev isák Wmiïmkak yd idufKar NsCIQkaf.a iu.shg"
wdrlaIdjg yd ÈhqKqjg wÞ<j lghq;= lsÍu" Wkajykafia,d w;r mek
k.sk wdrjq,a iu:hg m;alsÍu" úydria:dkj, mßmd,k lghq;=j,g yjq,aùu"
md,l iNdjg ;u ksfhdað;hka m;alsÍu" ;u n, m%foaYh ;=< Ydiksl
lghq;= uekúka bgq lsÍu wd§ n,;, rdYshla m%dfoaYSh ix> iNdjg mejÍ
;sfí'
^lÓld wxl - 43&
ksldh l;sldkql+,j úydria:dkfha mßmd,kh iïnkaOfhka úfYaI

n,hla m%dfoaYsl ix> iNdj i;=j mj;S' úydrdêm;sjrfhl= m;a lsÍu
hkafkka woyia lrkafka wÞ< úydria:dkfha wdrlaIdj yd mßmd,kh
i|yd uyd ix>hd fjkqfjka Ndrlrefjl= m;a lsÍuhs' tys ;j;a úfYaI
,laIKhla kï YsIHdkq YsIH mrïmrd l%uh fkd ms<s.ekSuhs' úydrdêm;s
Oqrhg m;a lsÍfï § i,ld nef,kafka m;alrkq ,nkakdf.a fhda.H;djhs'
fhda.H;d iïmQ¾K fkdl< YsIHfhl=g úydrdêm;s ;k;=r mjrkq fkd
,efí' idik kshuhka wkq.ukh fkdlrk YsIHhdg tA iïnkaOfhka
úfrdaO;d mEug ffk;sl n,hla ke; hkq fuhska meyeÈ,s jk ldrKh hs'
^lÓld wxl - 27&
m%dfoaYsl ix> iNd ixLHdj NsCIq m%cdfõ j¾Okh;a iu. ld,dkqrEmSj

wdfrdayKh jQjls' m%ia;=; wdh;kh ms<sn| ixl,amh m<uqjrg l%shdjg
kexjQ fldaÞf.dv Wmfiak udysñhkaf.a hq.fha mej;s m%dfoaYsl ix> iNd
ixLHdj 20ls' wo jk úg Èjhsk mqrd úisÍ isák rdu[a[ ksldhsl NsCIQka
rdYs.; jQ m%dfoaYsl ix> iNd ixLHdj 44 olajd by< f.dia we;' fuhska
ix> iNd myla idudðl;ajfha nyq,;ajh u; nyq fldÜGdi f,i kï lr
we;'
Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ ksldfha ó<Õ n, wêldrh md,l ix> iNdj kï

fõ' th m%dfoaYsl ix> iNd úiska m;a lrkq ,nk ksfhdað;hkaf.a ieÿï
iïNdId 41
,oafoa fjhs' idudkHfhka tla m%dfoaYsl ix> iNdjla tys ksfhdackh jkafka
wÞ< ix> iNdj úiska m;a lrkq ,nk ;u idudðl ;=ka kula u`.sks' nyq
fldÜGdi w;=ßka l=reKE., yd ksljeráh - jdßhfmd< hk ix> iNd
fol isjq ku ne.ska o" fld<U" lE.,a," wkqrdOmqrh ix> iNd ;=k yh ku
ne.ska o" tys ksfhdackh lr;s' tA ;=kaku w;ßka tla kula ldrl iNsl
f,i o" tla kula Èid md,l f,i o wksla ku wkqúÊcl f,i o" md,l
ix> iNdfõ § kï fldg m;a lrkq ,n;s' nyq fldÜGdij,ska fokula
ldrl iNsl f,i o" fokula Èidmd,l f,i o" fokula wkqúÊcl f,i
o m;aùï ,nhs' fufia m;aùï ,nk Èidmd,l uyd ia:úrhka jykafiag
;u ix> iNd n,m%foaYh ;=< jevjik ish¨ ;rd;srïj, NsCIQka ms<sn|
f;dr;=re tla/ialsÍu" NsCIq ,shdmÈxÑh ms<sn| úuid ne,Su" mám;a;s ixjoaOk
iNdfõ idudðl;ajh ±Íu hk lghq;= Ndr fjhs' m%dfoaYSh ix> iNd
fldÜGdih ;=< mek k.sk idudkH wdrjq,a úi£fï n,h mejfrkafka
wkqúÊclhka jykafiag h' fndfyda úg Wkajykafia,d ;u ld¾hhka myiq
lr.kq ms‚i wi,ajeis ix> iNdj, wkqúÊclhka jykafia,df.a iyh
,nd .ks;s' fuf,i f;dard.;a ksfhdað;hskaf.ka hqla; fldg j¾I y;lg
jrla ne.ska m;a lrkq ,nk md,l ix> iNdjg wêldÍka jykafia,d 08
ku o ks,OdÍka jykafia,d 15 ku o" ufydamdOHdhka jykafia,d 15 ku
o m<d;a kdhl ysñjre 07 ku o ^±kg m;alr we;& úfYaI wjYH;d u; uy
kdysñhka úiska m;alrkq ,nk 10 ku o uydkdhl udysñhka jykafiaf.a
iy uy f,aLldêldÍka jykafiaf.a iydh f,alïjre 02 ku o ks, n,fhka
m;a fj;s' ksldfha l;sldj; iïnkaOfhka wjidk n,dêldrh md,l ix>
iNdjhs'
^lÓld wxl - 48-68&
mßmd,kh iïnkaOfhka úYd, j.lSï iys; uOH ixúOdkh ldrl

ix> iNdjhs' md,l ix> iNdjg m;a jk idudkH m%dfoaYsl ix> iNd
ks f hda ð ;hs k a ;s f okd w;ßka tla kula ne.s k a o nyq fldÜGdij,
ksfhdað;hkaf.ka foku ne.ska o" ldrl ix> iNdfõ idudðl;ajhg
md,l iNdj úiska m;a lrkq ,n;s' wêldÍka jykafia,d 08 ku o ks,OdÍka
jykafia,d 15 ku o ufydamdOHdhka jykafia,d 15 ku o m<d;a kdhl
ysñjre 07 ku o iydh f,alïjre foku o w;sf¾l idudðlhka foku o
ks, n,fhka fuys idudðl;ajh ,n;s' fï wkqj j¾;udkfhys uq¿ idudðl
ixLHdj 95la jk ldrl iNdjg Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uydksldh md,kh
lsÍfï úOdhl n,h ysñ fõ'
^lÓld wxl 68 - 72&
42 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
l;sldkql+,j j¾I y;rlg jrla ne.ska w¨;a flfrk wks;a md,k

ixúOdkh úfYaIdêldÍ uKav,h kï fõ' m%Odk wêldÍka jykafia,d 08
ku;a" ks,OdÍka jykafia,d 15 ku;a ldrl iNdfõ fcHIaG ksfhdað;
kul=;a" fuys idudðlfhda fj;s' ldrl iNdj /iajkafka f;uilg jrla
ne.ska ksid tA w;r;=r mek k.sk m%Yak yd .eg¨ fuka u úúO wxYj,ska
,efnk b,a,Sï yd fhdackdÈh flfrys blaukska wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï
wjYH;djh u; msysgqjk ,o úfYaIdêldÍ uKav,h WmfoaYl iNdjg
iudk fjhs' tys m%Odk j.lSïjkafka wÞ< ud;Dld iïnkaOfhka ksldh
úiska l%shd l< hq;= wdldrh ldrl iNdjg ks¾foaY lsÍuhs'
^lÓld wxl 72-73-74&
ldrl iNdfõ ld¾hhka jvd;a úêu;a f,i iy ld¾hlaIu f,i bgq
lsÍfï wruq‚ka mßh;a;s ixjoaOk iNdj" mám;a;s ixjoaOk iNdj" ksldh
ixjoaOk iNdj iy iudc ixj¾Ok iNdj hkqfjka wkquKav, y;rla
l% s h d;a u l fjhs ' wkq k dhl ia j dóka jyka f ia , d is j q kula tA iNdj,
iNdm;sjreka f,i o" ldrl iNsl uyd ia:úrhka jykafia,d 08 kula
tAjdfha f,aLldêldßjreka yd ksfhdacH f,aLldêldÍjreka f,i o ldrl
iNdj úiska m;a lrkq ,efn;s' ish¨ m%dfoaYsl ix> iNd ;u ksfhdað;hska
u.ska fulS iNd ish,af,ys u idudðl;ajh orhs'
^lÓld wxl 75-76&
fuhska mer‚ wkquKav,h mßh;a;s ixjoaOk iNdjhs' w;smQcH lrf;dg

bkaoidrdNsOdk uydkdhl udysñhkaf.a hq.fha § wrUk ,o fuu iNdfõ
m%Odk ld¾hNdrh NsCIQkaf.a O¾u ×kh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu ms‚i Èh;a lrk
ish¨ Ydia;%Sh lghq;= l%shd;aul jkafka fuu wkquKav,h Tiafia h'
^lÓld wxl 77-78-79&
tA tA m% d foa Y s l ix> iNdfõ Èid md,l uyd ia : ùrhka jyka f ia

wksjd¾hfhka u idudðl;ajh ,nk mám;a;s ixj¾Ok iNdfõ j.lSu
ksldhsl NsCIQka ;=< Ydiksl m%;smÞ iy wej;=ï-mej;=ï flfrys f.!rjh
yd úYajdi j¾Okh lsÍuhs' tA Wfoid fuu iNdj úNd." iïuka;%K"
idlÉPd jevuq¿ wdÈh Wmfhda.S fldg .kshs'
ks l dh ixjoa O k iNdfõ ld¾hNdrh" ks l dh yd ks l dhs l Ns C IQ k a

jykafia,d ms<sn|j f;dr;=re tla/ia lsÍu" m%dfoaYsl ix> iNdj, lghq;=
iïNdId 43
Èßu;a lsÍu yd úêu;a lsÍu;a tfiau ksldfha jHdma;sh Wfoid l%shdud¾.

.ekSuhs'
^lÓld wxl 83-84-85&
iudc ixj¾Ok iNdj rdu[a[ ksldhsl úydria:dkj, msysgqjd ;sfnk

.sys ixúOdkj, .=Kd;aulNdjh" M,Þhs;ajh yd ld¾hYS,S;ajh ÈhqKq lsÍfï
wruqKq we;sj l%shd;aul fjhs' rgjdiS úúO ck fldgia w;f¾ iu.sh yd
iudÞkh fuka u iÞpdrh ixj¾Okh lsÍu ms‚i o jHdmD;s ilia lrhs'
^lÓld wxl 86-87-88&
hg olajk ,o ish¨ úia;r idrdxY fldg.;a l, ksldfha wdrCIdj"

ÈhqKqj meje;au yd md,kh ms<sn| lghq;= by; i|yka l< ixúOdk
;=kgu fmdÿ jQ m%Odk ld¾hfhda fj;s'
wêldÍka jykafia,d yereKq úg" md,l ixúOdk ish,af,ys u ks,

n,fhka idudðl;ajh ,nk ks,OdÍka jykafia,d myf<diakula ^15& .ek
by; i|yka lrk ,§' tA fufiah'
uydf,aLldêldÍ - ksfhdacH uydf,aLldêldÍ

^j¾;udkfha fokula&
i[aØ f,aLldêldÍ - ksfhdacH i[aØ f,aLldêldÍ
wêlrK f,aLldêldÍ - ksfhdacH wêlrK f,aLldêldÍ
mßh;a;s ixjoaOk f,aLldêldÍ - ksfhdacH mßh;a;s ixjoaOk
f,aLldêldÍ
mám;a;s ixjoaOk f,aLldêldÍ - ksfhdacH mám;a;s ixjoaOk
f,aLldêldÍ
ksldh ixjoaOk f,aLldêldÍ - ksfhdacH ksldh ixjoaOk
f,aLldêldÍ
iudc ixjoaOk f,aLldêldÍ - ksfhdacH iudc ixjoaOk
f,aLldêldÍ
by; lS ish¨ ks,OdÍka m;alrkafka ldrl ix> iNdjhs' tA w;=ßka

uyd f,aLldêldÍka jykafiag ksldfha m%Odk úOdhl n,h mejÍ ;sfí'
m%:u jrg ksldfha m%Odk ks,h f,i uy f,aLl ;k;=r ia:dms; jQfha 1924
44 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
§ h' tA ksldh msysgqjd w¾O Y;j¾Ihlg miqj h' m%Odk iNdj, /iaùï
le|ùu" wÞ< kHdhm;% ilia lsÍu" ksldfha ;Skaÿ wdÈh l%shd;aul lsÍu yd
wÞ< mqoa.,hskag fyda ;ekaj,g ±kqï§u" m%Odk iNdj," ixj¾Ok iNdj,
yd m%dfoaYsl ix> iNdj, mqrmamdvq msrùu i|yd lghq;= lsÍu' ksldfha
wêlrK wxYh" i[aØ f,aLldêldÍ ld¾hd,h ixjoaOk iNd" iukafkaikd
iNdj wd§ ksldfha ia:djr yd ;djld,sl wxY iu. ksrka;r .kqfokq lsÍu
wdÈ lghq;= iïNdrhla uyd f,aLldêldÍka jykafiaf.a fufyhùu hgf;a
l%shd;aul fõ' uyd f,aLldêldÍka jykafia ksldfha ish¨ wxY iïnkaOfhka
j.lsj hq;= jkakdy' ksfhdacH uy f,aLldêldÍka jykafia,d ;u m%Odkshdg
iyh olajk w;r Wkajykafia,dg u jQ ld¾hNdrhka o bgq lr;s'
^lÓld wxl 114-115&
uyd f,aLldêldÍ moúhg;a jvd mer‚ jQ i[aØ f,aLldêldÍ moúh

l,la ;siafia ksldh ;=< úldYkh fjñka tk mer‚ ks,hls' tu moúfha
uQ,sl ld¾hNdrhjQ Wmiïmkak kjlhkag ix.S;sm;% ,shd§uhs' uq, § ldrl
ix> iNdfõ f,alï lghq;= wkshñka Ndr jQfha i[aØf,aLl ks,hg h'
1924 olajdu ldrl iNdfõ f,alï lghq;= ish,a, bgq lrk ,oafoa fuu
ks,h ±rE uyf;reka jykafia úisks' w;smQcH fmd;af;afj, m[a[didr
uydkdhl udysñhkaf.a ld,fha § WmiïmÞj ms<sn|j lghq;=j,g w;sf¾l
jYfhka ixLHdf,aLk yd úkh l¾u ms<sn| ish¨ ld¾hhka we;=<;a fldg
i[aØf,aLl ;k;=f¾ ld¾hNdrh mq¿,a lrk ,§'
^lÓld wxl 114-115&
uq,a ld,fha § jHjydrhg .;a fuu moú kdufha w¾:h fndfyda

fokdg m%fya,sldjla j we;' tfy;a md,s NdIdjg wh;a ,sys,a jpkhla jQ
thska m%ldY jkafka kï ,shk ks,Odßhd hkakhs' ^we;eï ksldhj, fuu
moú kdu f,aLl hkqfjka o fhdokq olakg ,efí&' wdrïNl wjêfha isgu
tys ld¾hNdrh moú kdufhka m% l dY jk iS u dj bla u jd úys § ;s f í'
Wmiïm;a;s,dNSkag ix.S;sm;% ,shd§fï ld¾hfhka wdrïN jQ tu ks,hg
uq,a ld,fha § ksldfha /iaùïj,§ f,aLk lghq;= ish,a, o bgq lsÍug isÿ
ù ;sìK' uyd f,aLldêldÍ moúh m%;sIaGdmkh lsÍfuka wk;=rej o tA
;;a;ajfhka fjkila jQ nj fkd fmfka' f:ar - uOHu" kjl fukau
Wmiïmkak idufKar NsCIQka iy úydrdêm;s wd§ Ydiksl ;k;=re orkakka
,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu tA ms<sn| f,aLk wdrCId fldg mj;ajdf.k hdu" ksldhg
iïNdId 45
wh;a úydria:dk" wdrdu" fhda.dY%u" msßfjka wd§ wdh;k ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu" tA

ms<sn| ixLHd f,aLk ilia lsÍu" WmiïmÞ iSudnkaOkh wd§ .re úkh
l¾uj, ixúOdhl;ajh ±Íu hk m%Odk lghq;= tu ks,h fj; mejÍ we;'
Wkajykafiaf.a iyhg ksfhdacH i[aØ f,aLldêldÍ kula o isá;s' fuu
moú kdufha w¾:h;a tys úIhm:h;a fln÷ o hkak ñka jgyd .; yels h'
ks l dfha wêlrKh b;d jeo.;a ks l dhs l ld¾hdxYhls ' f;jk

uydkdhl udysñhka jykafiaf.a ld,fha § m%;sIaGdmkh l< wêlrK
kdhl moúh iu. fïjd ixúOdkh ùu wdrïN ù we;' wo jk úg tu
wxYfha ish¨ ld¾hhka fufyhùu ms<sn| mQ¾K j.lSu Ndr.;a kdhl
ia j dóka ø hka jyka f ia kula iys ; j m% O dk iy ks f hda c H wêlrK
f,aLldêldÍka jykafia,d fokulf.ka o wêlrK uKav, ;=klska o
iukaú; fjhs' jir y;lg jrla msysgjkq ,nk md,l ix> iNdjg m%dfoaYsl
ix> iNdj,ska tjeks ksfhdað;hka ;sfokd w;ßka tla kula ne.ska f;dard
wkqúÊcl uKav,hla o wkqkdhl iajdókaøhka jykafia,d we;=¿ ldrl
iNdfjka m;a lrk 11 kulska iukaú; WmßudkqúÊcl uKav,hlska o
wêlrK wxYh fmdaIKh ù we;'
^lÓld wxl 109&
iukafkaik iNdj kñka wkqldrl iNdjla o l;sldj;aj,g wkql+,j

l%shd;aul fõ' ksldfha ufydamdOHdh jeks hï hï moú wfmaCId lrk
uydia:úrhka jykafia,df.a iy ksldfha iïudfkdamdê wfmaCId lrk
foaYSh yd úfoaYSh meúÈ yd .sys mskaj;=ka fhdað; moúhg fyda Wmdêhg ksis
iqÿiqlï mÍCId lsÍu;a tA fhdackdj, iqÿiq-kqiqÿiq nj ks¾foaY lsÍu;a fuu
wkquKav,fha j.lSï h'
flakaøSh md,k wêldßh yd m%dfoaYsl ix> iNd w;r u;=jk .eg¨

flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l< Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ ksldfha ldrl iNdj Bg
tla m%;sl¾uhla jYfhka tA tA m<d;aj, m%dfoaYSh ix>iNd ks,OdÍkaf.a yd
tA tA m%foaYhg wh;a md,l iNslhkaf.a;a leue;af;ka m<d;a ix>kdhl
ia:úrhka jykafia,d tla kula ne.ska f;dard.kq ,efí' ksldfha m%Odk
wêldÍka jykafia,d iy ks,OdÍka jykafia,d yd tlaj m<df;a m%Yak
iïnkaOfhka l%shd lsÍu;a NsCIQka jykafia,df.a wNsjDoaêh ms‚i úêúOdk
ie,iSu;a tu moúfha ld¾hNdrh jkq we;'
^lÓld wxl 110-112&
6 - CM23766
46 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
ksldhg úYsIag fiajhla isÿfldg WmiïmÞfjka jia y;<syla iïmQ¾K

fldg we;s fuu ia:úrhka jykafia,d 15 kula ufydamdOH ;k;=re i|yd
m;a lsÍu o l;sldjka wkql+,j isÿ flf¾' fï 15 ku o md,l-ldrl
iNdj, hdj Ôj .re idudðlhka jykafia,d fj;s'
^lÓld wxl 89-91&
Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ ksldhg u iïnkaO wdrKH fiakdik yd fhda.dY%u

rdYshla o l%shd;aulj mj;S' thska l,HdŒ fhda.dY%u ixia:dj ksldfha
wjirh mßÈ jd¾Islj WmiïmÞ úkh l¾u wdÈh isÿ lrhs' ksldhj,ska
úfYaI ufydamdOHdh moúhla o fhda.dY%u ix> iNdfõ fcHIaG ysñ kulg
m%odkh lrhs' NsCIq ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍï wdÈfhys § o wdrKH yd fhda.dY%u NsCIq
msßi o uyd kdhl ud ysñhkaf.a w;aikska ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu isÿ lr;s'
^lÓld wxl 153-158&
uE; § l< ióCIKhg wkqj" ful, ksldfha ,shdmÈxÑ jQ úydria:dk

ixLHdj tlaoyia wgishh blaujhs' NsCIQkaf.ka f;drùu ksid md¿jg .sh
úydria:dk ixLHdj iy ksldfha fhda.dY%u ixia:dj f,i l%shd;aul jk
wdrKH yd fiakdik ixLHdj óg we;=<;a fkdfõ' ksldfha idudðl;ajh
ork Wmiïmkak yd idufKar NsCIq ixLHdj wgoyilg wdikakh' NsCIQ
wOHdmkh fjkqfjka rcfha wdOdr ,nk msßfjka ixLHdj 158ls' idufKar
wdh;k ixLHdj 06ls' ksldfha úydria:dk u.ska fufyjkq ,nk oyï
mdi,a ixLHdj 1"600 lg wêl h' ukd ixúOdkhls k a hq l a ; j úYd,
mßudKfhka l%shd;aul jk iudcfiajd wdh;k ie<lshhq;= ixLHdjla o
ksldh i;=h'
fujeks m%cd;dka;%sl yd ckiïu;jd§ ,CIKj,ska fmdfydi;a jQ

md,k rgdjlg wkql+,j lghq;= lrk Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ ksldh 2013 cQ,s
ui 13 jeksÞg jhiska wjqreÿ 150 iïmQ¾K flre‚' .; jQ ld,mßÉfþoh
;=< § tu.ska Ydikhg yd ck;djg isÿ jQ Ydiksl" wd.ñl" ixialD;sl
fiajdjka ms<sn|j h:d¾:jd§ we.hSula lsÍug ±ka ld,h meñK ;sfí' 2014
cQ,s 13 olajd jQ j¾Ih ;=< tu we.hSu isÿfldg ksldhsl mqk¾Ôjk jev
igyka l%shd;aul lsÍug ksldh ldrl iNdj úiska úêúOdk i,iajd we;'
iïNdId 47
rdu[a[ ksldfha wêlrK l%uh

uydpdhœ w;a;x.fka r;kmd, ia:úr
wêlrKhla hkq zzúi÷ï iys; .egqulaZZ f,i o

wêlrK iu: hkak .egqï ksrdlrKh f,i o
újrKh lrkq ±lsh yelsh' tA wkqj" ix>hd w;r
we;sjk .egqï ix>dêlrK hkqfjka wre;a ±laúh
yelsh' tn÷ .egqï we;sùug fya;=jk lreKq fyj;a
újdo uQ< yhla uÊCêu ksldh WmßmKKdilfha
idu.du iQ;%fhys olajd we;'
î& fldOfkd fyd;s WmkdyS

^fl%daOfhka ffjr ne| .ekSu&
îi& uCÇ fyd;s m,diS

^.=Kul=j tlg tl lsÍu&
îii& biaiqlS fyd;s uÉPÍ

^B¾IHdj yd uiqrelu&
îv& ifGd fyd;s udhdù

^lmálu yd /já,s iajNdjh&
48 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
^v& mdmsÉfPd fyd;s ñÉPd ÈÜÀ

^mdmhg leu;s nj yd jerÈ ±lSfuka hqla; ùu&
^vi& iJÈÜÀ mrdudiS fyd;s wdOdk.dyS ÿmamá ksiai.ayS

îajlSh u;fhau ;rfha t,an isàu yd jro .%yKh lr .ekSu&
oafõI uQ,slj wdOdk.%dySj lghq;= lrk NsCIqjlf.ka hqla;shla fyda

O¾uhla wfmaCId l< fkdyelsh' wêlrKhla úksYaph l< o iu:hlg
m;al< fkdyelafla tn÷ oDIaá .%dyS NsCIQka ksidh' tn÷ NsCIqjla f;rejka
flfrys f.!rj iïm%hqla; fkdfõ' Nla;su;a o ie±yej;a o fkdfõ' ix>hd
w;r jdo-újdo we;s lsÍug" fNao Nskak;d we;s lsÍug W;aidy lrhs' thska
fndfyda fokdg úm;a isÿfõ' wdkkaoh" Tn <Õ fyda wka wfhl= <Õ fï
jerÈ" fï fodaI iq¿fjka fyda olakg ,efnfyd;a tA yeu ÿrelr jkakg"
W;aidy .; hq;=h' tjeks jerÈ ;ud <Õ fyda wka wfhl= <Õ fyda we;akï"
tA yeu u;= fkdjk f,i l%shd l< hq;=h" hkqfjka nqÿyq jÞr;s'
wdkka o h" Th újdo uQ , hka f .ka yg .ka k d wêlrK i;frls '

újdodêlrKh" wkq j dÞêlrKh" wdm;a ; dêlrKh" ls É pdêlrKh hk
i;rhs' tfiau tu wêlrK ikais|ùug wÞ< iu: lrK i;ls' iïuqLd
úkh" i;s úkh" wuq<y úkh" má[aØ;lrKh" fhN+hHisldj" ;iai
mdmshHisldj" ;sKjF:drl hkqfjks'
î& O¾uh" wO¾uh jYfhkq;a" wO¾uh O¾uh jYfhkq;a" wúkh

úkh jYfhkq;a" úkh - wúkh jYfhkq;a f.k NsCIQka jdo
újdo we;s lr.;a úg" ix>hd iïuqLj - tla /iaj" tAjdfha yß -
jerÈ mÍlaId fldg" O¾uhg - úkhg wkql+,j ;SrKh ,nd§fuka
lrK iu:h iïuqLd úkh kï jQ iu: lrKhhs'
îi& ry;ka jykafia kulg" mdrdðld§ weje;lska fpdaokd lrk

l,ays" Wkajykafiaf.a b,a,Su mßÈ ix>hd i;s úkh §fuka iu:hg
m;a lsÍu" i;s úkh" iu:lrKhhs'
îii& Wu;=j isáh§ l< lS foa wkqj" mdrdðld wd§ wej;ska fpdaokd
lrk l,ays" Wu;=j isg h:d ;;a;ajhg m;aj isák NsCIqjla"
udf.ka tA jerÈ flfrkakg we;af;a Wu;= nj ksidh' tfyhska
iïNdId 49
ud ksoyia l< hq;= hehs wheo isá l,ays" ix>hd wuQ<y úkh
iïuq;sfhka wêlrKh iu:hg m;a lsÍu wuQ<y úkh iu:
lrKhhs'
îv& ;ud m;a jQ wje; ms<sf.k foiSfuka wêlrKh iu:hlg m;a

lsÍu' má[Ø; lrK iu:hhs'
^v& yg.;a jdo - újdo tA tA ;kaysu mis|ùug m%udKj;a NsCIq msßila

fkdjk l,ays" NsCIQka isák ;eklg f.dia O¾ujd§kaf.a jeä
leue;af;ka jdo - újdo iu:hg m;a lsÍu fhN+hHisld iu:
lrKhhs'
^vi& fpdaokdjla lsÍfuka miq jrla ms<.

s ekSfuka o jrla fkdms<.
s ekSfuka
o w;=re l:d lsÍudÈfhka o ;ud m;a jQ wej; jika lsÍug
W;aidy orK NsCIqj" mdmsfhl= jYfhka iïu; lsÍfuka lrk
iu:h" ;iai mdmshHisld iu: lrKh kï fõ'
^vii& fomila w;r jdo - újdo we;s jQ l,ays tAjdg ;=vq ÿka lreKq
úuikakg hdfuka" jdo -újdo yd wiu.sh jeä fõ kï" ix>dÈfiai
yd .syshka ms<sn| jQ weje;a yer b;sß weje;a ;K w;=rd l=Kq
f.dvla" wY+Ñ f.dvla" jid oukakd fia jid ±ófuka" fkdi<ld
yeÍfuka lrK iu:h" ;sK jF:drl iu: lrKh kï fõ'
hk fï l%ufhka wêlrKh iu:hg m;a l< hq;=h' tfiau" wdkkaoh"

NsCIQkaf.a tAlSh;ajhg" iu.shg fya;=jk idrdŒh O¾u ifhls'
î& in%yupdÍka flfrys ffu;%S ldh l¾ufhka hqla; ùu'

îi& in%yupdÍka flfrys ffu;%S jd.a l¾ufhka hqla; ùu'
îii& in%yupdÍka flfrys ffu;%S ufkda l¾ufhka hqla; ùu'
îv& ±yeñka ,o foh idOdrK fNda.S f,i N=la;s ú£u'
^v& iS,fhka iudk njg meñK úiSu'
^vi& oDIaáfhka" m%×fjka iudk njg meñK úiSu'
50 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
fï O¾u wkq.ukh lsÍfuka" ix>hd w;r iu.sh j¾Okh fõ' jdo

- újdo yg fkd.kS' .egqï ksrdlrKh ms‚i nqÿrÿka wkqo;a fuu l%ufõoh
idu.du iQ;%fhys wka;¾.;h' fï wkqj" ix>hdf.a iqL úyrKh o Ydikfha
ksr¾nqo ÑriaÓ;sh o ms‚i nqÿrÿka fuu mshjr f.k we;s nj tu iQ;%
újrKfhka fmfka' fuhska ix>dêlrKfha iajNdjh o ix>dêlrKhl§
ms<smeÈh hq;= wdldrh o olajd we;s ieá meyeÈ,sh'
nqÿrÿka úkh YsCIdmo mkjd jÞf<a ldrKd 10la wfmaCIdfjks'
1' ix> iqÜGq;dh ( ix>hdf.a hym; ms‚i'

2' ix> Mdiq;dh ( ix>hdf.a myiqj ms‚i'
3' ÿïuxl=kx mq.a.,dkx ( ÿ¾uqL mqoa.,hkag ks.%y ms‚i'
ks.a.ydh
4' fmi,dkx NsCLqkx Mdiq ( m%shYS,s NsCIQkag myiqj ms‚i'
úydrdh
5' ÈÜG Oïñldkx wdijdkx ( fuf,dj fl<iqkaf.a ixjrh
ixjrdh ms‚i'
6' iïmrdhsldkx wdijdkx ( mrf,dj flf<iqka j<lkq
má>d;dh ms‚i'
7' wmamikakdkx midÞh ( fkdmeyeÿKjqkaf.a meye§u
ms‚i'
8' mikakdkx ySfhHdNdjdh ( meyeÿKjqkaf.a jeä meye§u
ms‚i'
9' ioa O ïuÜÀ;s h dh ( Ydikfha ÑriaÓ;sh ms‚i'
10' úkhdkq.a.ydh ( úkhg wkq.%y ms‚i'
hk lreKq wfmaCIdfjks' tfiau ix>dêlrK moaO;shla we;s fldg

jÞf<a o wêlrK yg.kakd újdouQ, keue;s fya;+ka o olajd tAjd je<elaùug
yd ksrdlrKhg wÞ< uÕ fmkaùu o lrñks' Ydik ÑriaÓ;sh o ix>
idu.%sh o wfmaCIdfjka tu uÕ fmkaùug wkqj l%shd lsÍu j¾;udk NsCIq
iudcfha o j.lSu jkafka h'
ix>dêlrKhl§ úkh uQ , dY% h ;a " ks l dh l;s l dj;;a " Ydiks l

iïm% Þ hh;a Wmfhda . S lrf.k úks Y a p h ,nd§u;a " bka wk;= r ej tu
ms<sfj,gu iu:lrKh isÿlsÍu;a Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldfha wêlrK
iïNdId 51
ixúOdk jHQyh ;=<ska isÿ flf¾' tA i|yd wkqúÊclhka jykafia,dg by;

olajk ,o ;=ka wdldr fCIa;%hka ms<sn| mq¿,a wjfndaOhla ,nd§ug mshjr
f.k we;' ksldh" NsCIq ixia:dj md,kfhys ,d wêlrK fCIa;%fhys úê
úOdkhkays úfYaI n,mEula we;s fyhska wêlrK úksYaphka yd iu:lrK
l%shdj,Ska ms<sn| úYajdih ;yjqre jk whqßka l%shdlsÍu ksldh n,OdÍkaf.a
o Ydik NdrOdÍka f .a o úfYa I fhka wêlrK ks , OdÍ wkq ú Êclhka
jykafia,df.a o j.lSu fõ'
Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldfha wêlrK lghq;= ms<sn| meyeÈ,s igykla
tu ksldh l;sldjf;a tAldoYu mßÉfþofha ±lafõ' wkqúÊcl iNd yd
wêlrK úksYaph" ld¾h ixúOdkh hk ud;Dldj hgf;a th l;sldjf;ys
we;=<;a fldg we;' ksldh ixúOdkhg wkqj" ksldfha m%dfoaYsl ix> iNd
fldÜGdi 44ls' tA iEu m%dfoaYSl ix> iNdjlgu m%dfoaYsl wkqúÊclhka
jykafia ix> iNd idudðlhka jykafia ;=ka ku w;=ßks' th md,l uyd
ix> iNdfõ § kï lrkq ,en" ldrl iNd iïu;fhka m;alrkq ,efí' tA
wkqj m%dfoaYsl ix> iNd 44g m%dfoaYsl wkqúÊclhka jykafia,d 44 kula
fj;s' ksldfha wêlrK kdhl iajdókaøhka jykafiaf.a kshuh mßÈ
Wkajykafiaf.a m%Odk;ajfhka ishü m%dfoaYsl wkqúÊclhka jykafia kula
m;alr .kq ,nkafka" NsCIQka jykafia,d /iafldg" Wkajykafia,df.a
idudðl;ajfhka msysgqjkq ,nk" wêlrK iNdj" m%dfoaYsl wkqúÊcl iNdj
kï fõ' tys iNdm;s iajdókajykafia jkafka ksldfha m%Odk wêlrK
f,aLldêldÍka jykafia jk w;r" f,alï OQrhg m;ajkafka ksldfha ksfhdacH
wêlrK f,aLldêldÍka jykafia h'
m%dfoaYsldêlrKh kñka ye¢kafjkafka ksldfha ldrl ix> iNdj

úiska iïu; lrk ,o" úksYaph ia:dkhl§ m%dfoaYsl wkqúÊcl uKav,hla
^;=ka kula& úiska lrkq ,nk nqoaoldêlrK iu:h îudÞkh& hs' m%dfoaYsl
wkqúÊcl uKav,h m;alrkq ,nkafka wêlrK f,aLldêldÍka jykafia
úisks' m%dfoaYsl wkqúÊcl uKav,hg idudðlhka m;alsÍfï § bÈßm;aj
we;s" nqoaoldêlrK ld¾hh we;=<;a m%dfoaYsl ix> iNdj yer" tA wdikakfha
msysá fjk;a ix> iNd fldÜGdi ;=klska tu uKav,hg idudðlhka
m;alr .ekSug ksfhdacH wêlrK f,aLldêldÍka jykafia j.n,d.;
hq;=h'
52 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
m%dfoaYsldêlrKhg wh;a lghq;=
WÜGdk.dñkS" fPoH .dñkS wje;a yer" wfkl=;a weje;a we;=<;a jk

fpdaokdo" r;ak;%h ika;l jQ fyda mqoa.,sl jQ foam< ms<sn| we;sjk u;fNao"
NsCIQka w;r o NsCIQka yd Þhlhka w;r o meúÈ wdpd¾hjrhka yd meúÈ
YsIHhka w;r o we;sjk u;fNao o m%Odk wêlrK f,aLldêldÍka jykafia
úiska by; i|yka j¾.hg wh;a hehs ;SrKh fldg" ksfhdacH wêlrK
f,aLldêldÍka jykafia fj; fhduq lrk fjk;a lreKq o ms<sn|j mÍCId
fldg iu:hla îudÞkhla& we;s lsÍug o iu:h i|yd wjYH ms<shï kshu
lsÍug o m%dfoaYsldêlrKhg n,h ;sfí'
m%dfoaYsldêlrKh ms<s.ekSug fpdaol - fpdaoH fomCIfhka ljr mCIhla

fyda wlue;s jkafka kï" ta mlaIh úiska thg fya;= olajñka tA wêlrKh"
fcÜGdkqúÊcl úksYaph uKav,hlg bÈßm;a lrk f,i" ksfhdacH wêlrK
f,aLldêldÍka jykafiaf.ka b,a,d isáh hq;=h' ksldfha ldrl ix> iNdj
úiska iïu; lrk ,o ia:dkhl§ fcÜGdkqúÊcl uKav,hla úiska lrkq
,nk úksYaph fcÜGdêlrKh kï fõ' ksldfha wêlrK jHQyh ;=<"
ldrl iNdj úiska m;alrkq ,nk fcÜGdkqúÊclhka jykafia 21la ku /
iafldg" m%Odk wêlrK f,aLldêldÍka jykafia úiska msysgqjk iNdj
fcÜGdkqúÊcl iNdj kï fõ' fcÜGdêlrK úksYaph ld¾hhla bÈßm;a
jk jdrhla mdid tu ld¾hh bgq lrkq ms‚i" iNdm;s$f,aLl fokula yd
;j;a idudðl kulf.ka hqla;j wêlrK f,aLldêldÍka jykafia úiska
m;a lrkq ,nk ;=ka fofkl=f.ka hq;a wêlrK uKav,h fcÜGdkqúÊcl
uKav,h kï fõ'
fcÜGdêlrKhg wh;a lghq;=
ksldh ika;l jQo" jkaokSh ia:dk ika;l jQo" ix> ika;l jQo"
fm!oa.,sl jQo" pxp, - ksYap, foam< whs;sh yd úydrdêm;s OQrh ms<sn|
bÈßm;a jk meñ‚,s o iS, úm;a;s" l=, ¥IK" mdm iudpdrh ms<sn|j
bÈßm;ajk fpdaokd iu:hg m;a fkdjQ LqoaoldêlrKhka o m%dfoaYsl
wêlrKfhka iu: lrùug ,enqKq tfy;a tu wêlrKfhka iu:h lrùug
fkdyels nj fmfkk meñ‚,s o úi|d ;SrKh §ug o tA tA jerÈj,g
úkfhys yd l;sldjf;a kshñ; o~qjï kshu lsÍug o fcÜGdêlrKhg
n,h ;sfí'
iïNdId 53
fcÜGdêlrK ;SrKhlska ;Dma;su;a fkdjk fpdaoH fpdaol hk

fomCIfhka ljr mCIhlg jqjo tA ;SrKh ,eî f;i;shla we;=<; Bg
fya;= olajñka WmßudêlrK ;SrKhla b,a,d tA ms<sn|j we;s l;sldkql+,j
Wlafldagkh lsÍug ^weme,a .ekSug& n,h ;sfí'
WmßudêlrKh
ldrl ix> iNdj úis k a iïu; lrk ,o úks Y a p h ia : dkhl§

WmßudkqúÊcl uKav,hla úiska lrkq ,nk úksYaphg WmßudêlrKh
kï fõ' ldrl ix> iNdj úiska m;a lrkq ,nk" WmßudkqúÊcl uyd
ia:úrhka jykafia,d oi kula o wêlrK kdhl iajdñkaøhka jykafia o
wêlrK f,aLldêldÍka jykafia o hk fÞf<dia ku WmßudkqúÊcl uyd
ia:úrhka jykafia,d kï fj;s'
tA NsCIq idufKar kuf.a wkd.; meje;au yd ÈhqKqjo i|yd wjYH

úêúOdk ldrl ix> iNdj úiska fhÈh hq;=h'
ix>dêlrKh i;= n,h
01' fï l;sldjf;a i|yka kshuhkg fjkiaj úydrdêm;s moúhla

m;a fldg ;sfnk nj tA ms<sn| ix>dêlrK úksYaphl§ Tmamq
jqjfyd;a tA úydrdêm;s moúh wj,x.= lsÍug o th ysñúh hq;=
NsCIqj m;a lsÍug ksfhda. lsÍug o tA i|yd wjYH ish¨ ld¾hhka
isÿ lrjd,Sug o"
02' úydrdêm;Ska jykafia kula tA moúh ms<sn|j l;sldjf;a we;=<;a

ks h ukhg fjkia j l% s h d lrk nj tA ms < s n | ix>dêlrK
úksYaphl§ Tmamq jqjfyd;a tA NsCIq ku h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a lsÍu
ms‚i f;jr olajd wjjdo lsÍug o l;sldjf;a kshuhka lv
lsÍu ksid wjka wej;g o~qjï kshu lsÍug o bka miqjo tA
jerÈ lrk nj Tmamq jqjfyd;a ;djld,slj fyda iaÓrj fyda
úydrdêm;s moúh wj,x.= lsÍug o"
03' úydrdêm;Ska jykafia kula l=, ¥IKh lsÍfï fpdaokdjlg tA

ms<sn|j flreKq ix>dêlrK úksYaphl§ jrolre jqjfyd;a
Wkajykafiag úydrfhka fkrmSfï o~qjï kshu lsÍug o tA
54 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
o~qju l%shd;aul jk ld,h ;=< úydrdêm;s moúh ;ykï

lsÍug o ksldfha ix>dêlrKhg n,h ;sfí' ix>dêlrK ;SrKh
l%shd;aul lsÍu ldrl ix> iNd iïu;fhka úh hq;=h'
fï wkqj Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldh l;sldjf;a i|yka ksldfha

úksYaph yd iu:lrK l%shdj,sh b;d meyeÈ,s m%cd;ka;%uh iajrEmhlska
bÈßm;a lr we;s nj fmfka' tfia u th úkfhys i|yka wêlrK úksYaph
yd iu:lrK l%shdj,sh yd m%;snoaOj mj;S' tksidu NsCIq f.!rjh;a" ix>
idu.%sh;a" Ydikfha Ñr meje;au;a ms‚i tu wêlrK l%shdj,sh bÈßhg;a
úkhdkql+,j yd l;sldkql+,j mj;ajdf.k hd hq;=j we;'
wêlrK kdhl iajdókaøhka jykafiaf.a kshuh mßÈ Wkajykafiaf.a

m%Odk;ajfhka ishü WmßudkqúÊcl uyd ia:úrhka jykafia,d /iafldg
wêlrK f,aLldêldÍka jykafia úiska Wkajykafia,df.a idudðl;ajfhka
WmßudkqúÊcl iNdj msysgqúh hq;=h' wêlrK kdhl iajdókaøhka jykafia
ks, n,fhka tys iNdm;s OQrhg m;ajk w;r" m%Odk wêlrK f,aLldêldÍka
jykafia tu iNdfõ f,alï OQrhg ks,n,fhka m;afj;s' WmßudêlrK
ld¾hhka bÈßm;a jk jdrhla mdid tA ld¾hhka bgq lrkq ms‚i" wêlrK
kdhl iajdókaøhka jykafiaf.a kshuh mßÈ m%Odk wêlrK f,aLldêldÍka
jyka f ia úis k a iNdm;s $ f,a L l fokula we;= ¿ j m;a lrkq ,nk
WmßudkqúÊcl ;=ka kulf.ka hqla; NsCIq .Khd" WmßudkqúÊcl uKav,h
kï fõ' WmßudkqúÊcl uKav,hg wêlrK kdhl iajdókaøhka jykafia
we;=<;a jqjfyd;a" Wkajykafia tA iNdfõ iNdm;s OQrhg m;aúh hq;=h'
WmßudêlrKhg wh;a lghq;=
m%dfoaYsl ix> iNd idudðl;ajh" md,l ix> iNd idudðl;ajh yd tA

ms<sn|j flfrk f;aÍï" ksldh md,kh ms<sn| ljr ld¾hhl fyda kshqla;
iNdjla úiska fyda uKav,hla úiska fyda ks,Orkula úiska fyda l;sldjf;a
kshuhkag úreoaOj lghq;= lsÍu" Wlafldgkhlska f;drj fcÜGdêlrK
;SrKhla ms<s.ekSu fyda tu ;SrKhka wkqj l%shd fkdlsÍu" ksldh md,kh
ms‚i m;afldg isák ks,Or kulf.a fyda úOdhl iNdjl fyda wkqúÊcl
uKav,hl fyda l;sldjlg wkqj flfrk kshuhka fkdms<s.eksu hk
lreKq ms<sn|j bÈßm;a flfrk fpdaokd o Wlafldá; fcÜGdêlrK
;SrKhla ms<sn| kvq o WmßudkqúÊcl mia kulf.ka hq;a W;a;Í;r
WmßudkqúÊcl uKav,hl ;SrKh wfmaCIdfjka bÈßm;a flfrk Wlafldaá;
iïNdId 55
WmßudêlrK ;SrK ms<sn| kvq o ksldfha wfkla wêlrKhlg úksYaph

lsÍug n,hla ke;s tfy;a wêlrK úksYaphlskau ;SrKh l< hq;= jQ jßka
jr Woa.;jk ksldhg iïnkaO ish¨ m%Yak o úksYaph fldg fyda mÍCId
fldg" ;SrKh lsÍug o tA tA jerÈj,g úkfhys yd ksldh l;sldjf;a
kshñ; o~qjï kshu lsÍug o WmßudêlrKhg n,h ;sfí'
W;a;Í;r WmßudkqúÊcl uKav,h
WmßudkqúÊcl iNd idudðlhka miakulf.ka iukaú;

WmßudkqúÊcl uKav,h" W;a;Í;r WmßudkqúÊcl uKav,h kï fõ'
W;a;Í;r WmßudkqúÊcl uKav,hla úiska fokq ,nk ;SrKh ksldfha
wêlrKhlska ,nd.; yels wjidku ;SrKh jkafkah'
fpdaokd bÈßm;a lsÍu yd ld¾h ixúOdkh
Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldfha NsCIq idufKarjrhkag fyda ksldfha

ks,Or kulg fyda NsCIq uKav,hlg fyda ix> iNdjlg fyda úreoaOj .sys
meúÈ ljfrl= úiska fyda bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk fpdaokdj fuys u;= i|yka
mßÈ ilia ù ;sìh hq;= fõ'
01' ks i s m ßÈ ilia lrk ,o fpda o kd m;% h " m% O dk wêlrK

f,aLldêldÍka jykafia fj; ,shdmÈxÑ ;emEf,ka heúh hq;=h'
02' m%Odk$ksfhdacH wêlrK f,aLldêldÍka jykafia,dg úreoaOj

flfrk fpdaokdjla fjf;d;a" th hglS mßÈ iliafldg" wêlrK
kdhl iajdókaøhka jykafia fj; heúh hq;=h'
03' ksismßÈ ilia fkdl< fpdaokd m;%hla fyda fm;aiula fkdms<s.;

hq;= jqj o th úksYaphlrùu NsCIq mdßY=oaêh ms‚i o Þhl
mCIfhys Y%oaOdj wdrCIdùug o fya;=jk ksid" th ilid kej;
tjk f,i okajñka wjYH Wmfoia o i|yka fldg wdmiq heúh
hq;=h'
04' mokï rys;j jqj o fpdaokd mfrdamjdohg ,laj isák NsCIq

kulg úreoaOj fpdaolfhl= bÈßm;a fkdjk l,ays o iajlSh
56 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
mdßY=oaêh wfmaCIdfjka fpdaolfhl= bÈßm;a fkdjk l,ays o

iajlSh ;SrKhla ,nd .ekSug Wmjdohg ,laj isák NsCIq kulg
n,h ;sfí'
05' ldrl ix> iNd kshuhla we;sl,ays" NsCIq mdßY=oaêh o ix>

idu.%sh o wfmaCIdfjka ljr mqoa.,fhl=g fyda iuQyhlg fyda
iNdjlg fyda úreoaOj fpdaolhl= jYfhka bÈßm;aù l%shd lsÍug
uyd f,aLldêldÍka jykafiag n,h ;sfí'
o~qjï kshu lsÍu
01' kvqjla úksYaph lsÍfï § jerÈlrejka jYfhka Tmamq jQjkaf.a

kï .ï o tA tA jerÈlrejkg tA tA jrog kshu lrk o~qjï o
tAjd bgql< hq;= Èk jljdkq o wkqúÊcl uKav,h úiska úksYaph
;SrK m%ldYfhys meyeÈ,sj igyka fldg" th m%Odk wêlrK
f,aLldêldÍka jykafia fj; heúh hq;=h'
02' tA tA l;sldjka lv lsÍfï jrolrejka jk NsCIq idufKarhka

fj; meñK úh yels úkfhys kshñ; o~qjï o kshu lsÍug
wêlrKhg n,h ;sfí'
03' ksldh md,k l;sldjf;ys we;s ix> iïu; kshukhg wjk;

fkdjkakd jQ o ksldh md,kh ms<sn|j l;sldkql+,j m;a fldg
we;s iNdjl fyda ks,OdÍka jykafia kulf.a fyda l;sldkql+,j
lrk ,o kshukhg o ksldfha wêlrK ;SrKhg o wjk;
fkdjkakdjQo NsCIQkag ;djld,slj iïfNda. ;ykï l< hq;=h'
tA ld,h ;=< tA NsCIqj wdh;s ixjrfhys fkdmsysáh fyd;a
ksldfhka fkrmSfï o~qjï Èh hq;=h'
04' fn!oaOhkaf.a Y%oaOdj;a wd.ñl Nla;sh yd ksldh .re;ajh;a

msßfyk fia l=, ¥IKfhys yd mdm iudpdrfhys fh§fï jrog
iÕrñka fkrkd o~qju ;djld,slj fyda iaÓrj fyda kshu
lsÍug wêlrKhg n,h ;sfí'
iïNdId 57
05' úydrdêm;s OQrhla ksldh l;sldjf;a we;s kshukhg fjkiaj

m;a lsÍu ms<sn|j l%shd lsÍu ms<sn|j o ksldh l;sldjf;a 41
jeks l;sldfõ kshñ; o~qjï ksldh wêlrKh úiska kshu l<
yelsh'
06' ksldfhka fkrmSu" iïfNda. ;yku yd úkfhys tA tA jerÈj,g

ks h ñ; ;ÊckS h lïu wd§ o~q j ï o ks h u ls Í fï n,h
WmßudêlrKh i;=h'
07' fuys 06 jeks wxlfha we;s o~qjï kshu lsÍfï §" uydkdhl
udys ñ hka jyka f ia f .a wkq u e;s h we;s j " wêlrK kdhl
iajdñkaøhka jykafia úiska ish w;aikska hq;=j l%shd;aul lrúh
hq;=h'
08' Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldhsl NsCIq idufKarhka jykafia

kula jYfhka isàug iqÿiqlï we;s lsishï NsCIq idufKar
kulg úydrfhka fkrmSfï o~qju kshu lrk úg
58 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldfha mßmd,k

jHjia:dj fyj;a l;sldj;
ud;f,a Oïul=i, uyd ia:úr ^rdclSh mKaä;&
w;suydkdhl
m Q c H wU.yj;a f ;a
udysñhka
bka o diNjr[dKidó
jykafia;a jrdmsáfha
w;s m Q c H iq ñ ;a ; ia j dóka jyka f ia ; a w;s m Q c H
mqjlaoKavdfõ m[a[dkkao iajdóka jykafia;a m%uqL
20 kulA muK ix>hdf.a iyNd.s;ajfhka 1863
cQ,s 13 fjks Èk .d,af,a .sx .f`.a bÈlrk ,o
Wol= l a f Äm iS u d ud,lfha § m% : u Wmiïmodj
msysgqùfuka wdrïN lrk ,o uyd úydÍh NsCIq
jxYh Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldh kñka ye`Èkafõ'
fï ksldh wo olajdu mj;ajdf.k tkq ,nkafka ksldfha md,l ix> iNdj
úiska iïu; lrk ,o NsCIq m%;sm;a;s ix.%yhla uQ,sl lrf.kh' fuu
m%;sm;a;s ix.%yh Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldh l;sldj; kñka ye`Èkafõ'
l;sldj; hkakg iïu; l< jHjia:d mka;sh hk f;areu iqux.,

Yío fldaIfhys o ;sfí' l;sldj; hk jpkfhka fofofkl= w;r we;s
jk ks.ukh uq,ska woyia lr ;sfí' miqj ix>hd úiska ix>hdf.a ms<sme§u
ioyd iïu; fldg we;s jHjiaa:d ix.%yh l;sldj; kñka y`ÿkajk nj
fn!oaO YíofldaIfhys olajd ;sfí' iïnqoaO Ydikfha ÑriaÓ;sh iòyd;a
Ydikh msßyqkq iuhkays O¾u úkh iiod m%udo úydÍkag wjldY fkd,efnk
mßÈ;a uyd ix>hd jykafia úiska ld,dkqrEmj mkjkq ,nk ix> iïu;
iïNdId 59
jHjia:d l;sldj;a kñka y`ÿkajk nj úYaj fldaIfhys 112 fjks msgqfõ

olajd ;sfí'
isxy, l;sldj;a yd NslaIq iudch ms<snò m¾fhaIKhla l< wdpd¾h

ta'ù' iqrùr uy;dKka úiska YS% ,xldfõ iïmdokh lrk ,o iúia;rd;aul
.%ka:fhys l;sldj; hk jpkh ú.%y fldg ;sfnk whqre olakg ,efí'
tu lD;sfha wkqnqÿ ñys`ÿ udysñhka we;=¨ O¾u¥; msßi úiska Y%S ,xldfõ
m%;sIaGdmkh lrk ,o NsCIq jxYh uekúka md,kh lsÍu iòyd y`ÿkajd ÿkA
l;sldj;a iuQyhlaa ms<snòj iòyka fldg ;sfí' ta wkqj merKs Ys,d
f,aLkhkays wka;¾.; lreKq fmdf<dkakre" oUfoKs wd§ hq.hkays ix>
iïu;fhka mkjk ,o l;sldjka we;=<;a ,smsf,aLk iuQyhla o y`ÿkajd
§ ;sfí'
úydr l;sldj;a yd Ydiksl l;sldj;a hkqfjka kï lrk ,o

l;sldj;a wm rfÜ §¾> Ydik b;sydifha ixj¾Okh fjñka wd nj iòyka
fldg ;sfí' ta wkqj Ys,d f,aLk" fmdf<dkakrefõ .,a úydr ,smsh"
fmdf<dkakrefõ yegodf.hs mqjre ,smsh wdÈh;a" oUfoKs l;sldj;" yhjk
mrdl%undyq l;sldj;" lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy l;sldj;" Y%S rdcdêrdcisxy l;sldj;
jeks l;s l dj;a iuq y hla ms < s n òj úia ; r oela f õ' fï is h ,a , ls k a u
n,dfmdfrd;a ; = jQ f ha i`. iiq k úis r hd fkd§ wdrCId lr .ekS u ;a
m%;sm;a;sOr .=K.rel ix> iudchla m%;sIaGdmkh lr .ekSu;a Ydiksl
foam< uekúka wdrlaId lr .ekSu;a nj meyeÈ,s fõ'
Y%S ,xldfõ uydúydr jxYsl ix> ixúOdkh oeka ixúOdkh ù

we;af;a ksldh hk kñks' tneúka wfma rfÜ YHdfudamd,s uyd ksldh"
wurmqr uyd ksldh" Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldh hk NsCIq jxY ;=kla
Ydiksl jHdmdrfhys ksr;j isá;s' YHdfudamd,s uyd ksldh md,kh jkafka
uykqjr WfmdaI: mqIamdrdu uyd úydria: ldrl ix> iïu;fhka nqoaO
j¾Ifhka 2464 jekafkys ixúOdkh lrk ,o l;sldj;la u.sks' wurmqr
ksldh;a fun`ÿ l;s;dj;a u.skau md,kh fõ' 1906 § muK uqøKh lrk
,o wkqYdikd m;%h kï jQ l;sldj;lska iy tu ksldh miqj jßka jr
úúO YdLd m%YdLdj,g fn§ hdfuka wurmqr ksldfha ta ta md¾Yaj u.ska
iïu; lr .kakd ,o l;sldj;a wkqqj md,kh fõ'
Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldfha m<uqfjks l;sldj; y`ÿkajkafka

oimk; kñks' th tfia ye`Èkaùug fya;=j m%Odk jHjia:d oyhla wka;¾.;
60 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
fldg fuh ilia jQ neúks' ksldfha m%:u Wmiïmodfõ wjidkfha§ ksldh

m%;sIaGdmkh isÿ lrk ,oafoa úkh msglfhys wka;¾.;h Wmqgdf.k bÈßm;a
lrk ,o m%{ma;s oyhlska hq;a l;sldj;la jYfhka fuu oi mk; fyj;a
uQ,sl l;sldj; iïmdokh lsÍfuks' tu l;sldj; wo olajd;a Ndú;d jk
w;r úfYaIfhkau oYl wgla muK ld,hla th jdfpdaoa.;j ix>hd
w;r Ndú;j meje;af;ah' fuu l;sldj; ksldfha wdrïNh yd tys iajrEmh
we;=<;a lrñka w;s mQcH wU.yj;af;a uydkdhl udysñhka jykafia
úiskau iïmdokh fldg ix> iïu;fhka bÈßm;a lrk ,oaola nj fmkS
hhs'
Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd NsCIq jxYh wdrïN fldg oekg jir 150l
muK ld,hla .; ù ;sfí' fï ld,h ;=< wm Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldh
msßi jYfhka o úydria:dk jYfhka o Ydiksl ld¾hh jYfhka o l%u
l%ufhka jHdma; ù we;s neúka hq.fhka hq.fha§ Bg WÑ; jQ l;sldj;a
iïmdokh lr .ekSug isÿ jQ ksid l;sldj;a kñka y`ÿkajk jHjia:d
ix.%y i;rla muK l;sld b;sydihg we;=<;a fldg ;sfí' by; lS oi
mk; ál l,lska ixfYdaOkh ù kej; uqøKh ù we;' wmj;a ù jod<
w;s m Q c H b`ÿrefõ W;a ; rdkka o dNs O dk uydkdhl udys ñ hka ks l dfha
uydf,aLldêldÍ Oqrh oerE ld,fha Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldh md,l
uyd ix> iNd jHjia:d ix.%yh f,i ldKav 12lska hqlalj kj l;sldj;la
bÈßm;a fldg ;sfí' lrf;dg Y%S bkaoidr;siaidNsOdk uydkdhl udysñhkaf.a
o b`ÿrefõ W;a;rdkkaodNsOdk uyd f,aLldêldÍka jykafiaf.a o w;aikska
hq;=j tu l;sldj; bÈßm;a fldg ;sfí'
fuu l;sldj;a jrska jr ixfYdaOkh ùfuka jvd;a mq¿,a jQjd ñi

flá jQfha ke;' 1964 j¾Ifha ksldfha mßmd,kh iòyd ixfYdaOkh fldg
bÈßm;A flreKq Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ ksldh md,k jHjia:dj hk kñka
mßÉfÊo wglska hqla;j ilia fldg úydr kduf,aLkhla o iys;j ilia
flreKq l;sldj;la bÈßm;a fldg ;sfí'
ixlS¾K m%Yak" NsCIq msßi jHdma; ùu" mßmd,k wdh;k iuQyhla

kej; kej; tla ùu" wNskjfhka wêldÍ ks,Odß ;k;=re m;aùu;a i,ld
neÆ" ksldfha Wkak;sh wfmalaId l< ksldfha ldrl ix> iNdj 1982 §
kej; j;djla l;sldj;g wNskjfhka l;sld we;=<;a fldg ilia lsÍug
bosßm;a jQy' idudkHfhka l;sldj;la iïmdokh lrkafka ldrl iNdfjka
iïNdId 61
m;a flfrk wkqldrl iNdjla u.sks' tu wkqldrl iNdj idudðl ix>hdf.a

woyia úuid ta fjkqfjka kï flreKq /iaùï mj;ajd talu;sl ;SrKhlg
tl`.j ldrl md,l ix> iNdfõ wkque;sfhka jHjia:d ud,dj bÈßm;a
lsÍu iïm%odhhs' ta wkqj 1990 ckjdß 11 fjks Èk mhd., O¾u.=ma; uQ,
uyd úydrfha mj;ajk ,o ldrl iNdjl§ l;sldj;la ksl=;a lrk ,§'
kqf.af.dv fldyqj, Od;=u¨ úydria: uydf,aLldêldÍ ld¾hd,fha §
Ydia;%fõ§ mKaä; mQcH;r udm,.u isß fidañiair uydf,aLldêldÍka
jykafiaf.a w;aikska fuu l;sldj; bÈßm;a fldg ;sfí' úydr kdu
f,aLkh fï l;sldj;ska bj;a ù we;af;a uqøKfha§ isÿjk wêl úhoï
wvqlr .ekSula jYfhks' tu l;sldj; mßÉfÊo 12lska hqla;h'
m<uq fjks mßÉfÊoh ilia ù we;af;a l;sldjf;a we;=<;a jpkd¾:

y`ÿkajd foñks' fojeks mßÉfÊofha meúÈ lsÍu" Bg iqÿiq l=, orejka f;dard
.ekSu" idufKAr YsCIKh" Wmiïmod úkh l¾uh" th úkhdkql+,j bgq
lrk whqre úia;r fldg ;sfí' ;=kafjks mßÉfÊoh idudkH NsCIq m%;sm;a;s
y`ÿkajd §ug fjkaj we;' i;r jk mßÉfÊoh úydrdêm;s ;k;=re yd
wdrdu md,kh" i`.i;= foam< md,kh jeks lreKq úia;r lrñka tajd
kS ; Hdkq l + , l% u hlg ilia jk whq r e bÈßm;a fldg ;s f í' mia f jks
mßÉfÊofha we;af;a ix>hdf.a iduqysl lghq;= f.dvk.k whqrska m%dfoaYsh
ix> iNd msysgqùï yd tajd u`.ska ksldh mßmd,kh jk wdldrhhs' iuia;
ksldh mßmd,khg jqjukd jevms<sfj, fyj;a md,l uyd ix> iNdjla
msysgqjd .ekSu yd tys j.lSï iajrEmh yh jk mßÉfÊofhka olajd ;sfí'
y;afjks mßÉfÊofha we;af;a md,l ix> iNdfõ wjidk ks.ukhka

l%shd;aul lsÍug jqjukd úuOH.; md,k ixúOdkh f,i f.dvkef.k
ldrl ix> iNd msysgqùu ms<snò l;sldj;ah' iduqyslj NsCIq msßila úiska
úkhdkql+,j ;u fiajh iudc.; lsÍfï iajrEmh ú.%y lr oelaùu yd
Bg jqjukd lrk l;sldj;a we;=<;a lrñka wgfjks mßÉfÊoh ilia ù
;sfí' md,l ldrl úfYaIdêldÍ hkqfjka wdh;k ;=kla njg jHdma; ù
hk uq¿ uy;a rdu[a[ uyd ksldh ;u ;ukaf.a j.lSï fldgi yd /iaùï
m%udKh ms<snòj l;sldj;a iïmdokh lsÍu kjfjks mßÉfÊofha wka;¾.;
fõ' iuia; uyd ksldh mßmd,kfha§ w;s mQcH uydkdhl" wkqkdhl"
wêlrK kdhl" uydf,aaLldêldß" i[a[df,aLl" mßh;a;s f,aLl" mám;a;s
f,aaLl" ksldh ixj¾Ok f,aLl" iudc ixj¾Ok f,aaLl" wêlrK f,aLl
7 - CM23766
62 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
wd§ ks,;, rdYshlska iukaú; jk ksldhg ta ms<snò l;sld kshuhka

iòyka jkafka oifjks mßÉfÊofhah' tu mßÉfÊofha iòyka yeu wêldÍ
Oqrhlau" w;sf¾l ks,hlau iliajkqfha hq;=lï" j.lSï yd iïm%odhkao
rdu[a[ uydksldfha uydf:ardj,sfha wdo¾Yhka o wkqj ieliqKq l;sldj;a
weiqßks' mqoa., yd iduqysl l%shdoduhka ksid mek k.sk .eg¨ we;=<;a
wêlrK wxYhg wjYH l;sldj;a we;=<;a ù we;af;a tfldf<diafjks
mßÉfÊofhah' bka wk;=rej tk fodf<diajk mßÉfÊofha l;sld ish,a,lskau
wdjrKh fldg we;af;a ksldfha wdrKHljdiS i`. msßi yd tys Wmiïmodj
,shdmosxÑh we;=¨ wxf.damdx.hkah'
fulS l;sldj;ska miq iïmdokh jQfha wm ksldh oekg wkq.ukh

lrk l;sldj;a we;=<;a jHjia:d ud,dj fyj;a l;sldj;hs' oekg wm
Ndú; lrk l;sldj; 2004 § n,.,a, iriaj;S msßfjka uydúydria:
uydf,aLldêldÍ ld¾hd,fha mQcH;r wdpd¾h hg.u O¾umd,
uydf,aLldêldÍka jykafiaf.a ld,fha ksl=;a jqKq l;sldj;ls' 2003 ud¾;=
01 fjks Èk iïu; lrk ,o fuu l;sldj; o mßÉfÊo fod<ylska
iukaú;h' tys wjidkfha tk Wm.%ka:fha ix> iNd wka;¾.; úydr kdu
f,aLkh yd jkfikiqkaj, kdu f,aLkhlao ta ta moú ;dkdka;r b,a,d
isàfu§ wkq.ukh l< hq;= whÿïm;a l%uhla o y`ÿkajd § ;sfí' idudkHfhka
ksldfha b;sydifha y;rfjks j;djg ilia jQ fuu l;sldj;;a ksldfha
mßmd,khg m%udKj;a fkdjk neúka o w¨;a wxf.damdx. yd ks,;,
lsysmhla ksldfhys fhdað;j we;s neúka o kej;;a l;sldj;a ixfYdaOkhla
isÿ úh hq;= njg idlÉcd fjñka mj;S'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia uq,§u ix> iudch md,kh lrk ,oafoa ´jdo

m%d;sfudalaIfhks' úis jila blau .sh l, ´jdo m%d;sfudalaIh m%udKj;a
fkdjQ neúka wdKd m%d;sfudaCIh fyj;a m%{ma;s;a mkjd ;sfí' iïnqoaO;aj
chka ; s ;% s m s g l uq ø Khka y s zzf;kys Ns l a L fõ Ns l a L Q k x is l a L dmox
m[a[dfmiaidñ" oi w;a:jfiak máÉp" ix> iqÜGq;dh ix> Mdiq;dh"
ÿïuxl= k x mq . a . ,dkx ks . a . ydh" fma i ,dkx Ns l a L q k x Mdiq ú ydrh"
ÈÜGOïñldkx wdijdkx ixjrdh" iïmrdhs l dkx wdijdkx má>d;dh"
wma m ika k dkx midodh" mika k dkx NS f hHda N djdh" ioa O ïuÜÀ;s h d
úkhdkq.a.ydhZZ hkqfjka wruqKq oyhla we;sj úkh m%{ma;Ska mkjk
njh' YsCIdmo m%{ma;shg uQ,sl lreKq jQ wijÜGdkSh O¾uhka ms<snòj
iïNdId 63
nqÿrÿka wjOdkh fhduq fldg úkh YsCIdjka mekjQ nj zzr;a;`[a`[q uy;ajh"

fõmq,a, uy;ajh" ,dN.a. uy;ajh" ndyqiÉp uy;ajhZZ .ek lrk iòyka
j,ska fmkS hhs'
wm ksldhsl l;sldjka iïmdokh lsÍfï§ wdKd m%d;sfudaCIh nqÿrÿka

úiska mekùug fya;= jQ fuu lreKq;a i,ld n,d f:aÍh uydia:úr iïm%odh
yd foaYSh;ajh uq,a;eka lrf.k l;sld iïmdokh l< neõ fmkS hhs'
WNhdxY mdremKh" fldiam`vq mdúÉÑh" oeyeá mdúÉÑh" f.dgq w;a; mßyrKh
lsÍu" md;% ilia lr .ekSu jeks foa wm ksldfha l;sldj;aj,g we;=<;a ù
we;af;a jkjdisl NslaIqka jykafia,df.a mßyrKfhka iïu;fhka wd
l;sldjka úh yelsh' mdfudla foiSu" msßisÿ Wmiïmod úkh l¾uh"
idufKar iS,h yd wê iS,h uq,a lr.;a lreKq l;sldj;g we;=<;a jQfha
úkh msglfha wka;¾.;h iudf,dapkhla lsÍula jYfhkah' tneúka fuu
ksldh msysgqùfï§ wdÈl¾;DN=; w;smQcH wU.yj;af;a uydkdhl udysñhka
wdrCId lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ msßiqÿ uyK Wmiïmodj /l .ekSfï
uQ,sl wruqKq we;sju wm ksldfha l;sldj; ilia ù we;s nj wOHhkfhka
m%;HCI lr.; yelsh'
64 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
iSy, foaYh yd rdu`[a`[ foaYh w;r meje;s

fn!oaOd.ñl iïnkaO;djka ms<ns ò ye`Èkaùula
wdpd¾h fn,s.,af,a Oïufcd;s ysñ
1' iSy, foaYh
y, foaYh hkq Y%S ,xldjhs' Y%S ,xldj iòyd

iS mqrd;k hq.fha;a uOH;k hq.fha;a úoaj;a f,dalhd
úiska úúO kdu Ndú;d lr we;' Ök foaYdgl
yshqx-idx" zr;akoaùmhZ" zisxyhkaf. rdcHhZ" ziSy,
foaYhZ hk kï ZNdú;d lr we;' .%Slfhda
zmef,isfudxvqZ yd z;efm% d fíka Z kñka o " úch
l=uref.a ^úchisxy l=ure& ld,fha z;ïnmKaKsZ
hehs o" fl!á,Hf.a w¾: Ydia;%fha zmdriuqøZ hehso" wrdì cd;slfhda
zfirkaäíZ kñka o" Ök cd;sl mdyshka NsCIqj zisxyhdf.a foaYhZ kñkao"
merKs nqreu ck;dj ziSfydaZ îsxy úydr& kñka o" ishï ck;dj zfoaj,xldZ
kñka o" zhqfrdamShhka zfihsf,dakaZ yd ziS,kaZ kñka o ye`ÈkajQfha iSy,
foaYhu h'
2' rdu[a[ foaYh
rdu[a[ foaYh hkq my< nqreufha merKs kuhs' w;S;fha th

iajdëk rdcHhlaj mej;sKs' tjlg by< nqreu foaYh" urïu û%ïu rÜG&
iïNdId 65
rg hkqfjka ye`ÈkaúK' miqld,fha fuu rdcH folu tlu rdcHhla f,i

tlg iïnkaO úK' mqrdKfha rdu[a[ foaYfha jdih l< me/kafkda kï
;f,hsxjre ^Talaing) tfia ke;fyd;a fudkajre (Mon) h' ;f,hsx hk
jpkh Ndr;fha wdkaO%d foaYSh ixialD;sh;a iu. nefòk nj úoaj;a u;hhs'
me/Ks nqreu jd¾;djkag wkqj rdu[a[ foaYhg nqÿiuh meñKsfha

l% s ' mQ ' 3 jeks is h jfia Ndr;fha O¾udfYda l uydêrdchdf.a O¾u¥;
jHdmdrh;a iu. uh' fidaK yd W;a;r kï jQ uyry;ka jykafia,d
iqjKaKN+ñ ^Golden Land) kñka ye`Èka jQ rdu[a[ rgg meñK O¾uh
foaYkd l< nj iòyka fõ' th nqreu jd¾;dj,ska o 15 jeks ishjig wh;a
l,HdKs Ys,d f,aLkfhka o ;yjqre fõ' merKs iqjKaKN+ñh rdu[a[
foaYh f,i ie,lSu u;fNao iys; nj fla' wreKisß mjihs' tfyhska
rdu[a[ foaYh;a" merKs ishï rfÜ m%foaYhl=;a tlg tl;= ù ;snQ foaYh
ziqjKaKN+ñZ kï ù hehs .ekSu hqla;shqla; nj fmfka'
3' wÍjrekaf.a weoys,s
W;=re nqreufha m.dka rgg wkqreoaO rc;=ud úiska f:rjdo nqÿiuh

y`ÿkajd§ug fmr tys mej;sfha uydhdk nqÿiuhhs' nqreu jxYl:djkag
wkqj wÍjreka weoyq ;dka;%Sl nqÿiuh o kd. jkaokdj ^Naga worhip) o"
N+; úYajdihka o ful, m%uqL weoys,s úK' m%xY cd;sl úoajf;la jk ¨ù
mSfkdÜ iòyka lrk f,i 8 jeks ishji jkúg ffYj wd.u o úIaKq wd.u
o W;=re nqreufha m%lg weoys,s .Khg tl;= ù we;' tfy;a fï wdldrfhka
úúO wd.ñl iïñY%Khla W;=re nqreufha ;snqKo ful, f:rjdÈ nqÿoyu
uekúka wdrCId jQfha rdu[a[ foaYfhah'
Iska wryka ^Shin Arahan) kï NslaIqka jykafiaf.a Wmfoia u;

wkqreoaO rcq my< nqreufha rdu[a[ rfÜ m%foaYhla jQ :fgdaka m%foaYfha
md,lhd jQ ukqy rc;=udg fndfyda ;E.sfnda. hjd we;eï ;%smsgl .%ka: yd
i¾j{ Od;= b,a,d isáfhah' ukqy rcq tu b,a,Su m%;slafIam l< w;r bka
fldamhg m;a wkqreoaO rcq :fgdaka m%foaYhg myr § ;%smsgl .%ka: yd Od;=
fukau fn!oaO NslaIQka o m.dkaj,g /f.k tk ,§'
tfldf<diajeks ishjfia isÿ jQ rdu[a[ rfÜ :fgdaka w,a,d.ekSfï

fuu is o a ê h uq ¿ uy;a nq r eufha u iudc" foa Y md,k yd ft;s y dis l
fm/<shla ùfï uQ,sl ikaêia:dkhla njg m;aúh' Iska wryka NslaIqjf.a
66 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
iyfhda.h u; f:rjdofha uQ,sl NdIdj jk md,s NdIdjo wkqreoaO rc;=ud

úiska rdu[a[ rfÜ :fgdakays isg W;=re nqreufha m.dkaj,g y`ÿkajd fok
,§' fï wkqj m.dka rfÜ o f:rjdoh ia:dms; jQfha rdu[a[ foaYfha
Wmldrfhks'
wkqreoaO rc;=ud úiska my< nqreufha rdu[a`[ foaYSh ;f,hsx

ixialD;sh W;=re nqreuhg y`ÿkajd §u jkdyS nqreufha W;=re foaYh YsIagdpdr
lsÍuo" iuia; u%rïu foaY jeishka Wiia YsIagdpdrhl udj;g f.k tauo"
tu.ska ukqIH b;sydih ;=< lS¾;su;a m.dka rdc mrmqf¾ wNsudkj;a jQ;a
Wodr jQ;a b;sydi jd¾;djla iksgqyka lsÍuo isÿ jQ nj tka' wd¾' f¾ mjihs'
4' m<uqjeks úchndyq rdcH iuh
ft;sydisl yd jxYl:d f;dr;=re wkqj iSy, foaYjdiSka yd rdu[a[

foaYjdiSka fndfydaúg woykq ,enQfha uQ,sl f:rjdÈ nqÿoyu h' forfÜu
rcjreka o Tjqfkdjqkag uekeúka f.!rj l<y' forfÜ ñ;%;ajh b;d §¾>
ld,hla mj;ajdf.k .shy' fn!oaO wd.ñl iïnkaO;djkag wu;rj fj<ò
iïnkaO;djka o meje;ajQy' forg w;r w,s we;=ka fj<òdu yd ueKsla
fj<òduo mej;=Ks' ,xldfjka rdu[a[ rgg ;Hd. f.k.sh iEu kejlgu
rdu[a[ rc;=ud w,sfhla mß;Hd. flf<ah'
m<uqjeks úchndyq rcq ^ls%'j' 1065 - 1120& nqreufha rdu[a[ foaYfha

wkqreoaO ^wfk!r:& rcqg jákd ;E.sfnda. hjk ,È' fpda, wdl%uKfhka
fy,Èj;a nqÿuiuh;a uqod.ekSu iòyd fpda,hka u¾okh lsÍug iyfhda.h
b,a,ñka m<uqjeks úchndyq rcq tfia wkqreoaO rcqg ixfoaYhla hjk ,§'
wkqreoaO rcqo jákd ;E.sfnda. iys; keõ tjk ,o w;r hqoaOh iòyd
yuqodjka fkdtjk ,§' uydpd¾h mrKú;dk iòyka lrkafka wkqreoaO
rcqf.ka ,enqfKa øjHuh Wmldr muKla njhs'
úfoaYdêm;Hh ksid msßyS.sh iiqk h<s m%;sIaGdmkh lsÍug m<uqjeks

úchndyq rcq W;aidy orK ,§' pQ,jxYfha iòyka f;dr;=re wkqj iiqk h<s
m%;sIaGdmkh lsÍug ;rï m%udKj;a NslaIqka tl, fkdisá neúka nqreufhka
NslaIqka f.kajd .ekSug W;aiql úh' l%s'j' 1071 § m<uqjeks úchndyq rcq"
,xldfõ nqoaO Ydikh ia:dms; lsÍu iòyd ;%smsglOdÍ tfukau iodpdr
.=Kiïmkak uyf;rjreka tjk f,i;a" fn!oaO ;%smsgl .%ka: tjk f,i;a
iòyka lrñka rdu[a[ rfÜ wkqreoaO rcqg wd.ñl ¥; msßila hjk ,§'
iïNdId 67
5' wreuk ^wruk& rg
Bg ms<s;=re jYfhka wkqreoaO rcq tn`ÿ uyf;rjreka msßila o

;%smsgl .%ka: o tjk ,o nj iòyka fõ' zwreukZ ke;fyd;a zwrukZ ráka
NslaIQka meñKs nj Èjhsfka fi,a,smsj, iòyka jk w;r tu fi,a,sms
jpkj,ska woyia jkafka rdu[a[ ráka NslaIQka fuys meñKs nj hehs o tu
nqreufha rdu[a[ foaYh ^fyda my< nqreufha :fgdaka foaYh& f,i y`ÿkdf.k
we;s nj o fla' t,a' yIard ^Kanai Lal Hazra) mjihs' fuu f;dr;=re
idikjxYfha o ùÿreud<s.d jxYl;dfõ ^Glass Palace Chronicle) o iòyka
jk neúka újdo rys;h'
m<uqjeks úchndyq rcqf.a fmdf<dkakre fi,a,smsh o"

fõ,laldrhskaf.a mqjre fi,a,smsh o ^Slab inscription of Velaikkaras) fuu
f;dr;=re jeäÿrg;a ikd: lrhs' ksldh ix.%yhg yd mQcdj,shg wkqj o
fuu ld¾hNdrh iòyd rdu[a[ foaYfhka b;d fcHIaG jQ NslaIQka 20
kula meñK we;' fï wkqj fy< Èjhsfka ke;s ù .sh iiqk m<uqjeks
úchndyq hq.fha§ h<s ia:dms; jQfha idik NdrOdß rdu[a[ foaYSh NslaIQkaf.a
wkqmfïh Wmldrfhks'
6' mrdl%undyq rcq yd rdu[a[ foaYh
m<uqjeks mrdl%undyq rcq ^1183-1186& o fmrfiau rdcH yd idiksl

iïnkaO;d meje;aùug W;aiql úh' tl, fuys isg rdu[a[ rgg .sh ¥;
msßilg tl, tys isá fudav .;s we;s rdu[a[ rcq úiska ysßyer lrk ,o
w;r fj<ò NdKavhkao rdcika;l lrk ,§' fuhska n,j;a fia wjudkhg
f.dÿre jQ m<uqjeks mrdl%undyq rcq thska m<s.ekSug wÈgka lr .;af;ah'
m<s.ekSu iòyd keõ 100 l muK keõ ke.S .sh msßi hqoaO l< w;r tys§
fy, Èjhsfka Nghka úiska rdu[a[ rcq urdouk ,§' thska miq ,xld
rdcHh tys wdêm;Hh m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,§' fuhska fndfyda fia ìhg m;a
idudkH rgjeis ck;dj fuu w¾nqoh uev,Su iòyd Y%S ,dxlsl NslaIQkag
ueÈy;a jk f,i b,a,d isáhy' NslaIQkaf.a b,a,Sug rcq tl`. jQ w;r
forfÜ m%YAkh iduldój úiòd .ekSug ux mEÿks' forfÜ ñ;%;ajh h<s;a
uekúka ;yjqre úK'
68 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
7' rdu[a[ rg iSy< ix>ksldh msysgqùu
Pmamg uyf;reka jykafia îoaOïufcd;smd,& úiska iSy< ix>

ksldh rdu[a[ foaYfha msysgqjk ,§' tjlg tys rcq jQfha krm;sis:q
^l%s'j'1167-1202& rcqh' rc;=ud ;f,hsx foaYjdiS NslaIqjla jQ idßmq;a; ysñhkag
wdrdOkd fldg f.kajdf.k fï .ek lreKq m%ldY lrk ,§' idßmq;a;
ysñ m.dkhg meñKs w;r tys§ iSy< ix> mrmqf¾ wdkkao uyf;reka
fj;ska iSy< meúoao yd Wmiïmodj ,nd.kakd ,§' tfyhska Wkajykafia
rc;=udf.a o fkduò f.!rjdorhg md;%úK' zziajdñKs" fjk;a m%foaYj,g
jevufldg tu m<d;aj, o iiqk msßisÿ lrkakZZ hehs rc;=ud idßmq;a;
ysñf.ka b,a,d isá w;r Bg m%;spdr jYfhka idßmq;a; ysñ rdu[a[ rgg
jevu lrk ,È'
od, ^^Dala) m%foaYfha kej;S isá idßmq;a; ysñ tys ziSy< ix>
ksldhZ msysgqjk ,§' rdu[a[ rfÜ b;d Wiia iS,fhka yd .=Kfhka
iïmkak NsCIqjla f,i idßmq;a; ysñ m%lg jQ w;r rdclShhkaf.a o fkduo
f.!rjhg md;%úK' krm;sis:q rcq Wkajyiafiag Oïuú,di hk idiksl
f.!rj kdu iïuq;sh m%odkh lrk ,È'
8' p;=¾úO rdIaà%h Wmiïmodj
fldaÜfÜ hq.fha 6 jeks mrdl%undyq rdcH iufha ^l%s'j' 1415 - 1467&

fldaÜfÜ§ p;=¾úo rdIaà%h Wmiïmod úkh l¾uhla isÿlsÍu ft;sydisl
isoaêhls' W;=re ;dhs,ka;fha kíìismqr ^Ñfhxudhs& 16 jeks ishjfia§ ,shk
,o zðkld,ud,SZ kï jQ ft;sydisl .%ka:h fld<U§ meje;s p;=¾úO
rdIaá%h Wmiïmod úkh l¾uh .ek f;dr;=re iòyka lrhs' tu Wmiïmod
úkh l¾ufha§ Wmiïmodj ,nd .;a NslaIQka rgj,a y;rlg wh;a fõ'
tkï ,díh" ldïfndach" ishï rg ^;dhs,ka;h& iy rdu[a[ foaYhhs'
ishï rfÜ Ñfhxudhs NslaIQka 25 kula o ldïfndac NslaIqka 08 kula o
rdu[a[ rg NslaIqka 6 kulao" ,díshdkq NslaIQkA lsysm kula o Wmiïmodj
,nd.;a nj iòyka fõ' fuu iajdóka jykafia,d Wmiïmodj ,nd.ekSug
leue;a; m,lr Bg jkr;k uydidókaf.ka wjir b,a,d isáhy' fuys§
6 jeks mrdl%undyq rcqf.a mQ¾K wkq.%yfhka l,HdKs .x.dfõ hdmd mÜgk
kï ia:dkfha § 1424 j¾Ifha§ fuu uyd p;=¾úO rdIaá%h Wmiïmodj isÿ
lrk ,§'
iïNdId 69
Wmiïmodj muKla fkdj Wka j yka f ia , d fuys § fy< Èjhs f ka

NslaIQkaf.a wlaIr j¾K úkHdih (Orthographic System) o Yío úoHd iïm%odh
fyj;a NdIK iïm%Þh Întonation Pattern) bf.kSug o úúO fn!oaO .%ka:
icZCOdhkd lrk wdldrh bf.kSug o W;aiql jQ nj iòyka fõ' fï wkqj
Wmiïmodj muKla fkdj f:rjd§ iïm%odfha idiksl jQ fndfyda foa
Wkajykafia,d fuys§ bf.k.;ay' th forfÜu idiksl mqkreohg fya;=
jQ nj meyeÈ,s fõ'
9' l,HdKs iSud rdu[a[ NsCIq Wmiïmodj
fldaÜfÜ hq.fha§ rdu[a[ foaYSh NsCIQka fjkqfjka fjkuu

Wmiïmod úkh l¾uhla l< nj b;s y di.;h' nq r eufha fma . = kq j r
Oïufp;s rcq ^1460-1491& l,ska meúÈj isg isjqre yer rdcH;ajhg m;a jQ
oeyeñ md,lfhls' Tyqg wjYH jQfha iiqk msßisÿ lsÍu iòyd fy< Èjhsfkka
uydúydr Wmiïmodj ,nd.ekSu h' fï iòyd Oïufp;s rcq ^rdudêm;s&
¥; msßila ,xldjg tjk ,§' tjlg Y%S ,xld rdcHh úpd, 6 jeks nqjfklndyq
rcqg ^1470-1479& o fcHIaG;u isxy, NsCIQka jykafia,dg o jákd ;Hd.
iys ; j ;u wjYH;djh iys ; ixfoa Y h tjk ,§' Wmiïmodfm% a C Il
idufKarjreka keõ foll meñKs w;r tla kejla Ñ;%¥; wud;Hjrhdf.a
kdhl;ajfhka o wfkla kej rdu¥; wud;Hjrhdf.a kdhl;ajfhka o
meñK we;' Ñ;%¥; wud;Hjrhdf.a kej fld<U n,d meñKs w;r rdu¥;
wud;Hjrhdf.a kej whym;a iq<x iys; ld,.=K ;;a;ajh ksid je,s.u
jrdhg f.dvnei we;'
rc;=udf.a wKska l,HdKs .x.dfõ fndaÜgq tlg ;nd neò ilia

lr.;a Wol=lafÄm iSud ud,lfha§ ^Water Boundary) ùod.u uydf:rjrhka
jyka f ia f .a iNdm;s ; a j fhka Wmiïmodj me;+ is h ¨ idufKA r jrhka
jykafia,dg Wmiïmodj ,ndfok ,§' Wmiïmodj ,nd wdmiq ish rgg
meñKs msßi rdudêm;s rcq úiska b;d by<ska u ms<s.kakd ,§' tfiau
rdudêm;s rcq kriQr kï wud;Hjrhdf.a .fuys l,HdKs iSud kñka iSud
ud<lhla o msysgqjk ,§' fuhska miqj ishü NsCIq ziSy, NslaIq WmiïmodjZ
,nd.kakd ,§' fufia rdu[a[ foaYh yd uq¿ nqreu NsCIq ix>hdu ziSy,
uydúydr NsCIq WmiïmodjZ ,nd.kakd ,§'
70 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
10' l,HdŒ fi,a,sms
Oïufp;s rcq fi,a,sms rdYshla fuu f;dr;=re we;=<;a fldg msysgqjd

we;' tu fi,a,sms iuQyh l,HdKs fi,a,sms kñka ye`Èkafõ' tl, rdu[a[
rfgys w.kqjr jQ yxij;S kqjr ^fma.= kqjr - Pegu) fuu fi,a,sms msysgqjd
we;' fïjdfha úia;r jkafka iSud iïu; lsÍu yd úkh yd iïnkaO jQ
f;dr;=reh' tfukau OïufÉ;sh rcqf.a ld,fha ,xldfõ l,HdKs .x.dfõ
Wmiïmodj ,nd.;a wdldrhhs' fuu isÿùu yd tu fi,a,smsuh jd¾;dlrKh
jkdysS fy< yd rdu[a[ iïnkaO;djkays w;sYh jeo.;a i,l=Kla hehs
fla' wreKisß iòyka lrhs'
11' rdu[a[ ixfoaYh
rdu[a[ ixfoaYh ke;fyd;a uydkd.l=, ixfoaYh tfia ke;fyd;a

udkdjq¿ ixfoaYh md,s idys;H .%ka:hls' tfiau th ixfoaY .Khg o
jefÜ' ol=Kq ,l udkdjq¿ mqrjdiS uy f;rkula úiska rdu[a[ foaYfha
wßuoaok mqrjdiS uyd liaim f;rekaf.ka lrk idiksl b,a,Sula fuhg
f;audj ù we;' iiqk mú;% lrk f,i .%ka: l¾;Djrhd jk uydkd.fiak
ysñ uydliaim f;rekaf.ka b,a,d isà' ,xldfõ mrdl%undyq rcqf.a iydhfhka
iiqk msßisÿ l< nj o tfia u rdu[a[ foaYfha o isßOïu rcqf.a iydhfhka
iiqk msßisÿ lsÍu uekejehs o hk ldrKh fuu uydkd.l=, ixfoaYfhka
b,a,d we;' 12 jeks ishjfia§ by< nqreufha rdu[a[ foaYfha W.;=ka Y%S
,dxlsl W.;=ka iu. iïnkaO ù isá nj fuhska m%lg jk lreKls'
12' nqoaOf>daI ysñ
nqreu Ydia;%Sh iïm%odh wkqj wgqjdpdß nqoaOf>daI ysñ rdu[a[ foaYfha

Wm; ,nd we;' ioaOïumqrfha Wm k.rhla jk f.da,d ^Gola) kï .fuys
Wkajykafia Wm; ,nd we;s nj iòyka fõ' ta wkqj tys flaimín;
úydrfha§ Wkajykafia meúÈ nj ,nd we;' tfy;a ta'mS' nqoaOo;a; yssñf.a
u;h kï rdu[a[ foaYfha Wm; ,oafoa jqjo fkdjqj o tys isg ,xldjg
meñfKkakg we;s njh'
13' rdu[a[ ksldh

j;auka rdu[a[ ksldh o nqreufha rdu[a[ foaYh yd iïnkaO fõ'
;uka jykafia ,nd .;a ishï ksldhsl Wmiïmodfjka jvd;au ;Dma;
iïNdId 71
fkdjQ wU.yj;af;a irKxlr kdysñmdKka jykafia ^bkaÞiNjr[dKidñ&

rdu[a[ rgg f.dia fkhHOïu ix>rdc ysñ hgf;a Wmiïmodj ,nd
meñfKk w;r l,HdKS iSudfõ ;j;a Wmiïmodjla ,nd ,xldjg imeñKsfha
h' j;auka rdu[a[ ksldh 1863 cQks ui 12 od msysgqjk ,o w;r thska
idïm%odhsl §¾>ld,Sk jQ rdu[a[- Y%S ,xld iduhsl yd ixialD;sl iïnkaO;d
jv jvd;a j¾Okh úh'
wdY%s; .%ka:
1. Bode, M.H., (1909), The Pali Literature of Burma, London.

2. Encyclopaedia of Buddhism, Vol. iii,(1999), Government of Ceylon, Ceylon.
3. Hall, D.G.E., (1964), A History of South- East Asia, London.
4. Harvey, G.E., (1925), History of Burma, London.
5. Hazra, K.L., (1982), History of Theravada Buddhism in South – East Asia, New
Delhi.
6. Malalasekara, G.P., (1928), The Pali Literature of Ceylon, Colombo.
7. Ray, N.R., (1946), An Introduction to the Study of Theravada Buddhism in Burma,
Culcutta.
72 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldfha

idïm%odhsl Wmiïmod úkhl¾uh
wxl=Uqf¾ fmujxi uydia:úr
Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldfha i[aØ f,aLldêldÍ"
Ydia;%m;s rdclSh mKaä; ;%smsgl úYdro
w;sjyka
mc
Q H wU.yj;af;aa bkaÞiNjr[dKidñ uyf;reka
fia 1860'10'10 Èkfhys mdßY=of
a OdamiïmÞj
fidhd nqreufha rdu[a[ rgg jevu fldg tys§
1861 cq k s 12 jk Èkfhys f[hHOïu uq k s j r
[dKls ; a ; s i a i s ß ix>rdc uyf;reka WmdOHdh
fldgf.k ms ß is ÿ Wmimka nj ,enQ y ' tu
Wmiïmodj úiq x .du iS u djl§ ,enQ fyhs k a o
Wmiïmod úkhl¾ufha iSudiïm;a;sfha mrudo¾Yh
jQ Wol=lafLm iSudjl§ o,aySl¾u lr.ekSu B<`.
wfmalaIdj jQ fyhskao Wkajykafia brjä.f. Wol=lafLm iSudfõo hf:dla;
ix>rdchka jykafia m%uqL ix>hd ,jd l,ska ,enQ Wmiïmodj o<aySl¾u
lr .;ay' Wkajykafia ;=< ;snqKq wfkla n,dfmdfrd;a;=j f,i fmfkkafka
,laÈj uydúydr mrïmrdkqhd; ix>hdf.ka o<aySl¾u lrf.k tu mrmqrg
iDcqj iïnkaO ùuhs' ta msKsi Wkajykafia f;dardf.k we;af;a rdu[a[fha
yxij;S kqjr msysá l,HdKs iSudjhs' tu iSudj iïu; fldg msysgqjk
,oafoa ,xld uydúydr mrïmrdkqhd; ix>hdf.ka Wmiïmodj ,nd trg
.sh NslaIq ix>hd úisks' tys§o Wkajykafia ish Wmiïmodj o<aySl¾uh
iïNdId 73
u.ska ;yjqre lr .;ay' wjia:d ;=kl§ ;uka jykafia b;d by<ska wfmalaId
l< msßisÿ Wmiïmodj ;uka jykafia ;=< msysgqjdf.k wdmiq ,laÈjg
meñKsfha 1862'08'18 jeks Èkfhysh' m%:u Wmiïmodj úkhl¾uh mj;ajk
,oafoa 1863'07'121 Èk§h' .d,af,a uyfudaor zzf[hHOuudNsuqksjr ix>rdc
iSudjZZ hehs kï lrk ,o Wol=lafLm iSudfõ§ mqjlaoKavdfõ m[a[dkkao"
jrdmsáfha iqñ;a; hk f;reka jykafia,d m%uqL iudk iïfNda.sl f;reka
jykafia iu. fuu Wmiïmodj mj;ajk ,§' fu;ekska Y%S ,xld rdu[a[
uyd ksldfha idïm%odhsl Wmiïmod úkhl¾uh wdrïN fjhs'2
fuu Wmiïmod úkh l¾ufha WmdOHdh;ajh oerefjda ,Êc m%shYS,s

jrdms á fha iq ñ ;a ; ia : úrhka jyka f ia h ' mq j la o Ka v dfõ m[a [ dkka o
ne`È.uOïudkkao fidNs;" wU.yj;af;a bkaodiNjr[dKidñ hk f;reka
jykafia,d m%:u l¾ujd.dpdhH_fhda jQy' §fmaf.dv iS,laLkaO" me,afmd,
OïuoiaiS" .d,af,a iqux., hk ysñjreka oaù;Sh yd ;D;Sh l¾ujdlH
iÊCOdhkd fldg we;' .KmQrlfhda úisy;r kula jQy' Wvq.,afudfÜ
.=K;siai iuKqoafoaihka jykafia fuys§ Wmiïmodj ,enQy'3
fuu Wmiïmod úkh l¾uh hdf:dala; f;reka jykafia,d úiska

,laÈj § mj;ajkq ,en we;af;a úkhOrhd m%uqL mxp.Khd úiska w;sf¾l
m[ap .Khd úiska m%;Hka; ckmohkays [;a;sp;=;a:lïu Wmiïmod
l%ufhka fyrKqka Wmiïmod lsÍug nqÿrÿka ,nd § we;s bvlv m%fhdackhg
.ksñks' fuys úkhOrhd jYfhka l%shd fldg we;af;a hf:dala; wU.yj;aaf;a
f;reka jykafia nj b;sydih úuik úg fmkS hhs' jHla; m%;sn, iïmkak
úkhOrfhl=f.ka f;drj flfrk Wmiïmod§ .re úkhl¾u Ndrfkd.;
hq;= nj ksldfha uQ,sl l;sldjf;a§ ms<sf.k we;'4 th úkh kS;sh o fjhs'
tu l;sldj fufiah' zzjH;af;k NslaLqkd mánf,k ixf>da [dfm;ífndaZZ
hk úkh kS;sh wkqj Wmiïmod úkh l¾uho we;=¿j ta ta úkh l%shd
lrk úg Bg jqjukd iïm;a yd kqjqjukd úm;a msßisÿj oekqï f;areï we;s
jHla; m%;sn, iïmkak úkhOrfhla m%uqLj lrk .re úkh l¾u muKla
Ndr .kakjd ñi ke;fyd;a Ndr fkd.; hq;=h'
01' ;%súO úkhOr ,laIK
f:rmrïmrd.; hf:dala; úkhOrhd flfrys ;sìh hq;= ,laIK

.ek iuka; mdidÈld úkhÜGl:dj iòyka lrhs'5 zzúkhOfrk mq.a.f,k
;s,CLK iukakd.f;k Nú;LLx ;s‚ úkhOriai ,CLKdks bÉð;índks
74 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
l;udks ;sKS@ iq;a;xpiai iajd.;xfyd;s iqmamj;a;s iqúksÉý;x iq;a;fid

wkqjH[ackfid bofulx ,CLKx' úkfhd fLd mk ëf;dfyd;s wixySfrd;s
box ÿ;shx" wdpßh mrïmrdfLd mkiai iq.a.ysf;d fyd;s iqukisl;d
iQmOdß;d box ;;shxZZ
úkhOr mqoa.,hd ;%s,laIKh we;af;la úh hq;=h' úkhOrhdf.a

,laIK 3la leu;s úh hq;af;ah' 1' iq;% ixLHd; ishü úkh msglh fm<
jYfhka w¾:l:d jYfhka o iel ke;s j bf.k f.k ;s î u' 2' fm<
w¾:l:dÈfhys lïmdjla ke;sju úkfhys ,ÊðNdjfhka msysàu 3' f:r
mrïmrdj fkdfyd;a wdpßh mrïmrdj fufkys lrkq ,ÿj fyd¢ka ork
,ÿj hym;aj bf.k f.k ;sîu'
Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ ksldfhys m%:u Wmiïmodfjys úkhOrhd jYfhka

l%shd l< wU.yj;af;a bkaodiNjr[dKidñ f;reka jykafia úkhOrfhl=
;=< ;sìh hq;= úkh msglh fm< yd w¾:l:d jYfhka uekúka yodrk
,oafols' O¾u úkh W.;a wdpd¾hjreka lSmfofkl= hgf;a Wkajykafia
O¾uúkh YíoYdia;%dÈh o iuld,Sk Ydiksl miqìuo uekúka yodrd we;s
nj Wkajykafiaf.a pß;fhka meyeÈ,s fõ'6
1' is,aj;a .=Kj;a OQ;x.Or wlaóuk fidNs; ia:úrhkaf.ka uQ,sl

nK oyï yeoEÍu'
2' 19 jk ishjfia my;rg Yío Ydia;% Woa§mkh we;s l< lrf;dg

Oïudrdu ysñf.a meúÈ YsIHfhl=j isg ^wlaóuk isßOïu ysñ&
miqj isjqre yer W.f;l= f,i m%isoaOj isá fmaøsla o is,ajd
mKaä;fialr m%mfka;a; rd,ydñf.ka Yío Ydia;% yeoEÍu'
3' lrf;dg Oïudrdu ia:úrhkaf.ka ;j;a meúÈ YsIHfhl= jk

zzwmf.a W.;=ka úiska fkdi,ld yßk ,o kuq;a 19 jk ishjfia
furg fn!oaO jHdmdrfhys uQ,sl kdhlfhl= jQ;a Ys,am Ydia;%hkays
mdr.;;ajfhka uqÿka fm;a;g kex.d jQ;a 19 jk ishjfia lrk
,o fmr,sh ksidu fn!oaO Ydiksl b;sydihg kj uqyqKqjrla
we;s l<7 fnka;r w;a:oiais f;reka <`. jir 11la muK O¾u
úkh Yío Ydia;% yeoEÍu" Wkajykafiaf.a fm!oa.,sl f,aLl
jYfhka l%shd fldg iuld,Sk Ydiksl miqìu ms<snò oekqu
,eîu'
iïNdId 75
4' r;akmqr m%foaYhg f.dia fmd;af.ä imhdf.k ;%smsglO¾uhg

wh;a fmd;a ;uka jykafia úiskau ,shñka O¾u úkh ms<snò
iajhx wOHhkhl fh§u'8
5' 1855 § YHdfudamd,sjxisl u,aj;= iSudfjka Wmiïmod ,eîu' 1856

§ 9 l,HdKs Wol=lafLm iSudfjka h<s Wmiïmodùu jk furg§
,nk ,o Wmiïmod u.ska úkh jHjydrh .ek w;aoelSï ,eîu
yd 1861 cqks 12 jk Èk rdu[a[ rg NsCIQkaf.ka úiqx.%du noaO
iSudfjka Wmiïmodj ,eîu yd fojrla o<aySl¾u lrjd .ekSu
u.ska úkhdkql+, Wmiïmodj ms<snò w;aoelSï ,eîu'10
furg iuld,Sk W.;a nqoaêu;a m%isoaO m`äjrhka iu`. o nqreu .ufka§

trg W.;a NslaIQka iu. o O¾u úkh .ek tl, mek ke.S ;snqKq ixlKSh
ia:dk .egïy.; ia:dk ms<snò idlÉcd lsÍu' tn`ÿ W.;=ka /ila .ek
.%ka:dka;rhkays iòyka fõ'11
1' foia úfoia ys m%isoaO m`äjrfhl= jQ je,s.u iqux., kdysñ'
2' Íia fâúâia md,s NdIdj W.;a hd;%duq,af,a Oïudrdu f:r'
3' iHdu ksldhsl fldaÜfÜ ix> iNdfõ wdÈl¾;D fmd;=ú, bJofcda;s
f:r'
4' 1860 § ,xldf,dalh kï m<uq isxy, m;%h mgka.;a ,laÈj W.f;l=
f,i;a m%isoaO nq,;a.u Oïud,xldr isßiquk;siai f:r'
5' úfoHdaoh mßfõKdêm;s yslalvqfõ iqux., f:r'
6' j,dfka isoaOd¾: f:r
7' u,s.iafma O¾ulS¾;s Y%S ux., f:r'
8' f[hHOïudNsuqksjr [dKls;a;siaisß ix>rdc udysñ we;=¿ fndfyda
rdu[a[ NsCIQka jykafia'
1782 muK jf.af.dv Oïul=i, kï my;rg NslaIqj úiska ,shk

,o rdc ikafoaYh" 1826 § hgkaú, isß iqkkao kï wia.sß md¾Yajfha
uydkdhl ysñhka úiska u,aj;= Wmiïmodj .ek iel my< fldg ,shk
,o iS u dixlr úfkda o kS h " wia . s ß úydrfha wiS u djdoh .ek u,a j ;=
uydúydrfhka hjk ,o ,smsf,aLk" YHdfudamd,s Wmiïmodj .ek u,aj;=
wia.sß úydroajfha yg f.k ;snqKq jdo újdo ke;s lr .ekSu iòyd ishï
76 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
rfÜ Oïuhq;a;sl rdu[a[ NslaIQka f.kajd u,aj;af;a§ Wmiïmodjla l<

hq;= hehs fnka;r w;a:oiaiS f;reka jykafia úiska Oïuhqla;sl ksldhg
hjk ,o ^nq'j' 2385& ikafoaYh" 1851 § wurmqr ksldfha ,xldf.dv ërdkkao
ysñhka úiska mj;ajdf.k hk ,o wurmqr ksldfha iSudixlrjdoh jeks
iuld,Sk Ydiksl ;;a;ajh újrKh flfrk .%ka:" ikafoaY yd ,smsf,aLk
mßYS,kfhka wU.yj;af;a ysñ O¾u úkh iòyd mq¿,a wjfndaOhla ,nkakg
we;'
úkfhys msysgd l%shd lsÍu
f:rmrïmrd.; úkhOrfhl=f.a fojk ,laIKh f,i oelafjk

úkfhys msysgd l%shd lsÍuh hkak wU.yj;af;a kdysñhkaf.a pß;fhys
lemS fmfkk .=Kdx.hls' my; oelafjk idOl ta nj ;yjqre lrkq we;'
1' iHdfudmd,sjxisl u,aj;= iSudfjka yd le,Ks Wol=lafLm iSudfjka

fojrla ,enQ Wmiïmodj ms < s n ò iel my< fldg ;uka ;= <
Wmiïmodj msysáfha hehs fkdms<s.ksñka lsisÿ rdcdkq.%yhla fkd,en
Ôú;h mrÿjg ;nd nqreufha rdu[a[ rgg f.dia msßisÿ Wmiïmodj
;uka ;=< msysáfha hehs iEySulg m;aj th ;jÿrg;a ;yjqre lr
.ekSï jia Wol=lafLm iSudjl yd l,HdKs iSudfõ§ o<ayS l¾u
lrjd úkhdkql+,j ksi iudoka ùu" ta nj ;yjqre lrk lÈu
ksoiqkls'
2' m%:u Wmiïmodfõ úkhOrhd ù úkhdkql+,j Wmiïmodj meje;aùu

msKsi wjYH úkhdkq.; ixúOdk lghq;= uqkajykafia úkfhys
msysgd l%shdlsÍu ms<snò ;j;a kso¾Ykhls' m%:u Wmiïmod úkh
l¾ufha m%:u ix.S;s m;%fha wka;¾.;h wod< lreKq ta nj ;yjqre
lrhs'
zzyd mqrd lshd ;uka jykafia,d úiska isoaO lrkag hkq ,nk W;=ï
jQ Ydiksl .re úkhl¾uh ms<snòj foaYkd.;j tk yeu O¾u
úkh kS;shla .ek m<uq fldg fnfyúka idlÉcd l<y' i¾jY=oaOj
tk kshuhka lsisjl= úiska W,a,x>kh fkdfldg tA úkh l¾uh
lsÍug ;sfokd jykafiaf.a talu;slfhkau iïu; lr .;ayZZ'12
3' wU.yj;af;a udysñ;=uka jykafia NsCIq ix>hd iòyd úkh msglfhys

oelafjk l=vd wkql=vd YslaIdmohka mjd Èú fojeks fldg /ls
iïNdId 77
Y%uK .=Kdx.hka msßmqka nyqY%e; úkhOrfhl=13 nj fykaß iaà,a

´,alÜ;=ud iòyka fldg we;'
4' oykjjk ishjfia ix> ixúOdkfha kj ksldhkaf.a j¾Okh ;=<

Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ ksldfha úldYkh .ek m¾fhaIK l< Y%shdkS
.=Kr;ak" wU.yj;af;a kdysñf.a úkh Ndú;dj ms<snò fufia
lshhs'14
zzúkh ms < s n ò úYd, Wkka ÿ jla oela j Q w;r ta ms < s n òj oeä
m%;sm;a;shla Wkajykafia wkq.ukh l<y' ;ud wkq.ukh l<
ish¨ fokdf.kau o tf,i n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQy' úkh ms<snòj jQ
fï oeä m%;sm;a;sh" mej;s ksldh foflka fjkia uqyqKqjrla .ekSug
fya;= jQjdla fukau th rdu[a[ ksldfha moku ;SrKh ùug o
n,mEfõhZZ'
wdpßh mrïmrdj
m%:u Wmiïmodj mj;ajk ,o 1863'07'12 isg 1885 ckjdß 11 olajd

ksldfha Wmiïmod úkh l¾u 23l§ úkhOr;ajh ord we;s wU.yj;af;a
kdys ñ f.a wdpd¾h mrïmrdj flfia o @ th ms < s n ò wU.yj;a f ;a
bkaodiNjr[dKidñ f;reka jykafia úiskau 1883'01'03 fld<U wdKavqfõ
tacka; úiska rdu[a[ ksldh ms<snò wid tjk ,o m%Yak lSmhlska y;r
jeksj oelafjk rdu[a[ ksldh lskï iud.ulg whs;so@ hk m%Yakhg
ms<s;=re jYfhka ,shd hjd we;s my; oelafjk ms<s;=frka Wkajykafiaf.a
mrïmrdj l=ula o hkak ukdj meyeÈ,s fõ'
,xldfõ fmr mej;s ñysÿ mrïmrdj hehs lshk ,o uyd úydr mrïmrdj
lSmj;djla u nqreu rg msysgqjd ;sfnk iafõ;sNskaø iajdñ jQ OïufÉ;sh
uyrc;=ud úsiska ,laÈjg keõ follska 44 kula NslaIq ix>hd msg;alr tjd
fld<Ug kqÿre fldaÜfÜ rc l< nqjfklndyq rcqf.a ld,fha§ ,laÈúka
Wmiïmod ù f.dia rdu[a[ idikh msysgqjd rdu[a[ kdufhka mej;
tk NsCIq ix>hdf.a jdih neúka rdu[a[ iud.ug wh;ah'15 fuys iòyka
j we;af;a Wkajykafia rdu[a[ rg yxij;S kqjr l,HdKs iSudfõ§ ,enQ
o<aySl¾uh .ek úh hq;=h'
wU.yj;af;a udysñf.a Ydikjxi mrïmrdj rdu[a[ foaYfha msysgqjk

,o ,laÈj uydúydr Ydik mrïmrdj nj fï ms<s;=frka ukdj ;yjqre
8 - CM23766
78 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
fjhs' fï nj ikd: jk m%ldYkhla ksldfha uq,a l;sldjf;a ix{dmkfha§

o olakg ,efí' zznqreu rg r;kd mqKaK rdcOdksfhys mj;akd Ydik jxi
mrïmrdj uydufyaJø ia:úrhka jykafiaf.a idikjxY mrïmrdj jQ uyd
úydr mrïmrd jxih wúÉýka k j mejf;k njo oelZZ 16 fï wkq j
wU.yj;af;a udysñ rdu[a[ rfÜ § ,enQ Wmiïmodj l=uk wdpd¾h mrmqrlg
wh;a jQjla oehs ukdj meyeÈ,sh' tu;=o fkdj tu WmiïmÞfõ WmdOHdh;ajh
±rE hf:dla; f[HhOïudNsuqksjr ix>rdchdKka jykafia tu Ydikjxi
mrïmrdfõ tl, jev isá úkhOr f;reka jykafia nj o ksielh' tu
Wmiïmodj ,enQ ia:dkh f,i iòykaj we;af;a Wvnqreufha r;kdmqKaK
rdcOdksfhys uyd úiaiq;drdu ix>rdcdrdui: úiqx.du iSudjhs' ftrdj;S
uyd k§ Wol=lafLm iSudfõ§ mqkYslaIdj fyj;a o<ayS l¾uh ,en we;af;ao
tu ix>rdchka jykafia we;=¿ ix>hdf.ka ùu ksid tys wdpd¾h mrïmrdjo
hf:dla; uydúydr Ydik jxi mrmqrgu wh;a hehs is;Sug bv ;sfí'
mQ¾jfhys olajd we;s l,HdKs iSud o<ayS l¾uh uydúydr f:rjdo

iïm%odhg iDcqj iïnkaO ùula f,i is;sh yels w;r th isÿj we;af;a
nq'j'2406 ^l%s'j'1862& fmdfidka ui mqr wgjl Èkfhysh'17 m<uq yd fojk
o<ayS l¾uhka isÿ lrkq ,en we;af;a wU.yj;af;a ysñ Wmiïmod ù we;af;a
úiqx.du iSudjl§ t,a, úh yels Wmjdo uäKq msKsih'
hf:dla ; uydúydr iïm% o dfha wúÉýka k WmdOHdhhka jyka f ia

kulf.ka Wmiïmod ù we;s fyhska o Wkajykafiaf.au WmdOHdh;ajfhka
m% : u mq k Ys l a I dj ,nd we;s fyhs k a o Y% S ,xld uydúydr iïm% o dfha u
NslaIQkaf.kau ia:dmkh ù we;s fma.= kqjr l,HdKs iSudfõ§ oaú;Sh
o<aysl¾uh isÿ lrf.k we;s fyhska o wU.yj;af;a f;reka jykafia
uydúydr Ydikjxi mrmqrg u wh;a f,i meyeÈ,sj fmkS hhs' ta wkqj
Wkajykafia úkhOrfhl= ;sìh hq;= zzmrïmrdj fkdisò.ekauZZ hk idOlh
iïmQ¾K lr .;a W;=ful= nj meyeÈ,sh'
wU.yj;a f ;a udys ñ f.a wdika k ;u iudk iïfNda . s l f;reka

jykafia,d f,i iòykaj we;af;a mqjlaoKavdfõ m[a[dkkao" jrdmsáfha
iqñ;a; hk iajdókaøhka jykafia,dh' ta foku o úkhOrhkag msysáh
hq;= foaYkdjo tys msysgd ms<sme§u o wdpd¾h mrïmrdj fkdisò.ekauo hk
;%súO úkhOr ,CIK wkQk j Wreulr .;af;da fj;s' bka mqjlaoKavdfõ
m[a[dkkao f;reka jykafia ;j;a isõ kula iu`. rdu[a[ rfÜ yxij;S
kqjrg f.dia wU.yj;af;a ysñf.a wdpd¾h mrmqr jQ ,laÈj uydúydr
iïNdId 79
mrïmrd l,HdKs iS u dfõ§ wdrKHjdiS .Kdpd¾h úkhOr Ys l a I dldó

ioaOïujr kue;s f;reka jykafia WmdOHdh fldg Wmiïmodj ,nd l,HdKS
iSudjxi m[a[dkkao hk kñka uydúydr l,HdKs jxifhys ;yjqrej
,laÈjg meñK wU.yj;af;a udysñf.a iudk iïfNda.slfhda jQy'18
1863 -1885 w;r ld,mßÉfÊoh ;=< ksldfha mej;s Wmiïmod úkh

l¾uhkays WmdOHdh;ajh ord we;s ,Êð m%shYS,S jrdmsáfha iqñ;a; uyf;reka
jykafia ishï ksldfha u,aj;= úydrfhys meúÈ Wmiïmodj ,nd jir 22 la
muK jkjdislj jevisá W;=fuls' Wkajykafia o ishï ksldfha ms<sfj;a
.ek Wlg,Sj ksrjq,a uyK Wmiïmodj fidhd lsisÿ rdcdkq.%yhla fkd,nd
mka;sia kula NslaIQka o legqj nq(j( 2387 ^rd(j( 1844& ishï rgg .shy'
tys rdu[a[fha ,xld uydúydr jxisl l,HdK iSudj m%Nj fldg

we;s Ouuhq;a;sl ksldfha m%Odk jQ úkhOr jðr[dK ix>rdc f;reka
jykafia WmdOHdh fldg Wmiïmodj ,nd .;ay' tys§u i;ajila ksif.k
O¾uúkh m%.=K fldg we;' bkamiq ,laÈjg meñK wU.yj;af;a udysñf.a
ióm;u iudk iïfNda.fhl= f,i l%shd l<y' ta wkqj Wkajykafia o
;%súO úkhOr ,laIK iïmQ¾K lr.;a ksldfha úkhOrfhl= f,i l%shd
fldg we;s nj meyeÈ,sh'19
Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ ksldfha uQ,sl úkhOr NslaIQka jykafiaf.a wúÉýkak

wdpd¾h mrïmrdj ,xld uydúydr Ydikjxih f,ig ikd: jk meyeÈ,s
idOl fu;rï ;sìh§ we;eï ksldhsl f,aLlhka úiska miqld,Skj nqreurg
fidKq;a;r mrmqr ,xld uydúydr mrmqr njg m;aj we;s nj fkdoek fuu
wdpd¾h mrïmrdj nqreu rfÜ fidKq;a;r Ydikjxihg we;=,;a lsÍug
h;ak ord we;' th jerÈ iy.; nj ft;sydisl f;dr;=re úuiSfuka
meyeÈ,s fjhs'
1 uyd úchndyq rcq l, uydúydßl ix>hdf.a ÿ¾j,;ajhla we;s

ùfuka Wmiïmod§ úkh l¾u lsÍug ;rï NslaIQka fidhd .ekSug wmyiq
ù we;s fyhska nq(j( 1601 ^l%s(j( 1057& jekafkys rdu[a[ rg wkqreoaO rcq
fj; okajd tráka NslaIQka f.kajd uydúydßl ix>hdf.a j¾Okh l<
;eka mgka rdu[a[ foaYsl fidKq;a;r f:rjxi mrïmrdj ,laÈj msysáhdhs
rdu[a[ ksldfha uQ,sl l;sldj; ix{dmkh lshhs'20 ud;f,a idik;s,l
wkqkdysñ ish rdu[a[ jxih fmdf;a lshd isákafka 1 úchndyq rcq l,
fmdf<dkakrefõ odiaf;dg Wol=lafLm iSudfõ§ isxy, NslaIQka jykafia
80 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
Wmiïmod lsÍfuka ,xld rdu[a[ NslaIqjxYh uq,skau ,laÈj mgka .;af;ah

ls s h dhs ' 21 fuu Wmiïmodj meje;a ù u ft;s y dis l i;Hhla jq j ofuu
Wmiïmodfjka miqj rdu[a[ kñka fyda fjk;a kulska ksldhla fyda
NslaIq jxYhla .ek furg Ydik b;sydifha iòyka fkdjk fyhska o
wfkla w;g fuu Wmiïmodjg jevu lf<a rdu[a[ rgg f.dia isá uyd
úydr jxisl NslaIQka hehs zzwia.sß ;,am;ZZ kue;s Ydik b;sydih .%ka:fha
meyeo,sj olajd we;s fyhska mQ¾fjdla; u;h jerÈ iy.; nj fmd;af;afj,
m[a [ didr uy kdys ñ fhda fmka j d fo;s ' 22 fujr ,xldjg meñKs f ha
,xldfjka nqreu rgg jevu lr isá NslaIQka jykafia,d fyda ;§h YsIHhka
jkakg we;ehs uydpd¾h fikr;a mrKú;dk o lshhs'23 uydpd¾h Ô' fyaumd,
úfÊj¾Ok" mS'î' ó.ial=Uqr o fuu Wmiïmodjg jevu lf<a rdu[a[
cd;sl NslaIQka fkdj rdu[a[ rg úiQ isxy, NslaIQka nj yd foaYfoaYdka;rj,
,xld NslaIQka "iSy, uyd ix>" hk wNsOdkfhka ye`ÈkajQ nj mji;s'24
fuu u;h ;yjre flfrk lÈu idOlhla fÉ;sh ú;dkdÉÑ imhhs'
"kd.¾cQkS fldKav fi,a,smsfhys ;ïnmKaKl f:ßh NslaIQka úiska m%idohg
m;a l< m%foaY w;=frys zzÑ,dkZZ jk kula o fjhs' fuh ixialD; zlsrdkZ
Yíoh neõ fnfyda fokdf.a u;hhs' thska oelafjk rg y`ÿkd.ekSug
W;aidyhla .;a ksyd¾rkacka th nqreufha iqjKaK N+ñ m%foaY neõ ks.ukh
lrhs' tfiakï l%s(j( ;=kajk ishji ;rï wE; ld,hl iSy, NslaIQka iuyr
úg wdKaO% foaYud¾.fhka nqreu rgg wh;a m%foaYhkays fn!oaO ixialD;sh
jHdma; lsÍug W;aidyjka; ù hehs is;sh yelsh'25
1 mrdl%undyq rdcH iufha ^1153- 1186& nqreu ix>kdhl flfkl= jQ

W;a;rdÔj kue;s rdc.=re uyd ia:úrhka jykafiaa ;j;a ia:úrhka fndfyda
fofkl=;a Pmamg kue;s úis yeúßÈ idufKar kul=;a iu`. ,xldjg jevu
l< nj" ,xld nqreu forfÜ NsCIq ix>hdf.a tluq;=lu l%shdfjka fmkajk
ßis jQ isxy, uyd f;rjre nqreu f;rjreka iu. l< iSudjl ys| idufKarhka
WmiïmÞ l< nj" Pmamg ysñhka wjqreÿ oyhla fuys kej;S ;%smsglh yod<
nj" blaì;s Wkajykafia Wmiïmodj ,enQ nqreu NslaIQka ;=ka kul=;a isxy,
ia:úr flfkl=;a hk i;r ku iu`. nqreuhg jevu l< nj yd Pmamg
ysñhka we;=¿ msßi úiska zziSy< ix>ZZ kñka fjku ksldhla msysgqjk ,o
nj ,xld úYaj úoHd,fha ,xld b;sydih iòyka lrhs'26 fuu ft;sydisl
isÿùu uydpd¾h .=Kmd, u,,fialr o ms<s.kshs'27
fma.=fõ ^my; nqreufha& OïufÉ;sh rc;=ud úiska ^1472 - 1492& ;u

rfÜ mej;s Wmiïmod§ ix> l¾u úkhdkql+, oehs we;s jQ ielhla uq,a
iïNdId 81
lrf.k trg ix>kdhl ysñjreka tl;= fldg úu¾Ykhla weröh' t;=udg

oek.kakg ,eî we;af;a 1' fidaKq;a;r mrmqf¾ NslaIQka 2' Pmamg ysñf.a
wkqhd; NslaIQka 3' iSj,S mrmqr 4' ;du,skao mrmqr 5' wdkkao mrmqr
6' nqoaOjxi mrmqr 7' uydkd. mrmqr hk NslaIq lKavdhï 7 la fjk fjku
ix>l¾u lrñka isák njhs' fuys fidaKq;a;r mrmqr yer fiiq NslaIQka
,xld uydúydr iïm%odfhka Wmiïmodù .sh NslaIQka f,i b;sydifha
iòyka fõ' tu lKAvdhïj, úúO úioDY;d o olakg ,eìK' ta fya;=
fldg f.k ,xldfõ wLKavj mj;akd uydúydr mrïmrdj yd úkhdkql+,
iSudjla ;u rfÜ o msysgqùug rc;=ud ;SrKh lrhs' ta wkqj 6 jk nqjfklndyq
rc l, ^1470 - 1478& Wmiïmodj ,nkq msKis 22 kula ne.ska WmiïmodfmaCIl
28
lKavdhï folla ,xldjg tjk ,§'
,xld uydúydr NslaIq mrmqf¾ tjlg jev isáh úkhOr NsCIQka jykafia
jk ùod.u jkr;k" ux., wd§ f;rjreka mdßY=fOdamiïmodj we;s NslaIQka
f;dard le<Ks .f`.ys Wol=lafLm iSudfõ§ hf:dla; rdu[a[ rgjeis
NslaIQyq Wmiïmodjg m;a lrk ,oy'
OïufÉ;sh rc Wmiïmodfjka miq trgg jevu l< hf:dla; uydúydr

jxisl NslaIQka ,jd yxij;S kqjr .%du fCIa;%hl iSudjla iïu; lrjd
zl,HdKs iSudZ hehs kï lr rdu[a[ rfÜ nqÿiiqk msßisÿ fldg tla
ksldhla njg m;a lf<ah'
hf:dla; iSudj msysá m%foaYfha we;s l,HdKs Ys,d,sms uQ,dY% fldg

f.k ,xld úYaj úoHd,fha ,xld b;sydih kue;s .%ka:h o29 uydpd¾h
.=Kmd, u,,fialrf.a md,s idys;H .%ka:h o30 fuu ft;sydisl Wmiïmodj
uydúydßl isxy, ix>rdc f;rjreka w;ska isÿ jQ nj ms<sf.k we;'
wU.yj;af;a udysñ fojkjr o<ySl¾u ,nd we;af;ao mqjlaoKavdfõ

ysñ Wmiïmodj ,nd we;af;a o ,xlduydúydr jxisl NslaIQka úiska iïu;
lrk ,o fuu l,HdKS iSudfõ§ nj isysm;a lr.kq jà'
fï ish¨ idOlj,ska fmkS hkafka Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ ksldfha uQ,sl

úkhOr NslaIQka msysgd we;af;a fidKq;a;r mrmqf¾ fkdj nqreufha yd
rdu[a[fha uydúydr iïm%odfha NslaIQka úiska msysgqjk ,o ,xld uyd
úydr úkhOr mrmqf¾ njhs'
82 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
lreK fufia ;sìh§ wU.yj;af;a udysñ we;=¿ uQ,sfldamdOHdhhka

jykafia,d fidKq;a;r Ydik jxi mdrïmßlhka 31 nj ksldhsl f,aLkj,
we;=,;a lsÍug tys f,aLlhka fm<ö we;af;a l=uk fya;=jla ksidoehs
úuid ne,Su o fuys,d fhda.Hh' uq,skau úuid nef,kafka ksldfha Wmiïmod
,shdmÈxÑ f,aLk mqia;lhhs'32
tu Wmiïmod ix.S;S m;% fmdf;a uq,skau oelafjkafka nqreu rfÜ

r;akdmqKaKfha§ Wmiïmodj ,nd we;s mQ¾fjdala; wU.yj;af;a udysñ
we;=¿ isõkulf.a tráka tjk ,o jd¾;d wkqj furg§ uqøKh lrk ,o
ix.S;s m;%hhs'
hf:dla; fidKq;a;r Ydik jxi mrïmrdj uqkajykafiaf.a wdpßh

mrïmrdj f,i tys oelafõ' kuq;a fuh idjoHh' uq,ska iòyka ù we;s
lreKqj, yd ksldfha l;sldj; ;=< meyeÈ,sj u Wkajykafiaf.a weÿre
mrmqr uydúydr mrmqr nj iòyka fldg we;s fyhsks'33
mqjlaoKavdfõ m[a[dkkao f;reka jykafia m%Odk Wkajykafia iu`.

rdu[a[ foaYhg f.dia tys§ Wmiïmodj ,enQ NslaIQka jykafia,df.a ix.S;s
m;%h B<`.g oelafjhs' tajd o tráka tjl tjk ,o úia;r wkqj furg§
ilia l< ix.S;s m;% nj fmfka' tys§ o fidKq;a;r weÿre mrmqr iòyka
fldg we;s w;r l,HdKs iSudjxi hk fldgi tl;= fldg we;' uq,a
l;sldj;a ix{dmkh yd uq,al;sldj; hk f,aLk foflau Wkajykafia,df.a
wdpd¾h mrïmrdj fmr iòyka fldg we;s mßÈ uyd úydr l,HdKsjxihg
iïnkaO fldg we;s fyhska fidaKq;a;r mrïmrdkqhd; hkq jerÈh'
wk;=rej 1863'7'12 Èk .d,af,a uyfudaor§ mj;ajk ,o ksldfha m%:u

Wmiïmodfõ mgka furg § mej;s Wmiïmod úkhl¾uj,ska Wmiïmodj
,en NslaIQkaf.a Wmiïmod ix.S;s m;% we;=<;a fldg we;'
tys§ o fmr Wmiïmod ix.S;s m;aj, igyka fldg ;snQ fidaKq;a;r

jxih foi n,d fidaKq;a;r jxYSh jQ ldrl ix>hd .KmQrlhka f,i
iyNd.S ù we;s nj iòyka fldg we;' by; olajk ,o lreKq wkqj fufia
fidaKq;a;r jxYhg rdu[a[ ksldh iïnkaO lsÍu idjoH nj wuq;=fjka
lsj hq;a;la fkdfõ'
iïNdId 83
bkaÞiNjr udysñf.a Wmiïmodfõ WmdOHdh;ajh f[hHOuuix>rdc

f;reka jykafia ord we;s nj;a m[a[dkkao ysñhkag WmdOHdh;ajh
imhd we;af;a wdrKHdêjdiS ioaOïujr rdc.=re f;reka jykafia nj;a
hg olaúK' mQ¾fjdala; uq,al;sldj;a ix{dmkh o rdu[a[ jxih o lshd
we;af;a Wkajykafia,d foku o fidaKq;a;r mrmqrg wh;a njhs'34 ksldfha
wúÉýkak wdpd¾h mrïmrdj uydúydr Ydikjxih nj fuf;la olajk
,o lreKqj,ska ;yjre ù ;snqK;a hf:dla; fidKq;a;r mrïmrdj fuu
ksldhg iïnkaO lsÍfï idjoH nj ;jÿrg;a úuid ne,Sug uq,al;sldj;a
ix{dmkfha tk fud.a.,Smq;a;;siai udysñhka rdu[a[ foaYfhys iiqka
msysgqùu msKsi msg;alr yßk ,o fidaKq;a;r ry;ka jykafiaf.a YsIHdkqYsIH
mrïmrdfõ kdudj,sh oelaùu jeo.;a fõ'
zzfidK" fidNs ; " fiduo;a ; " iq u k;s i a i " fidNd." fiduo;a ; "
wfkduoiaiS" wêiS," m%dKoiaiS" uydld," iS,nqoaê" Oïuoiais" .=Kidr"
w..mKa ä ;" w.a a . jxi" W;a ; rdÔj" Pma m g" ioa O ïuls ; a ; s " ;s i dikOc"
Oïurdc.=re" uqkSkaøf>di" uyd;siai" pkaøm[[" .=Kisß" [dKOc" OïuOr"
bfkødNdi" l,HdKplal" úu,dpdr" .=Kidr" pkaøidr" jrMis" .=Kisß"
[dKNs j xi ix>rdc" iQ ß hjxid,xldr ix>rdc" f[hHOïudNs uq k s j r
[dKls;a;s isßmjrOïu fikdm;s uydOïu rdcdêrdc.=re ix>rdc" rdu[a[
foa Y s l ioa O ïujr uydf:rZZ hk Ys I Hdkq Y s I Hdpd¾h jxi mrïmrdj
wúÉýkakj mej; wd nj meyeÈ,sj fmfka' ful,e mj;akd rdu[a[
ks l dfhys uQ , s f lda m dOHdh uyd ia : úrhka jyka f ia , d kï(- hf:dla ;
f[hHOïu ix>rdc udysñhdKka jykafia yd ioaOïujr uyd ia:úrhka
jykafia o fj;s' tfia thska rdu[a[ ksldh wúÉýkak wdpd¾h mrïmrdfjka
mejf;k ksldhla nj f;areï .; hq;='35 fuu kdudj,sfha oelafjk Pmamg
f;reka jykafia mgka f:r mrïmrdj nqreufhys wßuoaok kqjfrys nq(j
1725 ^l%s(j( 1182& § Pmamg ia:úrhka jykafia úiska ,laÈúka f.k tk ,o
uyd úydr jxih jQ w;Hka; msßisÿ jQ idik mrïmrdj nj l,HdKS
m%lrKfhka o Ydik jxifhka o36 meyeÈ,s fjhs' ta wkqj hf:dla; WmdOHdh
foku o uydúydr jxidkqhd; NslaIQka jykafia ñi fidaKq;a;r mrmqf¾
fkdjk njo meyeo,sh'
mQ¾fjdala; kdudj,sfha fidKq;a;r jxih f,i kïl< yelsj we;af;a

fidK ry;ka jykafia mgka Pmamg f;rekaf.a .=rejrhd jQ W;a;rdÔj
f;reka jykafia olajd wdpd¾h mrmqrhs'
84 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
nqoaOld,Sk Wmd,s ry;ka jykafia mgka W;a;rdcSj f;reka olajd

úkhOr mrmqr fufiah' Wmd,s" odil" fidKl" is.a.j" fud.a.,smq;a;
;siai fidK" Oïuoiais" wßhjxi" W;a;rdÔj'37
wmßhka; kï jQ nqreu foaYhg rdu[a[ rfÜ ;snqKq fidKq;a;r

mrmqr y`ÿkajd § we;af;a o hf:dla; Oïuoiais yd W;a;rdÔj hk fidKq;a;r
jxisl f;reka jykafia,d úisks' WkajykafiA,d úiska rdu[a[ rfÜ iqOïu
mqrfhka NslaIq ix>hd f.kajd wmßhka; kï jQ nqreu rfgys wßuoaok kqjr
nqÿiiqk ks¾u,j msysgq jQ nj l,HdKsm%lrKfhys yd idikjxifha iòyka
fõ'38 ta nq(j( 1561 ^l%s(j( 1023& ld,fha nqreu iiqk msßyS ;snqKq fyhsks'
nqreufha uq,skau nqoaOd.u msysgqjk ,oafoa fud.a.,smq;a;;siai ud ysñf.a
;j;a ioaê úydßlfhl= jQ fhdklOïurlaÅ; ry;ka jykafia úisks' nq(j(
235 ^l%s(j( 308& §h'39
fuf;la i,ld neÆ lreKq wkqj Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uydksldfha

wúÉýkak wdpd¾hjxi mrïmrdj wmßhka; kï jQ nqreu rfÜ ia:dms;
fidKq;a;r NslaIq jxihg iïnkaO lsÍfï hqla;s iy.; njla fmfkkafka
ke;'
Wmiïmod úkhl¾ufha mßi iïm;a;sh ms<snò iïm%odh
ksldfha fuf;la mej;s Wmiïmod úkh l¾uhkays úkhOr;ajh

^WmdOHdh;ajh& ord we;af;a ksldfha uydkdhl ysñ kula fkd tfiakï
wkqkdhl$ wêlrK kdhl uyf;reka jykafia kula fkdtfia kï ix>
iïu;fhka m;a lrk ,o WmdOHdhka jykafia kula njg ksldfha
Wmiïmod ,shdmÈxÑ mqia;lh idlaIs orhs' ksldfha Wmiïmod úkh l¾uhkays
WmdOHdh;ajh oeÍug jHjia:dkql+, n,h we;aaf;a o m%Odk wêldÍka
jykafia,dg yd ûydkdhl" wkqkdhl" wêlrKkdhl& ufydamdOHdh f;reka
jykafia,dg muKs'40 Wkajykafia,d úkhOr;ajfhys o úkfhys msysgd
l%shd lsÍu o wdpd¾h mrïmrdj fkdisò .ekau o hk ;%súO úkhOr ,laIK
fkd;sfnkakg úkhOr;ajhg m;aùug bvla ke;' hf:dla; uydkdhl
wkqkdhl f;reka jykafia,d m;al< yelafla O¾uúkh ms<snò m%làlD;
nyqY%e;;ajfhka hqla; ùfuka yd zzwkqu;af;aiq jÊfÊiq NhoiidúZZ hk
W;a;Í;r Y%uK ,laIKfhka hqla; ùfuka nj ksldh l;sldjf;ka meyeÈ,s
fõ'41 hï uyf;reka jykafia kulg WmdOHdh;ajhg m;aúh yelafla
iïNdId 85
Wkajykafia {dkjDoaO" ;fmdajDoaO" .=KjDoaO" m%;sm;a;sOr" YslaIdldó NsCIq

kula jqjfyd;a muKs'42 Wkajykafia,d wU.yj;af;a ud ysñf.a" m[a[dkkao
yd iqñ;a; hk uyf;reka jykafia,df.a YsIHdkqYsIHdpd¾h mrmqf¾ NslaIQka
ksid hf:dla; uydúydr wdpd¾h mrmqf¾ wúÉýkak m%j¾;lfhda fj;s'
tfyhska Wkajykafia,d o weÿre mrmqr fkdisò.;af;da fj;s' oijiaisl
fyda w;sf¾l oijiaisl fyj;a f:r fyda uyd f:r Ndjhg m;a NslaIqkula
uq;a Bg wvq jia we;s NslaIqkula fyrKqka Wmiïmod lsÍfuys WmdOHdh
fkdúh hq;=h hkq nqoaO kshuhhs'43
fuu kshuh b;d .re;ajfhka ms<smÈñka ;uka jykafia W!k oijiaisl

fyhska bkaodiNjr udysñ tu iqÿiqlu imqrd f.k isá hf:dla; iqñ;a;
uyf;reka jykafia m%:u Wmiïmod úkh l¾ufhys WmdOHdh;ajhg m;a
lrf.k we;s nj wm úiska wu;l fkdl< hq;=h'44 rdu[a[ ksldh iajlSh
Wmiïmod úkh l¾uhka y s WmdOHdh;a j h" l¾ujd.dpd¾h;a j h yd
.KmQrl;ajh iòyd NslaIQka f;dard .ekSfï§ uydj.a. md,sfha oelafjk45
Wmiïmod l< hq;=" ksi Èh hq;= yd fyrK yg wdpd¾h úh hq;= NslaIqj ;=,
;sìh hq;= idm;a;sl úxY;a ldrKdj,ska ñÿKq nj yd wkdm;a;sl úxY;a
ldrKdj,ska hqla; nj hk jHla; yd m%;sn, NslaIq ,laIK flfrys ksis
wjOdkh fhduq fldg we;s nj ksldfha uq,a l;sldjf;a m<uq yd oijk
l;sldj,ska meyeos,sj fmfka'46 uyd f:r$ f:r Ndjhg m;a mfrdmjdo
rys ; fhl= ùfï yd .re úkhl¾u is ÿ lr,s h hq ; = úkhkh ms < s n òj
wjfndaOhla ;sîfï wjYH;djh wo o fkdmsßfy,d ms<s.efka'47 ksldfha
Wmiïmod úkhl¾ufhys Ñrd.; iïm%odh meyeÈ,s lr we;af;a fufiah'
zzWmiïmod úkh l¾uh iòyd iyNd.S jk ishü ia:úr uyd ia:úrhka
jykafia,d .reldm;a;s iuqÜGdkfhka iqoaOdka;fhys msysá idrEmH ;sÖjrOrj
ksldhdkq.; wdl,am iïm;a;sfhka hqla;j l=vd wkql=vd YslaIdjo fkdblaujd
Ydik ohdj yd ksldh Nla;sh we;sj fï uyd úkh l¾uhg iyNd.s ùu
Ñrd.; ksldh iïm%odh nj úfYaIfhka isysm;a flf¾ZZ'48
fþoH.dñkS weje;a we;s wNjH ÿiaiS,hka o WÜGdk.dñKs weje;a

we;s ths k a ke.S fkdis á k ÿis ¨ ka o foa Y kd.dñkS weje;a fkd foiQ
idm;a;slhka o hk msßia tl;=j isÿlrk ix>l¾uh mßi úm;a;sfhka
¥Is; ix>l¾uhla f,i ie<fla' fiiq mshú Wmimka miakula fyda thg
jeä NslaIq msßila iSudj ;=< isàu mßi iïm;a;shhs'49 tn`ÿ wkdm;a;sl
NslaIQka Wmiïmod úkh l¾uhg iyNd.s lr .ekSu ms<snò j.lSu ksldh
86 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
úis k a i[a [ df,a L ldêldÍka jyka f ia fj; mjrd we;' WmdOHdh"

l¾ujd.dpd¾h" .KmQrl f;reka jykafia,d wod< úkh l¾u isÿ fldg
iqoaOka;fhys msysá nj ikd: fldg wíNdk úkhl¾ufha ix> ia:úrhkaf.a
yd m%dfoaYsl ix> iNdfõ f,aLldêldÍka jykafiaf.a w;aika iys; iy;slhla
i[a[df,aLldêldÍka jykafia u.ska ldrl ix> iNdjg bÈßm;a lsÍu
ksldfha wLKav iïm%odhhs'50 iqÿiqlï iys; m%udKj;a NslaIq ix>hd w;ami
fkdìo isàu hk Wmiïmod l¾uh ksis fia bgq ùug iïmQ¾K úh hq;=
iïm;a;s m[aplfhka tlla jk mßi iïm;a;sh ksldh iïm%odh úiska
wdrlaId lr f.k tñka isák nj fuu lreKqj,ska ;yjre fjhs'
Wol=lafLm iSud Ndú;h
Wmiïmod ixLHd; W;a;Í;r ld¾hh bgq lsÍug NslaIq ix>hd úiska

;djld,slj fyda iaÓrj fyda iïu; lr .kakd ,o fhda.H;d iys; iSudjla
wjYH fõ' th úkhl¾uhl iïmQ¾K úh hq;= mxp iïm;a;s w;=frka iSud
iïm;a;sh f,i fn!oaO úkh kï lrhs'51 nqoaOY%djl NslaIq ix>hd úiska
NslaIq;ajh /l .ekSu iòyd l< hq;= ix>l¾u bgqlr .ekSu msKsi nqoaO
m%{ma;shg wkqj f;dard ix>hd jykafia úiska iïu; lr .kakd ,o
ksoyia52 ksrjq,a ìï fmfoia fyda c,;,h iSudj f,i ye`Èkafõ'52 fn!oaO
úkhg wkqj iSud j¾. foj¾.hls' noaO iSud yd wnoaO iSud hkqfjks' noaO
iSudj kï NslaIq ix>hd meñK we;;a ke;;a ix> l¾u l<;a fkdl<;a
uyfmd<j mj;akd ;dla l,a ñysu; isg" jd fmd<j f;la iaÓrj mj;akd
ix>hd úiska iïu; lrk ,o iSudjhs' iSud ksñ;a;" mßi" lïujdpd hk
;%súO iïm;a;Ska hq;a LKaviSud" uydiSud hkq noaO iSudfjdah' .%du" Wol=lafLm"
i;a;íNka;r" úiqx.%du hkq wnoaO iSud fj;s'53
ueÿïn, we;s mqreIfhl= úiska kÈhl fyda iuqøhl fyda ú,l fyda
yd;ami Èh biskafka o tu c,h jefgk m%foaYfhka we;=<; Wol=lafLm
iSudjhs' fï Wol=lafLm iSudj jkdys tys iudk ixjdi tal=fmdi: iSudjhs'54
Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uydksldh jir 150la ;siafia isÿ fldg we;s ishü
Wmiïmod úkhl¾u ^tlla yer& Wol=lafLm iSudjl§ u meje;aùug iu;aj
isà'55 1863'7'12 Èk ksldfha m%:u Wmiïmod úkhl¾uh mj;ajkq ,enQ
Wol=lafLm iSudj "f[hH Oïu ux., ix> rdc iSudj" f,i kï lrkq
iïNdId 87
,enqfõ tjla mgka ksldfha Wmiïmod mj;ajkq ,nk iEu Wol=lafLm iSud
ukaÈrhlau tu kdufhka ye`Èkaùug iaÓrj iïu; lrñkah'56 wU.yj;af;a
udysñ úiqx.du iSud" Wol=lafLm iSud" noaO iSudjkays Wmiïmod yd o<yS
l¾u lsÍfuka iSudj ms<snòj ie,ls,su;a jQ f;reka jykafia kuls' iudk
iïfNda.sl m[a[dkkao" iqñ;a; hk f;reka jykafia,d o tfiauh' iSud
ixlr fodaI wdÈfhka ñÿKq tfyhska úm;a;s iSudjla fkdjk msßisÿ iSudjla
f,i ;uka jykafia,d ÿl fia ,nd .;a NslaIQ;ajfha Ôjh jQ Wmiïmodj
mdrïmßlj wdrlaId lr .ekSfï oeä wêIaGdkfhka Wol=lafLm iSudj
iqÿiqu iSudj f,i iïu; lr .kakg we;'
mqrdKfha isgu uydúydÍh f:rjd§ úkhOr uy f;reka jykafia,d

ksiel Wol=lafLm iSudju Wmiïmod úkhl¾uh iòyd Ndú; fldg we;s
nj b;sydifha iòyka my; oelafjk jd¾;d fmkajd fohs' rdu[a[
ksldhdrïNl úkhOrhka jykafia,d tu f;dr;=re oek isáhdg ielhla
ke;'
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fyrKjreka Wmiïmodjg m;a lrk ,o tu .re úkhl¾uh
we;=¿ úkhl¾u rdYshla jd¾Islj isÿfldg we;af;a Wol=lafLm
iSudjl§ h'57
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Wol=lafLm iSudfõ§ mj;ajd we;'58
3' 6 jk nqjfklndyq rcq l, ^ls%(j( 1470-1478& fma.=fõ OïufÉ;sh rcq

úiska ^1472-1492& ,laosj uydúydr mrïmrdkqhd; Wmiïmodj ,nd
.ekS u ms K s i ,xldjg tjk ,o nq r eu idufKa r ms ß i is x y,
ix>rdchka m%Odk f;reka jykafia,d w;ska Wmiïmodjg m;a
fldg we;af;a l,HdKs kÈfha Wol=lafLm iSudfõ§h'59
4' m<uqjk úu,O¾uiQ¾h rc;=ud ^l%s(j( 1592 - 1604& ,laÈj iiqk

msßyS ;sfnkq oel nqreu ^rlaLx.& foaYfhka kkaÈpl%dÈ NslaIQka
88 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
f.kajd uyje,s .`. .egfò .xf;dfÜ ;ekjQ Wol=lafLm iSudfõ§

fndfyda fyrKqka Wmiïmod lrùh'60
5' fojk úu,O¾uiQ¾h rcq rdcH lrk l,ays o ^1684-1706& rlaLx.

foaYfhka ika;dk kï f;reka m%Odk f;rjreka f.kajd meje;ajQ
Wmiïmodj isÿ fldg we;af;ao uyje,s .`. Wol=lafLm iSudfõ§h'61
bkamiq oykjjk ishjfia nqreufha rdu[a[ rgg f.dia Wmiïmodj

,nd furgg meñKs úkhOr W;=fuda Wol=lafLm iSudjkaysu Wmiïmod
úkhl¾u isÿ l<y' ksoiqkla f,i nqreu rgg f.dia Wmiïmodj ,nd
furgg meñKs je,s;r [dKúu, f;reka jykafia úiska l%s(j( 1802 §
wurmqr ksldfha wdrïNhg mdol jQ m%:u Wmiïmodj mj;ajd we;af;a
n,msáfha udÿ kÈfha Wol=lafLm iSudfõ§h hkak oelaúh yelsh'62
j¾;udkfha mjd úkhOr f;reka jyka f ia , d úis k a Wol= l a f Lm

iS u djka y s u Wmiïmod úkhl¾uh ls Í ug fm<ö we;a f ;a noa O iS u d
iïnka O fhka mej;s h yels Yâldfoda I fya ; = f jks ' Yâldfoda I rys ; j
j¾;udkfhys noaO iSud iïu; l< fkdyels hhs Wol=lafLm iSud úNdúkS
kue;s .%ka:h lshhs' tfia tnÿ YâldfodaI iys; noaO iSudj, isÿ lrk
úkhl¾u o iellghq;= hhs ;jÿrg;a tu fmdf;a iòyka lrhs'63
hf:dla; Wol=lafLm iSudj jqjo lsisÿ ielhla we;s fkdjk mßÈ

msßisÿ iSud Wmdpdr iys;j wÜgd,h bÈlr .ekSu ^Wol=lafLm iSudj wä
35 ls' iSud Wmdpdrh wä 35 ls' iSudj fj; .uka lsÍug f.dvìu isg
md,ula Ndú; fkdfldg Trejla fyda fndaÜgqjla fhdod .ekSu" mgq kÈhl
úkh l¾u isÿ lrk úg bjqrg iïnkaO .iaje,a wdÈh bj;a lsÍu hk
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jkdys Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ ksldh kï jQ wúÉýkak uyd úydÍh Wmiïmod
NslaIq jxYfha Wmiïmod úkhl¾ufha iSud iïm;a;sh ms<snò iïm%odhhs'
jF:q úm;a;s
WmiïmodfmalaIl mqoa., wfhda.H;dj jF:q úm;a;s f,i mßjdr md,sh

olajhs' Tjqka Wmiïmod l<;a Wmiïmodj fkdmsysghs' tu Wmiïmod
iïNdId 89
úkhl¾uh wO¾u yd fldAmH l¾uhla ùug o fya;=fjhs' my; oelafjkafka

tn`ÿ mq o a . ,hka fodf<dia fofkls ' 65 1 mKa v l 2 f:hH ixjdil
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lrkafka kï ldrl ix>hdg ÿl=<d weje;a fõ'67
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16' ,sÅ;fld ^wmrdOldrfhl= jYfhka rcfha ,shd we;s we;a;d& 17' iSm§
^nrjd frda.shd& 18' mdmfrda.S ^mdmfrda. we;a;d& 19' mßi¥ifld ^msßia
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42' bKdhfld ^Khldrhd& 43' odfid ôdihd& 44' W!KmKaKrijiafidodrfld
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iïm;aOrhkag muKla meúÈ Wmiïmodj ,nd Èh hq;= nj rdu[a[ ksldfha
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b,a,d isáfha kï hïlsis f,daldñihlaj;a msßia n,hlaj;a wia:dk lreKd
90 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
fm%auhlaj;a fkdWmojd ldYYajdidÈ wdndOhlaj;a f,dldmjdodÈhlaj;a wrEm

,laIKhlaj;a hï lsis ms<sl=,la we;s nqÿka úiska ;ykï lr jodrK ,o
isõid,sia ¥Is; l=,orejka yer fiiq wdpdr l=,orejkaf.a Y%oaOd m%{dÈh
kej; kej; úuid meúÈ lsÍfuka WmdOHdh .%yKh lrjd ,xlrf.k
wdNsiudpdßlj;ays yslaujd fiÅhd Èk pßhd i;r lugyka i;r ixjriS,h
msß;a nKjr fol oïmshdj wg;sia wruqKq mqyqKq lrjd Y%oaOd m%{dÈh
Wmojd isáh ,Êð m%shYS,s idufKar flfkla uq;a meúÈ jqKq ;eka mgka
WmdOHdh .%yKhla ke;sj BmaIdpdÍj fkdyslaó isá wjHla; kqkqjK
idufKarhka Wmiïmod fkdl< hq;= njo''''
ldrl ix>hdg ÿl= < d weje;a is ÿ jk ;j;a úfYa I dx. lS m hla

Wmiïmodjg kqiqÿiq jYfhka uydj.a. md,sfha oelafõ'69
1' WmdOHdh flfkl= ke;af;l= ùu' 2' md;%hla ke;af;l= ùu'

3' isjqrla ke;af;l= ùu 4' md;%hla yd isjqrla ke;af;l= ùu' 5' Khg .;a
md;%hla we;af;l= ùu' 6' Khg .;a isjqrla we;af;l= ùu' 7' Khg .;a
md;%hla yd isjqrla we;af;l= ùu'
Wmiïmod ùfï§ ta WmiïmodfmalaIlhd ;=< ;sfí oehs úpdrkq ,nk

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;sfío@ 2' f.ä ;sfío@ 3' jK ;sfío@ 4' weÿu ;sfío@ 5' wmiaudrh ;sfío@
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úis jhia we;af;la o@ 13' md;% isjqre iïmq¾Ko@
ix> iudcfha ia Ó r idudðl;a j hg fhda c kd lrkq ,nk fuu

WmiïmodfmalaIlhd by;ska olajk ,o úkhdkql+, fhda.H;djhkaf.ka
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úêúOdk mkjd f.k we;s wdldrh ksldfha l;sldj; ;=,ska fy<sfõ'70
fuu lreKq .ek ksldh úiska wjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,nkafka fuu
WmiïmodfmalaIlhd l=,orefjl= jYfhka Ndr .kq ,nk wjêfha isgh'
fuu l=,orejd uyckhdf.a Nla;s m%idohg fya;= úh yels jQ o YdikiaÓ;shg
iïNdId 91
m%;sIaGdOdr úh yels jQ o l=,orefjl= úh hq;= nj l;sldj; wjOdkh

fhduq lrhs' meúoaog fhda.H l=,orejd mKavqm,di kñka y`ÿkajkq ,nk
l;sldj; mKavqm,di fhda.H;d fudkjdoehs fmkajd fohs' tajd fufiah'
1' mKavqm,dihd foudmshka úiska wkqokakd ,o wdpdr l=, mq;%fhl=
úh hq;=h'
2' jrfoys ìh okakd iq¨ Y%oaOdjka;fhl= úh hq;=h'
3' meúoaog wNjH jQ úkfhys m%;slaIsma; mqoa.,fhl= fkdúh hq;=h'
4' yF:ÉýkakdÈ meúÈ fodaIhkaf.ka úk¾uqla;fhl= úh hq;=h'
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fyrKisl" Èkpßhdj" i;rixjriS,h" i;r lugyka" msß;a uq,a nKjr
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bÿKqfld,hhs' meúÈ ùug ,Eia;sj isákakd hkq tys w¾:hhs'71 idufKarhka
<`. kj;ajd wdpd¾hj wdNsiudpdrÈfhys yslauùu fkdlghq;= hhs úkfhys
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we;s ia:úr /uyd ia:úr NslaIQka úiskau th isÿ l< hq;=h'72
meúoao isÿ l< hq;=j we;af;a tnÿ m%jDcHdpd¾hjrfhl= úiskAuh'

tu;= o fkdj ks l dh iïm% o dhdkq l + , juh' ika ; s l djpr fyrK ;eka
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uyd ia:úr kula wdpd¾hjrfhl= f,i l;sldj; y`ÿkajd fohs' tn`ÿ
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jykafiah' tfia;a ke;fyd;a m<d;a kdhl f;reka jykafia kuls'
fuu fyrK ;ek Wmiïmodfjys msysgqúh hq;af;ao úkh kS;shg yd

ksldh iïm%odhg tl`. jk f,i nj ksldh l;sldjf;ka ms<sf.k ;sfí'
ta ksid tla tla WmiïmodfmalaIlhd Wmiïmodj ,nd .ekSu iòyd ;ud
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yslauqKq úkfhys iòyka mxpdndOdÈ wdfhda.H;djhkaf.ka úks¾uqla;lfhl=
92 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
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Ñ;a;hla Wmkafkao" hï m<uq ú[a[dKhla my< jQfhao t;eka mgka ta
m%;sikaêh Tyqf.a Wmam;a;shhsZZ'73 WmiïmodfmalaIlf.a úis jhi úkhg
wkqj tfia ;SrKh l<yels jqjo ksldh iïm%odh úiska iïu; lrf.k
we;a f ;a .¾N udi yhlg fkdjeä ixLHdjla muKla .ekS u gh' 74
i[a [ df,a L ldêldßka úis k a mQ ¾ fjda l a ; whÿïm;% h mßla I d fldg
Wmiïmodfhda.H;d ms<snòj iEySulg m;ajkafka kï WmiïmodfmalaIlf.a
meúÈ jhi wkqms<sfj, wkqj Wmiïmodj iòyd meñKsh hq;= Èkh yd
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hq;= w;r úfYaIfhka WmiïmodNdjh msKsi wfmalaIs; nK oyï úIfhys
wjYH oekqï uÜgu yd jdfpdaoa.; l=i,;d idOkh lr .;af;l= úh hq;=h'
ta iòyd WmiïmodfmalaIl úNd.h kñka ,sÅ; yd jdÑl mÍlaIKhla
meje;aùu ksldfha iïm%odhhs' j¾;udkfha fuys j.lSu l;sldjf;ka
mjrd we;af;a ksldfha mám;a;s ixj¾Ok iNdjghs' fuys§ fyrK nK oyï
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m%d;sfudalaIh" Wmiïmodj ,nd .ekSfï§ Ndú; l< hq;= jdlH fldgia"
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úêhg wod, jdlH pdfpda o a . ;j ;s f íoehs mßla I d flf¾' pdfpda o a . ;
mÍlaIKfha§ WÉpdrK iqoaêho i,ld ne,Sug kshñ;h'
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WmiïmodfmalaIl ;=< ;sfí oehs mßlaId lr n,kq ,eîfï wjia:djlg
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oehs mßlaId lr n,kq wjia:djla o ;sfí' WÉpdrK iqoaêho mßlaId flf¾'
ksldfha Wmiïmod úkhl¾uhg iïnkaO wLKav iïm%odhhla f,i fuho
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jykafia,d úiska Wmiïmod úkhl¾uhg i;shlg fmr ;u m%dfoaYslhg
wh;a WmiïmodfmalaIlhkaf.a ;=ka isjqre md;%dÈh .ek úuid n,d wvqmdvq
iïNdId 93
we;s fkdjk fia tajd ms<sfh, lr .ekSug Wmfoia ,nd Èh hq;=h' fuu
mßlaIdfõÈ ;=ka isjqf¾ È. m<, cxf.hHl" ySfjhHl" .KÀmdi hk wx.
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hEug fmr Wmiïmod uOHia:dkfha§ i[a[df,aLldêldÍka jykafia
úiska mj;ajkq ,nk iïuqL mÍlaIKhlg o fmkS isáh hq;=h'76 j¾;udkfha§
fuu iïuqL mÍlaIKh isÿ lrkq ,nkafka i[a[df,aLldêldßka jykafiaf.a
kshuh wkqj ksldfha mám;a;s ixj¾Ok iNdj úisks'
fuys§ jia;= iïm;a;sfhys mßmQ¾K;ajh" md;% isjqrej, úkhdkql+,

nj" WÉpdrK iqoaêh" iSudfõ§ yeisßh hq;= wdldrh hkd§ lreKq .ek
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l%shdlrkq ,nkafka fuu WmiïmodfmalaIl iSud m%fõY m;%hg wkqjh'
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1' f;rejka irKfhys yd mkais,ays msysá m%jDcHdfmalaIlf;u
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2' Tldi wyx Nkaf; mínÊcx hdpdñhs f;jrla lshd meúoao b,a,hs'
3' m%jDcHdfmalaIl w; we;s isjqre máfhka n`Èk ,o Wmiïmodj
fjkqfjka ilid .;a ;=ka isjqfrka wòkh yd ;ksmg isjqr
zziínÿlaL ksiairK ksíndK iÉýlrK;a:dh bux ldidjx
.fy;ajd míndfc: ux Nkaf; wkqlïmx WmdodhZZ hkqfjka
f;jrla iÊCOdhkd fldg WmdOHdhka jykafia w;g fohs'
4' zziínÿlaL ksiairK ksíndK iÉýlrK;a:dh t;x ldidjx o;ajd
míndfc: ux Nkaf; wkqlïmx WmdodhZZ hs f;jrla iÊCOdhkd
9 - CM23766
94 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
fldg WmdOHdhkA jykafia w; we;s lidj; ;udg § meúÈ lrk

f,i h<s b,a,d isáhs'
5' m%jDcHdfmalaIl Öjr m%;HfõlaIdj iÊCOdhkd lroa§ WmdOHdhka
jykafia úiska isjqre máh m%jDcHdfmalaIlf.a f.f,ys .eg .ikq
,nhs' ^fuhska nqÿrÿka <`. isg wLKavj mejf;k Öjr mrïmrdjg
fï fyrK ;eko iïnkaO lrkq ,nhs'&
6' ;p mxplh w;ska fmkajñka wkqf,dau m%;sf,dau jYfhka ;p
mxplh ls h jhs ' ^fuh fuu meúoa o dg fokq ,nk Ndjkd
l¾uia:dkhls'&
7' fuf;la yeò isá .sys we`ÿu bj; ,d wòkh yeò isjqre máh neò
isjqr w¾O .egjgq fldg fmdrjhs' ^wòkh ye`§u máh ne`§u isjqr
fmrùu WmdOHdhka jykafia úiska fyda WmdOHdhka jykafiaf.a
wKska wkH fyrfKl= ,jd fyda Wmdilfhl= ,jd fyda Tyq ,jdu
fyda isÿ lrúh hq;=h' WmdOHdhjrhdf.a wKska f;drj isjqre
fmrùu kqiqÿiqh&
8' WmdOHdhka jykafia fj;g meñfKk fyrKf;u WmdOHdhka
jykafiag "Tldi jkaodñ Nkaf;" hs f;jrla lshd f;jrla j`Èhs'
9' wk;=rej Wlal=álfhka ysò jeòf.k ;sirKh yd meúÈ oiis,a
b,a,hs' "Tldi wyx Nkaf; ;sirfKk ioaêx mínÊcd oiiS,x
Oïux hdpdñ wkq.a.yx l;ajd iS,x fo: fu Nkaf;" hkqfjka
f;jrla iÊCOdhkd lsÍfuks'
10' WmdOHdhka jykafia zzhuyx jodñ ;xjfoysZZ hhs lsh;s' ta fyrK
;ek ,jd f;jrla kuialdrh lshjd ;sirK jdlH lshùu msKsih'
11' WmdOHdhka jykafia kjl fyrK yg ;%súOYrKh fo;s' kjl
fyrK ;eko WmdOHdhka jykafia lshk whqfrka lshhs'
1' nqoaOï irKï .ÉPdñ
Oïuï irKï .ÉPdñ
ix>ï irKï .ÉPdñ
ÿ;shxms''''''''
;;shxms'''''''
hkqfjka úÉfÊo fldgo uldrka; fldgo irKh fohs'
iïNdId 95
2' nqoaOx irKx .ÉPdñ ^fmr fuks& hkqfjka úÉfþo fldgo

ks.a.yS;dka; fldg o irKh fohs' fyrK meúoao jkdys
fufia WNf;d iq o a ê fhka fyj;a meúÈjka k yq f .a o meúÈ
lrkakyqf.ao hk fofokdf.a wlaIr iqoaêfhkau isÿ fjhs'
tlf;d iqoaêfhkau fkdisÿfjhs'77
12' wk;=rej fyrK;ek mínccd oiiS,h WmdOHdhka jykafia lshk
whqfrka lshhs' mdKd;smd;d fõruKs" wÈkakdodkd fõruKS wd§
jYfhks' islmo oyhu ta whqfrka lshd "budks míncd oi islaLd
modks iudÈhdñ" hkqfjka YslaIdmo oyhu tlg tlafldg tl
ñáhg f.k f;jrla lshd iudoka fjhs'
13' wjidkfha § WmdOHdhka jyka f ia fufia wkq Y dikd lr;s '
zz;sirfKk ioaêx mínÊcd oiiS,x Oïux idOqlx iqrlaÅ;x l;ajd
wmamudfok iïmdfo;nnxZZ hkqfjks'
WmiïmodfmalaIl fyrKqka ;sfofkl= tla zhq.hlaZ f,i ye`Èkafõ'

hq. ;=kla fyda y;rla iSudjg jä;s' fmr iòyka l< mßÈ fï ;sfokd
jykafiaf.a mámdáh jkafka Wkajykafia,df.a meúÈ jhfia wkqms<sfj,h'
foj¾Ihlg tlla jk fia Wmiïmod úkh l¾uh ixúOdkh jk fyhska
WmiïmodfmalaIlhka mkaishhlg wdikak msßila iEu jdrhl§u bÈßm;a
fj;s' Wkajykafia,d úiska tjk ,o WmiïmodfmalaIl whÿïm;a wdY%fhka
i[a[df,aLldëldß jykafia úiska WmiïmodfmalaIl hq. ms<sfj, ilikq
,efí' iEu WmiïmodfmalaIlfhl=gu Wkajykafiag ysñ hq.h yd hq.fha
wxlh l,skau oekqï fokq ,nk hg oelaúK' Wmiïmod uOHia:dkfha
;djld,slj mj;ajd f.kq hk ,nk i[a[df,aLldêldÍ ld¾hd,h u`.ska
Wmiïmod uOHia:dkhg meñfKk WmiïmodfmalaIlhka hf:dla; hq.
ms<sfj, wkqj iSudjg heùu msKsi ixúOdkh flf¾' iSudjg jäk úg
Wkajykafia,d /f.k hd hq;af;a m;alvh' ;=ka isjqr md;%h yd md;%fha
nyd,k ,o b`ÿ,alvhlska t;=Kq oeye;a f.dgq fod,ila muKls' hf:dala;
iSud m%fõY m;%h Wkajykafia,df.a wf;ys ;sfí' f.dvìu isg fndaÜgqfjka
.f`.ys msysá Wol=lafÄm iSudjg jevuùu iïm%odhhs'
i[a[df,aLldêldß ld¾hd,h u`.ska f;dard iSudjg hEu msKsi kï

lrk ,o WmdOHdhhka jykafia yd l¾udpd¾hh úkhOrfhdao iSudjg
96 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
jevu lr;s' Wkajykafia,d iSudjg we;=,;a lr .kq ,nkafka fmr lshk

,o iSud m%fõYm;%h bÈßm;a l<fyd;a muKs' j;audk;a imqrd wíNdk úkh
l¾uh isÿfldg iqoaOdka;fha msysgd isák nj tys igyka ù ;yjre fldg
;sìh hq;=h' i[a[df,aLldêldß ld¾hd,h u`.ska iSudjg heùu msKsi
f;dard .kq ,nkafkau tn`ÿ f;reka jykafia,d neúka fuys§ .eg¨jla we;s
fkdjk nj oelsh hq;=h'
Wmiïmod úkh l¾uhg iyNd.s úh hq;= wfkla NslaIq msßi zz.KmQrlZZ

f,i ye`Èkafõ' fndfydaúg Wkajykafia,d ta wjia:dfõ
WmiïmodfmalaIlhkaf.a wdpd¾hhjrfhda fj;s' l¾ujdlHh iÊCOdhkhg
jrï ke;;a Wka j yka f ia , do l¾ujd.dpd¾hh iq ÿ iq l ï j,s k a hq ; a
iqoaOdka;fhys msysá msßisÿ NslaIQka úh hq;=h' ta nj ;yjre flfrk
zz.KmQrlZZ iSud m%fõY m;%h Wkajykafia,d w;o ;sìh hq;=h'
n;a;,l fyda fndaÜgqjl fyda .`. ueo lKq isgqjd ta u; fyda bÈ lrkq
,nk ukaÈrh Wol=lafÄm iSudjla njg m;a jkafka ukaÈrh ;=< jev isák
ix>hdf.a w;ami isg wg Èidjg n, ueÿï mqreIfhl=f.a Yla;shg iudk
Yla;shlska c,h úis lsÍfuka nj hg oelaúK' fuys iSud iïu; l¾ujdlH
iÊCOdhkhla ke;' fuu iS u d uka È rh Ns l a I q uyd ix>hdf.a a yd
fn!oaOdfn!oaO ck;djf.a Ñ;a;dl¾IKhg fya;= jk fia w,xldrj;aj
bÈlsÍu fm!rdKsl pdß;%hla f,i fmfka' 1863 m%:u Wmiïmodj meje;ajQ
.d,af,a uyfudaor .f`.a bÈlr ;snQ Wol=lafÄm iSudukaÈrh .ek toji
,shjqKq mQ¾fjdala; Wmiïmod ix.S;s m;%fha tys úÑ;%;ajh j¾Kkd fldg
we;af;a fufiah''''' zz.d¨ k.rjdiS odhl ldrld§ fn!oaO ckm%N+jrhka
úiska .d,af,a uy fudaor kÈfhys w;H,xldrfhka úis;=re fldg irik
,o n%yau úudkhla ioDY jQ o¾Ykm%sh iSudud,lh lrd'''''ZZ78 fï jk úg
ksldh úiska mj;ajd we;s Wmiïmod úkh l¾u w;ßka fmdÿ Wmiïmod
úkh l¾u 68 j;a tn`ÿ w,xldr lrk ,o iSud ukaÈr ;=< mj;ajd we;ehs
is;Sug bv we;' i¾j{Od;=ka jykafia iys; lr`vqj yd lïudjdpd fmd;a
jykafia Wmiïmod uOHia:dkfhA isg iSud ukaÈrh olajd uy fmryefrka
jvujd ;ekam;a lsÍugo m<uq úkh l¾ufha isgu 79 mejf;kakla nj
meyeÈ,sh' ksldfha uyd kdhl udysñmdKka jykafia wkqkdhl yd wêlrK
kdhl iajdókaøhka jykafia,d hq. ;=kl fyda y;rl WmiïmodfmalaIlhka
jykafia,d fuu fmryef¾ iSudj fj; jevuj;s' fndfyda úg kshñ;
iïNdId 97
Èkfhys wmrNd.fha yhg muK t<fUk iqN fudfyd;l§ m%:u hq.fha

WmiïmodfmalaIlhka jykafia Wmiïmod lr;s'
iSudj ;=< iïm%odhh
1' iSudjg m%fõY jk WmiïmodfmalaIlhka jykafia we;=<; fodrgqj

wi, fome;af;a hq. wkqms<sfj, fkdblaujd wka;rdjdilh yd
W;a;rdix.h yeò fmrjd ix>dáh ndyqfõ ;ndf.k md;%h ;ud
bÈßfha ;nd jev isá;s'
2' i[a[df,aLldëldÍka jykafiaf.a fyda Wkajykafiaf.a kshuh mrsÈ

jHla; m%;sn, iïmkak ia:úrhka jykafia kula WmdOHdh l¾u
jd.dpd¾hh .KmQrl fhda.H;d m%fõYm;% mÍlaId fldg iqoaOka;fhys
msysgd isák nj ;yjqre lr .ks;s'
3' ;ekam;a lrk ,o i¾j{Od;=ka jykafia wìhi .s,kami" nqoaO

mQcdj meje;aùu" f;rejka jkaokd lsÍu" foúhkag msx §u" uò
fõ,djla Ndjkdkqfhda.Sj isàu80 uq,a Wmiïmodfõ isg mej;Sf.k
tk wLKav pdß;%hla f,i ye`Èkaúh yelsh'
4' j;audk;a imqrd wíNdk úkh l¾uh fldg iqoaOka;fhys msysgd

WÜGdk.dñKS weje;aj,ska mdßY=oaêhg m;a ù isák WmdOHdhhka
jykafia" l¾ujd.dpd¾hh yd .KmQrlhka jykafia,d foaYkd.dóKS
weje;a wef;d;a thskao msßisÿ ùï jia weje;a foid .ks;s' wLKav
pdß;%hla f,i l%shd;aul jk fuu ms<sfj; Wmiïmod ld,Éfþohla
mdid isÿfõ'
5' ix>hd jykafia iSudfõ m%fõY fodrgqjg uqyqK,d iSudj ;=< w;ami81
fkdyer wähla muK Wi we;s l=vd fldÜghl jev isá;s' w;ami
blau .sfha kï ldhiduY%Sh ke;sù hEfuka msßi j¾. fõ' túg tu
úkh l¾uh j¾. l¾uhla fjhs' tjeks Wmiïmod úkh l¾uh
wOïfukj.a. l¾uhla f,i oelafõ'82
6' i[a[df,aLldêldßka jykafia úiska iSudj ;=< ix>hdf.a w;ami

isg ix>hdf.a wkque;sh we;sj n, ueÿï mqreIfhl=f.a Yla;shg
98 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
iudk Yla;shlska Èh n`ÿklska wg foig Èh bi Wol=lafÄmh isÿ

lrkq ,efí'83
7' ksldfha uykdhl ysñmdKka jykafia iSudfõ jev isákafka kï

WmdOHdh wdikfha jevys`Èk WmdOHdhka jykafia Wkajykafiah'
Wkajykafia fkdue;s kï wkqkdhl wêlrKkdhl iajdókaøhka
jykafia kuls' tfia;a fkdue;s kï ix> iïu;fhka m;a lrk ,o
W=mdOHdhka jykafia kula WmdOHdh fj;s' úðksm; ms<s.kajd fï
iòyd wdrdOkd lrkq ,nkafka i[a[df,aLldëldÍka úisks' fuu
WmdOHdhka jykafia Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uydksldfha wdpd¾hh mrmqr
jQ nqoaOY%djl úkhOr Wmd,s uyry;ka jykafiaf.a mgka wLKavj
mßj¾;kh jkakd jQ uydúydr mrïmrdkqhd; wdpd¾hh mrmqr
ksfhdackh lrhs'
8' i[a [ df,a L ldêldÍka jyka f ia úis k a lïudjdpd mq i a ; l;% h la

ms<s.kaajd l¾ujdlH iÊCOdhkd lsÍu msKsi m%:u l¾ujd.dpd¾h
f;ku kï fldg wdrdOkd lrkq ,efí' ksldh iïm%odh wkqj fï
f;ku ksldfha wêldÍ ks,Odß ;k;=re orkakka úh hq;=h'
9' i[a[df,aLldëldÍka jykafia úiska Wmiïmodj §ug kshñ;

;=kaku ^hq.h& ix>hd iómhg m%jDcHd fcHIaG;ajh wkqj leòjkq
,efí' oeye;a f.dgq iys; md;%h;a ix>dáh;a" m;alvhla /f.k
ú;a tu f;ku ix>hd bÈßfha m%jDchd fcHIaG;ajh wkqj ysòf.k
isá;s' "Tldi ix>x jkaodñ Nkaf;" hkqfjka f;jrla lshd f;jrla
mi`. msysgqjd j`È;s'
10' WmiïmodfmalaIlf.a yd WmdOHdpd¾hhka jykafiaf.a kï fhdod

l¾ujdlHh lSug wmyiq fyhska WmiïmodfmalaIlg kd. lshdo
WmdOHdpd¾hhka jykafia ;siai lshd o kï iïu; lsÍu B<`.g
isÿfõ' th isÿ lrkq ,nkafka o i[a[df,aLldëldÍka úisks' fufia
th isÿ lr;s'
"WmiïmodfmalaIljrhdf.a mqrdK kduh wiafldg l¾u jdlH lSfï
myiqj iòyd WmiïmodfmalaIlhdg kd. hk ku iïu; lrkjd"
iïu; l<d" iïu;hs" tA nj WmiïmodfmalaIljrhdo WmdOHdhjrhd
o ix>hd jyka f ia o oek.; hq ; = h s ' fï Wmiïmodfma l a I lhdg
WmdOHdh jk WmdOHdhdikfhys jevisák WmdOHdhhka jykafiaf.a
iïNdId 99
mqrdK kduh wiafldg l¾ujdlH lSfï myiqj msKsi z;siaiZ hk

ku iïu; lrkjd" iïu; l<d" iïu;hs" ta nj
WmiïmodfmalaIljrhdo WmdOHdhjrhd o ix>hd jykafia o oek.;
hq;=hsZZ'84
11' ix>dáh yd oeye;a f.dgq iys; md;%h tl;amiaj ;sfí'

i[a[df,aLldêldÍka jykafiaf.a kshufhka WmiïmodfmalaIl
f;ku tl ku ne.ska Wkajykafia,df.a m%jDcHd fÊHIaG;ajh wkqj
oeye;a f.dgqjla /f.k WmdOHdhka jykafia iómhg oKska f.dia
oeye;a f.dgqj ms<s.kaj;s' ^WmdOHdhka jykafia jev ys`Èkafka
lr`vq j g háka ì;a ; s h whs f ka h ' Wka j yka f ia f .a fomi fiiq
l¾ujd.dpd¾hh yd .KmQrl f;reka jykafia,d w;ami fkdyer
jev ys`È;s' ^WmdOHdhka jykafiaf.a iómhg hdug iq¨ bv m%udKhla
fjkaj ;sfí'& oeye;a f.dgqj ms<s.kajd fmrfiau wdmiq meñK
WmdOHdhka jykafiag jeò Wlal=áfhka ysò .ks;s'
12' jHla; m%;sn,iïmkak l¾ujd.dpd¾hh f;ku úiska

WmiïmodfmalaIl f;ku m<uq fldg WmdOHdh.%yKh l< hq;=
nj ix>hd fjkqfjka fufia oekqï fokq ,efí' "mGux WmÊCOx
.dydfm;ífnda" WmiïmodfmalaIl ;=ka ku úiska WmÊCOdfhda fï
Nkaf;a fydySZZ hkqfjka f;jrla fmr miq fkdù tljr lshkq
,efí' WmdOHdhka jykafia m;srEmx lshd th ms<s.ks;s'85
13' l¾ujd.dpd¾hh ;sfokd jykafia WmÊCOx .dydfm;ajd m;a;Öjrx

wdÑlaÅ;ínx hkqfjka WmdOHdh.%yKh fldg oeka md isjqre ms<snò
Ydiksl jHjydrh oek.kq msKsi md isjqre .ek lsh hq;= hehs
WmiïmodfmalaIlhkag lsh;s'
whx f; m;af;d ^fï md;%h hqIAu;df.a md;%h kï jkafkah&
whx ix>dá ^hqIau;df.a lfrys we;s fï isjqr ix>dá kï jkafkah&
whx W;a;rdixf.d ^hqIau;df.a lfhys we;s fï isjqr W;a;rdix.
kï jkafkah'
whx wka;rdjdifld ^hqIau;d yeò isák fï isjqr wka;rjdilh
kï jkafkah&86
úkhOr ;sfokd jykafia WmiïmodfmalaIl ;sfokdf.a md;%d" ix>dá"
isjqre"
100 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
wka;rdjdil fjk fjku w; ;nd fmkajñka whx f; mf;;d wd§

mQ¾fjdala; jdlH fmr miq fkdù tljr foaYkd lrkq fmfka' tys§
wfmalaIl ;sfokdf.a ms<s;=r jkafka "wdu Nkaf;a" ^tfiah iajdóks&
hkakhs' tho fmr miq fkdù tljr ms<s;=re §uls'
14' ta iu`.u foikq ,nk m%{ma;sh jkafka ".ÉP wuqïys Tldfia

;sÜGdys" 87(fu;ekska neyerg f.dia wr fmfkk ;ek isákq uekú)
hkakhs' tfia i`. w;amiska neyerg hjkq ,nkafka i`. ueo §
wka;rdhsl O¾u úuik úg ms<smeÈh hq;= l%uh .ek
WmiïmodfmalaIlhdg wkqYdikd lsÍu msKsih'88 iuKqoafoaifhda
;sfok ix>dáh yd ;úlh iys; md;%h /f.k ke`.S isá;s' ix>dáh
fomig isák fia ndyqfõ oud .ks;s' md;%h msg ueog isák fia
:úlfhka t,a,d .ks;s' fodfyd;a k<, u; ;nd jeò .ks;s' >x>hdg
jeòf.k miqmig f.dia iSudoajdr iómfha isg .ks;s'
15' nqoaO m%{ma;sh wkqj hf:dla; wkqYdikdj isÿ lrkq ,eìh hq;af;a
jHla; m%;sn, iïmkak NslaIqjla úisks'89 ta wkqj fuu kd.dkqYdikdj
iòyd jäk m%:u l¾ujd.dpd¾hh f;ku fmr oelajQ mrsÈ jHla;
m%;sn, iïmkak f;rjreka f,i ie,fla' tu f;rjreka f;ku
nqoaO kshuh wkqj kd.dkqYdikdj msKsi i`.ueo my; oelafjk
l¾u jdlHh m%ldY fldg ;ud úiska ;udu iïu; lr .kq ,efí'
ksldfha Ndú; lrkq ,nk wkqYdil iïuq;sh fufiah' zziqKd;= fu
Nkaf; ixf>d kdf.dp kdf.dp kdf.dp wdhiauf;d ;siaiiai
WmiïmodfmfLd hÈ ix>iai m;a; l,a,x" wyx" kd.xp" kd.xp
kd.xÉ wkqidfiHhxZZ90 îx> f;fï udf.a jpkh widjd" kd.
f;fïo kd. f;fïo kd. f;fïo wdhq I a u ;a ;s i a i kue;s
WmdOHdjrhdf.a WmiïmodfmalaIlhd fõ' bÈka ix>hdg iqÿiq l,a
meñKsfha fõ kï uu kd.g kd.g kd.g wkqYdikd lrkafkñ'&
fufia ;ud úiska ;ud iïu; lr .k ,enQ úkhOr f;ku ix>

uOHfhka ke`.sg iuKqoafoaYhka iómhg f.diA isg f.ku fufia wkqYdikd
lr;s' iqKis kd." iqKis kd." iqKis kd. whx f; iÉpldf,d N+;ldf,d
hxcd;x ;x ix> ufcCO mqpPkaf; ika;x w;aÓ;s j;a;ínx" wika;x k;aÓ;s
iïNdId 101
j;a;ínx" ud fLd ú;a:dis" ud fLd uxl= wfydis" tjx ;x mqÉýiaika;s" ika;s

f; tjrEmd wdndOd"91
úkhOrhd idufKar
l=ÜGx ? k;aÓ Nkaf;
.Kfvd ? k;aÓ Nkaf;
ls,dfida ? k;aÓ Nkaf;
fidfid ? k;aÓ Nkaf;
wmudfrd ? k;aÓ Nkaf;
ukqiafidis @ wduNkaf;
mqßfidis ? wduNkaf;
N=ðiafidis ? wduNkaf;
wkfKdis ? wduNkaf;
kisrdcNfgd ? wduNkaf;
wkq[a[df;dis ud;dms;+ys ? wduNkaf;
mßmQKaK ùi;s jiafidiss ? wduNkaf;
mßmQKaKx f; m;a;Öjrx ? wduNkaf;
lsx kdfudis ? wyx Nkaf; kdf.d kdu
fld kdfud f; WmÊCOdfhd? WmÊCOdfhd fu Nkaf; wdhiaud ;siai

f:frd kdu92
^kd. wij" kd. wij" kd. wij" fï Tnf.a i;Hh lshk ld,hhs
jQjla lsh hq;= ld,hhs' i`. ueo úpdrK l,ays jQjla kï we;ehs lsh hq;=h'
fkdjQjla kï ke;ehs lsjhq;=h' ;%ia; jQfjla fkdjkak' yelsf,kafkla
fkdjkak" Tnf.ka fufia úpdrkakdyqh'
úkhOrhd idufKar
1' Tnf.a YÍrfhys ,dÿre wd§ l=IaG we;af;ao ? ke; iajdóks

2' Tnf.a YÍrfhys foys f.ä ;rï jQ .Kav ke; iajdóks
frda.h we;af;ao ?
102 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
úkhOrhd idufKar
3' Tnf.a YÍrfhys iqÿ lnr frda.h we;af;ao ? ke; iajdóks
4' Tng laIh frda.h we;af;ao ? ke; iajdóks
5' Tng wmiaudr frda.h we;af;ao ? ke; iajdóks
6' ñksia fjyso ? tfiah iajdóks
7' msßñfhla fjyso ? tfiah iajdóks
8' ksjyf,la fjyso ? tfiah iajdóks
9' Kh ke;af;yso ? tfiah iajdóks
10' rdcNgfhla fkdfjyso ? tfiah iajdóks
11' uõmshka úiska wkqokakd ,oafoa fjyso ? tfiah iajdóks
12' msßmqka úis jhia we;af;yso ? tfiah iajdóks
13' Tnf.a md isjqre iïmQ¾Ko ? tfiah iajdóks
14' Tn lskï we;af;yso ? iajdóks uu kd.
fjñ
15' Tnf.a WmdOHdhka jykafiaf.a ku l=ulao ? udf.a WmdOHdhka
jykafia ;siai kï
fj;s'
fufia WmiïmodfmalaIlhd i`. ueÈka neyerg hjd wkqYdikd lrkq

,nka f ka i`. ueo § l= I a G .Ka v d§ wka ; rdhs l O¾u úpdÍfï§
Wmiïmodfma l a I lhka l,n, ùu" ,eÊcd iy.; ùu" ms < s ; = r e §ug
wfmdfydi;a ùu jeks fya;= ksid nj uydj.a.md,sh wkqj meyeÈ,s fõ'93
hf:dla; wkqYdikdj fya;= fldg f.k Tjqka tu udkisl ;;ajfhka ñ§
ms<s;=re fokq we;ehs wfmalaId flf¾'
16' wkqYsIaG WmiïmodfmalaIlhska isá ;eku isgqjd wkqYdilhka i`.

ueog meñK ix>hdg fufia okajkq ,efí'94
iqKd;= fu Nkaf; ixf>d kdf.dp" kdf.dp" kdf.dp wdhiauf;d

;siaiiai WmiïmodfmfLd wkqisÜfGd fid uhd" h§ ix>iai m;a; l,a,x"
kdf.dp" kdf.dp" kdf.dp wd.fÉfPHh" wd.ÉPdyS;s j;A;ífnd" wd.ÉPdys95
îx> f;fï udf.a jpkh widjd" kd. f;fï" kd. f;fï kd. f;fï
;siai kï we;s wdhqIau;ayg WmiïmodfmalaIl fõ' ud úiska fyf;fï
wkqYdikd lrk ,oafoah' bÈka ix>hdg l,a meñKsfha kï kd. f;fï o
kd. f;fï o kd. f;fïo tkafkah' tjh lsh hq;=h' tj&"
iïNdId 103
hf:dala; ;==ka ku úiska wd.ÉPdys lS l,ays iuKqoafoaYfhda ;sfok

jeòf.ku i`. w;amig meñfK;s' ìug my;a ù ix>dáh yd md;%h mfil
;nd m;alvh t,d zzix>x jkaodñ Nkaf;ZZhs f;jrla lshd f;jrla mi`.
msysgqjd ix>hd j`È;s'
17' Wmiïmodj b,a,d isák WmiïmodfmalaIlfhl=g ñi wfkfll=g

Wmiïmodj §u nqÿrÿka úiska ;ykï lr ;sfí' tfyhska WmiïmodfmalaIlhd
úiska W;a;rdix.h96 taldxY fldg fmdrjd ^w¾O .egjgq fldg fmdrjd&
NslaIQka md jeò Wlal=álj ysò we`È,s neò Wmiïmodj b,a,d isákq ,efí'
tu l¾u jdlH fufiah'
1' ix>x Nkaf; Wmiïmox hdpdñ" W,a¨ïm;= ux Nkaf; ixf>d wkqlïmx
Wmdodh'
2' ÿ;shïms Nkaf; ix>x Wmiïmox hdpdñ" W,a¨ïm;= ux Nkaf;
ixf>d wkqlïmx Wmdodh'
3' ;;shïms Nkaf; ix>x Wmiïmox hdpdñ" W,a¨ïm;= ux Nkaf;
ixf>d wkqlïmx Wmdodh'
1' iajdókS" ix>hdf.ka Wmiïmodj b,a,ñ' wkqlïmd fldg
ix> f;fï ud idufKar Ndjfhka Wÿrdjd
2' fojkqj o iajdóks" ix>hdf.ka Wmiïmodj b,a,ñ" wkqlïmd
fldg ix> f;fï ud idufKarNdjfhka Wÿrdjd
3' f;jkqj o iajdókS" ix>hdf.ka Wmiïmodj b,a,ñ" wkqlïmd
fldg ix> f;fï ud idufKar Ndjfhka Wÿrdjd&97
18' WmiïmodfmalaIlhdf.ka i`. ueo§ wka;rdhsl O¾u úpdÍfï

iïuq;sh ,nd.ekSu ms‚i my; ±lafjk l¾u jdlH úkhOrhka úiska
foaYkd lrkq ,efí'
iqKd;= fu Nkaf; ixf>d" whxp kdf.d" whxp kdf.d" whxp kdf.d"

wdhiauf;d ;siaiiai WmiïmodfmfLd hÈ ix>iai m;a; l,a,x" wyx kd.xp"
kd.xp" kd.xp" wka;rdhsfl Oïfu mqÉfPhHx'98
îx> f;fï udf.a jpkh widjd" fï kd. f;fï" fï kd. f;fï"

fï kd. f;fï" ;siai kue;s WmdOHdhka jykafiaf.ka WmiïmodfmalaIlhd
104 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
fjhs' bÈka ix>hdg meñKs l,a we;af;a ù kï uu kd.f.ka" kd.f.ka"

kd.fhka wka;rdhsl O¾u úpdrkafkñ'&
thska wka;rdhsl O¾u úpdÍfï iïuq;sh ,o jHla; m%;sn, fuu

NslaIqj úiska kd.f.ka wka;rdhsl O¾u úpdrkq ,efí'
"iqKis kd." iqKis kd." iqKis kd." whx f; iÉp ldf,d" N+;
ldf,d" hx cd;x ;x mqÉPdñ' ika;x w;aÓ;s j;a;ínx" wika;x k;aÓ;s
j;a;ínx" ika;s f; tjrEmd wdndOd'99 ^wij kd." wij kd." wij kd."
fï Tnf.a we;a; lsh hq;= ld,hhs' jQjla lsh hq;= ld,hhs' hula jQfha kï
tj wiñ' jQjla kï we;ehs lsj hq;=h' fkdjQjla kï ke;ehs lsj hq;=h' Tng
fun`ÿ wdndOfhda fj;ao @ 1' l=ÜGx? ^k;aÓNkaf;& 2' .Kafvd? (k;aÓNkaf;&
3' ls,dfida ? (k;aÓNkaf;& 4' fidfid ? ^k;aÓNkaf;& 5' wmudfrd? (k;aÓ
Nkaf;& 6' ukqiafidis @ ^wduNkaf;& 7' mqßfidis ? (wduNkaf;& 8' N=ðiafidis
^wduNkaf;& 9' wkfKis ? (wduNkaf;& 10' kisrdcNfgd ? (wduNkaf;& 11'
wkq[a[df;dis ud;dms;+ys ? ^wduNkaf;& 12' mßmQKaKx ùi;s jiafidiss ?
(wduNkaf;& 13' mßmQKaKx f; m;a;Öjrx ? (wduNkaf;& 14' lsx kdfudis
? (wyx Nkaf; kdf.d kdu& 15' fld kdfud f; WmÊCOdfhd ? (WmÊCOdfhd
fu Nkaf; wdhiud ;siai f:frd kdu&"
iS u dj ;= < is ÿ jk fuu idïm% o dhs l pdß;% wjidkfhys fcHIa G

l¾ujd.dpd¾hhka jykafia úiska WmiïmodfmalaIlhka wu;d fufia m%ldY
lrkq ,efí'
19' "fuf;la hqIau;=kaf.ka úuid isáfha WmiïmodfmaalaIlfhl= wêYS,

ixLHd; jQ w;Hq;a;u Wmiïmod iS,fhys msysgqùug nqÿrÿka úiska mkjd
jod< iqÿiqlï fldf;laÿrg Tnjykafia úiska iïmQ¾K lr .kq ,en
we;aoehs hk lreK .ekhs' Tnjykafiaf.a iqÿiqlï .ek ix>hd jykafia
iEySug m;aj isákjd' fu;eka isg iqodkï jkafka hqIau;=ka jykafia ta
W;=ï jQ Wmiïmod iS,fhys msysgqùughs' Tnjykafia,dg ,nd fok fuu
Wmiïmodj nq ÿ iiq k ;= < "úkfhys w.;eka m ;a Wmd,s uyry;ka
jykafiaf.ka wdrïN ù fud.a.,Smq;a;;siai wkqnqÿ uyd uyskao wd§ uyry;ka
jykafia,df.ka wúÉýkakj mej; f.k tk f:rjd§ uyd úydr wdpd¾h
mrïmrdfjka w;s m Q c H wU.yj;a f ;a bka o diNjr[dKidñ" w;s m Q c H
iïNdId 105
mqjlaoKavdfõ m[a[dkkao" w;smQcH jrdmsáfha iqñ;a; hk Y%S ,xld rdu[a[

ksldfha wdrïNl iajdókaøhka jykafia,d úiska ;uka jykafia,d ;=<
msysgqjd .kq ,enQ wl,xl" úkhdkql+, mdßY=oafOdamiïm%odjhs' tu Wmiïmodj
msysgqjd .kq ,nk Tnjykafia o iajlSh Ôú;h fojeks fldg i,ld wdrlaId
lr .ksñka fuu Wmiïmod mrmqr bÈßhg f.k hEfï j.lSu mjrd .kq
we;ehs wm wfmalaId lrkjd' f:rjd§ uyd úydr mrïmrd.; NslaIQ ix>hd
úiska wo o wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk [;a;sp;=;a:lïu Wmiïmod l%ufhka
Tnjykafia Wmiïmod N+ñhg m;alrkjd' ish¨ ÿla ke;s fldg wud uy
ksjk m%;HlaI lr .ekSug meúÈ jQ Tnjykafia Ôú;fha fufia Wmiïmodjg
m;a ùfï Nd.H ,eîu b;d ÿ¾,N wjia:djla f,i i,lñka n,j;a Y%oaOdfjka
fuu l¾u jdlHhg weyqïlka Èh hq;=hs' l¾u jdlH wjidkfha tjxfu;x
Odrhdñhs m%ldYfj;au Tnjykafia Wmiïmod NslaIqjla njg m;a fjk njo
u;l ;nd .; hq;=hsZZ'
20' iSuia: ix>hd wk;=rej isÿ lrkq ,nkafka fmr iòyka l< mßÈ
[;a;sp;=;a:lïu Wmiïmod úêhg wod< nqoaO foaYs; l¾u jdlHh jHla;
m%;sn, iïmkak l¾ujd.dpd¾hhka ,jd foaYkd lrùuhs' WmiïmodfmalaIl
f;ku taldxY mdremkfhka hqla;j noaOd[ac,Sj Wlal=álfhka ysò l¾u
jdlH Y%jKh lr;s'
wfkla l¾ujdlHj, fuka fuu l¾ujdlHfhys o fofldgila ;sfí'

tkï [;a;sh yd wkqY%djKh hkqfjks' iqKd;= fu Nkaf; hkafkys mgka
tid [;a;s hkak olajd we;s mQ¾j fldÜGdih [;a;shhs' bka u;=fhys
we;s zziqKd;= fu Nkaf; ixf>dZZ hkd§ j.ka;s wkqY%djKhh' tys mQ¾jfhys
we;s [;a;s fldgi fufiah'
[;a;s jdlHh
01' iqKd;= fu Nkaf; ixf>d" whxp kdf.d" whxp kdf.d" whxp

kdf.d" wdhiauf;d WmiïmodfmfLd mßiqoafOd wka;rdhsflays Oïfuys"
mßmqKaKiai m;a;Öjrx" kdf.dp" kdf.dp" kdf.dp" ix>x Wmiïmox hdp;s"
wdhiau;d ;siafik WmÊCOdfhk hÈ ix>iai m;a;l,a,x" ixf>d kd.xp"
kd.xp" kd.xp" WmiïmdfoHh" wdhiau;d ;siafik WmÊCOdfhk tid
[;a;s'100 îx> f;fï udf.a jpkh widjd" fï kd. f;fïo" fï kd.
f;fïo" fï kd. f;fïo wdhqIau;a ;siai kï WmdOHdhhka jykafiaf.a
106 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
WmiïmodfmalaIl fõ' wka;rdhsl O¾uhkaf.ka msßisÿh' fudyqf.a mdisjqreo

iïmQ¾Kh' kd. f;fïo" kd.f;fïo" kd. f;fïo" wdhqIau;a ;siai kï
WmdOHdhhka jykafia WmdOHdhh fldgf.k ix>hdf.ka Wmiïmodj
b,a,hs' ix>hdg l,a meñKsfha kï ix> f;fï wdhqIau;a ;siai kï
WmdOHhdhka jykafiaf.ka hqla;j kd.o" kd.o" kd.o Wmiïmod lrkafkah
fï oekaùuhs'&
{ma;s foaYkfha§ ix>l¾u úm;a;shg meñKsh yels úm;a myla .ek

mßjdr md,sfha oelafõ'101
1' j;a:Qx k mrdui;s : [;a;s jdlHfhys Wmiïmod,dNshdf.a fyj;a
jia;=fjys kduh jQ zzkd.ZZ hkak fkdlSu'
2' ix>x k mrdui;s : [;a;s jdlHfhys zzixf>dZZ hkak fkdlSu'
3' mq.a.,x k mrdui;s : [;a;s jdlHfhys mq.a., f,i ie,flk
WmdOHhdf.a kduh jk zz;siaiZZ hkq fkdlSu'
4' [;a;sx k mrdui;s : iïmQ¾Kfhka zz[;a;shZZ fkdlshd wkqY%djKh
muKla lSu'
5' mÉPdjd [;a;sx Gfm;s : m<uqj wkqY%djKh lshd miqj [;a;sh lSu'
wkqY%djKh
02' iqKd;= fu Nkaf;a ixf>d" whxp kdf.d" whxp kdf.d" whxp

kdf.d wdhiauf;d ;siaiiai WmiïmodfmfLd" mßiqoafOd wka;rdhsflys
Oïfuys " mßmq K a K ia i m;a ; Öjrx" kdf.dp" kdf.dp" kdf.dp" ix>x
Wmiïmox hdp;s" wdhiau;d ;siafiak WmÊCOdfhk hÈ ix>iai m;a;l,a,x
ixf>d kd.xp" kd.xp" kd.xp" Wmiïmdfo;s ' wdhia u ;d ;s i a f ia k
WmCOdfhk" ixf>d kd.xp kd.xp" kd.xp" Wmiïmdfo;s ' wdhia u ;d
;siafik WmÊCOdfhk" hiaidhiauf;d Lu;s' kd.iaip" kd.iaip" kd.iaip"
Wmiïmod" wdhiauf;d ;siafik WmÊCOdfhk" fid ;=Kayiai hiai klaLu;s"
fid NdfiHh
3' ÿ;shïms t;u;a:x jodñ''''''''''''
4' ;;shïms t;u;a:x jodñ'''''''''''
iïNdId 107
5' Wmiïmkafkd ixf>k" kdf.dp" kdf.dp" kdf.dp" wdhiau;d

;siafik WmÊCOdfhk Lu;s ix>iai ;iaud ;=Kays tjfu;x
Odrhdñ'
Wmiïmkafkd'''''''''
Wmiïmkafkd'''''''''102
^02& iajdókS" ix> f;fï udf.a jpkh widjd" fï kd. f;fïo" fï

kd. f;fïo" fï kd. f;fïo" wdhqIau;a ;siai WmdOHdhka jykafiaf.a
WmiïmodfmalaIl fõ' wka;rdhsl O¾uhkaf.ka msßiqÿh' fudyqf.a md
isjqre iïmQ¾Kh" kd. f;fïo" kd. f;fïo" kd. f;fïo wdhqIau;a ;siai
WmdOHdhka jykafiaf.ka WmdOHdh fldg f.k ix>hdf.ka Wmiïmodj
b,a,hs' ix> f;fï wdhqIau;a ;siai WmdOHdhka jykafiaf.ka hqla;j kd.
o" kd.o" kd.o" Wmiïmod lrhs' wdhqIau;a ;siai WmdOHdhhka jykafiaf.ka
hqla; jQ kd.f.ao" kd.f.ao" kd.f.ao" Wmiïmodj hï wdhqIauf;l= yg
reÑ fõ kï fyf;u ksYaYío fõjd" hful=g reÑ fkdfõ kï fyf;u
lshjd"
03' fojkqj o fï lreK lshñ'''''''&
^04' f;jkqj o fï lreK lshñ'''''''&
05' ix>hd úiska wdhqIau;a ;siai WmdOHdhka jykafiaf.ka hqla; j
kd. f;fïo" kd. f;fïo" kd. f;fïo Wmiïmod lrk ,oafoah' ix>hdg
th reÑ fõ' tfyhska ;=IaKsïN+; fõ' fuh fufia orñ'
ix>hd úiska''''''''
ix>hd úiska''''''''
mßjdr md,sfha oelafjk mßÈ wkqY%djK jdlH foaYkfha§ o ix> l¾u

úm;g m;a úh yels úm;a 5la ;sfí'103 bka 01' j;a:qx k mrdui;s 02' ix>x
k mrdui;s 03' mq.a.,x k mrdui;s hk úm;a ;=k [;a;sfhys ±lajQ
mßÈuh' 04' idjKx ydfm;s - w.%Y%djKH msß fyùuhs' tkï 1' [;a;sh
muKla lshd wkqY%djKh fkdlshdyeÍuh' 11' wl=re yd jpk jrojd lSuh'
05' wldf, idfj;S [;a;shg m<uqfjka wkqY%djKh lsÍuh" wkqY%djKh
muKla fkdj kuialdrh lSfï mgka wjidkh olajdu l=uk fyda l¾u
jdlHhla jqjo fkdjrojd lsh hq;= nj úkfha§ wjOdrKh flf¾' l¾u
jdlH lshkq ,nk NslaIQka úiska my; oelafjk oYúO wlaIr m%fNaoh ukd
fldg ie,lsh hq;= nj iuka;mdidÈld úkhÜGl:dj meyeÈ,s lrhs'104
108 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
tu wlaIr oY m%fNaofhda fufia fj;s'

1' isÓ, : j¾. mfiys m%:u ;D;Sh wlaIr isÓ, fõ' tkï
w,amm%dKdlaIrfhdah'
2' Oks ; : j¾.hkaf.a oaú;Sh p;=¾:dlaIr Oks; kñ' tkï uyd
m%dKdlaIrfhdah'
3' §¾> : ud;%d folla muK §¾> ld,fhka lsh hq;= wldrdÈh
§¾> kï'
4' y%iaj : thska wvl,lska lsj hq;= wdldrdÈh y%iaj fõ'
5' .rel : §¾>hu .rel kñ'
6' ,yql : y%iajhu ,yql kñ'
7' ks.a.yS;h : lrKh ;o lrf.k újD; fkdjQ uqLfhka wkqkdisl
fldg lsh hq;= wlaIrh
8' iïnkaOh : mrmoh yd iïnkaO fldg lshkq ,nk ";=Kysiaid"
jeks mofhdah'
9' jHjiaÓ; : mrmoh yd iïnkaO fkdfldg lshkq ,nk ";=KayS
wiai" jeks mofhdah'
10' úuq ; a ; h : lrKhka ;o lr fkdf.k uq L h újD; fldg
wkqkdislH fkdfldg lshkq ,nkafka úuq;a; kñ'
WÉpdrKh idjoHh úh yels ia:dk fufiah'
1' isÓ,hg Oks;h lSu ( "iqKd;= fu" - "iqKd:q fu"

2' Oks;hg isÓ,h lSu ( zziqKd;= fu Nkaf; ixf>dZZ - zziqKd;=
fu nkaf; ixf.dZZ
3' úuq;a;hg kS.a.yS;h lSu ( zziqKd;= fuZZ - zziqKdx;= fuZZ zztid
[;a;s - tidx [;a;sZZ
4' ks.a.yS;hg úuq;a;h lSu ( "m;a;l,a,x - m;a; l,a,d"
fï y;r fufia idjoH f,i WÉpdrKh lrñka l¾u jdlH lSu

l¾uh ¥IKh ùug fya;= fjk nj yd úkh l¾u lsÍfï§ by; iòyka
lreKq oyhu Y=oaêh we;s jk mßos l¾u jdlH lsh hq;= nj úkh wgqjdfõ
oelafõ'
iïNdId 109
[;a;s yd wkqidjK úm;a;s u.yer l¾u jdlH foaYkdj úkhdkql+,j

mj;ajd f.k hEu wruqKq fldg f.k ksldfha lïudpd¾hh f;reka
jykafia f;dard .ekSfï§ l;sld folla l;sldjf;ka iïu; lr f.k
we;'105 1' .re úkhl¾u isÿ lr,sh hq;= úkhkh ms<snòj wjfndaOhla
we;shl= ùu' 2' oYúO jH[ack fkdmsßfy,d ixjD; újD; fNaoh .ek o
wjfndaOhlska WÉpdrK iïm;a;sfhka hqla;j l¾u jdlH foaYkfhys
iu¾:fhl= ùu'
óg wu;rj iEu Wmiïmod úkh l¾uhla wdika k fha u is h ¨

l¾udpd¾h f;reka jykafia,d leòjd Wkajykafia,d fjkqfjka mqyqKq
jevuq¿jla meje;aùuo wLKavj isÿ flf¾'
21' Wmiïmodjla wjidkfha Wmiïmod N+ñhg m;a kjl NslaIQka

fjkqfjka nqoaO kshuh wkqj wkqYdikdjla meje;aùu Ñrd.; f:rjd§
iïm% o dhls ' fuu wkq Y dikdj Y% j Kh ls Í u ms K s i tla Wmiïmod
ld,Éfþohl§ hq.hl ;sfokd ne.ska Wmimka njg m;a hq. ;=kl y;rl
fyda myl kjl NslaIQka iyNd.s lrùu rdu[a[ ksldfha ms<sfj;hs' tu
wkqYdikdj mj;ajkq ,nkafka hf:dla; lïudpßh f;reka jykafia w;ßka
jHla;;r f;reka jykafia kula'
mdol igyka
1 m%:u Wmiïmodj meje;ajQ Èkh f,i i[a[df,aLldêldÍ ld¾hd,fha we;s

Wmiïmod f,aLkfha olajd we;af;a 1864'6'12 fyj;a nq'j' 2407 fmdfidka ui
wj;=ÿiajl ;sÓh ,;a i`ÿ oskhhs' m%:u Wmiïmod ux., ufyda;aijh ms<snò
tl, ,shk ,o ix.S;s m;%fha Wmiïmodj meje;a jQ Èkh f,i oelafjkafka
nq'j'2407 wei, ui wj;=ÿiajl ;sÓh ,;a i`ÿ Èk hkqfjks' ^fuu ix.S;S m;%h
w;smQcH ud;f,a idik;s,l wkqkdysñ úiska ,shk ,o zzrdu[a[ jxifhaZZ 61
msgqfõ Wmqgd olajd we;'& nq'j' 2407 hkq 1864 fkdj 1863 úh hq;= nj ysgmq
i[a[df,aLldêldÍka jykafia kula jk w;smc Q H ú,msáfha [dKjxi wkqkdysñ
mQ¾fjdala; Wmiïmod f,aLkfha igykla ;nñka mjid we;' j¾Ih f,i
ix.S;s m;%fha oelafjkafka o 1864 hkqfjks'
2 Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ ksldfha uQ,sl l;sldj;" 1925" fld;auf,a isßioaOïu jxi
ia:úr" wU.yj;af;a bkaodiNjr [dKidñ pß;h" 1950" 17 - 18 msgq
3 m%:u Wmiïmod ix.S;s m;%h" rdu[a[ jxih" ud" idik;s,l ysñ" 62 msgqj
4 Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ ksldfha uQ,sl l;sldj;" 1925
10 - CM23766
110 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
5 iuka; mdidÈld úkhÜGl:d" úkhOr ,CLKdÈl:d j¾Kkd" 1929

6 rdu[a[ jxi §mks " 42 msgqj
7 mámod" 1927" 2 msgqj" uydpd¾h ;siai ldßhjiï'
8 fnda' jxidkkao ysñ" T. B. isf,da.u" uQ, uyd úydr mrïmrd l:dj" 15 msgqj
9 mámod" 1997" 5 msgqj
10 fld;auf,a isßioaOïu jxi ia:úr" bkaÞiN uydkdhl pß;h 1950' 17- 18 msgq
11 ud idik;s,l wkqkdysñ' rdu[a[ jxih" 41 msgqj
12 ud idik;s,l ysñ' rdu[a[ jxih" 62 msgqj
13 fykaß iaà,a ´,alÜ" wU.yj;af;a kdysñf.a wdodyk mQfcda;aijfha l< igyk"
.d,af,a [dfKdNdi ysñ' rdu[a[ jxi§mkS 67 msgqj
14 [dfKdmdhskS úfYaI l,dmh wxl 2"2002" Wmiïmod l,dmh" 57 msgqj'
15 .d,af,a [dfKdNdi ysñ' rdu[a[ jxi§mks" 53 msgqj
16 rdu[a[ ksldfha uq,a l;sldj; ix{dmkh
17 .d,af,a [dfKdNdi yssñ' rdu[A[ jxi§mkS" 44 msgqj
18 .d,af,a [dfKdNdi ysñ' rdu[a[ jxi§mkS" 44 msgqj
19 ksldfha uQ,sl l;sldj; ix{dmkh
20 ksldfha uQ,sl l;sldj; ix{dmkh
21 ud' idik;s,l wkqkdysñ" rdu[a[ jxih" 19 msgqj
22 fmd' m[a[didr uykdysñ' mámod" 1995" 1 msgqj
23 fikr;a mrKú;dk" ,xld úYaj úoHd,fha ,xld b;sydih "1972" 536 msgqj
24 Ô' fyaumd, úfÊj¾Ok" mS'î' ó.ial=Uqr" ishï Y%S ,xld wd.ñl iïnkaO;d ivv
msgqj
25 fÉ;sh ú;dkdÉÑ iSy< NslaIq mrmqr yd fn!oaO ixialD;sfha jHdma;sh" [dKiSy
wNSia;j ix.%yh" 1976" 56 msgqj
26 ,xld úYaj úoHd,fha ,xld b;sydih" úoHd,xldr úYaj úoHd,fha mßj¾;kh
1972" 540 msgqj
27 uydpd¾h .=Kmd, u,,fialr" ,xld md,s idys;H" 1965" 146 msgqj
28 .d,af,a [fKdNdi ysñ" rdu[a[ jxi§mkS" 16 msgqj
29 ,xld úYaj úoHd,fha ,xld b;sydih" 1972" 713 msgqj
30 ,xld md,s idys;Hh" uydpd¾h .=Kmd, u,,fialr" 193 msgqj
31 fidKq;a;r Ydik jxislhla hkq fud.a.,Smq;a;;siai ry;ka jykafia úiska
wmrka;hg fyj;a nqreu rg nqÿ iiqk msyg s ù
q u msKi
s hjk ,o iajlSh ioaêúydßl
fokula jQ fidK yd W;a;r hk ry;ka jykafia,d yd Wkajykafiaf.a YsIHdkqYI s H
mrmqrh'
32 ksldfha i[a[df,aLldêldÍka jykafia Ndrfha fuu f,aLkh ;sfí'
33 ksldfha uQ,sl l;sldj;" 3 msgqj
iïNdId 111
34 uq,a l;sldj; ix{dmkh' iv msgqj" ud;f,a idik;s,l wkqkdysñ" rdu[a[

jxih" 49 msgqj
35 uq,a l;sldj; ix{dmkh' iv msgqj
36 fomdku iaÓjr" T.B. isf,da.u" rdu[a[ jxi§mksh" 51 msgqj
37 tu' rdu[a[ jxi§mksh 50 msgqj
40 ksldfha l;sldj;" 15 l;sldj;" 11 msgqj 2003 uqøKh
41 ksldfha l;sldj;" 103 l;sldj"
42 ksldfha l;sldj;" 89 l;sldj" 64 msgqj 2003" 1950 yd 1964 uqøs; ixfYdaOk
l;sldjkays § o fï j.ka;sh fuf,iskau olakg we;'
43 uydj.a.md,s" 162 msgqj
44 ud;f,a idik ;s,l wkqkdysñ" rdu[a[ jxih" 64 msgqj
45 uydj.a.md,s" 156-170 w;r msgq
46 ksldfha uq,a l;sldj;" 1"10 l;sldj" 6-9 msgqj
47 ksldfha l;sldj;" 2003" 12 msgqj
48 Wmiïmod ksfõok wxl 01 i[a[df,aLldêldÍka jykafia úiska iEu Wmiïmod
jdrhla mdidu ksl=;a lrkq ,nhs'
49 m%;smod ngqúg kkaodrdu ysñ' 1985 Wmiïmod l,dmh 21 msgqj
50 ksldfha l;sldj; 2003'15'16'18'17
51 mßjdr md,sh" 2 ldKavh 6 ^11& 304 msgqj
52 jrldf.dv iS,r;k ysñ" m%;smod" 1985 Wmiïmod l,dmh" 48 msgqj
53 m%;smod" 1985 Wmiïmod l,dmh" 48 msgqj
54 zzkÈhd jd NslaLfj iuqoafojd cd;iaifr jd hx uÊCêuii mqßiiai iuka;d
Wol=lafLmd" whx ;;a: iudk ixjdid tl=fmdi:d uyd j.a. md,s" nq'c'uq"268
55 ksldfha Wmiïmod ,shdmÈxÑ mqia;lh
56 ksldfha Wmiïmod ix.S;s m;%h" ud idik;s,l ysñ" rdu[a[ jxih" 64 msgqj
57 uydjxih 78 mßÉfÊoh 29-30-31 .d:d
58 uydjxih 84 mßÉfÊoh 42-43 .d:d
59 ,xld úYaj úoHd,fha ,xld b;sydih" 713 msgqj
60 uydjxih 94 mßÉfÊoh" 17-18 .d:d
61 uydjxih 97 mß' 12-13 .d:d
62 mámod 2008" NslaIq Ydikh ksldh jYfhka fnoS hdug ;=vqÿka idOl" wdpd¾h
fk¨fõ iqukjxi ia:úr" 144 msgqj
63 kdj, Oïudkkao ysñ" Wol=lafLm iSud úNdúkS" 2011" 32 msgqj
64 kdj, Oïudkkao ysñ" tu lD;sh
112 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
65 mßjdr md,sh" lïuj.a. nq'c';%s' 304 msgqj

66 mdrdðld md,s" m%:u mdrdðldj nq'c';%s' 57 msgqj
67 uydj.a.md,s" uydj.a. nq'c';s%' 226 msgqj
68 ksldfha uQ,sl l;sldj; 2 l;sldj;" 1925" 6 msgqj
69 uydj.a. md,sh nq'c';%s' 226 msgqj
70 1990 ixfYdaê; l;sldj;" 5 msgqj 2003 ixfYdaê; l;sldj;" 8 msgqj
71 mS'nqoaOo;a; ysñ" md,s isxy, wdldrdÈh" 301 msgqj
72 ksldfha uQ,sl l;sldj" m<uq l;sldj" 1990 l;sldj" 2003 uqøs; ixfYdaê;
l;sldj;
73 uydj.a. md,sh" uyd j.a.h" nq'c';%s' 230 msgqj
74 ixfYdaê; l;sldj;" 1990" 6 msgqj
75 ksldfha ixfYdaê; l;s;dj;" 2003" 11 msgqj
(i) wka;rjdilh È.ska ñá mia ßhkla o iriska foßhka yudrla o úh hq;=
LqoaolislaLdfõ 44 .d:dfõ oelafõ'
(ii) isjqre fofla cxf.hHl ^lKaVdmá .S fjhHl ^f., má& we,a,sh hq;= nj
uydj.a.md,s Öjr ^708& msgqj oelafõ'
(iii) wòkfha cxf.hHl ueish hq;= nj ksldfha úkhOr u;hhs'
(iv) wkqcdkdñ NslL a fj .KÀlx mdil;A;S ^pq,,a j.a. md,sh 94 msgj
q & hkqfjka
isjqr WNhdxYmdremkfhka fmrjQ úg my<ska iq<`.g úisÍu j<lajd .ekSu
msKsi isjqf¾ w`.,a y; wgla my;ska fomfia frÈ len,s folla uid ta
u; weUrE kQ,la yd th .eg.eiSug fldlalla jeks kQ,lska ueiQ rjqula
we,a,sh hq;=hs'
(v) wkqcdkdñ NslaLfj oafjm;af;d wfhdm;a;x u;a;sld m;a;x ^pq,a,j.a.
md,sh 22 msgqj&
(vi) isjqf¾ j¾Kh úh hq;af;a ;o fldia m`vq j¾Khhs' ldidjx hkq lig
fmjQ jia;%hhs' lymdg fkdfõ' I ix>dáh yd W;a;rdix.h È.ska ñá mia
ßhkla o" m<,ska ñá ;=ka ßhkla o úh hq;= nj LqoaoislaLdj 45 .d:dfõ
oelafõ'
76 ksldfha ixfYdaê; l;sldj;" 2003"11
77 iuka; mdidÈld úkhÜGl;d" uydj.a.jKKkd" nq'c';%s' 724 msgqj" idufKar
mínccd mk WNf;d iqoêhdj jÜg;s' fkd tlf;d iqoêhd
78 rdu[a[ jxih" ud' idik;s,l wkqkdysñ" 62 msgqj
79 tu lD;sfhys 62 msgqj
80 tu lD;sfhys 62 msgqj
81 w;ami ^y;a:mdi& f,i ie,flkafka ßhka 2 1$2 ÿr m%udKhhs' tfy;a úkhl¾u
w;ami ßhka 1 1$2 f,i we;eï weÿfrda i,l;s' ta ksid úkhOr weÿrka úiska
ßhka 1 1$2 ÿr m%udKhlska Tjqfkdjqkag iómj w;amiska ys`Èkq ,eîu iqÿiq
ms<sfj;hs' Wol=lafLm iSud úNdúkS" 10 msgqj
iïNdId 113
82 mßjdr md,sh" nq'c';%s' 300 msgqj

83 fuys 54 n,kak
84 we;eï Wmiïmod úkhl¾u iïm%odhj, fuu iïu;h isÿj we;af;a fufiah'
l¾ujdpdpdßka zz;ajx kdf.d kdu@ZZ lS úg WmiïmodfmalIa lhd "Tldi" hkqfjka
yd ;=hayx WmcCOdfhd wdhiaud ;siai f:frda kdu? lS úg WmiïmodfmalaIlhd
"Tldi" hkqfjkq;a ms<sjoka fohs' Ô'fyaumd, úfÊj¾Ok" Ô'ù'ó.ial=Uqr" ishï
Y%S ,xld wd.ñl inò;d" 171 msgqj'
85 i k NslALfõ wkqmcCOdhfld Wmiïmdfo;ífnd" fhd WmiïmdfoHh wdm;a;s
ÿlalgiai" uydj.a. md,s" 222 nq'c';%s' il Wmiïmodjlïujdpd" ul=,Efõ úu,
ysñ"
86 uyd j.a. md,s 232 msgqj " hf:dla; mßIaldr y;r WmiïmodfmalaIl i;=j
;sìh hq;= nj nqoaO jpkfha oelafjkafka fufiah' ^1& k NslaLfõ wmam;a;fld
Wmiïmdfo;ífnd" fhd WmiïmdfohH wdm;a;s ÿlalgiai ^2& k NslaLfõ
wÖjrfld Wmiïmdfo;ífnd" fhd WmiïmdfoHh wdm;a;s ÿlalgiai ^3& k
NslaLfõ wmam;a;Öjrfld Wmiïmdfo;ífnd" fhd WmiïmdfoHh wdm;a;s
ÿlalgiai il Wmiïmodjlïujdpd" ul=,Efõ úu, ysñ"
87 Wmiïmod lïujdpd" ul=,Efõ úu, ysñf.a ilia lsÍu'
88 wkqcdkdñ NslaLfõ tluka;x wkqidis;ajd ix> uÊfCO wka;rdhsfla Oïfï
mqÉý;=x uydj.a. md,s nq'c';%s' 232 msgqj'
88 wkqcdkdó NslaLfõ LH;af;k NslaLqkd mánf,k wkqidis;=x" uydj.a. md,s"
tu msgqj
90 Wmiïmod lïujdpd" ul=,Efõ úu, ysñhkaf.a ilia lsÍu'
91 wkqcdkdñ NslaLfõ Wmiïmdfokaf;ak f;ari wka;rdhsfla Oïfï mqÉý;=x'
uydj.a. md,s nq'c';%s' 230 msgqj
93 uyd j.a. md,s nq'c';%s' 232 msgqj
94 k NslaLfõ tlf;d wd.ka;ínx wkqidiflk mGux;rx wd.ka;ajd ixf>d
[fm;ífnd" uyd j.a. md,s 234 msgqj
95 lïujdpd tu ilia lsÍu
96 k NslL a fõ whdÑf;k Wmiïmdfo;ífnd fhd WmiïmfoHh wdm;a;s ÿllgiai'
uyd j.a. md,s nq'c';%s' 122 msgqj
97 uyd j.a. md,s nq'c';%s' 234-235 msgq
99 tu lD;sh
101 l:x [;a;sf;d lïudks úmÊcka;s" m[apdydldfrys [;a;sf;d lïudks
úmÊcka;s" j;a:Qx k mrdui;s" ix>x kmrdui;s" mq.a.,x kmrdiu;s" [;a;sx
114 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
kmrdiu;s" mÉPd jd [;a;sx Gfm;s" bfuys m[pydldfrys [;a;sf;d lïudks

úmÊcka;s' mßjdr md,s" nq'c';%s' 304 msgqj
103 l:x wkqidjkf;d lïudk úmÊck;ss m[apydldfrys wkqidjkf;d lïudks
úmÊc;a;s j;a:qx k mrdui;s" ix>x k mrdui;s" mq.a.,x k mrdui;s" idjKx
ydfm;s" wldf, jd idfj;S" bfuys m[apydldfrys wkqidjkf;da lïudks
úmÊck;s' mßjdr md,sh nq'c';%s' 304 msgqj
104 isÓ,Oks;[p §>riaix .rel,yql[p ks.a.yS;x" iïnkaOx jj;aÓ;x úuq;a;x
oiOd LH[cknqoaêhd mfNfo" iuka;mdidÈldj" ihsuka fyajdú;drK uqøKh
1042 msgqj
105 ksldfha l;sldj;" 17 l;sldj;" 1989 msgqj
iïNdId 115
II fldgi
md,s
116 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
iïNdId 117
lÉpdhk yd fud.a.,a,dhk jHdlrK iïm%Þhkays

iïnkaOh ms<n
s | uQ,l
s wOHhkhla
Ydia;%m;s" rdclSh mKaä; id,sh wfYdalmqr kkao ysñ
01' ye¢kaùu
i ;ajHjydrhka
; a j hd úis k a Ndú;lrkq ,nk úúO NdId
yd mohka i|yd úhrK l%ufõohka
ks¾udKh lsÍu jHdlrK{hska i;= ld¾hhls' fmdÿ
ckhd w;r Ndú; jk kdkdúO jHjydrhka miqj
úhrK weÿrka úiska úúO kHdhhka fhdÞ .ksñka
Ydia;%Sh l%ufõohla hgf;a ilialrkq ,nhs' tA ;=<ska
jHdlrKh ks¾udKh fõ' fuys § wm wjfndaO
fldg .; hq ; a f ;a m<uq j NdId jHjydrhka
ks¾udKh jk w;r bka miqj tlS jHjydrhka i|yd
úoaj;a m¾Iohka úiska úhrK isoaOdka;hka ks¾udKh lrkq ,nk nj hk
ldrKhhs' tys § fmdÿ ck jHjydrfha mej;s úúO mo" isoaOdka;dÈh
úuiq ï YS , S j wOHhkh fldg miq j tlS jHjydrhka i|yd jHdlrK
l%ufõohka fyj;a Í;Ska ks¾udKh lrkq ,nhs' fuh tla NdIdjlg muKla
wdfõ‚l isoaOdka;hla fkdj f,dal jHjydrfha mj;akd iuia; NdIdjka
i|yd fmdÿ jQ l%ufõohhs'
Wla; kHdhdkq.;j zmd,sZ hk kQ;k kdu jHjydrfhka jHjydß;

NdIdj i|yd úhrK isoaOdka;hka ilialsÍug úúO úhrKlrefjda l%shd;aul
118 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
jQy' Tjqyq m<uqj NdId jHjydrhka ms<sn| lreKq wOHhkh fldg miqj tA
tA jHjydrhka i|yd .e<fmk wdldrhg úhrK úëka ilia l<y' tys
m%;sM,hla jYfhka md,s NdIdj i|yd úúO jHdlrK .%ka:hka ks¾udKh
úh' fuu wOHhkfha § wmf.a uQ,sl wNsm%dh jkafka tlS úhrK iïm%Þhka
w;r úoHudk iïnkaO;dj ksÍCIKh lsÍuhs'
md,s NdIdj i|yd jHdlrK isoO

a dka;hka ks¾udKh l< m%uL
q iïm%Þhhka
;%sFjhla mj;sk nj md,s jHdlrKh ms<sn| b;sydih wOHhkh lsÍfuka
meyeÈ,s fõ' fuu wOHhkfha § tlS iïm%Þhka ms<sn| ixCIsma; lreKq
±laùula isÿlrkq ,nhs' tys ,d tlS úhrK iïm%Þhhkays m%Odk .%ka:"
mßjdr .%ka:" rplhka wkq.dñlhka wd§ lreKq flfrys iqúfYaIS wjOdkhla
olajkq ,efí' tfiau jHdlrKfha b;sydih iy Wla; úhrK iïm%Þhhka
;%sFjh i|yd ljr NdIdjl ljr jHdlrK iïm%Þhhla uQ,dY%h imhd
we;af;a o hk j. fuys § ixCIsma;j wOHhkh lrkq ,nhs'
fuu wOHhkfha § wmf.a uQ,sl wjOdkh fhduqjkafka lÉpdhk yd

fud.a.,a,dhk hk iïm%Þhhka oaú;ajfhys úoHudk iïnkaO;dj ms<sn|
lreKq wOHhkh lsÍughs' fuys § tlS .%ka:oajh ;=,kd;aulj wOHhkh
lrKq ,nhs' tu wOHhk ld¾hhfha § fuu iïm%Þh foflys úoHudk
iu;djka fiau úiu;djka o wmf.a wjOdkhg md;% fõ' tfiau tA tA
iïm%Þhkag fjka jQ wkkH;djka o fuu wOHhhkfha § úuiSug n÷kalrhs'
,laÈj md,s jHdlrKfha b;sydih yd tys Ndú; úúO jHdlrK

iïm%Þh ms<sn| ixCIsma; wOHhkhla
,laÈj md,s jHdlrK iïm%Þh ms<sn| lreKq wOHhkh w;sYhskau

wmyiq ld¾hhls' ulaksido h;a j;aufkys md,s jHdlrK iïm%Þh ksfhdackh
l< w;sYhskau mqrdK .%ka:hka nyq;rhla wúoHudk jk neúks' tfia jqj;a
tlS úhrK .%ka:hka iïnkaOfhka kduud;%sl igyka wjfYaIS md,s úhrK
.%ka:hkays iy wkH md,s idys;Hhsl .%ka:hkays úoHudk fõ' tfia jqj;a
tlS wjfYaIS úhrK .%ka:hka iy wkH idys;Hhsl .%ka:hka u.ska ,laÈj
md,s jHdlrK idys;Hfha b;sydih yd úoHudk úhrK iïm%Þh ms<sn|
m%dud‚l f;dr;=re rdYshla Wlyd .; yel' j;aufkys Wla;ldrKh ms<sn|
úoaj;a m¾Iohkays wjOdkh fhduq ù we;s w;r tfyhska úúOdldrfhka
iïNdId 119
u;jdohka o ks¾udKh ù we;s nj lreKq .fõIKh u.ska ks.ukh l<

yelsh'
by;ska ±lajQ mßÈ nqoaOf>daI hq.hg mQj–fhka rpkd jQfha hehs ie,flk
lsisÿ úhrK .%ka:hla j;aufkys úoHudk fkdfõ'1 tfy;a tu wjêfha
mej;s úhrK iïm%Þhka ms<sn| lreKq úúO ia:dkhkays wka;¾.;j we;'
lsßj;a;=vqfõ m%{didr ysñhka zkduud,dZ kï .%ka: m%ia:djkdfjys § mQj–
nqoaOf>daI wjêfha úoHudk jQ úhrK iïm%Þh ms<sn| lreKq olajd we;'
* uyd ksre;a;s msglh

* fndaêi;a; jHdlrKh
* iín.=Kdlr jHdlrKh2
hkq f jks ' fïls i s ÿ .% k a : hla j;a u fkys wúoHudkh' úoHudk

idOldkq.;j fïjd w;=frka mer‚;u .%ka:h jkafka uyd ksre;a;shhs'3
tys l;=jrhd lÉpdhk uyd ry;ka jykafia nj wmÞkÜGl:dfõ ±lafõ'4
fuh ft;sydisl jYfhka w;sYhska jeo.;a md,s úhrK .%ka:hla nj úhrK
b;sydih msßlaiSfuka meyeÈ,s fõ' fuu lD;sh ms<sn| fud.a.,a,dhkh yd
nq o a ê ma m idÈkS àldfõ o lreKq wka ; ¾.; ù we;' 5 flda Ü fÜ hq . fha
m[aÑldm%§mh rpkd l< isß ry,a ysñhka tys § zzin%ZZ hk moh ksre;a;s
msglhg wkq.;j újrKh fldg we;'6 fuhg wu;rj zzksre;a;s u[acqid
yd ud.Oioao,CLKZZ hk kduhkaf.ka ye¢kafjk lD;s folla iïnkaOfhka
o m[aÑldm%§mfha lreKq wka;¾.; fõ'
moidOk àldfõ § zzksre;a;s ixjKaKkdZZ kï lD;shla iïnkaOfhka

lreKq bÈßm;a fõ' óg mQ¾jfhka ±lajQ wkH md,s jHdlrK lD;s fol jk
zziín.=Kdlr jHdlrKh yd fndaêi;a; jHdlrKhZZ ms<sn|j o moidOk
àldfõ lreKq wka;¾.; fõ' tfiau zzpQ,ksre;a;s" ioaoidrF:cd,skSZZ hk
kduhkaf.ka m%lg ksre;a;s .%ka: folla we;ehs nd,dj;dr àldfõ i|yka
fõ'7 ;jo fmdf<dkakre wjêfha rÑ; ioaokS;s jHdlrKfha § o zzpQ,
ksre;a;sZZ kï úhrK .%ka:hla ms<sn| igykla ±lsh yelsh'8 uyd rEmisoaê
ixialrKfha § noafoa.u Oïur;k ysñhka zzud.O ioao,CLKZZ kï md,s
úhrK .%ka:hla ms<sn| f;dr;=re i|yka fldg we;'9 zzioaoiF:khZZ hk
kdufhka tk úhrK .%ka:hla ms<sn| nqoaOf>daI ysñhka lreKq olajd we;'
fï ms<sn| woyia olajk wdpd¾h wNhr;ak wêldÍ uy;d m%ldYlrkafka
nq ÿ f.dia ys ñ hka mQ ¾ jfha mej;s fun÷ úhrK .% k a : dY% f hka ia j lS h
wgqjdlrKh isÿlrkakg we;s njhs' fulS lreKq úuiqïYS,Sj wOHhkh
120 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
lsÍfï § meyeÈ,s jkafka fldaÜfÜ wjêh olajdu Wla; mer‚ jHdlrK

.%ka:hka úoHudk jQ w;r tAjd kQ;kfha m%lg lÉpdhk yd fud.a.,a,dhk
úhrK iïm%Þh ksfhdackh l< njhs'
Wla;dldrfhka kduud;%slj muKla fkdj hï hï wkH uQ,dY%h

.%ka:hkays ±lafjk f;dr;=re o iys;j mer‚ md,s jHdlrKhla ms<sn|
úúO u;jdohka mej;sh o tlS ish¨ ;¾lhka neyer fldg md,sh i|yd
úhrK .%ka: ilia jQfha nqoaOf>daI wjêfhka miqj nj we;ful=f.a woyihs'10
NdIdjlg jHdlrKh l=Uqrlg kshrla fuka w;Hka;fhka ixfhda.j mj;S'11
tfyhska hym;a idys;Hhsl NdIdjla i|yd jHdlrKh w;HdjYH jQjls'
m<uqj NdIdj ks¾udKh ù miqj tlS NdId.; úúO jHjydrhkag wkq.;j
jHdlrKh ks¾udKh fõ' tkhska neÆl,ays md,s NdIdj l%ufhka j¾Okh
ù idys;Hhsl NdIdjla f,i ÈhqKqjg m;aj ;snQ wjêhl tlS NdIdj i|yd
úhrK .%ka: ilia fkdjQfha hehs ks.ukh lsÍu W.ygh' tfiau hï hï
úhrK .%ka:hka ms<sn| úúO uQ,dY%hkays lreKq i|yka jk neúka by;lS
ldrKh ;jÿrg;a ia:dms; fõ'
md,s NdIdj i|yd hï iïu; jHdlrK iïm%Þhla fyda lsysmhla mQj–

nqoaOf>daI wjêfha isg mej; wd nj wújdÞ;aulh' tlS úhrK iïm%Þhkays
M,hla jYfhka kQ;kfha jHjydß; lÉpdhk" fud.a.,a,dhk iïm%Þh
oaúlh ìys jQjd úh yelsh' fulS .=rel=, fol m%d.a nqoaOf>daI wjêfha
úoHudk jQ njg idOl hï hï md,s idys;Hh .%ka:hka wOHhkfhka ,nd
.; yelsh' tfiau fuu iïm%Þh oaúlh w;=frka lÉpdhkh jvd;a mer‚;u
iïm%Þh nj úoaj;a m¾Yohkays ms<s.ekSuhs'
kQ;k m%Odk úhrK iïm%Þh fol ;=< md,s wCIrud,dj iïnkaOfhka

m%lg úiu u;jdohla mj;sk nj tlS .%ka: mßYS,kfhka o; yelsh' tA
wkqj lÉpdhkh wCIr y;,syla o fud.a.,a,dhkh wCIr y;,sia;=kla o
olaj;s' fulS u;jdoh mQj– nqoaOf>daI wjêfha mej;s njg nqoaêmamidÈks
moidOk àldj idCIH orhs'12 tys ±lafjk mßÈ fndaêi;a; jHdlrKfha §
wCIr 40la ±lafõ' iín.=Kdlrfha § wCIr 43la olajd we;' wCIrud,dj
iïnkaOfhka Wla; iïm%Þh oaúlfhys mj;skafka o fï yd iudk ixisoaêhls'
fulS ldrKh úuiqïYS,Sj wOHhkh lsÍfï § meyeÈ,s jkafka wCIr 40la
ms<sn| lshefjk fndaêi;a; jHdlrKfha iudY%h ,nd .ksñka l%s' j' 07
jeks ishjfia § lÉpdhk jHdlrKh;a tfiau wCIr 43la ms<sn| u;jdohla
iïNdId 121
bÈßm;a l rk iín.= K dlr úhrK iïm% Þ h wdY% h fldg .ks ñ ka

fud.a.,a,dhk jHdlrKh;a rpkd jQ njhs' fulS iïm%Þh oaúlh wdY%h
fldg .ks ñ ka fjku u úhrK mrïmrdjka folla ks ¾ udKh úh'
Wla;ldrKdjka foi wjOdkh olajk úpdrl ck iuQyhd o fulS u;jdoh
wkqu; l< nj fï iïnkaOfhka úrÑ; úúO uQ,dY%h .%ka:hka wOHhkfhka
m%;HCI fõ' fufia ks¾udKh ù l%ufhka wNsj¾Okhg m;a md,s úhrK
.%ka: idys;Hh miqj iïm%Þh ;%s;ajhla jYfhka j¾Okh fjñka jHdma;j
.sh nj md,s úhrK idys;Hh ms<sn| lreKq .fõIKfhka W.; yelsh'
* lÉpdhk iïm%Þh
* fud.a.,a,dhk iïm%Þh
* ioaokS;s iïm%Þh
hkqfjks' fuys uq,a iïm%Þh fol ,laÈj § m%drïNh jQ w;r f;jeks

iïm%Þh nqreufha ks¾udKh ù miqj ,laÈjg /f.k wd tlla nj lsj hq;=h'
tA ms<sn| u;=jg hï muKlska lreKq olajkq ,efí' fulS iïm%Þh ms<sn|
fuys § ixCIsma; jYfhka lreKq wOHhkh lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'
* lÉpdhk iïm%Þh
md,s jHdlrK idys;Hfha ±kg úoHudk mer‚;u jHdlrK iïm%Þh

jYfhka iïNdjkdjg md;% jkafka lÉpdhk jHdlrK .%ka:h uQ,sl fldg
.;a lÉpdhk jHdlrK iïm%Þhhs'13 fuys m%Odk lD;sh jk lÉpdhkh
zzikaêlmamZZ hk wmr kdufhka o ye¢kafõ'14 zzlÉpdhkjq;a;sZZ hk kdufhka
o fuu lD;sh y÷kajd § we;' zzlÉpdhk.kaOZZ hkq fï i|yd Ndú; ;j;a
wmr kduhls ' 15 fuu lD;s f hys l;= j rhd jYfhka .% k a : h ola j ka f ka
m%;siïNsOdm%dma; uydld;Hdhk ry;ka jykafiah' 16 nqÿka jykafiaf.a
iómfhka zzwfF:d wCLr i[aØf;dZZ ^w¾:h jkdys Yío fyj;a wCIr
u.ska o; hq;=h& hk mdGh Y%jKh lrk lÉpdhk ysñhka nqÿka jykafiaf.a
o wjirh f.k lÉpdhk jHdlrKh rpkd l< nj .%ka:hkays wka;¾.;
fõ'17
fuu lÉpdhk f;reka nqoaOld,Sk wjêfha jev isá f;reka nj

ms<s.ekSug lsisÿ idOlhla fkdue;' tfiau th lsisfia;au isÿ úh fkd
yelalls' we;eï úg fuu iïm%Þfha ckm%sh;ajh ;S%j% lrkq jia fu;=udf.a
122 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
ku Ndú; l<d úh yelsh' m%d.a wÜGl:d hq.fha md,s idys;Hh .%ka:hka

f,i ie,flk fk;a;smamlrKh yd fmagfldamfoaih hk lD;Ska rpkdlrk
,oafoa o lÉpdhk kñka tk f;rkula úisks' t;=ud úiska fuu jHdlrK
.%ka:h ilialrk ,oafoa kï ksh; jYfhkau nqÿf.dia ysñhka th iajlSh
wgqjd .%ka:hkays kduud;%slj fyda olajkq fkdwkqudkh'18 tfy;a wgqjd
idys;Hfha tjeks lsisÿ igykla úoHudk fkdfõ' tA wkqj nei.; yels
ks.ukh jkafka fuu lD;sh l%s' j' 07 jeks ishjfia § muK úiQ lÉpdhk
kñka .efkk fjk;a f;rkula úiska rpkdl<d fyda wfkfll= úiska
rpkd fldg lÉpdhk kduhg mejrefõh hkakhs'
l%s' j' 13 jeks ishjfia § muK rÑ; lÉpdhk fNaofhys ±lafjkafka

fuys iQ;%hka lÉpdhk ysñhka úiska o jD;a;Ska ix>kkaÈ ysñhka úiska o
m%fhda. n%yauo;a; ysñhka úiska o kHdi úu,nqoaê ysñhka úiska o rpkd
l< njhs'19lÉpdhkh rpkdlsÍfï § wdY%h fldg .;a uQ,dY%h .%ka:hka
iïnkaOfhka o úoaj;a ck iudcfhys l=l=ila ckkh ù ;sfí' we;fula
m%ldY lrkafka lÉpdhkh i|yd ld;ka;% jHdlrKh m%n, n,mEula isÿl<
njhs' fulS u;jdoh ixia:dms; lrkq jia úh;=ka úúO iQ;%mdGhka Wmfhda.S
fldg .ksñka lreKq olajd ;sfí'
ld;ka;%h lÉpdhkh
h;al%Shf; ;;al¾ux hx lfrd;s ;x lïux

h# lfrd;s i l;a;d fhd lfrd;s fid l;a;d
l¾;ß p l;a;ß p
;omdÞkx ;omdÞkx
p;=¾Ó iïm%Þfk iïmÞfk p;=FÓ20
ld;ka;% jHdlrKh wdY%h fldgf.k lÉpdhkh rpkd jQfha hehs

Wla;dldrfha iQ;%hka Wmfhda.S fldg .ksñka msßila woyia olajk w;r
tlS ixl,amkdjkag m%;smCI md¾Yajhla o we;s nj lsj hq;=h' zzfÊïia
w,aúiaZZ wdÈfldg we;s msßif.a woyi jkafka fuh m%uqL jYfhkau mdŒks
jHdlrKh wdY%h fldg f.k rpkd jQ njhs'
iïNdId 123
mdŒks lÉpdhkh
N=jdofhd Od;j# N=jdofhd Od;fjd

fhkx.úldr# fhkx.úldfrd
wmdÞfk m[apó wmdÞfk m[apó
i kmqxilï fid kmqxifld21
tA nj Wla; idOlhka u.ska m%;HCI jk nj Wla; mCIfha woyihs'

fomCIfhau lreKq Wla;dldrfhka ixCIsma;j wOHhkh lsÍfï § meyeÈ<s
jkafka lÉpdhk jHdlrKlre fuu iïm%Þh oaúlfhau iudY%h ,nñka
iajlSh .%ka:lrKh isÿ fldg we;s njhs'
fuu iïm%Þh iïm%Þhla jYfhka f.dv ke.Sfuys ,d fuys mßjdr

.%ka: iuQyh m%uqL ld¾hhla isÿl< nj ks.ukh l< yelsh' fuu lD;sh
b;d YS>%fhka úh;a iudcfhys ckm%sh;ajhg m;a úh' fmdf<dkakre wjêfhys
úiQ àldpd¾h mrïmrdj o fuu iïm%Þh ckm%sh lsÍfuys ,d uyÕ= ld¾hhla
isÿl<y'22 fuu .%ka:fha ldKav wgla wka;¾.; jk w;r mßÉfþo 23lska
hqla; fõ' fuys wka;¾.; iQ;% m%udKh 710ls'23 lÉpdhk iïm%Þh wdY%h
fldg .ksñka ìys jQ wkq úhrK .%ka: iuQyhla úoHudk jk w;r tAjd
my; mßÈ ±laúh yelsh'
zzkHdi kï lÉpdhk àldj" lÉpdhk iq;a; ksoafoai" lÉpdhk

jKaKkd" lÉpdhkh ms<sn| p;=;a: àldj" lihska ikakh" lÉpdhk wkqàld"
uqLu;a:§mksh" ksre;a;s uq[acqidj" uqLu;a:§mkS ikakh" rEmisoaê jHdlrKh"
rEmisoaê àldj" ikafoay ú>d;kS" rEmisoaê mqrdK ikakh" nd,dj;drh"
nd,dj;dr iqfndaêld àld" nd,dj;dr iq.KaÀidr" nd,dj;dr n,k ikakh"
nd,dj;dr ,shk ikakh" nd,dj;dr iQ;% ks¾foaYh" nd,dj;dr ix.%yjÖ"
nd,dj;dr .v,dfo‚ ikakh" wNskj pQ,ksre;a;sh" ioaoidrF:cd,skS"
ioa o idrF:cd,s k S àldj" lÉpdhk fNa o h" idrF:úldis k S " lÉpdhk
fNaojKaKkd" lÉpdhkidrh" lÉpdhkidr mqrdK àldj" iïfudaykdiskS"
jdÉpjdplh" nd,mamfndaOkh yd àldj" ioaoìkaÿj" ,Sk;a:iQokS" ioaoìkaÿ
wNskj àldj" ldßldj" mofNaoh" iqër uqLuKavkh" ldrlmqmaMu[acÍ"
.ka O dNrKh" úN;H;a : àldj" jdpflda m foa Y h" jdpflda m foa Y àldj"
kh,CLKúNdúkS" tAlCLrfldaih" ksre;a;six.y" ixjKaKkd kh§mkS"
124 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
.kaOÜÀh ioaojq;a;sh" wNsOdkmam§msldj" wNsOdkmam§msld iQÑ" lÉpdhk

Od;= u[acqidj" rEmud,d" kduud,d" lÉpdhkú.a.ydZZ hkd§ .%ka: rdYshla
fuu iïm%Þh wdY%fhka ks¾udKh ù we;'24
lÉpdhk iïm%Þh ms<sn| lreKq wOHhkfha § wjOdkh ±laúh hq;=

;j;a iqúfYaISldrKhla jkafka fuu iïm%Þfhys ckm%sh;djhs' fuh ,laÈj
muKla fkdj úfoaYhkays o jHdma;j mej;s njg idOl yuqfõ' fuys tk
we;eï mßjdr .%ka:hka úfoaYSh mçjrekaf.a ks¾udKhka nj tlS .%ka:
wOHhkfhka ks.ukh l< yelsh'25
* fud.a.,a,dhk iïm%Þh
fuu jHdlrK iïm%Þfhys kshuqjd jQfha fmdf<dkakre wjêfha uyd

mrdl%undyq rdcH iufhys tkï l%s' j' 1153-1186 w;r ld,fha wkqrmqrfhys
:Qmdrdufha úiQ iqm%lg jHdlrK{hl= jQ fud.a.,a,dhk kï ia:úrhka
jykafiah'26 fuh lÉpdhk l%ufõoh w;sl%uKhlrñka w;sYhska ishqï
l%ufõohla hgf;a iEu wxYhlau wdjrKh jk wdldrhg rpkd fldg
we;s nj úpdrl woyihs' lÉpdhkh" ld;ka;%h yd wIaGdOHdh wdY%fhka
rpkd jQjd fiau fuu .%ka:h pdkaø jHdlrKh wdY%fhka rpkd fldg
;sfí'27 fud.a.,a,dhkh rpkd jQ wjêh jk úg pdkaø jHdlrKh wdishd;sl
fn!oaO rgj, w;sYhska ckm%sh;djg m;aj ;snQ nj ks.ukh l< yelsh'
fud.a.,a,dhkh rpkd lsÍfï § pdkaø jHdlrKh muKla fkdj

md‚kS jHdlrKh o Ndú;l< nj úpdrl woyihs28' wkH md,s jHdlrK
iïm%Þhhkag .e;s fkdù iajdëk;ajfhka hqla;j fuu jHdlrKh rpkd
fldg we;s w;r zzud.Oioao,laLKZZ hkq fï i|yd Ndú; wmr kduhls'29
fuu jHdlrK i|yd iín.=Kdlr kñka tk kdudjfYaIs; .%ka:h o wdY%h
fldg .;a nj tAjdfhys úoHudk iudk;djka wOHhkfhka meyeÈ,s fõ'
uq,au úhrK iïm%odhla jk iín.=Kdlr iïm%odfhys j¾OkSh wjêh
fud.a.,a,dhkh nj úh;a woyihs' fuys úoHudk iqúfYaIs;dj jkafka
fuys we;=<;a iQ;%hka w;sYhskau ixlaIsma; ùuhs' mQ¾fjdala; úhrK iïm%odh
folgu jvd fuys tk iQ;% ixlaIsma; ùu ;=<ska tAjd u;l ;nd .ekSfï
myiqj ks¾udKh ù we;' .%ka:h fldgia lsÍu" mßÉfþo kdulrKh yd
tys mámdáh wd§ lreKq w;ska fuh wfkla úhrK .%ka: yd wiudk fõ'
fuys § tlS ld¾hhka isÿ fldg we;af;a wNskj l%ufõohlg hg;ajh' fuys
iïNdId 125
ldKav 06la úoHudk jk w;r fuu iïm%odh wdY%h fldg .ksñka o mßjdr
.%ka: iuQyhla ks¾udKh ù ;sfí'30 lÉpdhk yd fud.a.,a,dhk iïm%odhhka
ys úoHudk iïnkaO;dj bÈßfha § ;jÿrg;a idlÉPdjg Ndckh lrkq
,nhs'
fud.a.,a,dhk m`[aÑld" m`[aÑldm%§mh" úß; ikakh" moidOkh"

moidOk ika k h" moidOk àldj" mfhda . is o a ê h" iïnka O Ñka ; dj"
iïnkaOÑka;d àldj" iïnkaO Ñka;d mQrdK ikakh wd§ lD;s fuu iïm%odh
wdY%h fldg .ksñka rpkd ù we;'31
* ioaokS;s iïm%odh
fuu jHdlrK iïm%odh nqreufha wßuoaok kqjr w.a.jxi ysñhkaf.ka

m%dríO jQjls' th fmdf<dkakre wjêfha úiQ W;a;rÔj kï NslaIqj úiska
,laÈjg /f.k wd nj lshefõ'32 fuh w;sYhska úYd, jQ .%ka:hls' fuu
lD;sh o Wla; iïm%odh oaúlh wdY%h fkdfldg yqfola iajdëk l%ufõohla
hgf;a rpkd fldg we;'
lÉpdhk yd fud.a.,a,dhk úhrK iïm%odh w;r úoHudk iïnkaO;dj
lÉpdhk yd fud.a.,a,dhk iïm%odh ms<sn| uQ,sl ye¢kaùula mQ¾j

m%ldYs;h' fuys § wmf.a iDcq wjOdkh fhduq jkafka fuu iïm%odh
foflys úoHudk iïnkaO;dj ms<sn| lreKq wOHhkh lsÍughs' fuys
iïnkaO;dj hk moh ;=<ska ksrEms; w¾:h jkafka fuu iïm%odh oaúlfhys
úoHudk wfkHdkH iïnkaO;djhs' tys ,d fuu iïm%odhhkays uQ,sl miqìu
yd b;sydih ms<sn| mQ¾jfhka lreKq olajd we;' tfiau tlS iïm%odhka
ks¾udKh lsÍfuys ,d uQ,dY%h jQ .%ka:hka yd tlS .%ka:hka yd fuu
iïm%odh folg wh;a .%ka:hka w;r úoHudk iïnkaO;dj o fuys §
idlÉPd fldg we;' tA wkqj tlS .%ka:hkays iïnkaO;dj jYfhka w¾:
ksrEmKh lrkq ,nk uQ,sl fldgia mQ¾jfhka úpdrhg n÷ka fldg ;sfí'
fuys § wmf.a wjOdkh fhduq jkafka fuu iïm%odh foflys úoHudk
iuúiu;djka wOHhkh lsÍu i|ydhs' fuu iïm%odh foflys úoHudk
iïnkaO;dj úuiSfuys ,d wjika ld¾h jkafka o thhs'
fuu iïm%odhkays úoHudk iuúiu;djka ksÍlaIKh lsÍfuys ,d

m%Odk wxY lsysmhla hgf;a lrKq ±laúh yel' tys § fmdÿfõ my; ±lafjk
11 - CM23766
126 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
ud;Dld hgf;a fïjdfhys úoHudk iu;djka yd úiu;djka wOHhkh

lrkq ,nhs'
* md,s wCIr ud,dj
* wlaIr W;am;a;sia:dk
* ikaê idOkh
* úNla;sl:kh yd kdu mo jrkeÕSu
* l%shdmo
* ldrl fNaoh
* wdLHd; jrke.Su
fuys ,d m%uqL fõ' tys § Wla; ldrKdNHka;rfhys iu;djka yd

úiu;djka úoHudk jk nj o; hq ; = h ' md‚kS jHdlrKh yd pdka ø
jHdlrKh fuu iïm%odh úiska fmdÿfõ Ndú;l< kuq;a fïjdfhys úoHudk
úúO;ajh ;=<ska meyeÈ,s jkafka .%ka:lrKfha § tlS lD;s wd;aóh jYfhka
fkdf.k yqfola WmfoaYkh i|ydu muKla fhdod .ksñka iajlSh iïm%odhg
wkkH l%ufõohkag hg;aj iajdëkj fuu l;=jreka .%ka:lrKfha kshqla;
jQ njhs'
md,s wlaIr ud,dj
md,s wlaIrud,dj ms<sn| j;aufkys úoHudk u;jdohg iudk u;hla

mQ¾j nqoaOf>daI wjêfha úoHudk jQ nj mQ¾jfhka m%ldYs; lreKq yd md,s
úhrK iïm%odh ms<sn| b;sydih msßlaiSfuka meyeÈ,s fõ'33 tA wkqj kQ;k
u;jdohka wxY folla hgf;a ±laúh yelsh'
* lÉpdhk jHdlrKfha wlaIr y;,sia tlla ms<sn| ±lafjk u;h

* fud.a.,a,dhk jHdlrKfha wlaIr y;,sia ;=kla ms<sn| ±lafjk
u;h
hkqfjks' fuu iïm%odh foflys § jH[ackdCIr ms<sn| ms<s.ekSu

iudk;ajhlska hqla; jQj;a iajr wCIr iïnkaOfhka úiu;a;ajhla ks¾udKh
ù ;sfí' wCIr j¾.SlrKh" kdulrKh wdÈh o fuu iïm%odh fofla§u
iudk;a j hls k a hq l a ; j Ndú; ù we;' ioa o kS ; s iïm% o dh lÉpdhk
u;jdodkq.;h' tys ±lafjkafka wlaIr 41la iïnkaO m%ldYhls'34' fndaêi;a;
iïNdId 127
jHdlrKh yd lÉpdhk jHdlrKh iudk iajrEmS jQj;a jH[ack wlaIr

iïnkaOfhka hï u;jdohla fï fomCIfha úoHudk nj meyeÈ,s lr.;
yel' tA z<Z ldrh iïnkaOfhks'
lÉpdhk iïm%odh iajrdCIr wgla yd jH[aKdCIr ;sia;=kla ms<sn|

lreKq bÈßm;a fldg we;' fud.a.,a,dhkfha ±lafjkafka jH[ackdlaIr
;sia;=kla yd iajrdCIr oyhla ms<sn| u;jdohls' fuu iïm%odh fol ;=<ska
wlaIr wvq jeä jYfhka ±lajQj;a Yío úoHd;aul l%ufõohla hgf;a tlS
wlaIr W!K;dj mQrKh lsÍug lÉpdhk iïm%odh l%shd fldg we;' fuu
.eg¨j ienúkau wCIr m%udKh ms<sn| m%Yakhla fkdj jHdlrKd;aul yd
YíoúoHd;aul m%Yakhla jYfhka ie<lSu jà' zztAZZ" zz´ZZ wlaIrhka iïnkaO
fulS u; jdoh úu¾Ykd;aulj wOHhkh l< úh;=ka olafjkafka ixialD;
wdNdih iDcqju .ekSug lÉpdhk l;=jrhd l%shdl< ksid tu .eg¨j
ks¾udKh jQ njhs'35
iajrdCIr iïnkaOfhka lÉpdhk jHdlrKfha olajd we;af;a iQ;%

;%sFjhla mu‚' zz;fF:d oka;d ird wÜGZZ hkqfjka zTZldrh wka; fldg
we;s wCIr iajr nj;a" zz,yqu;a;d ;fhd riaidZZ f,iska ÿq ud;%d iys;
wCIr y%iaj iajr nj;a" zzw`[af[a §>dZZ f,iska wfkla wCIr §>_ wCIr
nj;a olajd we;' tfy;a miqld,Sk mßjdr .%ka:hka uÕska tlS wCIr úúO
m%fNaohka hgf;a újrKh fldg we;' tfy;a fud.a.,a,dhkfha § tA i|yd
iQ;% y;rla fhdod f.k we;' tys § m<uqj zzoidfod irdZZ f,iska wd§ j¾K
oyh iajr nj;a" zzoafj oafj ijKaKdZZ f,iska fol ne.ska jQ iajrfhda
iaj¾K nj;a" zzmqífí riaidZZ mQ¾j wCIr y%iaj iajr nj;a" zzmfrd §f>dZZ
mrdCIr §¾> nj;a olajd ;sfí' fuys § wmf.a wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;af;a
lÉpdhkfha fkd±lafjk fud.a.,a,dhkfha tk ij“dCIr ms<sn| iQ;%h
iïnkaOfhks' fud.a.,a,dhkfha § iajK_dlAIr ljf¾ ±hs Rcqj olajd
fkdue;' 36
lÉpdhk jHdlrKh zzjKaKZZ hk fhÿfuka wCIr folla fmkajd

fohs' bjKaK hkqfjka lS l,ays b$B hk wCIr folu .kq ,nhs' tfy;a
fud.a.,a,dhkfha jKaK hkak Ndú; ù we;af;a wCIr hkak fmdÿfõ
ye¢kaùu Wfoid mu‚' th fud.a.,a,dhkh i;= iqúfYaIS ,CIKhls'37
;jo fuu iïm%odh fofla§u b;a wCIrhka ms<sn| lreKq bÈßm;a fõ'
lÉpdhkfhys zzwkqnoaOZZ kñka lshefjkafka b;a wCIr ms<sn|jhs' ia:djr
iajrEmfhka fkdmsysgk wCIr b;a wCIr f,i olajd we;' fud.a.,a,dhkfha
128 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
§ zzwf;d fhdkx gd fÜZZ hk iQ;%fha § zgZ ldrh b;a wCIrhla jYfhka

jHjydr fldg we;'38
wCIr W;am;a;s ia:dk
wCIr W;a m ;a ; s ia : dkhka iïnka O fhka lÉpdkhkfha fyda

fud.a.,a,dhkfha lsisÿ igykla wka;¾.; fkdfõ' tfy;a tlS iïm%odhka
ksfhdackh lrk mßjdr .%ka:hka ;=< § wCIr W;am;a;s ia:dkhka ms<sn|
úpdrmQ¾jl u;jdohka bÈßm;a fldg we;' fuu iïm%odh fofla§ u wCIr
W;am;a;sh ms‚i Gdk" lrK" mh;k hk idOk ;%sFjh n,mdk nj olajd
we;' tA nj uyd rEmisoaêh" fud.a.,a,dhk m`[aÑld" mfhd.isoaê wd§
.%ka:hkays ±lafõ' fuys § úuish hq;= lreKla jkafka wCIr W;am;a;sh
isÿjk ia:dkhka úúOFjhlska hqla;j lÉpdhk iïm%odfha olajd ;sîuhs'
uqLu;aF:§mksfha wCIr W;am;a;s ia:dk myla o uyd rEmisoaêfha ia:dk
yhla o úoHdudk fõ' rEmisoaê ikakfha olajd we;af;a ia:dk myla mu‚'
fud.a.,a,dhk iïm%odhdkq.; .%ka:hkays § tAlFjhlska hqla;j wlaIr
W;am;a;s ia:dk ms<sn| lreKq olajd we;' tAjdfhys we;af;a wCIr W;am;a;s
ia:dk yhla mu‚'39
fuys § ìka ÿ j fyj;a ks . a . yS ; h ms < s n | iïm% o dh foflys u;h

mÍlaIdjg ,lal< hq;=h' WNh iïm%odhhkau ks.a.yS;h jH`[ack .Kfhys
,d olajñka fjkuu iQ;%hla uÕska tA ms<sn| lreKq bÈßm;a fldg we;'
ks.a.yS;h y%iaj iajrhla wdY%fhka WÉpdrKh jk neúka wkqiaidr f,iska
o y÷kajd we;'
ikaê idOkh
ikaê idOkh iïnkaOfhka o md,s úhrK iïm%odhkays meyeÈ,s

u;jdohla úoHudk jk nj fuys § mejish hq;=h' fuu iïm%odh fofla§u
iajr" jH[ack" ks.a.yS; hk ikaê m%fNaohka olajd ;sfí' tfy;a miqld,Skj
ìys jQ lÉpdhk iïm%odhg wh;a mßjdr .%ka:hka ;=< fjdñiail ikaê
kñka ;j;a m%fNaohla wka;¾.; fõ' fuu ikaêhg wod< iQ;%hka lÉpdhk
fud.a.,a,dhk úhrK .%ka:oajfha wka;¾.; jQj;a tAjdfhys fjku ikaê
m%fNaohla f,i tlS iQ;%hka olajd fkdue;' moidOk mßÉfþoh lÉpdhkfha
§ kï fldg we;af;a zzikaêlmamZZ hk kdufhks' fud.a.,a,dhkfha §
mßÉfþohka ye¢kaùu i|yd Ndú; fldg we;af;a zzldKavZZ hk kduhhs40
iïNdId 129
ikaê Í;Ska bÈßm;a lsÍfï § fuu iïm%odh fol w;r meyeÈ,s

fjkialula úoHudk jk nj wjfndaO fldg .; yels h' ikaê ld¾h
i|yd olajd we;s iQ;%hka w;r o meyeÈ,s fjkila úoHudk fõ' lÉpdhkfha
±lafjk iajr jH`[ack fjkalsÍu i|yd jk iQ;% úëka fud.a.,a,dhkfha
we;=<;a fkdfõ' fuh iqúfYaIS ,CIKhls' lÉpdhk iïm%odfha § iQ;%
y;rlska m%ldY lrkq ,nk úhrK ld¾h fud.a.,a,dhkfha § zzjH[acfka
§> riaidZZ hk tla iQ;%fhka mQrKh fldg we;' fuh fud.a.,a,dhkh
i;= iqúfYaIS ,CIKhls'41 zzjd mfrd wirEmdZZ hk iQ;%h fuu iïm%odh
fofla § úúOFjhlska hqla;j olajd ;sfí'
ikaê idOkfha § lÉpdhk iïm%odh wij“dfoaYh kshulrkq ,nkafka

b$W wCIr folg muKla nj meyeÈ,sh' tfy;a fud.a.,a,dhkh b$B$W$W!
hk wCIr p;=ialh úifhysu wij“dfoaYh kshu fldg we;' fuh fuu
iïm%odh foflys úoHudk úiu;djls' 42 B$W! i|yd ksoiqka olajñka
fud.a.,a,dhk úhrKfha § Wla; ldrKh m%;HCI fldg we;'
lÉpdhkfha ±lafjkafka ks.a.yS;hg zuZldrh yd zoZldrh wdfoaY

jk njhs' tfy;a fud.a.,a,dhkfha § olajkafka tA i|yd zoZldrh" zhZldrh"
zuZldrh hk wCIrhka wdfoaY jk njls'43 fud.a.,a,dhkfha § ±lafjk
zzyiai úm,a,dfidZZ hk iQ;%hg wkqj bÈßm;a lrk yldr úm¾hdih
lÉpdhk iïm%odfha wka;¾.; fkdfõ44' lÉpdhk iïm%odhdkq.ñ;j zzwjZ
hk Wmi._hg zTZldrh wdfoaY fõ' kuq;a fud.a.,a,dhkhg wkqj zTZ
hkak o Wmi._hls' zTZldrh wj ùu fud.a.,a,dhkh fkdms<s.kS' ikaê
idOkfha § fud.a.,a,dhk iïm%odh wfkla iïm%odhh mrhñka Í;Ska
nyq;rhla bÈßm;a fldg ;sfí'
úNla;sl:kh kdu mo jrke.Su
fuu iïm%odh fofla§u úNla;s kdu ±laùu ixialD; jHdlrKhg

wkq.;j isÿ fldg we;' tfy;a kdumo jrkeÕSfï § tA tA kduhka ms<sn|
úúO;ajhla iys;j jrkÕd ;sfí' w;a; Yíofha§ w;a;d" w;af;" w;a;iai"
w;a;ïys" w;a;iañx" hk rEm fud.a.,a,dhkfha ±lafõ' lÉpdhkfha tn÷
rEm ±lsh fkdyel'45 rdc Yíofha § zr[a[iaiZ hk rEmh lÉpdhkfha
fkd±lafõ' tu rEmh fud.a.,a,dhkfha § ±lafõ' ;=ïy Yíofha tk ÿ;shd
130 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
nyqjpkh jk wïyx" ;=ïyx hk mo lÉpdhkfha fkd±lafjk kuq;a

fud.a.,a,dhkfha ±lafõ'
fuu iïm%odh fofla§u wka; fNaoh yd ,sx. fNaoh ms<sn| úúO;aFjhla

mj;S' th w;sYhskau ixlS¾K iajrEmhla Wiq,hs' lÉpdhkfha § kdu
ldKavhg wk;=rej ldrl ldKavh olajd ;sfí' tfy;a fud.a.,a,dhkfhys
ldrl ldKavh kdu ldKavhg mQ¾jfhka olajd ;sfí' th fï iïm%odh
foflys úoHudk iqúfYaIs;djls'
iudi ms<sn| lreKq ±laùfï § lÉpdhkhg jvd fjkia iajrEmhlska

fud.a.,a,dhkh lreKq bÈßm;a fldg we;' È.= iudih fjkuu idudihla
jYfhka lÉpdhkfha ±lafõ' fud.a.,a,dhkh mjikafka th lïuOdr
iudifha wkqfldgila jYfhks46'
;oaê; ldKavfha § fud.a.,a,dhkh lÉpdhk iïm%odh blaujñka

m%;H rdYshla f.k yer olajd ;sfí' rdc Yíohg tk [a[" m%;H" L;k
Yíohg fhfok bh m%;H" wud Yíohg fhfok wÉp m%;H" mqrd Yíohg jk
K" ;k m%;Hka" ud;= Yíohg fhfok P m%;H wd§ m%;Hhka
fud.a.,a,dhkhgu wdfõ‚l jQ m%;Hfhda fj;s'
Wmi._ iïnkaOfhka o fuu iïm%odh fofla § úúO;ajhla ±l.;

yelsh' lÉpdhkh ks$kS hkqfjka Wmi._ folla we;s nj olajhs' tfiau zTZ
hk Wmi._h fkdolajhs' tfy;a fud.a.,a,dhkfha § zksZ hkak ;ks Wmi._hla
jYfhka muKla olajk w;r tys §>_ iajrEmh zkSZ nj mjid we;' tfiau
zTZ hkqfjka wuq;= Wmi._hla o fud.a.,a,dhkfha ±lsh yelsh'47
iudf,dapkh
Wla;dldrfhka fulS iïm%odh oaúlfhys úoHudk iïnkaO;dj ms<sn|

lreKq ±laúh yelsh' ixCIsma; jYfhka i,ld ne,Sfï § meyeÈ,s jkafka
Wla ; iïm% o dh folu ixia l D; jHdlrKh wdY% h fldg we;s w;r
lÉpdhklre ixialD;hg w;sYhskau .e;s Ndjhla olajd we;s njls'
m%drïNfha § idlÉPd l< mßÈ ,laÈj md,s jHdlrK iïm%odh w;sYhskau

ÈhqKq ;;a;ajhl mej;s njg wjYH ;rï idOl tA ms<sn| b;sydih wOHhkh
lsÍfuka Wlyd.; yelsh' tlS u;h Wla; lreKq uÕska ;jÿrg;a m%;HCI
iïNdId 131
fldg .; yelsh' we;fula olajk mßÈ md,sh i|yd úhrK .%ka:hka ìys
jQfha mYapd;a nqoaOf>daI wjêfha hehs u;jdohla mej;sh o tlS u;h o
Wla; lreKq u.ska ksIam%udK;ajhg m;a fõ' lÉpdhkh yd fud.a.,a,dhkh
hk úhrK iïm%odh fol mQj– nqoaOf>daI wjêfha mej;s úhrK iïm%odhkays
j¾OkSh wjia:djla nj fuys ±lafjk lreKq wkqj ks.ukh l< yelsh'
tys hï w;d¾lsl;djla ke;af;a o fkdfõ'
fuu iïm%odh folu iajlSh .%ka:lrKh i|yd ixialD; úhrK

.%ka:hla .=re ;kays ;nd .ksñka l%shd;aul jQ nj by;ska idlÉPdjg n÷ka
úh' tys § lÉpdhkh ixialD;hg fndfyda fihska .e;s Ndjhla olajd
;sfí' fud.a.,a,dhkh ixialD;h wdY%h lf<a kuqÿ iajlSh iajdëk;ajh
wdrlaId jk mßÈ l%shdfldg we;'
Wla;dldrfhka fuu iïm%odhhkays iïnkaO;dj mÍlaId fldg we;s

w;r tys § m%;HCI jQfha WNh iïm%Þhkaysu iu;djka yd úiu;djka
úoHudk jk njhs'
wdY%s; .%ka: ud,dj

m%d:ñl uQ,dY%fhda
lÉpdhk jHdlrKh ixia( jE.u mshr;k ysñ" weia' f.dvf.a iy iud.u

1995" fld<U
kduud,d" ixia( jialvqfõ isß iqN+;s ysñ" weia' f.dvf.a iy
iud.u" 1965" fld<U'
m[aÑldm%§mh ixia( r;au,dfka Y%S Oïudrdu ysñ" 1896" fld<U
mfhda.isoê
a h" ixia( fldaodf.dv ØKf,dal ysñ"
Y% S ,xld ixia l D;s l uKa v ,fha m% l dYkhla "
1974"fld<U
nd,dj;dr àld" ixia ( n,kaf.dv fidaNs; ysñ" weia f.dvf.a iy
iud.u
1994" fld<U
nd,dj;dr úoHdkkao jHdLHd" ixia( wdßhodi fifkúr;ak" iuhj¾Ok m%ldYkh"
1994" fld<U
uydrEmisoêa h ixia ( noa f oa . u Oïur;k ys ñ " mE,s h f.dv
i;HiuqÉph uqøKd,h" 1926" mE,shf.dv
fud.a.,a,dhk m[aÑld m%§mh" ixia( r;au,dfka Oïudrdu ysñ" rdclSh uqøKd,h"
1869" fld<U
úiqoaê u.a.h" ixia( ã' tA' .=Kfialr" úÊcdidOk hka;%d,h" 1913
132 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
ikafoay ú>d;kS jHdLHd

iys; uyd rEmisoaêh ixia( noafoa.u Oïur;k ysñ" je,s.u i;añK
uqøKd,h" 1936" je,s.u
oaú;Shsl uq,dY%fhda
Oïudkkao ysñ" ul=remafma úu¾Ykd;aul md,s jHdlrKh" l;D m%ldYkhls"

2008'
mshr;k ysñ" jE.u md,s wÜGl:djkaf.ka ms<ì s Uq jk jHdlrK iïm%odh
weia' f.dvf.a iy iud.u" 1990" fld<U
nqoaO;a; ysñ" fmd,aj;af;a" md,s idys;Hh" r;ak fmd;a m%ldYlfhda" 2005" fld<U'
Nr;isxy" WmdOHdh ^mß& ysßmsáfha m[aØls;a;s ysñ" md,s idys;Hfha
b;sydih" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 2003"
fld<U
u,,fialr" .=Kmd, ,xld md,s idys;Hh" weï' ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u"
1963" fld<U
rdyq, ysñ"lygmsáfha ,laÈj md,s jHdlrK iïm%odhhka ms<n s | ft;sydisl
wOHhkhla" úoHdr;ak msßfjka m%ldYkh" 1993"
fydrK
iqukfcda;s ysñ" m,a,;a;r md,s NdId jHdlrKh" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda"
2001" fld<U
;D;shsl uQ,dY%fhda
wNskkaok Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" ixia ( kdrdú, Oïur;k ysñ" 2007" iriaj;S msßfjka
m%ldYkhla" n,.,af,a
keKi Ydia;h
S% ix.%yh" ixia( m,af,a.u iqkkao ysñ" 2006" uyd úydr msßfjka m%ldYkh"
uykqjr
m%idÈkS ixia( fk¿ïoKafâ úu,ir" 1995" ioaO¾udldr úoHdh;k msßfjk" msxj;a;'
Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" ixia ( uhs,Efõ isßksjdi ysñ we;=¿ msßi" 1996" m%dÖk NdfIdamldr
iy iud.u" fld<U
Y%S {dkúu, wNskkaok Y%dia;%Sh ix.%yh" ixia ( wUfld<jefõ pkaoúu, ysñ" 2010"
Ydka;s ksfla;k uyd msßfjka m%ldYkh"
iïNdId 133
iïNdId ( ixia ( j,iajefõ [dKr;k ysñ we;=¿ msßi" 2000" wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha
msßfjka tAllfha m%ldYkhls"
iïNdId" ixia ( j,iajefõ [dKr;k ysñ" 2007" wOHdmk wud;HxYfhys msßfjka
tAllfha m%ldYkhla'
mdol igyka
1' mshr;k ysñ" jE.u' md,s wÜGl:djkaf.ka ms<sônq jk jHdlrK iïm%Þh"

1990" weia' f.dvf.a iy iud.u" fld<U" 49 msgqj'
2' kduud,d" ixia'" jialvqfõ isß iqN+;s ysñ" 1965" weia' f.dvf.a iy iud.u"
fld<U" 30 msgqj'
3' rdyq, ysñ" lygmsáfha' ,laÈj md,s jHdlrK iïm%Þhhka ms<sn| ft;sydisl
wOHhkhla" 1993" úoHdr;k msßfjka m%ldYkh" fydrK" 16 msgqj'
4' u,,fialr" .=Kmd,' ,xld md,s idys;Hh" 1963" weï' ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u"
fld<U" 132 msgqj'
5' zzmqrd;k md,s jHdlrK iïm%ÞhZZ ,shfka.u pkaoisß ysñ' YS% ×kúu, wNskkaok
Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" ixia'" wUfld<jefõ pkaoúu, ysñ' 2010" Ydka;s ksfla;k
uy msßfjka m%ldYkh" 67 msgqj'
6' zzw[a[;% ûd;=m;s d§ka& msg;a" zzfNd mqßi fNd mqßiZZ hkdÈfhka''''''''''' ksre;a;h
s dZZ
m[aÑldm%§mh" ixia'" 82 msgqj'
7' nd,dj;dr àld" ixia'" n,kaf.dv" fidaNs; ysñ' 1994" weia' f.dvf.a iy
iud.u" ú[aØmkh" 11 msgqj'
8' zzmqrd;k md,s jHdlrK iïm%ÞhZZ ,shfka.u pkaoisß ysñ' Y%S ×kúu, wNskkaok
Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" ixia'" wUfld<jefõ pkaoúu, ysñ' 2010" Ydka;s ksfla;k
uy msßfjka m%ldYkh" 67 msgqj'
9' uyd rEmisoaêh" ixia'" noafoa.u Oïur;k ysñ" 1926" mE,shf.dv i;HiuqÉph
uqøKd,fha uqødms;h" ix×mkh II msgqj'
10' Nr;isxy" WmdOHdh" ^mß'& ysßmsáfha m[aØls;; a s ysñ' md,s idys;Hfha b;sydih"
2003" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U" 508 msgqj'
11' iqukfcda;s ysñ" m,a,;a;r' md,s NdId jHdlrKh" 2001" weia' f.dvf.a iy
ifydaorfhda" 07 msgqj'
12' zzNoka; fndêi;a; uyd f:frd krjr jdpfkdmldrd;s p;a;d,SiCLrdks wdy'
iín.=Kdldr uyd f:frd ioaolaludÞofhd jKaKCLrd ;sp;a;d,Sid;s wdy'"
nd,dj;dr úoHdkkao jHdLHd" ixia'" wdßhÞi fifkúr;ak" 1994" iuhj¾Ok
m%ldYkh" fld<U 10" m%ia:djkdj'
13' zzlÉpdhk yd fud.a.,a,dhk iïm%Þhkays fjkialïZZ jE.u mshr;k ysñ" m%idÈkS"
ixia'" fk¿ïoKafâ úu,idr" 1995" ioaO¾udldr úoHdh;k msßfjk" 172 msgqj'
134 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
14' Oïudkkao ysñ" ul=remafma" úu¾Ykd;aul md,s jHdlrKh" 2008" l;D

m%ldYkhls" 01 msgqj'
15' Nr;isxy" WmdOHdh" ^mß'& ysßmsáfha m[aØls;; a s ysñ" md,s idys;Hfha b;sydih"
2003" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 510 msgqj'
16' ikafoay ú>d;kS jHdLHd iys; uyd rEmisoaêh" ixia'" noafoa.u Oïur;k ysñ'
1936" je,s.u i;añK uqøKd,h" m%ia:djkdj'
17' úiqoaê u.a.h" ixia'" ã' tA' .=Kj¾Ok" 1913" úÊcdidOk hka;%d,h" 155 msgqj'
18' Nr;isxy" WmdOHdh" ^mß'& ysßmsáfha m[aØls;; a s ysñ' md,s idys;Hfha b;sydih"
2003" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 510 msgqj'
19' lÉpdhk jHdlrKh" ixia'" jE.u mshr;k ysñ' 1995" weia' f.dvf.a iy
iud.u" fld<U" fmrjok" I msgqj'
20' zzmd,s jHdlrK .%ka:hkays jHQyh yd wruqKZZ wdkkao l=,fialr" keKi
ixia'" m,af,a.u iqkkao ysñ" 2006" uyd úydr msßfjka m%ldYkh" 23 msgqj'
iud.u" fld<U" fmrjok" IX msgqj'
22' rdyq, ysñ" lygmsáfha' ,laÈj md,s jHdlrK iïm%Þhhka ms<sn| ft;sydisl
wOHhkhla" 1993" úoHdr;ak msßfjka m%ldYkh" fydrK" 79 msgqj'
23' zzmd,s jHdlrK .%ka:hkays jHQyh yd wruqKZZ wdkkao l=,fialr" keKi
ixia'" m,af,a.u iqkkao ysñ' 2006" uyd úydr msßfjka m%ldYkh" 23 msgqj'
24' rdyq, ysñ" lygmsáfha" ,laÈj md,s jHdlrK iïm%Þhhka ms<sn| ft;sydisl
wOHhkhla" 1993" úoHdr;ak msßfjka m%ldYkh" fydrK" 80 isg 178 olajd msgq'
25' zzlÉpdhkh( md,s jHdlrK bÈßm;alsÍfï § lÉpdhkl;=jrd úiska wkq.ñ;
l%ufõoh ms<sn| úu¾YkhlaZZ ueo.ïmsáfha úð;Oïu ysñ" wNskkaok Ydia;%Sh
ix.%yh" ixia'" kdrdú, Oïur;k ysñ' 2007" iriaj;S msßfjka m%ldYkhla"
126-127 msgq'
iud.u" fld<U" fmrjok" IX msgqj'
27' zzfud.a.,a,dhk uy f;ß÷ NdId wOHhkhZZ wdkkao l=,iQßh" Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh
ixia'( uhs,Efõ isßksjdi ysñ we;=¿ msßi" 1996" m%dÖk NdfIdamldr iy iud.u"
76 msgqj'
28' lÉpdhk jHdlrKh" ixia( jE.u mshr;k ysñ' 1995" weia' f.dvf.a iy
iud.u" fld<U" fmrjok" X msgqj
29' Oïudkkao ysñ" ul=remafma" úu¾Ykd;aul md,s jHdlrKh" 2008 l;D
m%ldYkhls" 05 msgqj
30' zzfud.a.,a,dhk jHdlrK iïm%odfha úfYaI;dZZl,lsßhd.u isß ksjdi ysñ"
iïNdId" ixia( j,iajEfõ ØKr;k ysñ we;=¿ msßi" 2000" wOHdmk
wud;HdxYfha msßfjka tAllfha m%ldYkhls' 554 msgqj'
iïNdId 135
31' rdyq, ysñ"lygmsáfha" ,laÈj md,s jHdlrK iïm%odhhka ms<sn| ft;sydisl

wOHhkhla" 1993" úoHdr;ak msßfjka m%ldYkh" fydrK 187 isg 220 olajd
msgq'
32' nqoO
a ;a; ysñ" fmd,aj;af;a' md,s idys;Hh" 2005" r;ak fmd;a m%ldYlfhda" fld<U
470 msgqj'
33' kduud,d" ixia( jialvqfõ isß iqN+;s ysñ" 1965" weia' f.dvf.a iy iud.u"
fld<U" 30 msgqj'
34' zzmd,s jHdlrK iïm%odhka w;r mej;s u;fNaoj, jHdlrKd;aul úfYaI;d
wOHhkhlaZZ ,shfka.u pkaoisß ysñ'
iïNdId" ixia( j,iajEfõ `ØKr;k ysñ" 2007 wOHdmk wud;HdxYfhys msßfjka
tAllfha m%ldYkhla" 292 msgqj'
35' lÉpdhk jHdlrKh" ixia ( jE.u mshr;k ysñ" 1995" weia' f.dvf.a iy
iud.u" fld<U" fmrjok xi msgqj
36' zzmd,s jHdlrK iïm%odhka w;r mej;s u;fNaoj," jHdlrKd;aul úfYaI;d
wOHhkhlaZZ ,shfka.u pkaoisß ysñ"
iïNdId" ixia( j,iajefõ `[dKr;k ysñ" 2007" wOHdmk wud;HxYfhys msßfjka
tAllfha m%ldYkhla" 294 msgqj'
37' zzlÉpdhk yd fud.a.,a,dhk iïm%odhkays fjkialïZZ jE.u mshr;k ysñ"
m%idÈkS" ixia( fk¿ïoKafâ úu,idr" 1995" ioaO¾udldr úoHdh;k msßfjK"
172 msgqj'
38' lÉpdhk jHdlrKh" ixia ( jE.u mshr;k ysñ" 1995" weia' f.dvf.a iy
iud.u" fld<U" fmrjok xii msgqj'
39' zzmd,s jHdlrK iïm%Þhka w;r mej;s u;fNaoj, jHdlrKd;aul úfYaI;d
wOHhkhlaZZ ,shfka.u pkaoisß ysñ" iïNdId" ixia( j,iajefõ ØKr;k ysñ"
2007" wOHdmk wud;HdxYfhys msßfjka tAllfha m%ldYkhla" 301 isg 305 msgqj
40' zzfud.a.,dhk jHdlrK iïm%odfha úfYaI;dZZl,lsßhd.u isß ksjdi ysñ"
iïNdId" ixia" j,iajefõ [dKr;k ysñ we;=¿ msßi" 2000" wOHdmk
wud;HdxYfha msßfjka tAllfha m%ldYkhls" 556 msgqj'
41' zzmd,s jHdlrK iïm%odhka w;r mej;s u;fNaoj, jHdlrKd;aul úfYaI;d
wOHhkhlaZZ ,shfka.u pkaoisß ysñ' iïNdId" ixia' j,iajefõ [dKr;k
ysñ" 2007" wOHdmk wud;HdxYfhys msßfjka tAllfha m%ldYkhla" 301 isg 310
msgqj'
42' fud.a.,a,dhk m[aÑld m%§mh" ixia" r;au,dfka Oïudrdu ysñ" 1869" rdclSh
uqøKd,h" 03 msgqj'
43' - tu - 26 msgqj
44' tu - 30 msgqj
45' zzfud.a.,dhk jHdlrK iïm%odfha úfYaI;dZZ l,lsßhd.u isßksjdi ysñ"
iïNdId" ixia( j,iajefõ ØKr;k ysñ we;=¿ msßi 2000 wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha
msßfjka tAllfha m%ldYkhls" 558 msgqj'
46' tu - 558 msgqj
47' mfhda.isoaêh" ixia# fldaodf.dv ØdKf,dal ysñ' 1974 Y%S ,xld ixialD;s
uKav,fha m%ldYkhla 82 msgqj
136 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
md,s jHdlrKfhys iajdëk;ajh ms<n

s | iajr ikaêh
weiqfrka úu¾Ykhla
O¾ulS¾;s Y%S ;%smsgl úYdro fudKrd., kkaoisß ysñ
fõYh'- md,s NdIdj hkq f,dal mQð; NdIdjls'

m% fuh bkaÿ wd¾h NdId mjq,g wh;a NdIdjls'
fuu ni ixialD;fhka m%Njh jQfha hehs o tfukau
ffjÈl NdIdfjka m%Njh jQfha hehs o úúO úoaj;=ka
u; m< lr;s' fï w;=frka kQ;kfhys m%n, jYfhka
ms<s.kq ,nkafka md,sh ixialD;fhka m%Njh jQfhah
hkak h' tys,d bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk idOlhka
jka f ka ixia l D; idys ; Hfhys úúO idys ; Hdx.
weiqfrka md,sfhys idys;Hdx. m%Njh jQfha h" hkak
hs' md,s idys;Hdj,sh mÍlaId lr ne,Sfuka fuu woyi hï ;rulg ikd:
jqj o md,s jHdlrKh jQ l,S iajdëk uÕla .;a iajNdjhla úoHudk fõ'
tneúka md,s jHdlrKfhys ;sfnk iajdëk;ajh ikaê ldKavh weiqfrka
úuid ne,Sug fuys § wfmaCId flf¾'
ikaê hkq ióm" tlsfklg fjka fjka j isák mo lsysmhla fyda

m%lD;s yd m%;H tla mohla jk fia .e<mSu h' ikaê hkak jHdlrK
.%ka:j, úúOdldrfhka újrKh fldg we;' tA wkqj idriaj; ikakfhys
zzmQ ¾ jmr j¾Kfhd( ika O dkx ika ê ZZ 1 hkq f jka ola j d we;s w;r uyd
ioaokS;smamlrKfhys zzikaëhka;s t;a: mÞks wCLrdks pd;s ikaêZZ2 hkqfjka
iïNdId 137
olajd we;' tfuka u nd,dj;dr ikakfhys zzmqíndmr jKaKdkx ikaOdkx

ikaê kdu" ikaêiañx jKafKk jd ldf,k jd wka;rx k;aÓZZ3 hkqfjka
ikaê hkak úia;r lr we;' mo tla mohla njg m;a lsÍfuys,d Ndú;
lrk l%uhla ikaê ld¾hh hkqfjka ye¢kafõ' md,s NdIdfjys ikaê ld¾hh
07ls' f,damh" wdfoaYh" wd.u" oaú;ajh" §¾>h" y%iajh yd wdfrdayKh
jYfhka fõ' fuu ikaê ld¾hh Wmfhda.S lrf.k ks¾udKh lrk ikaê
m%Odk jYfhka fldgia 02ls'
î& wNHka;r ikaê

îi& ndysr ikaê4
jYfhks'
fuu m%fNaoh ixialD; yd md,s hk jHdlrKhka oajfhys u iudk

wkaofuka olakg yels h' tfia jqj o fuys§ ndysr ikaêhg wh;a jk iajr
ikaêh úuiSug ,la lsÍug wfmaCId lrñ' iajrikaêh hkq uq,a mofhys w.
wl=r iy w. mofhys uq,a wl=r hk wCIroajhu iajr kï th tlaùu iajr
ikaêh fõ' fuh uyd ioaokS;sfhys olajd we;af;a zzirdkx ifriq jd ikaê
irikaêZZ5 hkqfjks' tfukau nd,dj;dr Tlofmd, ikakh iajr ikaêh
úia;r lr we;af;a zzh;a: mqínlaLrx p mrlaLrx p ird tj fydka;s" ;;a:
ir ikaê fyd;s'ZZ6 hkqfjks' fuu ks¾jpk ;=<ska o iajr ikaêh hkak
jgyd .ekSu myiq h' ixialD; iajr ikaêh m%Odk jYfhka fldgia 08lska
hqla; h'
î& §¾> ikaê

îi& .=K ikaê
îii& jDoaê ikaê
îv& jHia; ikaê
^v& f,dam ikaê
^vi& f,damYa ikaê
^vii& wdfoaY ikaê
^viii& wd.u ikaê7
jYfhks' kuq;a md,s NdIdfjys iajr ikaêh m%fNao 05lska hqla; h'
138 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
tkï"
î& f,damh
îi& y%iajh
îii& §¾>h
îv& wdfoaYh
^v& wd.u 8
jYfhks'
fuu j¾.SlrKh ;=< jqj o meyeÈ,s úiu;djla úoHudk jk whqre

olakg yels h' kuq;a ó<Õg wjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,nkafka fuys ikaê
ld¾hh isÿùfï§ mj;sk úiu;d flfrys h' ixialD;fhys §¾> ikaêh
±laùfuys,d jHdlrKdpd¾hjre ks¾foaY lrkq ,nkafka zzij¾fK §¾>(
iyZZ9 hk iQ;%h h' tA wkqj uq,a mofhys w. wCIrh;a" mr mofhys uq,a
wCIrh;a hk wCIroajhu iudk j¾K jQ l,ays tkï" w" b" W" R" yd Ì hk
iajrhkag tlS j¾K fol tl;= ù tu j¾.fhys §¾> iajrhka jk wd" B"
W!" RD yd Ì! hk j¾K jk nj h' tys§ §¾> ikaêh kej; fldgia 05lg
fn§ hk whqre o tA i|yd ksoiqka o my; i|yka fõ'
î& wj¾K §¾>h –––––––––––> ;;% + wd.;# = ;;%d.;#
îi& bj¾K §¾>h –––––––––––> .=‚ + b;s =.=Œ;s
îii& Wj¾K §¾>h –––––––––––> jOQ + W!yd = jOQyd
îv& iDj¾K §¾>h –––––––––––> ms;D + iDj¾Kï = ms;DDj¾Kï
^v& Ìj¾K §¾>h –––––––––––> Ì + Ìj¾Kï = Ì!j¾Kï
fuu wkaofuka ixialD; jHdlrKh §¾> ikaêh olajd ;snqk o md,s

NdIdfjys §¾> ikaêh óg jvd yd;amiska u fjkia iajrEmhla Wiq,hs'
^flfia kuq;a& md,s NdIdfjys §¾> ikaêh m%fNao follska iukaú; h'
tkï"
î& mQ¾j iajr §¾> ikaêh

îi& mr iajr §¾> ikaêh10
hkqfjks'
fuhska mQ¾j iajr §¾> ikaêh isÿjkafka fndfyda úg wiudk iajr

we;s l,ays mr iajrh f,dmaùfuka miqj h' tys§ md,s jHdlrKhg wkqj
iïNdId 139
fuu ikaê ld¾h isÿùu ms‚i iQ;% folla ks¾foaY lrkq ,efí' tkï"
zzjd mfrd wirEmdZZ11 yd zzmqíndpZZ12 hk iQ;%oajh h'
kÈ + Wolx
koa + b + W + olx
koa + b + W + olx ––––––> jd mfrd wirEmd
koa + B + olx ––––––> mqínx
k§olx
tfukau mr iajr §¾> ikaêh isÿjkafka m%n, jYfhka mQ¾j iajrh

f,dmaùfuka wk;=rej h' mQ¾jiajrh f,dmaùug iajroajhu iudk iajr úh
hq;= h' óg wu;rj mQ¾jiajr §¾> jk wjia:d lsysmhla o md,s jHdlrKfhys
olakg yels h' tkï' wdfoaY yd wd.u jeks ikaê ld¾hh isÿùfuka miqj
h' flfia kuq;a mr iajr §¾>h i|yd md,s jHdlrKh ks¾foaYs; iQ;%h
jkafka zz§>xZZ13 hk iQ;%h h'
mQ¾j iajr f,dmaùfuka miqj

nyq + Wmldrx
nya + W + W + mldrx
nya + W + W + mldrx ––––––> ird ifr f,dmx
nya + W! + mldrx ––––––> §>x
nyqmldrx
wdfoaYfhka miqj
w.a.s + w.drx
w.a. + b + w +.drx
w.a. + ha + w +.drx ––––––> bjKafKd hx kjd
w.a. + ha + wd +.drx ––––––> §>x
w.a.Hd.drx
wd.fuka miqj
wdldfi + wNsmQchs
wdldia + t + w + NsmQchs
wdldia + t + ï + w + NsmQchs ––––––> hjuok;r<dpd.ud
wdldia + t + ï + wd + NsmQchs ––––––> §>x
wdldfiudNsmQchs
140 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
by; i|yka ksoiqka yd lreKq úpdr mQ¾jlj úuid n,k úg meyeÈ,s

jkafka fuu jHdlrKhka oajfhysu úiu;djla úoHudk jk whqre h'
thska m%lg jkafka md,s jHdlrKh iajdëk uÕla wkq.ukh lr we;s
nj h'
ixialD;fhys .=K ikaêh iQ;% y;rla hgf;a idlÉPd fõ' tkï'

zzwbtZZ 14" zzWUZZ15" zzR wd¾ZZ16" zzÌ w,aZZ17 hk iQ;%hkag wkqj h' tys§
wkdñka iajrhlg mrj kdñka iajrhla isá l,ays tA iajr fol tl;= ù .=K
iajrhla njg m;a fõ' kuq;a md,s jHdlrKfhys .=K ikaêhla yuq fkdfõ'
md,s jHdlrKfhys we;a f ;a wij¾Kdfoa Y h hs ' tA i|yd nd,dj;drh
zzlajpdijKaKx ¨;af;aZZ18 hk iQ;%h ks¾foaY fldg we;' jHdlrKhka
oajfhys fuu ikaêh isÿjkafka wdldr follska h'
î& t foaYh ––––––> Wm + bkaø# = Wfmkaø#

îi& T foaYh ––––––> ys; + WmfoY# = ysf;dmfoY#
îii& wd¾ foaYh ––––––> h:d + RIs# = h:d¾Is#
îv& w,a foaYh ––––––> ;j + Ìldr# = ;j,aldr#
hk wkaoug ixialD; jHdlrKfhys .=K ikaêh isÿ fõ' kuq;a md,s

jHdlrKfhys wdfoaY ikaêh isÿjkafka óg yd;amiska fjkia wkaoulg h'
ðk + Bß;x
ðka + w + B + ß;x
ðka + w + B + ß;x ––––––> ird ifr f,dmx
ðka + t + ß;x ––––––> lajpdijKaKx ¨;af;
ðfkß;x
pkao + Woh
pkaoa + w + W + oh
pkaoa + w + W + oh ––––––> ird ifr f,dmx
pkaoa + T + oh ––––––> lajpdijKaKx ¨;af;
pkafÞoh
fuu ikaêh md,s yd ixialD; hk jHdlrK foflys mo isoaêh

isÿùfï § hï úiu;djla úoHudk jk whqre úpdr mQ¾jlj úuid ne,Sfuka
iïNdId 141
m%lg lr .; yels h' tkï ixialD;fhys mQ¾jiajr yd mriajr hk iajr

folu tl;= ù .=K wCIr ks¾udKh fjñka ikaêh isÿjk w;r md,sfhys
mQ¾j iajr f,dmaùfuka wk;=rej mriajrh fjkia iajNdjhkag hhs' fuu
wkqj m%lg jkafka md,s jHdlrKh iajdëk uÕla wkq.ukh lr we;s
nj h'
ixialD; iajr ikaêh ;=< ó<Õg yuqjkafka jDoaê ikaêh hs' fuys§
isÿjkafka wkdñka iajrhlg mrj t" ft" T" T!" R" RD" Ì yd Ì! hk
iajrdCIrhla isá úg tu iajr fol tl;= ù ms<sfj,ska ft" T!" wd¾ fyda
wd,a njg m;aùu h' fï i|yd idriaj;h zzt ft ftZZ19 zzT T! T!ZZ20" zzR
wd¾ZZ21" zzÌ wd,aZZ22 hk iQ;% y;r ks¾foaY fldg we;' fuu ikaêh i;rdldrh"
fuh .=K ikaêhg iudk wkaofuka isÿ fõ' kuq;a md,sfhys jDoaê iajr
yuq fkdfõ' tfukau fujeks ikaê m%fNaohla o olakg fkdue;' ixialD;
iajr ikaêh ;=< yuqjk jDoaê ikaêh ixialD; jHdlrKhg muKla
wdfõ‚l jQjls'
jHia; ikaêh ixialD; iajr ikaêfhys i;r jekak h' t" ft" T yd
T! hk iJOHdCIrhkag ms<sfj,ska wha" wdha" wõ yd wdõ hk wdfoaYhka
isÿùu h' fï i|yd iJOHCIrhkag mQ¾jfhka ´kEu iajrhla ;sìh yels h'
fuu ld¾hh i|yd idriaj;h iQ;% y;rla ks¾foaY fldg we;' tkï" zzt
whaZZ23" zzft wdhaZZ24" zzT wõZZ25 yd zzT! wdõZZ26 hkqfjka h' fuu ikaêfhys
isÿ jk mo isoaêh md,s jHdlrKfhys lsisÿ ikaêhl yuq fkdfjhs' th
ixialD;hg muKla wdfõ‚l jQ ikaêhls'
ixialD; jHdlrKfha iajr ikaê ;=< ó<Õg yuqjkafka f,dam ikaêh

h' ixialD; iajr ikaêfhys f,dam ikaêh fohdldrh" tkï"
î& wldr f,damh

îi& à f,damh27
hkqfjks' mohla wjidkfhys we;s tldr Tldr folska mrj isá

wldrh f,dma fõ' wldrh f,dma jQ ;ek tA nj yeÕùu ms‚i wj.%y ,l=K
fhdokq ,efí' fï iòyd zztfÞf;d;xZZ28 hk iQ;%h fõ' à f,damh hkq BIdÈ
Yío flfrka mrj isá y,d§ Yíohkaf.a à ix×j f,dma ùuh' zzy,dfoÍIdfo!
fg¾f,dfmd jla;jH#ZZ29 md,s jHdlrKfhys iajr ikaê óg ;rula fjkia
12 - CM23766
142 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
wka o fuka fhfok whq r e ola k g yels h' tfuka u fuu ika ê h md,s
jHdlrKfhys m%Odk m%fNao follska hqla; h' tkï"
î& mQ¾jiajr f,damh

îi& mriajr f,damh30
hkqfjks' fuhska mQ¾jiajr f,damh hkq ikaê jk mo foflka uq,a

mofhys w. iajrh f,dmaùu h' bkamiq uq,a mofhys w. we;s jH[ackhg
miq mofhys uq,a iajrh tla lrkq ,efí' fuu ld¾hh i|yd nd,dj;drfhys
zzird ifr f,dmxZZ31 hk iQ;%h olajd we;'
uu + Tokx
uï + w + T + okx
uï + w + T + okx ––––––> ird ifr f,dmx
ufudokx
tfukau mriajr f,dam ikaêh hkq ikaê jk mo foflka miq mofha

uq,a iajrh f,dmaùu h' wk;=rej uq,amoh iuÕ miq moh tl;= ù tla mohla
njg m;a fõ' fuu ld¾hh i|yd nd,dj;drh ks¾foaY fldg we;af;a zzjd
mfrd wirEmdZZ32 hk iQ;%h h'
jkafo + wyx
jkaoa + t + w + yx
jkaoa + t + w + yx ––––––> jd mfrd wirEmd
jkafoyx
md,s jHdlrKfhys yuq jk mQ¾j iajr f,damh yd mr iajr f,damh hk

ikaêoajh ixialD; jHdlrKfhys yuqjk wldr f,damh yd à f,damh hk
ikaêoajhg jvd yd;amiska u fjkia wkaoulg isÿjkakls' fuu wkqj o úoHudk
jkafka md,s jHdlrKh iajdëk uÕla wkq.ukh lr we;s iajNdjh h'
f,damYa ikaêh ixialD; iajr ikaêfhys yhjekak fõ' wl=rla f,damYa

ùfuka ks¾udKh jk ikaêh f,damYa ikaêh kï fõ' fuu ikaêfhys
;sfnk úfYaI;ajh jkafka f,dma ùfuka wk;=rej kej; ikaê ùug iqÿiq
wjia:djla ;snqK o ikaê fkdùu h' fuh ;=ka wdldr fõ' tkï" hldr
iïNdId 143
f,damYa ikaêh" jldr f,damYa ikaêh yd úi¾. f,damYa ikaê jYfhks'

fujeks ikaêhla md,s iajr ikaêfhys yuq fkdjk ksid §¾> jYfhka
fuh úia;r lsÍug wjYH fkdfõ hehs yefÕa' fuu ikaêh o ixialD;
jHdlrKhg muKlau wdfõ‚l jQ ;j;a ikaêhla nj fï wkqj m%lg lr
.ekSug yels fõ'
wdfoaY ikaêh ixialD; jHdlrKfhys fukau md,s jHdlrKfhys o

iajr ikaêh ;=< yuq jk ikaê úêhls' ixialD; iajr ikaêh ;=< wdfoaYh
i;rdldrj fh§ ;sfnk whqre olakg yels h' tkï b" W" R yd Ì hk
j¾K wij¾K iajrhlg mQ¾jfhka isá úg ms<sfj,ska tlS j¾Khkag
wka;#ia:dCIr jQ h" j" r yd , hk wCIr wdfoaY fõ' tA fjkqfjka zzbhx
iajfrZZ33" zzWjïZZ34" zzRrïZZ35 yd zzÌ,ïZZ36 hk iQ;% olajd we;'
î& h foaYh ––––––> b;s + wdy = b;Hdy

îi& j foaYh ––––––> uOq + w;% = uèj;%
îii& r foaYh ––––––> Nd;D + Tokï = Ndf;%dokï
îv& , foaYh ––––––> Ì + wkqnJO# = ,kqnJO#
hkqfjka ixialD; iajr ikaêh ;=< wdfoaYh isÿjqk o md,s iajr

ikaêh ;=< wdfoaY isÿjkafka óg ;rula fjkia iajNdjhlsks' tkï b
j¾Kh yd t hk iajrh" iajrhlg mQ¾jfhka isá úg hldrdfoaYh isÿfõ' fï
i|yd md,s jHdlrKh zzbjKafKd hx kjdZZ37 yd zzhfuoka;iaidfofidZZ38 hk
iQ;% fol ks¾foaY fldg we;'
jq;a;s + wiai
jq;a;a + b + w + iai
jq;a; + ha + w + iai ––––––> bjKafKd hx kjd
jq;a;Hiai
fu + whx
ï + t + w + hx
ï + ha + w + hx ––––––> hfuoka;iaidfofid
ï + ha + wd + hx ––––––> §>x
uHdhx
144 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
fuu ika ê foflys ika ê ld¾hh ixia l D; ia j r ika ê fhys

hldrdfoaYhg hï ;rulska iudk jqj o t iajrhg hldrdfoaYhla isÿùu
ixialD; iajr ikaêfhys fkdue;' tfukau jldrdfoaYh o ixialD; iajr
ikaêfhys o olakg yels w;r md,s iajr ikaêfhys o yuq fõ' tkï zWZ
j¾Kh yd zTZ hk iajrhka" iajrhlg mQ¾jfhka isá úg jldrdfoaYh isÿ
fõ' md,s iajr ikaêfhys fuh isÿjkafka zzjfudÿoka;dkxZZ39 hk iQ;%hg
wkqj h'
iq + wd.;x
ia + W + wd + .;x
ia + õ + wd + .;x ––––––> jfudÿoka;dkx
iajd.;x
fld + whx
la + T + w + hx
la + õ + w + hx ––––––> jfudÿoka;dkx
la + õ + wd + hx ––––––> §>x
lajdhx
fuys o W j¾Khg jldrdfoaYh isÿùu ixialD; iajr ikaêfhys

jldrdfoaYhg iudk wkaofuka isÿ jqK o zTZ yg jldrdfoaYh isÿùu ixialD;
iajr ikaêfhys kï úoHudk fkdfõ' kuq;a th md,s iajr ikaêfhys olakg
,efí' tfukau rldrdfoaYh yd ,ldrdfoaYh hk ikaê úê fol md,s iajr
ikaêfhys olakg fkd,efnkafka md,s wCIr ud,dfõ R yd Ì hk j¾K
fkdue;sùfuks' fï wkqj wdfoaYh ms<sn| úuid ne,Sfuka o m%lg jkafka
ixialD; iajr ikaêh yd md,s iajr ikaêh úiu;dj,ska hqla; nj h'
ixialD; iajr ikaêfhys wjidk ikaê úêh jkafka wd.u h' iajrhla
wuq;=fjka meñKùfuka .e<fmk ikaêh wd.u kï fõ' fuys wd.u
jkafka iSñ; Yío lsysmhlg mu‚' tkï" zf.dZ" ziajZ zwCIZ yd zm%Z hk
Yíohkag mrj wCI" bJø" w.%" wðxk" Br" W!ys‚ yd W!V hk Yío isá
úg h' fï i|yd zz.jdforj¾K.fudCIdfo! jla;jH#ZZ40 hk iQ;%h ixialD;
jHdlrKh ks¾foaY fldg we;'
iïNdId 145
f.d + wCI#
f.d + w + w + CI# ––––––> zzwZZ wd.uh ^.jdforj¾K.fudCId
fÞ!'''''&
f.d + wd + CI# ––––––> zzw + w = wdZZ îj¾fK §¾> iy&
.a + T + wd + CI# ––––––> iajr jH[ack úixfhdackh
.a + wõ + wd + CI# ––––––> T wõ njgm;aùu ^T wõ&
.jdCI# ––––––> ikaê moh
fuu wkaofuka ixialD; jHdlrKh ;=< wd.u ikaêh isÿ fõ' kuq;a
md,s iajr ikaêfhys wd.u isÿjkq ,nkafka óg yd;amiska fjkia wkaofuks'
ikaê jk mo fol w;rg wuqfjka u jH[ackdCIr meñKùu fuys ld¾h
h' zzhjuok;r<d pd.udZZ41 hk iQ;%h md,s jHdlrKh ks¾foaY fldg we;'
fuu iQ;%hg wkqj ha" õ" ï" oa" ka" ;a" ¾" <a" hk jH[ackdCIr wg yd
pldrfha n,fhka zz.aZZ hkak o wd.u fõ'
N= + wdofhd
Na + W + wd + ofhd
Na + W + õ + wd + ofhd ––––––> hjuok;r<d pd.ud
N=jdofhd
ixialD; iajr ikaêfhys wd.u yd md,s iajr ikaêfhys wd.u w;r
meyeÈ,s úiu;djla úoHudk fõ' tkï ixialD; iajr ikaêfhys wd.u
jka f ka ia j r wCIr h' kuq ; a md,s ia j r ika ê fhys wd.u jka f ka
jH[ackdCIrhka h'
fuys§ ó<Õg wjOdkh fhduq lsÍug wfmalaId lrkq ,nkafka ixialD;

iajr ikaêh ;=< yuq fkdjk kuq;a md,s iajr ikaêh ;=< yuq jk ikaê
úê lsysmhla ms<sn| úuid ne,Sug h' tjeks ikaê úê folla md,s iajr
ikaêfhys yuqfõ' tkï" wíNdfoaYh yd wÊCOdfoaYh jk ikaê úê fol
h' wíydfoaYh hkq iajrhlg mQ¾jfhka wNs hk Wmi¾.h isá úg tu wNs
Wmi¾.hg wíN hkak wdfoaYùu h' md,s jHdlrKh fï i|yd bÈßm;a
fldg we;af;a zzwífNd wNsZZ42 hk iQ;%h h'
wNs + W.a.f;d
wíN + W +.a.f;d
wíya + w + W +.a.f;d ––––––> wífNd wNs
wíN=.a.f;d
146 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
jYfhks' tfiau md,s iajr ikaêfhys muKla olakg ,efnk wfkla

ikaê úêh jkafka wÊCOdfoaYh h' wÊCOdfoaYh hkq iajrhlg mQ¾jfhka
wê hk Wmi¾.h isá úg tu wê Wmi¾.hg wÊCO hkak wdfoaYùu h'
md,s jHdlrKh fuu i|yd bÈßm;a fldg we;af;a zzwÊfCOd wêZZ43 hk
iQ;%h h'
wê + Wm.f;d
wÊCO + W + m.f;d
wÊCè + w + W + m.f;d ––––––> wÊfCOd wê
wÊCOQm.f;d
jYfhks' flfia kuq;a fuu wíNdfoaYh yd wÊCOdfoaYh hk ikaê

úê fol md,s iajr ikaêhgu wdfõ‚l jQjla nj fuu wkqj jgyd .;
yelsh'
md,s NdIdj ixialD; NdIdfjys moku u; ks¾udKh ù ixialD;h

u;u ixj¾Okh ù ixialD;h ksidu mj;sk NdIdjla jYfhka md,s NdIdj
,>q fldg ie,lSug fndfyda úoaj;ayq kQ;kfhys h;ak orñka isá;s' fuhg
mdol jkafka uq,a ld,Skj m%Njh jQ fohla fj;a kï th miqld,Skj
ks¾udKh jk ´kEu fohlg uQ,dY%h ùu idudkH neúks' tA wkqj md,sh
fjkqjka ixialD;h uQ,dY%h ùu isÿ j ;sfí' kuq;a md,s NdIdj ixialD;
NdIdj u;u mj;skakg W;aidy ord fkdue;' iajdëk;ajh wdrCId lr
.ekSug md,s NdIdj ksr;=rej l%shd fldg we;' by;ska idlÉPd l< wkaoug
ixialD; iajr ikaêh yd md,s iajr ikaêh w;r mj;sk iuúiu;d ;=<ska
o tfukau ixialD; iajr ikaêfhys fkdue;s md,s iajr ikaêfhys muKla
;sfnk úúO ikaê úê ;=<ska o md,s iajr ikaêfhys yuq fkdjk ixialD;
iajr ikaêfhys yuq jk ikaê úê ;=<ska o md,s NdIdj iajdëk;ajh wdrCId
lr .;a NdIdjla nj uekúka m%lg fõ'
mdol igyka
1' r;kfcda;s ysñ" ;ïuekakdjeáfha" idriaj; újrKh" iuhj¾Ok fmd;ay,"

urÞk" 2007" 47 msgqj'
2' iS,dkkao ysñ" wre.af.dv îxia'&" ioaokS;smamlrK" tÉ' iS' fldg,a rcfha
uqøKh" fld<U" 1909" 26 msgqj'
iïNdId 147
3' lS¾;s Y%S O¾ur;k kdysñ" noafoa.u" nd,dj;dr Tlofmd, ikakh" i;añK
uqøKd,h" je,s.u" 1927" 93 msgqj'
4' uelafvdk,a" wd;¾ tA" wdOqksl ixialD; jHdlrKh" iuhj¾Ok fmd;ay,"
5' iS,dkkao ysñ" wre.af.dv îxia'&" ioaokS;smamlrK" tÉ' iS" fldg,a rcfha
uqøKh" fld<U 1909" 27 msgqj'
6' lS¾;s Y%S O¾ur;k kdysñ" noafoa.u" nd,dj;dr Tlofmd, ikakh" i;añK
uqøKd,h" je,s.u" 1927" 94 msgqj'
7' Oïñkao ysñ" yEf.dv ixialD; jHdlrK ;rx.ks" iuhj¾Ok fmd;ay," urÞk"
1999" 27 msgqj'
8' Y%S ksjdi kdhl ia:úr" uhs,Efõ" md,s jHdlrK újrKh" iuhj¾Ok fmd;ay,"
9' Y%S ioaOd;siai ia:úr" m,a,dfj," îxia'&" idriaj;d¾;a: jHdLHdj" iuhj¾Ok
fmd;ay," urÞk" 1994" 37 msgqj'
11' úu,;siai ysñ" Èlaje,af,a îxia'&" nd,dj;drh" iuhj¾Ok fmd;a iud.u urÞk
fld<U 10" 2010" 06 msgqj'
12' tu" 07'
13' tu" 07'
14' Y%S ioaOd;siai ia:úr" m,a,dfj," îxia'&" idriaj;d¾;a: jHLHdj" iuhj¾Ok
15' tu" 41 msgqj'
16' tu" 41 msgqj'
17' tu" 42 msgqj'
fld<U 10" 2010" 06 msgqj'
20' tu" 42 msgqj'
21' tu" 43 msgqj'
22' tu" 43 msgqj'
23' tu" 44 msgqj'
24' tu" 44 msgqj'
25' tu" 44 msgqj'
26' tu" 44 msgqj'
148 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
27' Oïñkao ysñ" yEf.dv" ixialD; jHdlrK ;rx.ks" iuhj¾Ok fmd;ay," urÞk"
1999" 35 msgqj'
29' tu" 40 msgqj'
fld<U 10" 2010" 05 msgqj'
32' tu" 06 msgqj'
34' tu" 40 msgqj'
35' tu" 40 msgqj'
36' tu" 40 msgqj'
fld<U 10" 2010" 08 msgqj'
38' tu" 07 msgqj'
39' tu" 08 msgqj'
40' Y%S ioaOd;siai ia:úr" m,a,dfj, îxia'&" idriaj;d¾;a: jHLHdj" iuhj¾Ok
fld<U 10" 2010" 09 msgqj'
42' tu" 10 msgqj'
43' tu" 10 msgqj'
iïNdId 149
zwÜGl:dZ Yíoh iQpkh l< ;%m

s g
s ld.; Yío
fndr,kafoa Oïur;k ysñ
^rdclSh mKaä;" f.!rj Ydia;%fõ§& kshxf.dv Y%S O¾udf,dal uy msßfjka wdpd¾h
m%fõYh
w ÜGl:d lrKfha uQ,îchka ;%m s g

s l foaYkdjka
f.ka u fidhd.; yels neúka wÜGl:dj nqoO
a ld,Sk
nj;a " nq o a O NdIs ; h i|yd w¾:l:k iïmdokh
jkqfha nqÿrÿka jevjik iufhys mgka u nj;a" tA
ksid u wgqjdjka ;=ka msglh ;rï u mer‚ nj;a"
ms<s.; yels h' tA wkqj wÜGl:dlrKh nqoaO ld,h
olajd u Èj hk nj fmfka' foaYkdmd<sfha úúO
.ïNSr ia:dkhka w¾: iqLdjfndaOh lr.kq jia nqoaOld,Skj u hï l%ufõohla
iliaj ;snQ nj wgqjd ,CIK we;s iQ;% foaYkd ;%smsglfha yuqùfuka ikd:
fõ'
;% s m s g l foa Y kdjka y s § yuq jk zks o a f oi" úNx.Z jeks iq ú fYa I s

Yíohkaf.ka zwÜGl:dZ YíÞ¾:h ksrEmKh jkafka hehs lsj yelsh' tA nj
iQ;% idys;Hfhys uÊCêu ksldfha úNx. j¾.fhka yd ksoafoimd<s we;=¿
lsysm ;efklska u iu¾:kh l< yelsh' wÜGl:dx.fha uQ,sl iudyrKh
úNx." ksoafoai l%uh hs' nqÿka jykafia úiska jÞ< w¾:-jH[ack jYfhka
w;sYh .ïNSr jQ O¾umohkaf.a isÓ,djfndaOh Wfoid ilia jQ w¾: újrK
l%ufõoh we;=<;a O¾u m¾hdh fuys zksoafoi yd úNx.Z hk Yíohkaf.ka
150 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
iq§mkh fõ' fuys § tu wÜGl:d YíÞ¾:h iQpkh l< mer‚ ;%smsgld.;

Yío ms<sn| úuid ne,Sula isÿ flf¾'
úNx.
uq,ald,Skj zwÜGl:dZ Yíoh jdpH lsÍu i|yd iqNdú; mer‚;u

moh jYfhka úNx. zzNdÊZZ Od;=fjka ieÿKq lDoka; kduhla jk zúNx.Z
hk mofhys w¾:h jkafka zúNckhZ hkak hs' fyj;a úNd.h hs' wNsO¾u
msglfha oaú;Sh m%lrKh kï lr we;af;a o zúNx.Z hk kdufhks' md,s -
bx.%i
S s YíofldaIfha zúNx.Z Yíoh iòyd w¾: lsym
s hla ,nd § we;' distribution
^úNckh&" division ^úNckh" fldÜGdYh&" distinction ^úYsIg
a ;dj&" classification
^m%j¾.lrKh&'1
mdrdðl md<s yd mdÑ;a;shmd<s hk .%J:oajh ziq;a; úNx.Z hk kdufhka

o y÷kajkq ,efí'2 fuys § ziq;a;Z hkafkka úkh m%{ma;sh;a" zúNx.Z hkafkka
tys w¾:j¾Kkdj;a woyia flf¾' zmoNdckS h j¾KkdjZ hkq f jka
ye¢kafjkafka o fuu úNx. fldgi hs' zmoNdckSh j¾KkdjZ hkq úkh
msglhg wh;a mdrdðl md,s yd mdÑ;a;h s md<s hk .%J:oajfha îq;;
a úNx.fha&
mdßNdIsl jpk i|yd jk újrKhls' moNdckSh mer‚ wgqjdjla jYfhka
y÷kajk fla' wd¾' fkdauka uy;d tys YsCId mo ms<n s | mofhka moh w¾:
ú.%yfhka fukau m¾hdh jpkj,ska iukaú; ùu o" úfYaIfhka i|yka lrhs'3
´' ù' yskHqn¾g wkqj moNdckSh j¾Kkdj mÞkqmÈl újrKhls'4 ksoiqkla
f,i NsCLq" fu:qkOïu hk mohkag we;s YíÞ¾: j¾Kkdj fufia h (
NsCLQ;s NsCLfld;s NsCLQ NsCLdpßhx wcCOqm.f;d;s" NsCLQ NskkmgOfrd;s"

NsCLQ iu[Øh NsCLQ má[Øh NsCLq tys NsCLQ;s" NsCLq ;Sys irKd.ufKys
Wmiumfkkd;s" NsCLq Nfød NsCLq idfrd NsCLq fifLd NsCLq wfifLd
NsCLq iuf..k ifX>k [;;s p;=fF:k lfuuk wl=fmmk Gdkdrfyk
Wmiumfkkd;s Ns C Lq ' ;;% hjdhx Ns C Lq iuf..k ifX>k [;;s
p;=fF:k lfuuk wl=fmmk Gdkdrfyk Wmiumfkkd whx buiñx
wfF: wêfmmf;d NsCLQ;s'5
fu:qkOfuud kdu fhd fid wioOfuud .duOfuud ji,Ofuud ÿgGq,,x

Tolk;slx ryiix ojhxojhiudm;;s" tfid fu:qkOfuud kdu6
iïNdId 151
tfia u uÊCêu ksldfha zúNx.Z j.a.fha tk iQ;% 12ka 09la úNÙ.

kñka ^Noa f olr;a ; " wdkka o Noa f olr;a ; " uydlÉpdkNoa f olr;a ; "
f,duilx.shNoafolr;a;" pQ<lïuúNx." uydlïuúNx." i<dh;kúNx."
WoafoiúNx." wrKúNx." Od;=úNx." iÉpúNx." oCÅKdúNx.& kï lr
we;af;a ixCIsma; foaYkd újrKdkqidrfhka úNd. lr we;s ksidfjks'
uÊCêuksldfha úNx. j¾.fha tk f,duilx.sh Noafolr;a; iQ;%fha

§ meyeÈ,s jYfhka Woafoi yd úNx. hk fldgia y÷kd.; yelsh'7 tu
iQ;%fha Woafoi jYfhka .d:d 4la 8 ±lafjk w;r wk;=rej fï .d:d y;r
i|yd isÿ lr we;s úNx. ixLHd; úia;rd¾:l:k olakg ,efí'9 fuu
iQ;%fha § nqÿka jykafia Woafoaih yd úNx.h fjk fjk u foaYkd lrk
,o w;r úNx.fha § isÿlr we;af;a Woafoai jYfhka ixCIsma;j meje;a jQ
foaYkdj úia;rd¾: iys;j újrKh lr ±laùu hs' WoafoiúNx. iQ;%fha §
nqÿka jykafia úiska Woafoih foaYkd lr úydrhg jeä w;r tys úNx.h
Y%djlhka jykafia,d úiska ±k .kakd ,oafoa uyd lÉpdhk f;reka jykafia
fj;sks' uyd lÉpdhk ysñfhda Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia fj;ska w.;k;=re
,ÿfha Y%djlhka jykafia,d w;=ßka O¾uh úYaf,aIKh lr meyeÈ,s lr
§ug iu¾: w.%;uhd jYfhks' tA nj tA;o.a.md<sfha tk WoaOrKhlska o
mila l< yels fõ' 10 iÉpúNx. iQ;%h ießhq;a ysñhka úiska
Oïuplalmamj;a;k iQ;%h i|yd l< iúia;rl:kfhls' iQ;%h mqrdjg u
w¾:j¾Kkd ,CIK iys; mdG yuqfõ' iQ;%drïNfha § nqÿka jykafia ießhq;a
f;reka wd¾h i;Hh úYaf,aIKfhys m%ùKfhl= nj i|yka lr;a'11 fuys §
fndfyda fihska mo id¾:j;a lr we;af;a m¾hdh mo Ndú;fhks'12 fï wkqj
úNx.j¾.Sh iQ;% yeu tll u jdf.a ÈhqKq w¾:l:k ,CIK yuqjk nj
fmfka'
ksoafoi
zzmdfGd úisÜfGd ksoafofid ;kakduúfiisf;d pZZ hkqfjka olajd

we;s WoaOD;hg wkqj jH[ack mdG yd w¾: mdG hkqfjka fohdldrfhka
fmkS isák mdGhka wkqj újrKh lrkq ,nkqfha zksoafoiZ hkqfjka
ye¢kafõ' fuys jH[ack mdGh wCIr" mo" jH[ack" ksre;a;s" ksoafoi yd
wdldr hk ijeoEreï jH[ack ,CIKhkaf.ka iukaú; fõ'13
;F: mdfGd úisfgGd ksfoofid ;x kdu úfiif;d pd;s jq;;;;d

ÿúfOd mdfGd LH[ckmdfGd wF:mdfGd p' f;iq nH[ck mdfGd
wCLr mo LH[ck wdldr ksre;;s ksfooijfik PnìfOd' wF:mdfGd
152 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
ixldik mldik újrK úNck W;a ; dks l rK m[[;;s j fik

PnìfOd'
1' wCIr - mohl wjhj ixLHd; j¾Kh fyda tAldCIr jQ moh fyda
mßmQ¾K moh zwCIrZ kñka ye¢kafõ'14 w¾: ixj¾Kkdjl § wlaIr
úkHdih w;sYh jeo.;a jQjls' mÞ¾:h wCIr weiqfrka ksrEmkh jk
neúka jerÈ f,i msysgqjk ,o wCIrhka w¾:hdf.a jerÈ" úmÍ;
wjfndaOh ms‚i fõ' tfyhska u wCIrhka ms<sn| l=Y,;dj iïnqoaO
jpkh flfrys w;sYh m%;sIagdOdr jkafka h'15
2' mo - zmoZ hkq w¾:j;a úNla;Hka; jQ wCIr iuqÞh hs'16 Yíoh úúO
wre;a i|yd fnokqfha zúN;a;sZ kï fõ' tfyhska ksjerÈ w¾:h
iïfm%aIKh lrkq i|yd úNla;s.; lsÍu ksjerÈ úh hq;=h' rEmisoaêhg
wkqj w¾:hdf.a jerÈ wjfndaOh wCIrj,ska fia u mohkaf.ka o isÿ
úh yelsh'17
3' jH[ack - moh jHla; fldg md,kh lrkq ,nk" mofhka wúhqla;
jQ jdlHh jH[ack kñ' zp;;dfrd boêmdÞZ hk ixCIsma; foaYkh
zzl;fu p;;dfrd @ PJo iudêmOdk ixLdr - iukkd.;x boêmdox
Ndfj;s" úßh - Ñ;; - ùuix iudê mOdk ixLdr - iukkd.;x
boêmdox Ndfj;sZZ' hkqfjka foaYs; m%lg lsÍï w¾:fhka nH[ack
kï fõ'18
4' wdldr - jdlH ixLHd; jH[ackh fkdfhla whqßka úNd. lrkqfha"

ú.%y lrkqfha zwdldrZ kï fõ' zz;F: l;fud PfJÞ @ fhd PfJÞ"
PJ§h;d" l;;=luu;dZZ hk ;efka § lshk ,o nH[ackh fkdfhla
wdldrfhka úNd. lsÍu zwdldrZ kï fõ'19
5' ksre;a;s - zksrela;sZ hkq ks¾jpk h' wjHla; Yíohkaf.a ks¾jpk

ksrela;s l%ufhka o; yels fõ' w¾:l:dpd¾h Oïumd, ysñfhda
zksre;a;sZ hkak ú.%y lr we;af;a zzw¾:h meyeÈ,s jk mßÈ mofhys
ks¾jpkh ±laùu ksrela;s kï fõ'ZZ hkqfjks'20 wdldr jYfhka lshk
,o moh ks¾jpkh lsÍu zksre;a;sZ kï fõ' zMfiid fjokdZ hkdÈ
;ekays wdldr jYfhka lshk ,o foh zMqi;S;s Mfiid fjÈh;S;s
fjokdZ hehs f.kyer ±laùu zksre;a;sZ kï fõ'21
iïNdId 153
6' ksoafoi - ks¾jpkh l< foh kej; kshu fldg ksYaÑ; fldg
±laùu ksoafoaih hs' fyj;a ksrjfYaI jYfhka úia;r" úNd." újrK"
jHdLHdk lrkqfha zksoafoiZ kï fõ' ksoiqka jYfhka zfjÈh;S;s
fjokdZ hkqfjka ks¾jpkh l< Yíoh zziqLd ÿCLd wÿCLuiqLd" iqLh;S;s
iqLd" ÿCLh;S;s ÿCLd" fkj ÿCLh;s k iqLh;S;s wÿCLuiqLdZZ hkqfjka
ksrjfYaI jYfhka w¾: úNd. isÿ l< fyhska zksoafoiZ kï fõ'22
fuys w¾: mdGh w¾: IÜlfhka iukaú; jQfha fjhs' tkï" ixldikd"
mldikd" újrKd" úNckd" W;a;dkslrK yd m[a[;a;s hkqfjks'
1' ixldikd - ixCIsma;j w¾: ±laùu hs' nqÿka jykafia úiska ;SCIK
ØKhla iys; Y%djlhka i|yd ixfCIamfhka foaYkd l< iQ;%
zixldikdZ kñ' zzu[[udfkd fLd Ns C Lq nfoOd udrii"
wdu[[udfkd uqf;;d mdmsuf;dZZ23 hkqfjka nqÿka jykafia úiska
ixCIsma;j l< foaYkdj m%;sfõO l< f;rKqfjda zNd.Hj;=ka jykai"
m%;sfõO lf<ñZ wd§ jYfhka O¾ud¾: mß×kh ,nd WÞk m< l<
fiala o tn÷ foaYkd zixldikdZ kñ'24
2' mldikd - m<uqj ixCIsma;j ±la jQ w¾:h kej; m%lg fldg ±laùu
zmldikdZ kï fõ' zzinnx Ns C Lfj wdÈ;;xZZ hkq f jka m<uq j
fláfhka ±la jQ w¾:h kej; zzls[p NsCLfj innx wdÈ;;x @ pCLqx
NsCLfj wdÈ;;x rEmx wdÈ;;xZZ hkqfjka m%lgj foaYkd l< l,ays
;shqKq ØKhla we;s mqoa.,hd wjfndaO lr .kshs' ^fulS ixldikd
yd mldikd hk w¾:oajh ;SCIK ØfKakaøsh we;a;dg Wmldr
jYfhka lshk ,È'&25
3' újrKd - ixCIsma;j lshk ,o foa újrKd;aulj" mßmQ¾Kj w¾:

úYaf,aIKh fldg ±laùu hs' fyj;a yd;amiska w¾:h jgfldg meyeÈ,s
lsÍu hs' újD; lsÍu hs' zl=i,d OuudZ hkqfjka fláfhka ±la jQ
w¾:h kej; zzl;fu Ouud l=i,d @ hiñx iufh ldudjprx l=i,x
Ñ;;x Wmmkkx fyd;sZZ' hkqfjka újrKh lsÍu hs'26
4' úNckd - tu újrKh úNd. lr ±laùu hs' ^mQ¾fjdala; lreKq

foflka m%ia;=; úYaf,aIKh lsÍu o fuu.ska m%ia;=; j¾.SlrKh
lr ±laùu o m%ldY flf¾'& zz;iñx iufh Mfiid fyd;s" fjokd
154 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
fyd;sZZ' hkqfjka úia;r l< fldgi zzl;fud ;iñx iufh Mfiid

fyd;s" fhd ;iñx Mfiid Mqikd iuMqikdZZ hkqfjka úNckh u.ska
ú.%y lrkq ,efí'27 j¾.SlrKh u.ska b;d ishqï f,i w¾: jgyd
.ekSu myiq nj f:rjdÈ iïm%Þfha wdia:dkh hs'
5' W;a;dkslrK - újD; jQ ^újD;s& úNd. jQ w¾: ;jÿrg;a úia;r

lsÍu i|yd Wmud" oDIagdka; wdÈh ±laùu zW;a;dkslrKZ kï fõ'
úNckh l< w¾:h zzfihH:dms NsCLfj .dù ksppuud" tjfujLjdyx
NsCLfj Miidydfrd ogGfnnd;s jÞñZZ" hkdÈ jYfhka WmudyrKfhka
jvd;a meyeÈ,s lsÍu zW;a;dkslrKZ kï fõ'28
6' m[a[;a;s - oyï wikqjka flfrys fidïkia cks; lrkqfha;a"

fkdishqï kqjKe;shka flfrys kka whqßka kqjK ;shqKq lrkqfha;a
zm[a[;a;sZ kï fõ' fufia oyï wikakjqkaf.a is; i;=gq lrjñka
o" O¾uh fj;g fhduq lrñka o" m%×j jv;shs zm[a[;a;sZ kï fõ'29
fuu ksoafoi mdGh kej;;a zikaOdhNdis;Z yd zjH[ackNdis;Z wd§

jYfhka yd w¾:h mdGd¾:" iajNdjd¾: yd kHdhd¾:d§ jYfhka kkajeoEreï
fõ' fuys § w¾: yd LH[ack mdGoajh w;=frka"
î& wCIrhkaf.ka O¾u lreKq ixldikh lr;s'
îi& mohkaf.ka m%ldYkh lr;s'
îii& LH[ackhkaf.ka újrKh lr;s'
îv& wdldrhkaf.ka úNckh lr;s'
^v& ksre;a;Skaf.ka W;a;dkslrKh lr;s'
^vi& ksoafoaihkaf.ka m[aØmkh lr;s'
Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia ffjfkah ckhka O¾u ud¾.fha YsCIKh lrkq

ms‚i Wmhqla; lr.;a foaYkd ú,dYh hf:dala; mdGoajfhka m%;Shudk fõ'
wgqjdpdÍka jykafia,d o w¾:ixúNd.lrKfha § fï oajdoidldr mdG l%uh
wkq.ukh l< nj;a" tu ksid u wgqjd" nqoaO NdIs;h yd iudkj u
iïNdjkdjg o md;%j we;s whqre;a fmfka'
Èi Od;=fjka ;kd.;a lDoka; kduhls' zksoafoiZ Yíoh i|yd jk

fldaId¾: úuiSfï § tx.,ka;fha md,s fmd;a iud.fï md,s - bx.S%is
iïNdId 155
YíofldaIh fï i|yd w¾: lsysmhla olajd we;' description ^j¾Kkh&

attribute ^úfYa I Kh& distinction ^úYs I a g ;dj& hk .= K mohka we;= < ;a
descriptive exposition ^úia;rd;aul újrKh&" analytic explanation by way of
question and answer ^m%Yafkda;a;r weiqßka bÈßm;a lrk úYaf,aIS jHdLHdkh&"
interpretation ^w¾: ksrEmkh&" exegesis ^w¾: j¾Kkdj&30
Lqoaol ksldhg wh;a ksoafoimd<sh" iq;a; ksmd;fha mer‚ u fldgia

jk wÜGl yd mdrdhk hk j.a. folg o" L.a.úidK iQ;%hg o w¾:
ú.%yhka imhk .%J:hla jk neúka ;%smsglhg we;=<;a jQ wÜGl:djla
f,i ms<s.ekSug W.;=ka fm<ö ;sfí'31 zksoafoiZ hk jpkh o §¾> újrKh"
úYaf,aIKh jeks wre;a f.k fokakls' wÜGl iy mdrdhk .d:dj, we;=<;a
.eUqre O¾uh úYaf,aIKh lsÍug ksoafoilrejka ord we;s m%h;akh fmf<a
we;=<;a w¾:újrKhkag jvd ÈhqKq jQjls'32 iq;a; ksmd;fha wÜGl j¾.fha
tk ldu iQ;%fha m<uq .d:dj jk
zzldux lduhudkii ;ii fp ;x iñcCO;s

woOd mS;sufkd fyd;s ,oOd ufppd hÈpP;sZZ'33
hk .d:dj i|yd w¾:j¾Kkdj wdrïN lrkqfha fufia h' zzldux

lduhudkiid;s ldudks WoÞkf;d foj ldud ( jF:qldud p lsf,ildud p"
l;fu jF:qldud @ ukdmsld rEmd ukdmsld ioÞ ukdmsld .JOd ukdmsld
rid ukdmsld fmdgGnnd wF:rKd mdmQrKd ÞhsÞid wfc<ld l=ll+giQlrd
yFÓ.jdiij<jd fL;;x jF:q ysr[[x iqjKKx .duks.urdcOdksfhd rgGx
p ckmfÞ p fldfid p fldgGd.drx p hx ls[Ñ rckShx jF:q jF:qldud" wms
p w;S;d ldud" wkd.;d ldud" mppqmmkkd ldud" wcCO;;d ldud" nysoOd
ldud''''ZZ34 ksoafoimd<sfhys olakg ,efnk ;j;a iqúfYaIs ,CIKhla f,i
jHdlrK úNd. ±laùu o i|yka l< yelsh' tfuka u hï O¾umohla olajd
tA yd fhfok m¾hdh jpk rdYshla i|yka lrk w;r tu mohka úúO
khska ks¾jpkh lrk whqre o ±lsh yelsh' tfy;a mYapd;a;k wÜGl:djka
yd iei£fï § ksoafoaifha mßK; iajrEmhla wúoHudk nj T,sj¾ wfíkdhl
uy;df.a woyi hs'35 î' iS' f,da uy;d olajkqfha o ksoafoaimd<sh tla;rd
wdldrhl mÞkqmÈl ú.%yhla fyda o< úia;rhla jYfhka ñi wÜGl:djla
jYfhka fkdfõ'36 wreK fla' .uf.a uy;d fmkajd fok mßÈ w¾:l:k
isoaOdka; ish,a,la u Ndú; fkdjQj o ksoafoimd<sh we;eï jpk i|yd
imhk w¾:l:k md,s wÜGl:dj, Èiajk újrKhka o w;sOdjkh lrhs'37
156 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
ksoiqkla f,i ziÞZ hk jpkhg uydksoafoaih imhk w¾:l:kh fufia

h' zziÞ;s iÞ innÞ innld,x ksppld,x Oqjld,x i;;x iñ;x wfnndllsKKx
fmdXndkqfmdXnx Wofldñldcd;x wúÑik;;siys;x Mqiis;x mqfrN;;x
mpPdN;;x mqßux hdux ucCêux hdux ldf< cqfKN jfii fyufk;
.sfuy mqßfu jfhdLfJO ucCêfu jfhdLfJO mpýfu jfhdLfJO'ZZ38
tfy;a ziÞZ hk mohg wgqjdfõ fu;rï §¾> f,i l< w¾:j¾Kkdjla
yuq fkdfõ'
fï wkqj zksoafoiz yd zúNx.Z hk mohkaf.ka ÈhqKq w¾:újrK

wjia:djka ksrEmkh lrkafka hhs o" tu mohka w¾:l:k l%uh ye¢kaùu
i|yd uq,ald,Skj fn!oaO idys;Hfhys iqNdú; ù hhs o lsj yelsh'
wF:
foaikdmd<sfhys zwÜGl:dZ mÞ¾:h iQpkh lrkq i|yd zwF:Z hk

Yíoh fhdÞf.k we;s nj wgqjdpdÍka jykafia,d i|yka lr;a' tA wkqj
zwF:Z hk Yíoh ;%smsgl foaYkdj, úúOd¾:j, fh§ we;sjdfia u wÜGl:dj
ye¢kaùu i|yd o Ndú; ù we;s whqre Wkajykafia,d ms<s.;ay' mßjdrmd<sfha
Wíndysld j¾.fha i|yka jk zzwF:l=if,dZZ39 hk mdGh iuka;mdidÈldfõ
w¾: újrK lr we;af;a zzk wF:l=if,d;s k wgGl:dl=if,dZZ40 hkqfjks'
tfia u mdÑ;a;shmd<sfha NsCLq úNx.fha zzwF:Qmixysf;d OuuQmixysf;dZZ41
hkqfjka ±lafjk mdGh wgqjdfõ w¾:úNd. lrkqfha zzwF:Qmixysf;d;s
wgGl:d ksiisf;d OuuQmixysf;d;s md<sksiisf;dZZ42 hkqfjks' fï wkqj
meyeÈ,sj u nqoaOf>daI ysñhka zwF:Z hk mofhka ;%smsgl foaYkdj, §
wgqjdj y÷kajd we;s whqre fmfka' tfia u ;%smsglfhys zOïuZ yd zwF:Z hk
m%fhda. tlaj fhÿKq ia:dk i|yd w¾:újrK ±laùfï § zOïuZ hk mofhka
;%smsgl foaYkdj o" zwF:Z hk mofhka wÜGl:dj o y÷kajd ;sfí' yskHqn¾
olajk wdldrhg fufia wgqjdpdÍka jykafia,d zwF: yd OïuZ hkqfjka
tl u ia:dkfha fhfok jpk i|yd újrK ±laùfï §" zwF:Z hk mofhka
wgqjdj y÷kajd§u" md,s wÜGl;djkaf.a ft;sydislFjh ;yjqre lsÍug .;a
jEhuls'43 md,s - bx.%Sis YíofldaIfha olajd we;af;a o zwF:Z hk moh zOïuZ
hk mohg ixl,kh jQ úg zwF:Z hk mofhka zzuQ, mdGhka ms<sn| w¾:
úYa f ,a I KhZZ hk w¾:h §mkh jk njhs Z Z 44 ufkda r :mQ r Œ wgq j dfõ
zzwF:u[Øh Ouuu[Øhd;s wgGl:[p md<s [p cdks F jdZZ 45 hkq f jka
W;a;dkslrKh lrñka zwF:Z hk mofhka wgqjdj o zOïuZ hk mofhka
iïNdId 157
foaikdmd<sh o y÷kajd we;' fï wkqj wÜGl:djka nqÿrÿka Ôjudk ld,fha

u mßmQ¾KFjhg m;a lD;s iuQyhla jYfhka mej;sKehs ;yjqre lsÍug
wgqjdpdÍka jykafia,d ork ,o W;aidyh fï ;=<ska ksrEmKh fõ' tA i|yd
;j;a ksoiqka lsysmhla fufia h'
zzÿka k s C Å;;ii '''''''' mojH[ckii wfF:dms ÿkkfhd fyd;S ; s

mßjf;;Fjd Wmmámdáhd .ys ; dh md<s h d wgGl:d kdu ÿkkhd
ÿkksydrd ÿllgdZZ46
zzwF:[p Ouu[p mándyk;S;s iq..yS;iq;;k;dkx wgGl:[p md<s[p

mándyk;sZZ47
zzwF:l= i f,d;s wÜGl:dh fPfld wF:u[a Ø h Oïuu[a Ø hd;s

wÜGl:x p md<sx p cdksFjdZZ48
zwÜGl:dZ Yíofha ft;s y dis l Fjh ms < s n | úuiS f ï § th ;% s m s g l

foaYkdj, fh§ we;s whqre Oïuix.kSm%lrKfhka fmfka' tys zwÜGl:dZ
hkqfjka ldKavhla we;' tu ldKavfhka isÿlr we;af;a ud;sld ldKavfha
§ ud;Dld jYfhka ixCIsma;j ±lajQ lreKq úia;rd¾: iys;j w¾:l:kh
lsÍuhs' zwÜGl:dZ hk Yíoh ;%smsglmd<sfhys yuqjk mer‚;u yd tl u
fh§u fuu wjia:djhs'
nqoaOld,Skj w¾:l:k l%ufõoh ;%smsgldkqnoaOj iQ;%dka;rfhys u

yd Bg mßndysrj o" ixj¾Okh jQfha hehs is;sh yelsh' tA w;=ßka ;%smsglh
;=< m%Njh ù j¾Okh jQ wgqjd ,CIK ye¢k.; yels jqj;a" Bg mßndysrj
jevqKq w¾:j¾Kkd l%ufõoh y÷kd.ekSug idOl ke;' tfy;a ;%smsglhg
mßndysr fjk u idys;Hdx.hla jYfhka fuu wÜGl:d idys;Hdx.h f;jk
ix.S;s wjia:dj jk úg j¾Okh ù ;sîu ksid ;%smsglhg mßndysr w¾:
j¾Kkd l% u fõohla mej;s f ha hehs is ; s h yels h ' th foa i kdmd<s f ha
w¾:j¾Kkd fldgia WoaOD; jYfhka f.k ilia lr.;a l%ufõohla úh
yelsh' tfia u m%lS¾Kl foaYkdfjka o ix.Dys; jQjls' tu l%ufõoh
wdpd¾h mrïmrdjla weiqfrka ilia fjñka ixrCIs;j jefvkakg we;'
fuu Wml,amk u; flakaøKh ù iuka;mdidÈldfõ zzwF:Qmixysf;d;s

wÜGl:d ksiaisf;dZZ49 hehs ±la jQ ;efkys ikao¾Ys; zwÜGl:dZ kï fuu
13 - CM23766
158 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
;%smsgl mßndysr wÜGl:d l%ufõoh úh yels hehs is;sh yelsh' fuu woyi
ikd: lsÍu i|yd uq,ald,Skj zwF:Z hk moh miqj tla jkqfha fuu
l%ufõoh idys;Hhla f,i Wmud oDIagdka; wdÈfhka fmdaIKh ùfuka
miqj úh yelsh'
md,s NdIdfõ zwF:l:dZ hkqfjka fkdfh§ th zwÜGl:dZ hkqfjka

fmkS isáhs' zzwfF:d lÓh;s t;dhd;s wF:l:d idfhj wÜGl:d : ldriai
G ldrx lFjdZZ hk idrF:§mkS mdGfhka m%lg jk whqfrka : ldrhg G
ldrh ù md,sfha fuu èjkS mßKdóh iajrEmh isÿj we;'
fy<niska wÜGl:dj ye¢kaùu i|yd Ndú; jkqfha zwgqjdZ hk jpkh

hs' th OïumoÜGl:dfõ zzmrïmrdN;d ;iai ksmqKd wF:jKaKkdZZ hk
WoaOD; mdGh fy<niska jHdLHdk lsÍfï § Oïmshd wgqjd .egmofha
zzwF:jKaKkd wgqjdhs wfF:d jKaŒh;s wF:jKaKkdZZ hkqfjka olajd
;sîfuka meyeÈ,s fõ' zwÜGl:dZ hk mohdf.a uqLHd¾:h iQpkh lrkqfha
zwF:Z hk mofhks' tys zl:dZ hk moh fh§ we;af;a j¾Kkd lsÍï ixLHd;
úúO l%ukHdh weiqrelr.;a wx.h hk woyisks' tA nj uq,a wjia:dfõ
wgqjdj zwF:Z hk mofhka y÷kajd ;sîfuka o ;yjqre fõ' zwF:Z hk moh;a
zl:dZ hk moh;a ifudaÞk ù zwF:l:dZ hk moh ilia ù we;' md,s
idys ; Hfha wgq j dj ye¢ka ù u i|yd fh§ we;s wfkla moh jkq f ha
zwF:jKaKkdZ hkakhs' fuu mofhka wÜGl:d idys;Hh úfYaIfhka y÷kajd
fkdue;s w;r w¾:j¾Kkd Ys,amh y÷kajkakg we;ehs mQ¾fjdala; WoaOD;
weiqßka is;sh yels fõ'
iudf,dapkh
md,s wÜGl:dlrKfhys uQ, îc ;%smsgld.; iQ;% foaYkd wdY%fhka

fidhd .; yels neúka w¾:jHdLHdk l%ufõofhys b;sydih nqoaO ld,h
olajd u Èj hk nj fmfka' ;:d.;hka jykafia úiska yd O¾u úYaf,aIKfhys
iu¾: ießhq;a" lÉpdhk wd§ f;reka jykafia,d úiska isÿ lrk ,o fuu
O¾uúYa f ,a I K foa Y kdl% u h is õ jkla ms ß ig u O¾uh ms < s n | ;s n Q
úmß;djfndaOh fyda ÿrjfndaOh ÿre lr .ekSug w;sYfhdamldÍ jQ nj
meyeÈ,sh' nqÿka jykafiaf.kau wdrïN jQ fuu O¾u újrK l%ufõoh uq,a
ld,fha wÜGl:d hk kdufhka y÷kajd ke;s w;r tA i|yd Ndú; lr
we;af;a úNx." ksoafoi yd wF: hk mohkah' m<uqjrg wÜGl:d Yíoh
iïNdId 159
yuqjkafka wNsO¾umsglfha Oïuix.‚mamlrKfhys ±lafjk wÜGl:d

ldKavfhks' wÜGl:d Yíoh iQpkh l< úNx." ksoafoi yd wF: hk mo
w¾:ixj¾KkdlrKfhys l%ñl ixj¾Okh ms<sìUq lrñka iqNdú;j we;' tA
w;=frka úNx. hk Yíoh wÜGl:d hkak ye¢kaùu i|yd Ndú; mer‚;u
Yíohhs' úfYaIfhka ksoafoi jeks Yío b;d ÈhqKqjg m;a w¾:újrK
l%ufõohl ,laIK úoyd mdhs' tfiau wF: Yíoh wÜGl:d Yíoh ilia
lsÍfuys,d uQ,djia:dj ksfhdackh lrkafka hhs o lsj yelsh'
mdol igyka
1' Davids, Rhys and Stede, William (2004) Pali - English Dictionary, Chennai : Asian
Educational Services, p. 629.
2' ;F: mGu ix.S;shx ix.S;[j wix.S; [p innums ifudÞfkFjd WNhdks
md;sfudCLdks foj úNx.dks ojdùi;sCLJOldks fid<imßjdrd;s box úkh msglx
kdu - úkhÜGl:d 1 ^1929&" fya' uq' 10 msgqj'
3' The old commentary, which is realy analysis of words (pada -Bhajaniya). This
defines the Patimokkha rule words by word, giving for the most part, an
explanation in the form of a list of synonyms. - Norman K. R. (1998), A History of
Indian Literature Vol. III, op.cit.p. 18.
4' Word for word explanation - Hinuber, Oskar Von (1996). A Handbook of Pali
Literature, New York : Walter de Gruyter, p. 13.
5' mdrdðldmd<s ^2005&" nq' c' ;%s' .%' ud' 56 msgqj'
6' tu" 66 msgqj'
7' fuu iQ;%fha§ f,dauilx.sh f;reka fj; t<fUk pkaok kï ÈjH mq;%f;fï
Noafolr;a;h ms<sn| Woafoih yd úNx.h ms<sn| úuihs' tys§ Tyq nqÿka jykafia
úiska ;õ;sid foúhka i|yd foaYkd lrk ,o Noafolr;a;h ms<sn| Woafoaih yd
úNx.h w;=frka Woafoih muKla lshd w;=reoka fjhs' miqÈkfha f,dauilx.sh
f;reka jykafia nqÿka fj; t<U Noafolr;a;hdf.a úNx.h o ±k .;ay' zzOdfris
Fjx NsCLq" Nfoolr;;ii Wfooi[p úNX.[pd;s @ZZ uÊCêuksldh III ^2006&"
nq' c' ;%s' .%' ud' 424 msgqj'
8' w;S;x kdkjd.fuhH - kmmálfXL wkd.;x
ho;S;x mySkx ;x - wmm;;[p wkd.;x
mppqmmkk[p fhd Ouux - ;F: ;F: úmii;s
wixySrx wixl=mmx - ;x úojdukqn%Eyfh
wfccj lsppx wd;mmx - fld c[Ø urKx iqfj
kys fkd ix.rfk;k - uydfifkk uppqkd
tjx úydßx wd;dmsx - wfydr;;u;JÈ;x
;x fj Nfoolrf;;d;s - ifk;d wdÑCLf; uqkS;s - tu" 424 msgqj'
160 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
9' l:[p NsCLq" mppqmmfk;iq Ofuuiq ixySr;s ( bO NsCLq" wiiq;jd mq:ccfkd

wßhdkx woiidú wßhOuuii wfldúfÞ wßOfuu wúksf;d immqßidkx woiidú
immqßi Ouuii wfldúfÞ immqßiOfuu wúkSf;d rEmx w;;fkd iukqmii;s"
rEmjk;x jd w;;dkx" w;;ks jd rEmx" rEmiñx jd w;;dkx ''''''''' tjx fLd NsCLQ
mppqmmfkkiq Ofuuiq ixySr;s' - tu" 428 msgqj'
10' t;o..x NsCLfj uu idjldkx NsCLQkx iXÅf;;k Ndis;ii úF:dfrk wF:x
úNck;dkx hÈox uydlppdhfkd;s - wx.=;a;rksldh I ^2006&" nq' c' ;%s' .%' ud' 46
msgqj'
11' idßmqf;;d NsCLfj" mfyd;s p;;dß wßhippdks úF:dfrk wdÑCÅ;=x fofi;=x
m[Øfm;=x mgGfm;=x újß;=x úNð;=x W;;dksld;=k;s - uÊCêuksldh III ^2006&"
nq' c' ;%s' .%' ud' 512 msgqj'
12' l;udjdpqfid crd ( hd f;ix f;ix i;;dkx ;uys ;uys i;;ksldfh crd
ÔrK;d LKäÉpx Md,sppx j,s;;j;d wdhqfkd ixydks bJøshdkx mßmdfld whqx
jqpp;djqfid crd - tu" 514 msgqj'
13' ksoafoiw ^1921&" fya' uq' 2 msgqj'
14' w:jd mßmqKKmox wCLrñ;s .fy;LLx" igÀjii iyiidkS ;s tjudÈiq úh' tF:
ildr kldr fidldrd§ks wCLrñ;s" tlCLrx jd mox wCLrñ;s tfl - tu 2 msgqj'
15' wfF:d wCLri[Øf;d - fhd fldÑ f,dlshf,dl=;;rdÈfNfÞ jpkfF:d" fid
ifnnd wCLfrfyj i[Øhf;" isÓ,Oks;dÈ wCLrúm;;sh[ys wF:ii ÿkkh;d
fyd;s' ;iud wCLr fldi,,x nyQmldrx nqoaOjpfkiq - m[aØfialr kdysñ"
l¨fld|hdfõ ^1964&" îxia'& uydrEmisoaêh" fld<U" .=Kfiak uqøKd,h" 9 msgqj'
16' hdhx ;Kyd fmdfKd Núld ;s tjudÈiq úN;Hk;x wF:fccd;luCLrmsKvxmox -
ksoafoiw ^1921&" fya' uq' 2 msgqj'
17' tF: mÞksms wCLrikksmd;rem;;d wCLfrfij p iX.hyk;s - tu 2 msgqj'
18' mfok wúcys;x nH[ckx mox ys jH;;x mdlgx lfrd;S ;s nH[ckx" jdlHfuj'
p;;dfrd boêmdÞ;s ixfLfmk lÓ;uF:x l;fu p;;dfrd @ bO Ns C Lq
PJOiudêmOdkixLdriukkd.;x b oêmdox Nfj;s" úßh Ñ ;;
ùuxidiudêmOdkixLdriukkd.;x boêmdox Ndfj;S ;s wdÈiq mdlglrKNdfjk
nH[ackx kdu" tu 2 msgqj'
19' nH[ck úNd.mldfid wdldfrd" ;F: l;fud PfJÞ fhd cfJÞ PJ§hkd
l;;=luu;d ;s tjudÈiq lÓ;nH[ckx fkl úfOk úNd.lrKx wdlfrd kdu"
tu 2 msgqj'
20' wdldrdNsys;x ksnnjkx ksre;;s" tu 2 msgqj'
21' wdldrdNsys;ii ksnnjkx ksre;;s" Mfiid fjokd;s tjudÈiq wdldfrk lÓ;x
Mqi;S;s Mfiid" fjÈh;S ;s fjokd;s kSyßFjd jpkx ksre;;s kdu" tu 2 msgqj'
22' ksnnjkx" úF:dfrd ksfooif;d mfoif;d;s ksfoofid" fjÈh;S;s fjokd;s
ksnnjkioomox iqLd ÿCLd wÿCLuiqLd" iqLh;S;s iqLd" ÿCLh;S;s ÿCLd" fkj ÿCLh;s
iïNdId 161
k iqLh;S;s wÿCLuiqLd;s wF:ú;;drii ksrjfifik lÓ;;;d ksfoofid kdu -

ksoafoiw ^1921&" fya' uq' 2-3 msgq'
23' iks III ^2006&" nq' c' ;%s' .%' ud' 128 msgqj'
Ouux iqK k;dkx Ouu foifkk Ñ;;ii wfklúfOk fidukii Wmmdok[p
m[[;;s kdu" f;ix iqKk;dkx ;x Ñ;;f;difkk ;x Ñ;;ksidufkkp
m[Ømsh;S;s m[[;;s - ksoafoiw ^1921&" fya' uq' 3 msgqj'
24' Piq wF:mdfGiq ifXLmf;d ldikd §mkd ixldikd" u[[udfkd fLd NsCLq
nfoOd udrii wu[[udfkd uqf;;d mdmsuf;d ;s tjudÈiq ifXLfmk wF:§mkx
ixldikd kdu" tu 3 msgqj'
25' Wmß j;;nnuF:x wdÈf;d ldikd §mkd mldikd" innx NsCLfj wdÈ;;k;s
tjudÈiq mpPd lÓ;nnuF:x mGujpfkk §mkd mldikd kdu" tjx mGux §ms;x
wF:x mqk mdlgx lFjd §mfkk ls[p NsCLfj innx wdÈ;;x @ pCLqx NsCLfj
wdÈ;;x rEmd wdÈ;;d;s tjudÈiq lÓf;iq ;sCÅJøsfhd ifXLfmk jq;;x máúcCO;S;s
l;s;;;d foj wF:mÞks ;sCÅJøshii Wmldrjfik jq;;d;s - tu" 3 msgqj'
26' iXÅ;;ii úF:drdìOdkx ilsx jq;;ii p mqkms wNsOdkx újrKx" l=i,d Ouud;s
ifXLfmk ksCÅ;;ii l;fu Ouud l=i,d hiañx iufh ldudjprx l=i,x
Ñ;;x Wmmkkx fyd;S ;s ksfooijfik úF:drx úF:drjfik mqk l:kx újrKx
kdu" tu 3 msgqj'
27' ;x úNdlrKx úNckx kdu" ;iañx iufh;s újßf; l=if, Ofuu - ;iañx
iufh Mfiid fyd;s fjokd fyd;S;s úNd.lrKx úNckx kdu" ksoafoiw ^1921&"
fya' uq' 3 msgqj'
28' újgii úF:drdNsOdfkk jjFÓ;ii p WmudNsOdfkk iumámdokx W;;dkSlrKx"
újrfKk újß;F:ii l;fud ;iñx iufh Mfiid fyd;s fhd ;iñx iufh
Mfiid Mqikd iuMqikd ;s w;sújßFjd l:kx úNcfkk úN;;ii fihH:dms
NsCLfj .dù ksÉpuyd tjfujLjdyx NsCLfj Miidydfrd ogGfnnd;s jÞó;s tjudÈ
Wmudl:l[p W;;dkSlrKx kdu' - tu 3 msgqj'
29' Ouux iqKk;dkx Ouu foifkk Ñ;;ii wfklúfOk fidukii Wmmdok[p
m[[;;s kdu' f;ix iqKk;dkx ;x Ñ;;f;difkk ;x Ñ;;ksidufkkj
m[Ømsh;S;s m[[;;s - tu" 3 msgqj'
30' Rhys and Stede, William (2004) print. Pali - English Dictionary. op. cit. p. 358.
31' fla' wd¾' fkdauka olajk wdldrhg ksof a oimd<sh ;%m
s g
s lhg wh;a mer‚ wgqjdjls'
The Maha - Niddesa is a commentary upon the Atthakathavagga of the Sutta
Nipata, ........... The fact that these two commentaries are considered to be
canonical shows that they must be very old, for the Teravada tradition. - Norman
K. R. (1998), A History of Indian Literature Vol. III. op. cit. p. 84.
Tiald¾ fjdka yskHqn¾ mjikqfha ksoafoaih iq;a;úNx.h yereKq fldg md,s
;%smsglhg we;=<;a jQ tlu wÜGl:dj njhs' "This is the only commentary besides
162 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
the Suttavibhanga that has been included in to the canon - Hinuber, Oskar Von
(1996). A Handbook of Pali Literature. op. cit. p. 59.
32' pkaor;k ysñ" ,nqfyakaf.dv ^2006&" md<s wÜGl:d idys;Hh" tu' 35 msgqj'
33' iq;a;ksmd;h ^2006&" nq' c' ;%s' .%' ud' 242 msgqj'
34' uydksoafoimd<s ^2006&" nq' c' ;%s' .%' ud 1 msgqj'
35' mYapd;a;k wÜGl:djka ;rï mßK; ,CIK ksoafoaifha olakg fkd,efí'
jHdlrK újrK" wu;r l:d mqj;a wdÈh tys fkdue;' tys w¾:l:k rgdj o
md,s wÜGl:d ffY,sfhka ;rula fjkiah' fuhska meyeÈ,s jkqfha th uq,a hq.fha§
wgqjdjla f,i mej;=ko miqld,Skj ;%smsglhg wh;a lD;shla jYfhka i,lk
,o njhs' "As in the commentaries written in and after the 5th century A. D. a
grammatical terminology is not found in the Niddesa. While the commentaries
are full of anacedotes and didactic stories, the niddesa hardly represant them. As
a commentary, it is obvious that the Niddesa is not as mature as the later
commentaries. Its way of commenting is somewhat different from that of the
other commentaries. Hence in the course of time, it was considered as a canonical
text - Abenayake, Oliver (1984). A textual and Historical Analysis of
Khuddakanikaya, op.cit. p. 158.
36' It is a sort of word - for - word comment or gross on the atthakavagga of the Sutta
Nipata. - Law B. C. (1933). History of Pali Literature II. op. cit. p. 282 -283.
37' .uf.a" wreK fla' ^2010&" f:rjd§ m¾fhaIK l%uúoHdj" mqjlamsáh" md,s yd
fn!oaO wOHhk wdh;kh" ud.ë" 13 msgqj'
38' uydksoafoimd<s ^2006&" nq' c' ;%s' .%' ud' 476$556 msgq'
39' mßjdr II ^2006&" nq' c' ;%s' .%' ud' 238 msgqj'
40' úw IV ^1948&" fya' uq' 1022 msgqj'
41' mdÑ;a;sh I ^2005&" nq' c' ;%s' .%' ud' 52 msgqj'
42' úw II ^1945&" fya' uq' 541 msgqj'
43' The commentators a historically try to trace this terminology back to the Tripitaka
: atthanca dhammanca, ............ is explained as atthakathanca palinca ........ - Hinuber,
Oskar Von (1996). A Handbook of Pali Literature. op. cit. p. 100.
44' it (attha) refers to the (primary, natural) meaning of the word, while Dhamma
relates to the (interpreted) meaning of the text, to its bearing on the norm and
conduct ; or one might say they represent the theoretical and practical side of
the text (pali) to be discussed, the letter and the sprit. - Rhys and Stede, William
(2004), Pali - English Dictionary. op. cit. p. 23.
45' wks I ^2006& nq' c' ;%s' .%' ud' 266 msgqj'
46' tu" 309 msgqj'
47' tu" 324 -325 msgq'
48' wks' I ^2006&" nq' c' ;%s' .%' ud" 629 msgqj'
49' úw II ^1945&" fya' uq' 541 msgqj'
iïNdId 163
III fldgi
ixialD; yd w,xldr
164 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
iïNdId 165
A CRITICAL
. - STUDY ON THE FUNCTIONALISM OF
-
ALANKARAS'ASTRA (SCIENCE OF FIGURATIVE SPEECH)
Ven. Mahawela Rathanapala
Lecturer, Sri Lanka International Buddhist Academy, Pallekele
Introduction
. - -
ka ras' a stra’ or the science of figurative
‘A lan
speech came into existence with the purpose of
fulfilling certain inadequacies contained in poetry. The
poetry which generally defines as a combination or
unity of sense and sound1 is accepted as extraordinary
turn of expression. But assigning equal value or
importance to both sense and sound alone was not
enough to distinguish poetry form ordinary expression. On the other hand
"poetry does not represent a use of language at all, a service of language to an
extrinsic end. According to the view of Early Indian poetsians, poetry can be
taken as the exploitation of language for its own sake and poetics as the
investigation of language as it escapes the immediate limitations of utility and
achieves a condition of self illumination which we might call beauty".2 So
.
Alanka-ra (figure of speech) which can impact particular beauty to poetry
was considered as an essential element for poetic expression. This made the
.
path to develop Alanka-ra, from poetic element to science of literal dimension.
166 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
.
Through the application of Alanka-ra poets may have tried to scrutinize
poetic expression which impresses and leaves memorable expression onto
literary readers. But on the other hand ordinary language is too limited to
convey all wishes and ideas arise in human mind. So while conveying wishes
and ideas in a charming and sweet manner, it was necessary to follow a
special method to distinct poetic expression from ordinary expression. This
particular trend can be recognized as the functionalism or significance of
.
Alanka-ras' a-stra.
.
Definition of Alanka-ra
.
Etymologically the term Alanka-ra can be separated into two parts as
alam. + Ka-ra preposition ‘Alam.’ is used in the sense of "sufficient, enough for,
adequate to"3. As illustrated by famous lexicographer Amarasimha, the word
‘Alam. ’ has three different shades of meanings as,
(a) Bhu-s.an.a i. e. to adorn in this sense it is always associated as a

nominal suffix with the kr..
(b) Va-ran.a i. e. to forbid used as an adverb with instrumental case
and
(c) Parya-pta i. e. to be sufficient"4
.
‘Alanka-ra’ is a participle alam + kr. + n.a (Alarm karofiti Alanka-ram –
that which give beauty or charm or make adorning) here "Alam." is a preposition,
kr. is verbal root and ‘n.a’ is present participle suffix, which originally means
creating suitable or creating sufficient or making adorn something, ornamenting
something or beautifying something. Obviously etymology of the term runs
into the R. gvedic era.
.
In scrutinizing the scholastic definitions of Alanka-ra, it is very obvious
-
that, all those are spread in a wide area, Dan.d.i says in his Ka-vya-dars'a,
"Characteristics that decorate poetry or land charm to poems are called
.
Alanka-ra"5.
iïNdId 167
. .
Alanka-ra is defined in the Ka-vya-nka-ra as, "the science of that particular
element which adorns the poetry in some way or the other (by speech or
word). Speech clearness in word and clearness in meaning have been identified
. .
as Alanka-ra.6 Which means Alanka-ra consists something over and above
the fundamental sticking of expression.
.
Two fundamental sense of the term Alanka-ra have been pointed out by
.
Va-mana in his Ka-vya-lanka-ra su-travr.tti.
.
1. "Alanka-ra means a thing of beauty"7
2. "Beauty or charm of poetry as a-"8
As has been remarked by Va-mana. "poetry is one of the fine art which
has the expression of beauty as their goal"9. He further supports that embellished
. .
(Alanka-rya) as embellishment (Alanka-ra).
In the Sa-hityadarpan.a, the term has been defined by Vis'vana-tha with

certain modifications as, "those non permanent attributes of a word and its
sense that add to their beauty and aid the flavor like bracelets and the life that
adorn the human form". 10 In reference with the commentary of the
Sa-hityadarpan.a, "as a bracelet and the like by prompting the beauty of the
person advantage the man so alliteration simile and other figure which by
adding to the beauty of word and sense serve to aid the flavor or the like are
termed ornament."11
However evidently it can be concluded that in its fundament sense

.
Alanka-ra as means of producing beauty which solely deals with sense and
expression of poetic body.
.
The functionalism of Alan.ka-rasa-stra
. . -
The adherents of the Alanka-ra School were poetry has body (ka-vyasari ra)
which required to be adorned. This body on the one hand and the set of poetic
figures on the other, were two main separate entities of poetry. The body
consisted of a group of words which was not devoid of an agreeable idea.
168 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
Hence the body constituted of two basic elements, sound and sense should be
.
adorned in the form of poetic figures. So through the application of Alanka-ra
or figure of speech it has tired to achieve the particular purpose in a more
efficient way.
As pointed out by Bharatamuni, Bhu-s.an.a or ornamenting is the purpose

.
of Alanka-ra.12 In accordance with his description of poetic characteristics,
mentioned in the seventeenth chapter of the Na-ryas-a-stra, all of those 36
characters can be recognized as Ka-vya vibu-s.an.a (adornments to Ka-vya).
First character of his Laks.an.a paddhati is Bhu-s.an.a (ornetaness) which
means characterized by the specialty of having profuse adornments of Gun.as
.
and Alanka-ra."13
.
Bhamaha says in his Ka-vya-lanka-ra "poetry must be embellished by
.
figure of speech". This indicates that, Alanka-ra are used for the purpose of
embellishing poetry as its fundamental objective. As it is mentioned, sound
and sense are together constituted as Ka-vya which also can be recognized as
its body. "This body of poetry (sense and sound) never shines without proper
adornment in the form of poetic figures and hence they are essential. Just as
the face of damsel though beautiful, lacks luster if unadorned, so is poetry".14
On this connection Prof. H. Wijewardhana remarks that, Objective of
.
Alanka-ras literature can be clarified much through its categorization. Sense
(artha) and sound (sabda) are recognized as two main entities of poetry just
.
as Alanka-ras are also divided into two. Some went to adorn the sound aspect
.
and were called S'abda-lanka-ra (verbal figures) – E. g. Yamaka, Anupra-sa
and such. Their function was to make, the sound aspect of the composition
.
agreeable to the ear. The other kind of Alanka-ras was that which adorned
.
the sense aspect and was called Artha-lanka-ra-s (ideational figures) E. g.
Upama-, Ru-paka and so on, the function of which was to produce the appealing
turn of speech"15.
However verbal figures such as Yamaka, Anupra-sa etc. primarily deal

.
with rhythm and metre. Alanka-ra School has paid much more attention on
the ideational part of the poetic composition rather than sound aspect.
iïNdId 169
.
Employment of Alanka-ra is regarded as the characteristic feature of
poetry the factor that converts prosaic speech into poetic speech, and the
criterion for judging its worth. While ordinary speech is straight and lacks
ornamentation, poetry is marked by a turn of expression. The emphasis was
always on the poetic figure and received the most attention. So that figure of
.
speech of Alanka-ra has so much of gist of bestowing striking and attention to
.
poetry. Thus in its every aspect Alanka-ra can be considered as an element
.
which is used to enhance the appeal of poetry. In the Subodha-lanka-ra also it
. -
has been pointed out that with the account of Alankara poetry becomes very
stylish and interesting.16
- .
In the Ka-vya-daras'a, Dandi has very clearly pointed out that, Alanka-
ras are the elements which give necessary charm to poetry.17 Here he has
extended the scope of the subject field with a different approach. As he has
.
illustrated, anything that lends beauty to poetry can be recognized as Alanka-
ra whether it is simile, metaphor, poetric qualities, Rhythm, Dhvani, or whatever
thing. In order to this interpolation all 36 laks.an.a-s mentioned by Bharata can
.
be acquainted as Alanka-ra.
.
At the hand of Va-mana, Alanka-ra gained great proportion, it expanded
to deep scope of significance. He realized beauty as the flashing diverse hues
.
of this element.18 I was further denoted in his Ka-vya-lanka-rasu-travr.tti that,
.
embellishing is the embellishment.19 Which means that basic function of Alanka-
ra is ornamenting poetry. Gun.a pertaining both sound and sense add beauty
to the poetry20. The ornaments on the other hand are such characters as
serve to enhance the charm which has already been produced by the qualities.21
.
He has designated that charming elegance or the beauty of poetry as Alanka-
. -
ra or Alankarya as beauty itself.22 To achieve this beauty, it should come
through not only verbal and ideal figures but also absence of all flaws,
incorporation of all excellences.23 In terms with his treatment, without Gun.a,
.
Alanka-ras cannot produce the beauty of poetry, which the Gun.a can do that
.
without Alanka-ra. It elaborates that, the Gun.a being dharma of the collection
.
of word and sense as a whole and Alanka-ra of S' abda and Artha."So the
view was also proposed that the Gun.a was Sobha-tis'ayahetu and Nitya while
.
the Alanka-ra was useful for extra beauty, Sobha-tis' ayahetu or anitya".
170 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
.
However both Gun.a and Alanka-ra impart beauty to poetic expression. For
instance quality full poetry is just like a beautiful damsel. Here beauty has
.
added by her qualifities. Figures of speech (Alanka-ra) just like jewelleries or
ornaments which she wears jewelleris have been used in the purpose on
enhancing the natural beauty just as figure of speech.24 Thus whatever remaining
in a functionary place aids to embellish and add to the main theme’s beauty
.
can acquaint as Alanka-ra.
.
Subodha-lanka- ra the only Pa-li rhetoric text also describes that ;
characteristic of ornament is that enhancintg the charm which already has
produced by qualities.25
.
In the Dhvanya-loka, Alanka-ra is defined in a broad context and says
objectivity of the employment of figure of speech is not only adding charm to
poetry, but also hoping the chief purport of sentiments and so forth".26 It further
says that, "the sole consideration it is only a means to the delineation of
sentiment and that is never an end in itself, the necessity of employing it at the
right time and of abandoning it at the right time, the absence of over enthusiasm
on the poet’s part in pressing it too far and finally, his keen watchfulness in
making sure that it remains a secondary element only, these are the various
means by which figures like metaphor become accessories (of suggested
.
sentiment)".27 it has given the caution that, if the Alanka-ra an adornment
. - -
here Rasa is adorned by Alankara. "Anandavardhana gives the perceptive
clarification that even as the ordinary ornaments, the jewels, putting, them on
or laying them down, suggest to us the mental state of the person. So also
does figure suggest the Bha-va (poetic emotion and mood)".28 Thus whatever
remaining in a functionary place, aids to embellish and add to the main theme’s
.
beauty can be considered as the Alanka-ra. Thus Rasa also can employ as a
decorative devise.
.
Suggested Figure also is accepted as an important functionalism of Alanka-
-
ra. As Anandavardhana remarks. "When figures are suggested only by the
idea itself, then they are invariably participants of suggestions, for the very
procedure of poetry is dependent upon it"29. "If other figures are suggested,
they will become participants of suggestions in case the principle importance
iïNdId 171
.
of the suggested is discernible in respect or extraordinary charm".30 So Alanka-
- .
ra are only the S'ari ra or the outer body of poetry. But when Alanka-ra are
. -
not expressed only suggested in such occasions Alankaras can be made the
soul of poetry. Abhinavagupta extends its scope further, "as a matter of fact,
.
Alanka-ra are external ornaments on the body but can sometimes be like the
.
Kunkuma smeared for beauty on the body, when they are organic and
.
structural. Far, far away is the hope to make this Alanka-ra the very soul. "For
instance, just as in the mere play of children, there is some temporary greatness
.
for the child who plays the role of the king, so also when this Alanka-ra is
suggested it attains great beauty and partakes of the nature of the soul".
In the tenth chapter the Sa-hityadarpan.a the objectivity of the application

.
of Alanka-ra is described by Vis'vana-tha Kavira-ja with its all aspects as,
· Adding beauty
· Aiding to flavor or sentiment31
.
So that the fundamental function of Alanka-ra is adding or giving
necessary charm to poetry which helps to increase its excellence or which
needs to transform ordinary speech into literal speech. In scrutinizing how
figure of speech beautify poetry or differentiate literal or poetic speech from
ordinary speech, obviously it performs as a decorative devise which can be
exemplified as follows :
Ordinary speech = Your face is beautiful.

Poetic speech = Your face is like the moon.
· Your moon face

· The moon is like your face
· Is this moon or your face
· Having seen moon I remembered your face.
· Your face is the second
· The moon reigns in haven and your face reigns on the earth.
· The moon is pale before your face.
172 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
Here poet wants to praise the beauty of face, "Your face is beautiful"
which is the basic massage he wants to convey. But here with the usage of
simile, meaning and excellence of object has increased. On the one hand it is
very easy to comprehend the massage which poet tries to convey. At the
same time figure of speech has an ability to convey a fresh idea to reader
about an object which we have already known in a form of unknown. However
.
it appears from their treatment that term Alanka-ra suggests extraordinary
.
turn bestowed to ordinary expression. As well as it implies that how Alanka-ra
literature tries so systematize art of poetry by a method of positive science.
- -
In the Citrami ma-m.sa, Appayadi ks.ita it is explained as thus, imparting
beauty as the significant function of Alankara.32 In the Vakrobktijvita, Kuntaka
.
remarks, Alanka-ra-s (figure of speech) are used to delineate transcendental
beauty and charm to poetry.33 To indicate this beauty or the necessary charm
to poetry incourse of time they have used so many different indications such as
Vicitti, Ca-ru, Camatka-ra, Saundarya, Hr.dayatva etc. In the Dhvanya-loka,
-
Anandavardhana uses the term charu to indicate the special charm of poetry.
.
Alanka-rohi carutvahetu prasiddah.34 the quotation causes to assume that,
. -
Alankara itself is not the beauty, beauty is the primary factor claims that as
.
Alanka-ra. While commenting on the Dhvanya-loka Abhinavagupta says, the
special charm or peculiar to each composition, which rests ultimately on the
.
conception of the poet makes up Alanka-ra and gives it its distinguishing
-
characteristic. Kuntaka also expresses that, in his Vakkroktiji vita "a mode of
expression becomes a poetic figure it the fertile imagination of a poet lends a
peculiar charm to it". But a mere figurative expression does not cause beauty
in poetry. Figure of speech must possess two essential characteristics. Firstly
it must possess charm or striking and secondly the charm must be arisen
through the genius of the poet".35
In the Ka-vyapraka-s'a vartika- which is the commentary of Ka-vyapraka-s'a,

. .
it has been denoted that, "Vaicitryam. Alanka-rah" Alanka-ra is striking itself.36
In terms with forgoing discussions, a special charm which is diversified as
Vicitti, Vicitrya, Camatka-ra. Saundarya, Hr.dayatva, Ca-ru etc is necessary
to constitute a poetic figure.
iïNdId 173
On account of Bha-maha’s opinion roundabout turn of expression

(vakrokti) which is opposed to the ordinary speech is the basement of all
.
Alanka-ras. That is the major fact of making difference between poetic speech
and ordinary speech. Without deviant expression (vakrokti) no figure can be
existed. Therefore as has been emphasized by Bhamaha, poets should always
strive to achieve Vakrokti in their composition.37
· Vaidagdha = poetic institution

· Bhangi = charm or the beauty of meaning
· Bhaniti = word
Definition of the Vakrokti also delineates that charm or beauty of poetry

and power of poetic institution and the real poeticism severely based on the
Vakrokti or roundabout expression. "In the opinion of Bha-maha, all poetic
speech is marked by a roundabout turn of expression (Vakrokti) as opposed
to the ordinary speech which is straight forward expression"38 By mere verbal
expression beauty in speech is not achieved and that type of expression is
called Vakrokti is the factor that adorns speech.39 Hence Vakrokti marks the
differences between ordinary speech and poetic speech and what converts
former into latter.
So that ordinary speech or reported speech expresses directly what we

have to say. But through the Vakrokti the same idea conveys in a different
manner. For instance :
· Ordinary speech – your face is beautiful

· Poetic speech – your face is like the full moon
Here the beauty of the face has presented in a different manner. Sentence
conveys the nature of object in its every aspect. It emphasizes the softness,
beauty, attraction and fairness etc. all of these qualities have embodied through
the similes. Beauty of face has conveyed in a different manner that claims
very much appeal to expression. On the other hand, all poetic expressions
involve some kinds of expressional deviations proper to poetry which constitutes
its charm. Examining the whole field of poetic expression, Bha-maha finds the
14 - CM23766
174 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
.
Alanka-ra or poetic figure omnipresent as a means of realizing the deviation
.
and vakrokti becomes the essential principle of an Alanka-ra and necessarily
-
of poetry itself".40 Anandavardhana also has pointed out that "figure would be
found appealing only if the poet, through his imagination, establishes Atis.ayokti
in it. Otherwise it is mere extraneous ornament serving no purpose. Atis.ayokti
is hence regarded as the life running through the bulk of poetic figures."41
C. F. Bain states that "A figure of speech is a deviation from the plain and
ordinary more of speaking, for the sake of greater effect. That be the reason
.
Kuntaka included all the Alanka-ra, Ma-rga, Gun.a and Rasa into Vakrata-.
This can be considered as the reason of identifying meaning as the soul

of poetry by all poetic critics. Meaning has threefold nature through their
being, expressed, indicated or suggested.
Expressed sense (Va-cya-rtha)
Va-cya-rtha should gain through the denotation which means it represents

something or the actual object or idea to which the word refers.42 This
denotation conveys senses that are of a general nature, for denotation is a
semantic power which depends on convention and convention is tied to the
general"43. With this denotation or representation expressed sense can be
palpably comprehended and always expression is made to be directed.
Indicated sense (Laks.ya-rtha)

.
In Laks.ya-rtha sense has to be related to the denoted sense. It is
.
suggestive also of whenever there is purpose behind"44 By the operation of
Laks.an.a- or indication there arises indicated sense.
.
Suggested sense (Vyanga-rtha)
Suggested sense means an idea or feeling suggested by particular word

in addition to its main meaning.45
iïNdId 175
Vyanga-rtha or the suggested sense is not easy to produce. Thus some

critics consider this as the life of poetry. The title of great poet is used only for
a poet who has the inspiration needed to produce poetry which is enlivened
-
with suggested meaning. In terms with explanation of Anandavardhana
suggested sense should be achieved through the literal or expressed sense.46
He further describes that, just as the purport of a sentence is grasped only
through the sense of individual words, the knowledge of the sense is got at
only through the medium of expressed sense".47 Just like, "the reference is to
seeing such things as the lotus like face of one’s beloved, and for that the
flame of the lamp is a means".48 So in suggested sense, there can be more
than one such sense in the same composition depending on the context and
the ability of the reader.
.
Suggested sense is not different from Alan kara because the
.
functionalism of Alanka-ra has mainly connected with production of the
suggested sense. Abhinava also remarks three kinds of suggestions or Dhvani,
as
1. Vastu Dhvani
.
2. Alanka-ra Dhvani
3. Rasa Dhvani
.
This delineates that Alanka-ra also can be considered as a part of Dhvani
which means suggesting something beyond the ordinary sense. Here
.
Alanka-ra itself has become Dhvani. So to be Ka-vya or poetry Suggested
.
sense or the Vyanga-rtha should be embodied in a composition along poetic
qualities and figure of speech. This should be comprehended through the
complete indication of latter.
 Hamlet on the Gangues – Va-cyartha

 There is a hamlet on the shores of the river Ganges – Laks.ya-
rtha
 There is beautiful, marvelous, charming hamlet situated on the
.
bank of Gangues – Vyanga-rtha
176 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
With the suggestive sense, the meaning of the particular composition

differs from the grammatical meaning and the scholarly interpretations. This
meaning is understood only by minds that are capable of establishing harmony
and a concord. This may be mood generated in us, may be beyond the capacity
of words to convey, but then there is no doubt that there is something that is
felt keenly as captivating, enhancing, expanding".49
On this contrary Mr. S. S.Janaki remarks that "A correct appreciation of

.
the position of early theorists in regard to Alanka-ra is necessary to understand
their idea of S'abda and Artha which form the starting point for all semantic
investigation. Their outspoken emphasis on Vakrokti, or depature from every
.
day use of language, as the underlying principle of all Alanka-ra points to their
realization of the fact that poetic language is fundamentally distinct from
everyday speech (va-rtha-) on the one hand the language of science on the
.
other, they happened to give this distinct feature the name of Alanka-ra whose
field was theoretically as wide as to embrace all shades of felt beauty in
poetry. Naturally, all the possible meanings in daily discourse and scientific
writing, (viz) the informative or literal, the secondary or metaphorical and the
affective or emotive, were not only included, but imaginatively colored so as
.
to become aesthetics, in their illustrations of Artha-lanka-ra"50 Not only
roundabout speech (vakrokti) Svabha-vokti (sensitive expression) also can
be considered as an figurative devise in terms with one of the fundamental
. .
objective of Alanka-ra. "Svabha-vokti can be termed as Alanka-ra only by
.
way of exception ; and emotional states (cittavr.tti) become Alanka-ra only
when they are rasa, i. e. when they have undergone imaginative
transfiguration".51
In this way poetry requires not only fact and feeling but a beautiful form
also. It should be primarily attractive too. Actually poetry is not an argument
to be somehow read and understood. Ba-n.a says that it has to leap to our heart
on even the mere hearing of it. So their idea and expression should be beautiful.
.
But the application of Alanka-ra should be proper or ideal with poetic
-
object (kavya vastu) otherwise application will be complicated to connoisseur.
iïNdId 177
-
In the Ka-vya-dars' a, Dan.d.i has emphasized that, proper application of figures
help to increase literal sentiments and delectableness but if not it causes to
deteriorate the relish and delectableness.52 The principle of the proper
application of figure of speech has been emphasized very much through the
theory of Aucitya in Aucitya Vica-racarca- of Ks.emendra.53 Just as a pearl
garland can beautify only a full bosom and otherwise cannot be a beautifying
factor. The figure thus is the concretization of relish. Separate endeavor or
effort is not required to realize that, effortlessly feeling moves towards its
expression. "Perusal of figures may give an impression that they are somewhat
artificial elaborations and intellectual exercises requiring some effort in turning
them out precisely. But they are not so difficult of effecting for a master poet.
With him as emotion increases, expression swells and figures foam forth.
Only then the figurative expression becomes significant".54 Here caution is
.
given that, when Alanka-ra is used with this appropriateness it always enriches
the idea of the poet and adds charm to the diction. If "the vastu (object) which
.
is to be decorated should be equally striking as the Alanka-ra, otherwise the
composition will be like a ghost without having a soul though decorated with
.
Alanka-ra, and such a poetry will not please the critics"55. With this objective
correlativeness figure can effortlessly get accession into feeling. So figure we
use should serve the feeling and become the means of its realization. The
application of the verbal or ideational figure depends on the competence and
-
intuition of poets. Anandavardhana insists that the poet should be intuitively
aware of the principle of the assimilation and avoidance of figures according
to the context of the feeling (ka-leca grahan.athya-gu).56 He also points out
that "ornaments make sense when there is something of which it is the ornament
.
(Alan ka- raya). 57 Otherwise, it is just like decorating a dead body.
Abhinavagupta also adds up what is embellished is the feeling and therefore
poetic figures are functionally justified only when they help in the evocation of
-
feeling. Thus Anandavardhana has laid down some principles in the Dhavanya-
loka.
1. The figure should suggest the feeling (rasa),

2. It should be born along with the poet’s revelation and delineation of
the feelings (rasa),
178 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
3. It should be naturally and easily introducible

4. The poet should not have to pause to make a special effort to effect
it.58
The figure which can be a promoter of sentiment usually bodies itself

forth in all it is completeness without any extra effort on the part of the poet.
Hence if one was to find that the figure indicates and extra effort of the poet
in its employment, rather than his concentration in the sole delineation of
sentiment though this latter alone is his avowed object can conclude that, it
cannot serve as a promoter of sentiment.59
.
As a concept Alanka-ra is based on four essential elements like thought,
language, expressiveness and the connection between sound and sense. It
can be designated as a criterion for distinguishing poetic speech form mere
.
expression. So the purpose of Alanka-ra is inevitable like the purpose of poetry
which in whatever way eventually carries to the emotional motivation.
As has been remarked by Prof. Hemapala Wijewardana, "In poetry, the

ideas that seek expression are not capable of being expressed by day to day
idiom. Poetry moves in a realm of concentrated emotive responses and involves
experience of a transcendental nature. Hence, it demands an idiom more
forceful in expressive ability than the speech of common parlance of scientific
discussion. The incorporation of poetic figure is a technique whereby the poetic
idiom enhances its force of expression – a form of stylization intended to meet
the special demands made on it. An emotion or an experience incapable of
being conveyed by ordinary speech is effectively conveyed by figurative
speech"60.
.
Therefore even Alanka-ra are considered as an external element, it is
.
indispensible to poetry. According to Kuntaka, "Alanka-ra are not separate
. - . -
from Alankaraya. Alankara essentially exist in poetic S'abda and Artha and
are not added externally to the poetic composition. They are distinguished and
discussed to reveal and explain their nature"61. He stresses that, "there will be
. .
no beauty in poetry without the striking of Alanka-ra. Alanka-ra are meant to
enhance the beauty of poetry (lokottaracamatka-ra and vaicitra)62
iïNdId 179
This elaboration emphasizes the underlying principle of the application

.
of the Alanka-ra which fundamentally distinguishes poetic language from
everyday speech and on the other hand, it shades beauty on all over the poetry
with suitable engagement. As well as has already been pointed out functionally
.
Alanka-ra adorn sound and sense also subordinate to Rasa or aid to realization
of Rasa.
S. K. De has pointed out, Poetry as a more or less mechanical series of

verbal devises in which a definite sense must prevail and which must be
diversified by means of prescribed tricks of phrasing, the so – called figure of
.
speech to which the name of ornament (Alanka-ra) is given"63. So that obviously
. -
Alankara uses to diversify poetry, as its fundamental object. Most of traditional
.
and modern critiques acknowledge omnipresence and utility of Alanka-ra as a
. -
means of poetic expression. He has added that "Alankara are no doubt, means
of poetic expression, but they are merely striking turns of word and sense
which have a subsidiary value"64.
.
Even the Alanka-ra add an external value to poetry, it cannot be
.
segregated from poetic body. Alanka-ra should take into concern under an
.
organism context. In comparing Alanka-ra with removable ornaments like
Bangles, hairpin, bracelet etc. which have no profound organism in justification
or implipication per se that, it is dispensable to poetry. But in terms of its
functionalism, it should be really like an external limb, which structurally,
functionally and ideally responsive to the mind.
Conclusion
.
The utmost upshot can be made here is that, Alanka-ra has used to give
an extraordinary turn to ordinary speech or to transform ordinary speech into
poetic speech or in other words it has used as a beautifying principle which sin
qua non for poetic expression. Poets used figure of speech to convey what
they want. They want to invade these individual empires of the readers. It at
once does strike a chord of sympathy in experience and reveals us something
unperceived hitherto. The more we think on it, the more it expands and it
180 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
.
content assumes universally and depth. Figure of speech or Alanka-ra was
the magical charm of accomplishing this purpose. Thus it can be concluded
that65 poetry itself is not beautiful. "a beautiful idea must appropriately incarnate
.
itself in a beautiful expression. This defines Alanka-ra and its place of function.
. -
The function of Alankara is to heighten the effect : it is to aid the poet to say
.
more pointedly. Whether the poet exalts or does the opposite, Alanka-ra is to
help him.66 Mahimabht.t.a also has postulated that, there is no any literal sentiment
.
without glory and disgrace, which is the sense associate by Alanka- ra
.
in poetry.67 Also "these Alanka-ra should flow out of Rasa, even as emotion is
depicted, these must come off, without the poet consciously striving after
them. They must be irremovable structural organic, Rasa-ks.ipta Aprthyag
Yatna, Niravartya these words of Mahimabhatta are pertinent explanation
.
on the functionalism of Alanka-ra. As has been maintained by him poets create
poems for the production of charm (Saundarya), not for the production of
. .
Alanka-ra. But the imaginative turn of words and ideas become Alanka-ra.68
.
This idealism forms the basis of the Alanka-ra thought can be well
apprehended from the word of the Dhavanika-ra. "In the infinite world of
literature the poet is the creator and whatever appears to him to be valid, the
world also changes accordingly"69. It means that the world changes its form in
accordance with the value sense of the poet. In other words the world
transforms itself into that form which is approved as valid in the poet’s creation.
It suggests that the beauty created by the poet does not merely make the
world appear beautiful to our eyes but the world transforms itself into beauteous
forms in accordance with the creation of poet. So this transformation of real
.
world and poetic world bases on the application of figures (Alanka-ra).
. .
Thus be it a S'abda-lanka-ra or and Artha-lanka-ra, be it a sound effect or
.
striking turn of the idea, it not Ba-hiranga for Rasa, so long as it is useful for
.
Rasa, effective expression, the embodiment of the poet’s idea is Alanka-ra. It
is not as if it were in some separate place, like jewels in a box, to be taken and
added. So it is the several ways of expressing ideas which are to convey the
.
Rasa that are called Alanka-ra.
iïNdId 181
Selected Bibliography
Primary Sources :
. .
· Lanka-nand himi, Labugama, ed., 1937, Subodha-la-nka-ra, Horana :
Vidya-deskara Printers.
· Batukna-thsarma, ed., 1981, Kavyalakara of Bhamaha, Varanasi :
The Chawkhambha Sanskrit Series office.
.
· Ayyar, N., 1952, Ka-vya-dar.sa, Delhi : Vavillavenkatesvara publication.
.
· Jha, G. ed., 1928, Ka-vya-lanka-ra sutravr.tti, Poona : Oriental Book
Agency.
· Kane, P. V. Ed., 1923, The Sa-hityadarpan.a of Vishvanatha, Bombay
: Nirnayasagara Press.
· Krishnamoorthy, K. ed., 1955, Anandavardhana’s Dhavanyaloka
or Theory of Suggestion in poetry. Poona : Oriental Book Agency.
. .
· Lanka-nanda himi, Labugama, ed., 1937, Subodha-lanka-ra. Horana :
Vidya-deskara Printers.
· Holmes, H. D. ed., 1990, Dvanya-loka of Anadavaradhana with
the Locana of Abhianavagupta. America : Harvard oriental series.
· Krishnamoorthy, K. ed., 1968. Abhinavagupta’s Dhavanyaloka
Locana, New Delhi : Meharchand Lachmandas Publishers.
· Sastri, K. S. ed., 1926, The Dhavanyaloka of Sri Anandava-
dhanacarya Varanasi : The Chawkhambha Sanskrit Series office.
.
· Sastri, N. 1928, Ka-vya-lanka-ra. Tanjore : Wallace Printing House.
· Sharma, B. etc. ed., 1929, The Na-tya Sastra of Bharata. Varanasi :
The Chawkhambha Sanskrit Series office.
· De, S. K. ed., 1961, Vakroktijivita, Calcutta : Firma K. L.
Mukhopadyay
· Dwivedi, R. C. ed., 1966, Kavyaprakasa of Mammata, Vol. I Delhi
: Motilal Banarsidass.
182 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
· Sarma, J. M. ed., 1977, Auctiyavica-racarca-, Kerala : University of

Kerala.
· Sastri, K. S. ed., 1926, The Dhavanyaloka of Sri Anandava-
dhanacarya, Varanasi : The Chawkhambah Sanskrit Series office.
.
· Rawaprasada, D, ed., 1943, Viktiviveka, Varanasi : Ka-si Sanskrit
Series.
Secondary sources :
· Gerow, E., 1971, Glossary of Indian figure of speech. Netherland :

N. V. Publishers.
· Kane, P. V., 1951, History of Sanskrit Poetics, Delhi : Motilal
Banrsidass.
.
· Raghavan, V., 1942, Studies on some concept of Alanka-ra, adyar :
The Adyar Library.
· De, S. K., 1963, Sanskrit poetics as a study of aesthetics, California
: University of California press.
· Vijayavardhana, G. 1970, Outlines of Sanskrit Poetics, Varanasi :
Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office.
Dictionaries and encyclopedias :
· Dutt, A, ed., 1987, Encylopedia of Indian Literature (Vol. I), Sahitya

Akadami
· Dutt, A. ed., 1987, Encyclopedia of Indian Literature (Vol. I), sahitya
Akadami.
· Wehmeier, S. ed., 2005, Oxford advance learners dictionary 7th
edition, Oxford : Oxford University Press.
· Nagendara., 1987, Dictionary of Sanskrit poetics, Delhi : B. R.
Publishing corporation.
· Wehmeier, S. ed., 2005, Oxford advance learners dictionary 7th
edition, Oxford : Oxford University press.
· Shivaramana, A. R., ed., 1998. Practical Sanskrit English dictionary,
Motilal Benarsidas publishers, India.
iïNdId 183
Journals :
.
· Tripati, G. C., 1969, An Etymological Note on the word Alanka-ra:
Principles of literary criticism in Sanskrit.
· De, S. K., 1959, Some Problems of Sanskrit Poetics, Culcutta : Frama
K. L. Mukhopadyay.
· Mainkar, T. G., 1969, some observation on the definition of poetry :
Principle of literary criticism.
· Tripatai, H., 1969, Vakkrokti and literary criticism, Principles of literary
criticism in Sanskrit.
Foot Notes
.
1. Sabda-rthau sahitam ka-vyam – Sastri, N. 1928, Ka-vya-lanka-ra. Tanjore : Wallace
Printing House, p. 6.
2. Gerow, E., 1971, Glossary of Indian figure of speech, Netherland : N. V. Publishers,
p. 14.
3. Shivaramana, A. R., ed., 1998. Practical Sanskrit English dictionary, Motilal
Benarsidas upblishers, India, p. 233.
.
4. Tripati, G. C., 1969. An Etymological Note on the word Alanka-ra : Principles of
literary criticism in Sanskrit, p. 29.
5. Ka-vyasabha-kara-ndharma-n Alanka-ram pracaks.ate – Ayyar, N., 1952, Ka-vya-
dar.s'ha, Delhi : Vavilla venkatesvara publication, p. 57.
6. Na nita-nta-ima-trena ja-yate ca-ruta- gira-m, Vakra-bhidheyya sabdokti ris.ta- va-ca-
malankr.ti – Sastri, N. 1928, Ka-vyalanka-ra. Tanjore : Wallace Printing House, p.
12.
.
7. Ka-vyam.rughyamalam.ka-ra-t – Jha, G. ed., 1928, Ka-vya-lanka-ra sutravr.tti, Poona :
Oriental Book Agency, p. 2.
8. Sandryamalanka-ram., - Ibid, p. 2.
9. Kane, P. V., History of Sanskrit Poetics, Delhi : Motillai Banrsidass, p. 356.
10. S'abha-rthayora-s'titya ye dharma-h s'obha-tisa-yinah, Rasa-dinupakurvanto lanka-
ra-sten.goda-divat. – Kane, P. V. Ed., 1923. The Sahityadarpana of Vishvanatha,
Bombay : Nirnayasagara Press, p. 199.
11. Kane, P. V. Ed., 1923. The Sa- hityadarpan.a of Vishvanatha, Bombay :
Nirnayasagara Press, p. 333.
12. Sharma, B. etc, Ed., 1929. The Natya Sastra of Bharata, Varanasi : The
Chawkhambha Sanskrit Series office, p. 300.
184 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
13. Alam. karaigunaisciva bahaubhih samalam. krutam. bhus' nairiva citra-

.
thaibhusanamiti smrutam. – Sharma, B. etc. Ed., 1929, The Na-tya Sastra of
Bharata. Varanasi : The Chawkhambha Sanskrit Series office p. 301.
.
14. Sastri, N. 1928, Ka-vyalanka-ra, Tanjore : Wallace Printing House, p. 4.
15. Vijayavardhana, G. 1970, Outlines of Sanskrit Poetics, Varanasi : Chowkhamba
Sanskrit Series Office, p. 28.
-
16. Tantupa-pentalamka-rvindani yatarattanam. - Lanka-nand himi, Labugama, ed.,
.
1937. Subodha-lanka-ra, Horana : Vidya-deskara Printers, p. 51.
17. Ka-vyasobha-kara-n dharma-na alamka-aran pracaks' ate - Ayyar, N., 1952. Kavya-
dar.s'a. Delhi : Vavillavenkatesvara pubilcation, p. 57.
.
18. Saundaryamalamka-rah - Jha, G. ed., 1928 Ka-vya-lanka-ra sutravr.tti, Poona :
Oriental Book Agency, p. 2.
.
19. Alankrutiralam.ka-rah - Ibid, p. 3.
20. Ka-vyasobha-ya-kartha-ro dharma- guna-h - Ibid, p. 104.
21. Tadaisyahetavastvalam.ka-ra-, Tassya-h ka-vyas'obha-ya- atisyasdatis'yastassya
hetavah - Ibid, p. 104.
22. Saundar.yamalanka-rah - Ibid, p. 3.
23. Sa- dosaguna-lamka-r.aha-na-da-na-bhyam - Ibid, p. 105.
-
24. Yuvateriva ru-pamegha ka-vyam svadate s'uddhaguanam. tadanyati va vihitah
pranayam. nirantarabhih sadalankaravikalpakalpanabh - Jha, G. ed., 1928, Ka-
- -
.
vyala-nka-ra sutravrtti, Poona : Oriental Book Agency, p. 104,
-
25. Attha-lanka-rasahita- saguna-bandhapaddati , Accantakanta- kanta-va vuccante
. .
te tatoduna- - Lanka-nand himi, Labugama, ed., 1937, Subodha-lanka-ra, Horana :
Vidyadeskara Printers, P. 66.
26. Rasabhavaditatparyma-sritya vinives'ana-m., Alamkrutina-m. sarva-sa-malamka-
ratvasa- dhanum - Sastri, K. S. ed., 1926. The Dhvanyaloka of Sri
Anandavadhanacara, Varanasi : The Chawkhambha Sanskrit Series office, p.
180.
27. Ibid, pp. 223-224.
.
28. Raghavan, V., 1942. Studies on some concept of Alanka-ra. Adyar : The Adyar
Library, p. 57.
29. Sastri, K. s. ed., 1926, The Dhvanyaloka of Sri Anandavadhanacarya, Varanasi
: The Chawkhambha Sanskrit Series office, p. 270.
30. Ibid. p. 280.
31. Kane, P. V. Ed., 1923, The Sa- hityadarpan.a of Vishvanatha, Bombay :
Nirnayasagara Press, P. 333.
32. Sarvopi alamka-ra-h. kavisamayaprasiddhya-murodhena drutaya- ka-vyasobha-
kra eva Alanka-rata-m. bhajate VJ. p. 97.
iïNdId 185
33. Lokkottarachamatka-ravaictryasiddyaye, Ka-vyassa-malamkarah. kopyapurvo

vidiyate - De, S. K., ed., 1961, Vakroktijivita. Calcutta : Firma K. L. Mukhopadyaya,
p. 2.
34. Va-cya-va- caka-ca- rutva-hetu- na-m. vividha-tmana- m, rasa- di-parata- yatra sa
dhvaner visayo matah. Sastri, K. S. ed., 1926. The Dhavanyaloka of Sri
Anandavadhanacarya. Varanasi : The Chawkhambha Sanskrit Series office, p.
180.
35. De, S. K, ed., 1961, Vakroktijivita, Calcutta : Firma K. L. Mukhopadyaya., p. xix.
36. Dwivedi, R. C. ed., 1966, Kavyaprakasa of Mammata, Vol. I, Delhi : motilal
Banarsidass, p. 562.
37. Seis'a-sarveva Vakkroktiranaya-rtho vibha-vyate, Yatnosya-m. kavi-na- ka-ryah.
.
kotamka-raonaya vina-. - Sastri, N. 1928, Ka-vya-lanka-ra. Tanjore : Wallace Printing
House, p. 122.
38. Vijayavardhana, G. 1970, Outlines of Sanskrit Poetics. Varanasi : Chowkhamba
.
39. Sastri, N. 1928, Ka-vya-lanka-ra, Tanjore : Wallace Printing House, p. 10.
40. De, S. K., 1963, Sanskrit poetics as a study of aesthetics, California : University
of California press, p. 24.
41. Vijayavardhana, G. 1970. Outlines of Sanskrit Poetics, Varanasi : Chowkhamba
42. Wehmeier, S. ed., 2005, Oxford advance learners dictionary 7th edition, Oxford :
Oxford University press, p. 408.
43. Holmes, H. D. ed., 1990, Dvanya-loka of Anadavaradhana with the Locana of
Abhianavagupta, America : Harvard oriental series, p. 85.
44. Nagendara., 1987, Dictionary of Sanskrit poetics, Delhi : B. R. Publishing
corporation, p. 89.
45. Wehmeier, S. ed., 2006. Oxford advance learners dictionary 7th edition, Oxford
: Oxford University press, p. 322.
-
46. a-loka-rthi yatha- dipa-s'ikhaya-m. yatnavan janah., tad-upayataya tadvad arthe
va- cye tad-a- drtah. - Sastri, K. S. ed., 1926. The Dhvanya- loka of Sri
Anandavadhanacarya,Varanasi : The Chawkhambha Sanskrit Series office, p.
99.
- -
47. Yatha- pada-rtha-dva-ren. a va-kya-rthah. sampratiyate, va-cya-rtha-pu-rvika- tadvat
pratipattasya vastunah. - Sastri, K. S. ed., 1926. The Dhvanya-loka of Sri
100.
48. Holms, H. D. ed., 1990, Dvanya-loka of Anadavaradhana with the Locana of
Abhianavagupta, Ameria Harvard oriental series p. 127.
186 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
49. Mainkar, T. G., 1969, some observation on the definition of poetry : Principle of
literary criticism, pp. 126-127.
50. Dutt, A, ed., 1987, Encyclopedia of Indian literature (vol I), Sahitya Akadami, p.
127.
51. Dutt, A, ed,. 1987, Encyclopedia of Indian literature (vol I), Sahitya Akadami, p.
127.
52. Ka-mam.sar.vopalam.ka-ro rasamar.the nisincati, Tatha-pyagra-myataiveinam. bha-
.
ram. vahat bhuyasa- - Ayyar, N., 1952, Ka-vya-dar.sa. Delhi : Vavilla venkatesvara
publication, p. 33.
53. Ucitasta-navinya-sadalam.krutiralamkrutih. - Sarma, J. M, ed., 1977, Auctiyavica-
racarca-, Kerala ; University of Kerala, p. 80.
54. Dutt, A, ed., 1987, Encyclopedia of Indian literature (vol. I), Sahitya Akadami,
p. 127.
55. Tripatai, H., 1969, Vakkrokit and literary criticism, Principles of literary criticism
in Sanskrit, p. 85.
.
56. vivaks.a- tatparatvena na-ngitvena kada-cana, ka-le ca grahan.a-tya- gau na-
tinirvahan.ais.ita- . - Sastri, K. S. ed., 1926. The Dhvanyaloka of Sri
Anandavadhanacarya, Varanasi : The Chawkhambha Sanskrit Series office p.
223.
. .
57. dhvany-a-tma-bhu-te s'r.nga-re samiksya vinives'itah., ru-paka-dir alanka-ra-varga
- -
eti yatha rthata m. - Sastri, K. S. ed., 1926. The Dhavanyaloka of Sri
223.
58. Rasa-ks.iptataya- yasya bandhah. s'akya-kriyo bhavet apr.thag-yatna-nirvatyah.
.
so 'lanka-ro dhvanau matah. - Sastri, K. S. ed., 1926. The Dhvanyaloka of Sri
219.
59. rasa-n.gatve ca tasya laks.an.am apr.thag-yatna-nirvartyatvam iti yo rasam.
bandhu-madhya-vasitasya kaver alan.ka-ras ta-m. va-sana- m atyu-hya yatna-
ntaram a-sthitasya nis.padyate sa na rasa-n.gam iti. - DL, p. 219.
60. Vijayavardhana, G. 1970. Outlines of Sanskrit Poetics, Varanasi : Chowkhamba
Sanskrit Series office, p. 54.
.
61. Alankrutiralam. ka-rayaupadrutya vivecyate, Tadupa-yataya- tatvam. sa-lam.ka-
rassya ka-vyata-. - De, S. K., ed., 1961. Vakroktijivita. Calcutta : Firma K. L.
Mukhopadyaya. p. 3.
62. Ibid. p. 3.
of California press, p. 5.
iïNdId 187
of California press, p. 527
.
66. Jha, G, ed., 1928, Ka-vya-lanka-ra sutravr.tti, Poona : Oriental Book Agency., p. 89.
- . .
67. Vi notkarsa-pakarsabhyam. svadantertho na ja-tucit, Tadarthameva ka-yolamka-
ramparupasate, - Rawaprasada, D, ed., 1943, Viktiviveka. Varanasi : Ka-s'i Sanskrit
- -
Series, p. 53.
.
68 Kim.ca saunda-ryatirekanis pattayorthassaya ka-vyakriya-rambha-h kavesh, na
. .
tu alam.ka-rnis pattaye tes a-m. na-ntariyakataiva tatsiddheh, Bhanganitibha-dha-
nameva Alanka-ratvamupa-gamat. - Rawaprasada, D. ed., 1943, Viktiviveka,
.
Varanasi : Ka-s i Sanskrit Series, p. 87.
69. Apa-re ka-yasam.sa-re kavirekah praja-patih, Yatasmaih rocayate visvam. tadetam.
parivatate - Krishnamoorthy, K. ed., 1968, Abhinavagupta's Dhavanyaloka
Locana, New Delhi : Meharchand Lachmandas Publishers, p. 494.
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jyd fndaêi;ajhka jykafia ìysjQ fial'&
ì<s÷ isoaOd¾: l=udrhd ;nd we;s wef|ys iajNdjh yd Tyqg i;rjrï

foúhka wdrlaIdj iemhQ whqreo mdGl ukfiys Ñ;a;crEm uefjk whqßka
j¾Kkd lsÍug lúhd iu;aj we;' fuys we;af;a o WÞr yd udOQ¾h hk
.=Khkah'
zzY%Suoaú;dfka lkfldaÊj,dxf.a ffjvQ¾hmdfoa Yhfka Yhdkx

hoaf.!rjd;a ldkapk moau yia;d hCIdêmd# ixmßjd¾h ;ia:q#ZZ
194 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
^fYdaNudk úhkska hq;a" rkska nn<k we| rduq we;s" ffjfrdaäfhka

l< we| rduq we;s" Yhkfhys ksokakd jQ l=udrhdg f.!rjh ms‚i rka
fk¿ï u,a w;ska .;a hCI kdhlfhda wdrCIdj ms‚i we| jgd isáhy'&
isoaOd¾: l=udfrda;am;a;sh;a iu. f,dfjys we;s jQ wisßu;a isÿùï

j¾Kkd lrk lúhd mDÓú lïmdj yd u,a j¾Idj ufkda{ f,i j¾Kkd
lrkafka fufiah'
zzhiañka m%iQf;a .sßrdclS,d jd;dy;d fk!ßj N+Yappd,

ipkaokd fpda;am,moau .¾Nd mmd; jDIaá¾..KdokN%d;aZZ
îsÿy;a l=udrhd Wmka l,ays uyfur wenhfldg we;s uyd mDÓúh

iq<Õ myrK ,o kejla fuka fi,jqfKah' i÷ka iys; Wmq,a mshqñka hq;a
jeis j,d fkdue;s wyiska jeiafiah'&
fuh wmQ¾j jia;= ks¾udKfhys,d wYajf>daI mdohka i;=jQ ksi`.

lú;ajh lshd mEug lÈu WÞyrKhls' mDÓúh fkdfi,afjkafka uyfur
kue;s wenh thg .id we;s fyhsks' tfy;a isoaOd¾: l=udfrda;am;a;sfha §
th fjkiaù iq<Õg wiQ jQ kejla fuka fi,fjkakg úh' fuh mDÓú
p,kh lshd mEug fhdÞ.;a jvd;au iqÿiq WÞyrKhls' tmuKla fkdj" j,d
fkdue;s wyiska i÷ka ñY% u,aj¾Idjka jei we;' wl,a jeis lshdmEug
fhdÞ.;a zzj,dfkdue;s wyiZZ hkak o jvd;au WÑ; fhÿuls'
fuu moHh mqrdjg we;af;a w¾: udOQ¾hfhka yd Yío udOQ¾hfhka

hq;a WÞr .=Kfhka iu,xlD; moud,djls'
fndai;a l=ure Wmka nj ±k.;a iqfÞjqka uyrcqf.a .=re jQ wis; kï

;dmi;==ud meñfKhs' t;==ud wx.,CIK úoHdj ms<sn| fl< meñKsfhls'
tfukau iDoaê we;af;ls' l=urd ÿgq iekska wx.,CIK n,d wkd.;fha
nqÿjk nj ÿgqfõh' tfy;a isoaOd¾: l=ure iïnqoaO;ajhg m;ajk úg ;ud
th ±lSug ;rï Nd.H fkdjk nj ±k.;a ;dmi;=ud fÞïkig m;aúh'
;dmi;=udf.a fjkiaùu ÿgq iqfÞjqka uyrcq úCIsma; is;a we;af;la úh'
tfukau mq;=g hï ydkshla fõ±hs ìhla we;súh' iqfÞjqka uyrcqf.a fuu
úms<sir iajNdjh yd fkdbjis,su;a iajNdjh my; moHfhka ukdj j¾‚;h'
iïNdId 195
zzwms iaÓrdhq¾ N.jka l=udr# lYaÑkak fYdaldh uu m%iQ;#

,íO# l:xÑ;a i,s,dxc,s¾ fu k L,aúux md;=uqffm;s ld,#ZZ
^msxj;=ka jykai" fï l=udrhd iaÓr wdhqI we;af;la fkdfõo@ udf.a

fYdalh ms‚i Wmkafklao@ ug wjika meka W.=r fudyqf.ka fndkakg
fkd,efnkafkao@&
fuhska iqfÞjqka uyrcq wis; ;dmi;=udf.ka wikafka m%Yak je<ls'

wis; ;jqidf.a fÞïkiska iqfÞjqka uyrcq f;areïf.k we;af;a ;u iqr;,a
mq;=g wl,a urKhla isÿfõo@ hk m%Yakhls' mqf;la Wmka l, jvd;a
i;=gqjkafka mshdh' th ldrKd folla ksidh' tlla kï ;u jxYh f.khEu
ms<sn| tkï" fm<m; iaÓrjk njg we;sjk i;=ghs' uy¨ ld,fha ;udg
ie,lSu yd wjika lghq;= ;u mq;= w;ska isÿfõ hehs hkak i;=gqùu i|yd
jk fojk ldrKhhs' ;u wjika lghq;= ;u mq;= w;ska isÿùu nuqKq oyfï
;Èka úYajdi lrk O¾uhls' iqfÞjqka uyrcqf.a fuu úCIsma; wjia:dj
;d;a;aúl whqßka m%ldY lsÍfuka lúhdf.a wjia:dfjdaÑ; ks¾udKYS,Snj
fukau ldjHlrKfhys,d jQ mgq;ajh ukdj m%ldYs;h'
m<uq i¾.h 94 jk Yaf,dalfhka wjika jk w;r thska lshfjkafka

isÿy;a l=uref.a Wm;ska lms,jia;= mqr we;s jQ wNsjDoaêhhs'
zzb;s krm;s mq;%ckau jDoaOHd ickmox lms,dyajhx mqrx;;a

OkomqrñjdmaifrdajlS¾Kx uqÈ;uN+;a k,l+nr m%iQf;!ZZ
lms,jia;= mqr we;s jQ fuu wNsjDoaêh lshdmEug lúhd jvd;au WÑ;

Wmudjla fhdÞ .kshs' tkï" fï mskaj;a mq;a l=uref.a Wm;ska tu lms,jia;=
mqr k,l+urf.a Wmf;a § ÈjH wmairdjkaf.ka .ejiS.;a Okomqrh fuka
i;=gq jQ njhs' fuys o we;af;a T!Þ¾h .=Kfhka iu,xlD; jQ moud,djls'
tfuka u lúhdf.a ldjHlrKfhys jQ mgq;ajh lshdmEug jQ lÈu ksoiqkls'
wka ; #mq r úydr kï jQ fojk i¾.h wdrïNjka f ka o is o a O d¾:

l=udfrda;am;a;sfhka miq Èfkka Èk we;s jQ iY%Sl;ajh j¾Kkd lsÍfuks'
196 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
zzwdckaufkda ckaucrdka;liH ;iHd;auciHd;auð;# i rdcd

wykHykH¾:.cdYajñff;%¾ jDoaêx hfh! iskaOqßjdïnqfõff.#ZZ
^cd;s crd fl<jr lrkakdjQ wd;au úch lrk tA mq;=f.a Wmka Þ isg
Y=oafOdaok rc;=ud c, m%jdyfhka msfrkakd jQ uy ihqr fuka Èfkka Èk
Okh we;=ka wiqka ñ;=rka hk fï ish,af,ka wNsjDoaêhg m;aúh'&
wYajf>daI mdohkaf.a ldjHlrKfhys uqLHd¾:h jk

zfudCId¾:.¾NdlD;s#Z hkakg <Õdùu fuu moHfhka wdrïNfldg we;s
nj fmkS hhs' tkï" isoaOd¾: l=udrhd ye¢kaùu i|yd fhdÞ we;s úfYaIK
kduhka jk zckaucrdka;liH" wd;auc#Z hk jpk ;=< fudaCId¾:H .eífldg
we;s fyhsks' tfukau iqfÞjqka uyrcqf.a wNsjDoaêh ±laùu i|yd fhdÞ we;s
Wmud Wmfïh o jvd;au WÑ; jQ tAjdh' tneúka fuh T!Ñ;H .=Kfhka hq;a
moHhls'
lms,jia;= mqrfhys jQ iY%Sl;ajh j¾Kkd lsÍu i|yd ukd Wmud

Wmfïhfhka ixl,kh jQ ukyr moH lsysmhlau m%nkaO fldg we;' tA
w;r mqrfhys jQ Od¾ñl;ajh j¾‚;j we;af;a fufiah'
zzlYaÑoa isfIafõ r;fh k ldux ldud¾:u¾:x k cqf.dam lYaÑ;a

lYaÑ;a Okd¾:x k ppdr O¾ux O¾udh lYaÑka k pldr ysxidxZZ
^lsisfjla úfkdaoh ms‚i ldufiajkh fkdl<y' tfukau lsisfjla

lduh i|yd Okh /ia fkdl<y' ls i s f jla Okh ms ‚ i wO¾ufhys
fkdyeisreKy' lsisfjla O¾uh i|yd lsisfjl=g ysxid fkdl<y'&
fuys moixl,kh yd wNsm%hd¾:h o tlsfklg ne£ we;' thska w¾:

rihg fukau Yío rihg o lsisfia;a ndOd ù fkdue;' wYajf>daI mdohka
i;=jQ ldjHlrK l=Y,;dj fuhska ukdj biau;=j we;' tfukau zO¾udh
lYaÑka k pldr ysxidxZ hk wjika mdofhka nuqKq oyfï hd.hka ms‚i
lrk i;aj ysxid o ms<sflõ fldg we;s nj fmfka'
iïNdId 197
isoaOd¾: l=udfrda;am;a;sfhka Èk y;lg miq uydudhd foaúh l¨ßh

lrhs' th tla;rd whqrlska orejdg fukau fiiq whgo wkqfõokSh l:d
mqj;ls' th lúhd olskafka ;u mq;al=uref.a ÈjHuy¾Isfhl=g n÷ n,uysuh
±l we;s jQ i;=g bjikakg wiu¾:j fkdkeiS isàu ms‚i foõf,dj .sh
njhs'
zzfoaú ;= udhd únqO¾Isl,amx oDIaÜjd úYd,x ;khm%Ndjx

cd;x m%y¾Ix k YdYdl fidaVqx ;f;dúkdYdh Èjx c.duZZ
fuhska udhd foaúhf.a urKh .ek jpkhla fyda fkdlshk lúhd

mdGl isf;ys lsisÿ ixfõ.hla we;s fkdjk whqßka tu wjia:dj j¾Kkd
lr ;sîu mßK; lúfhl=g yer fjk ldg kï mejish yelallao @
hfYdaOrd l=ußhf.a rEm fYdaNdj j¾Kkd lrk lúhd tys§ mdGl

uki fhduqlrkafka idïm%Þhsl ia;%S j¾Kkhkaf.a § fiiq lúhka wkq.ukh
lrk YDÙ.drd;aul rihg fkdj lreKdÈ rihka mdGl ukfiys we;s jk
whqßks'
zzl=,d;a ;f;daiaffu iaÓrYS,ixhq;d;a idèúx jmQ¾y%S úkfhdammkakdx

hfYdaOrdx kdu hfYdaúYd,x ;=,HdNsOdkdx Y%shudcqydjZZ
^blaì;s iqfÞjqka uyrcq fkdfjkiajk pdß;% jdß;% YS,fhka hqla; jQ

l=,hlska mej; tk rEm fYdaNdfjka yd ,Êcd ìfhka hqla; jQ kug
.e<fmk whqßka uy;a lS¾;sfhka hqla; jQ hfYdaOrd kï jQ Y%Su;a l=, l=ußh
;u mq;=g újdy lr ÿkafkah'&
fujeks ia;%S j¾Kkhla lsÍu b;d wiSre lghq;a;ls' thg fya;=j ia;%S
j¾Kkhl § mdGlhd n,dfmdfrd;a;=jkafka YDÙ.dr rihhs' tfy;a lúhd
mdGlhdg wreÑ fkdjk whqßka lsisÿ W;aidyhlska f;drj ;u wNsu;d¾:h
idOkh lrf.k we;s nj fuhska meyeÈ,s fjhs'
fojk i¾.h kï fldg we;af;a wka;#mqrúydr hkqfjks' thg iqÿiqu

whqßka isÿy;a l=ure ud<s.dfõ k<Õkka msßjrd .;l< whqre <.kakd
f,i moH lsysmhlskau j¾‚;j we;'
198 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
zz;;# Yr;af;dahomdxvqf¾Iq N=fu! úudfkaIaúj rxðf;aIq

y¾fuHIq i¾j¾;=iqLdY%fhaIq ia;%SKduqÞffr úcydr ;+¾ffh#ZZ
^fmdf<dfjys jQ iqrúukays fuka meye.eka jQ Yr;a ld,fhys j,dl=¿

fuka iqÿ jQ ish¨ R;=j, iemfokakd jQ m%didohkays jiñka ia;%Skaf.a
ukyr ;+¾hjdokfhka hq;=j l,a.; lf<ah'&
zzjd.aNs# l,dNs¾ ,,sff;Yap ydffr¾ ukaffo# ifLff,¾ uOqffrYap

ydffi#
;x ;;% kd¾fhda ruhdx nN+jq¾ N%EjxÑff;r¾O ksÍCIsff;Ya pZZ
ûkyr jpkfhka o ,d,s; uq;=yrj,ska o u| jQ ñysß jQ kD;H iys;

ydifhka o neñ ieÕjQ wv ne,afuka o tys jQ ldka;dfjda l=uref.a is; weo
ne| .;ay'&
fuu moH folska muKla jqj o isÿy;a l=ure .;l< iqjnr Ôú;h
mdGlhdg ukdf,i f;areï.; yelsh' isÿy;a l=ure i|yd iqfÞjqka rcq
úiska lrk ,o ud<s.hkaf.a udfkda{ iajNdjh yd k<Õkkaf.a lduhg
nrjQ úúOdldr p¾hdjka fuys § lúhd wm yuqfõ ;nkafka Ñ;a;crEm
ujd,ñks' fuh wYajf>daI mdohka i;=jQ wjia:dfjdaÑ; j¾Kkdjka i|yd
jQ l=Y,;dj kej;;a biau;= lrkakls' tfukau fï ;=<ska iu;d" iql=ur;d"
m%idÞÈ .=Khka biau;=j fmfka'
rdyq, l=udfrda;am;a;sh j¾Kkd lrk lúhd tA i|yd fhdÞf.k we;s

NdIdj ms<sn| wmf.a wjOdkh fhduqúh hq;= ;ekls'
zzldf, ;;Yapdre mfhdaOrdhdx hfYdaOrdhdx iqhfYdaOrdhdx

fY!oafOdaofk rdyqim;akjlaf;%da cf{ iqf;da rdyq, tj kdïkdZZ
^blaì;s kshñ; ld,fhys ukyr mshhqre we;s" hym;a lS¾;shla orkakdjQ

hfYdaOrdj isÿy;a l=uref.a uqyqKg iujQ i| jeks uqyq‚ka hq;a rdyq, kï
l=urd ìysl<dh'&
iïNdId 199
hfYdaOrd foaúh ms<sn| j¾Kkd lrk lúhd wkqm%di rih Wmojñka

jpk fhdÞ we;s wdldrh is;a.kakd iq¨h' thska iyDo uki ;=< we;sjkafka
m%ido.=Khhs' tfukau zrdyq, l=udrhdf.a uqyqK i| jekshZ hkak mejiSug
fhdÞ we;s zrdyqim;akjlaf;%daZ hk jpkh o úreoaOd¾:fhka mjid ;sîu o
úfYaI;ajhls' tkï rdyqf.a i;=re f,i w¾:j;a lr we;af;a pkaøhdh'
rdyq, l=udfrd;am;a;sfhka jvd;a i;=gg m;ajkafka iqfÞjqka uyrcqh'

th ;u jxYm%;sIaGdmkh iaÓr jQ ksidh' wks;a w;g ;uka uq;a;Kq flfklaj
jhig m;ajQ njo f;areïf.k ;mig keUqrefjhs' lúhd th ;d;a;aúlj
wkqm%di fhdoñka fufia j¾Kkd lrhs'
zz;;Hdc Yia;%x úuu¾Y Ydia;%x Yux isfIfõ kshux úfIafya

jYSj lxÑoa úIhx k fNfÊ msf;aj i¾jdka úIhdx oo¾YZZ
^tu rcq wdhqO w;ayf<ah' O¾uYdia;%h mÍCId lrñka Ydka;sfhys

fijqfKah' fõfodala; kshuhka ord isáfhah' ;jqfil= fuka lsisu ldu
jia;=jl fkdwe¨fkah' jDyiam;Sfuka ish¨ úIhhka ÿgqfõh'&
rdc l=udrjre Wm;skau ldufNda.Syq fj;a' tneúka msh rcjre ;u

mq;al=udrjre Od¾ñl jkjd ±lSug wleue;s fj;a' tfy;a isoaOd¾: l=ure
thg m%;súreoaO jQfjls' tneúka iqfÞjqka uyrcqg ;u mq;= ldufNda.sfhl=
lsÍug uy;a mßY%uhla ±Íug isÿúh' th lúhd bÈßm;a lrkafka fufiah'
fuhska m%lg jkafka w¾:jHla;s .=Khhs'
zzßrCIsIka;# Y%shud;auixia:d rCIka;s mq;%dka N=ú N+ñmd,d#

mq;%x kf¾kø# i ;= O¾uldfuda rrCI O¾udoa úIfhaIajuqxpoaZZ
^nqoaOpß; uydldjHh 2$55&
^f,dfjys wd;aud¾:h leu;s jkakdjQ rcjre iïm;a rlskq leue;af;ka

;u mq;%hka ldufhka wE;afldg rls;a' tfy;a iqfÞjqka uyrcq ;u mq;=f.a
Od¾ñl nj leu;s jqjo ldu úIhfhys yeisÍug ie,eiaúh'&
56 jk moHfhka fojk i¾.h wjika lrk lúhd ths k a is h ¨

fndai;ajrekag fmdÿ jQ O¾u;djla bÈßm;a lsÍug W;aidy orhs'
200 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
zzjkukq m i;a ; a j d fnda ê i;a ; a j dia ; = i¾fõ úIhiqLri×

c.auqre;amkakmq;%d#
w; WmÑ; l¾ud rEVuQf,ams fyaf;! i r;suqmisfIafõ fndaêudmkak
hdj;a Z Z
^wiu i;a;aj .=Kfhka hqla; jQ ish¨ fndai;ajre ldu jia;+ka fiajkh

lrkafka mq;l= WmÈk f;la mu‚' thska miq Tjqyq jkhg .shy' tfukau
fndai;a f;fï o tu wjia:dj meñfKk f;la ldu iemfhys fijqfKah'&
lúhd mjik mßÈ fndai;ajrfhla ldu fiajkh lrkafka orefjl=

,efnk f;la mu‚' th ish¨ nqÿjrekag fmdÿ jQ O¾u;djls' tfukau
isÿy;a fndai;=kago .sysf.h w;yer jk.;ùug ld,h meñK we;s nj
mjiñka fojk i¾.h wjika lrhs' lúhd th ;d;aúl fukau ikd:k
O¾uhla f,i bÈßm;a lsÍfuka tÈk Wmka mqf;l=g msfhla wysñùfuka
we;sjk fÄokSh brKu idOdrŒlrKh lsÍug W;aidy ord we;' tA W;aidyh
id¾:l ù we;s nj tu moH lshjk mdGlhdg wjfndaO jkq we;'
fï wkqj n,kúg m<uq yd fojk i¾. folska jqjo uydlú wYajf>daI

mdohkaf.a znqoaOpß; ldjH jQ l,s rid,sma; uydldjHhlsZ hkak uekúka
meyeÈ,s fjhs'
wdY%;
s .%k:
a
1' ØKúu, ysñ" fn,a,k nqoaOpß; uydldjHh 1-5 i¾." iquqÿ uqøKd,h" mkaksmsáh
- 1998'
2' úu,dkkao ysñ" leianEfõ" fi!kaordkkao uydldjHh 5-6 i¾." m%i; a djkdj" m%k
s Ü
a
wekaâ m%skaÜ uqøKd,h" fld<U - 1994'
3' fikúr;ak" wdßhÞi" nqoO a pß; uydldjHh 1-2 i¾." Y%S fidar; jHdLHd iuhj¾Ok"
fld<U - 1998'
iïNdId 201
R.a fõoh
Ydia;%m;s" rdclSh mKaä;" ;s;a;.,af,a ØKr;k ysñ"
lUqremsáh" udm,dk" udr$Y%S úu,fcda;s uy msßfjfka mßfõKdêm;s
p ;=fõo
¾fõofha m%Odk;u fõoh R.a fõohhs' wkH
.%ka: ìysùug m%Odk uQ, ìch njg m;a
jQ f ha fuu iD.a fõoh nj wújdofhka ms < s . ;a
lreKls' fuys we;s .S;sld R.a hk kñka y÷kajd
we;s w;r th iDla > iDÉ > R.a hkqfjka fjkia
ù we;' ukqiauD;sh i|yka lrk wkaoug fuh
n%yaud úiska h{ idOkh ms‚i ms<sfh< lr ;sfí'
Nla;su;a yska¥kaf.a u;h tfia jQj;a fuys l%ñl
ksIam;a;sh iïmQ¾K udkj wd¾h b;sydihg wod<
jQjla nj m%:u mßpfhkau fmfkk ,laIKhls'
fõo hk ku iE§ we;af;a úoa -×fka hk Od;=fjks' l¾ud¾:fhys wÉ
fyda i`[a hk m%;Hh ùfuks' fuys idudkH w¾:h ±k .ekSu fyda ±kSu
fõ' wd¾hhka fuhska woyia lf<a fõo .S;sld bf.kqfuka iïmQ¾K {dkh
,nd .; yels njhs' fõohg àldjla imhk idhk kue;s lúhd úiska
fuys úia;r lrkafka fuf,isks'
zzm%;HfCIKdkqñ;Hd jd
hia;=mdfhda k nqOHf;
t;oaúoka;s fõfoak
;iaud;a fõoiH fõo;dZZ
202 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
m%;HCIfhka fyda wkqudkfhka ±k.; fkdyels i;H mod¾:h fuhska

±k .ekSug yels ksid fuhg fõoh hkqfjka Ndú;d lr ;sfnk nj Tyq
m%ldY lrhs'
fõoh hkqfjka ljr fldgila wh;ao hkak újdod;aulh' fl!á,H

úiska iajlSh w¾:Ydia;%fhys fmkajd fokafka fõoh fldgia follg fnfok
njhs' tkï (
* R.a hcq¾ idu hk ;%sfõoh m%:u fldgi fõ'

* b;sydih iys; w:¾jka fõoh fojk fldgi fõ'
ffcñkS úiska ;u óudxidfjys zzuka;% n%yauK fhda¾fõokdufèhïZZ

hkqfjka fmkajd foñka uka;% n%yauK hk fldgia fol muKla fõoh
hkqfjka i,lhs' tfy;a fndfyda fokdf.a m%uqL ms<s.ekSu jkafka fõo
.%ka:" n%dyauK" wdrKHl" WmksY;a hk fï ish,a,u fõoh njhs'
R.a fõoh uKav, jYfhka 10 lg o wIagl jYfhka 08 lg fnod

olajd we;' fuys we;s uKav,j,ska 01 iy 10 uKav, yereKqúg fiiq
uKav, úúO RIsjreka úiska ms<sfh, lr we;s nj fmfka' fuu tla tla
uKav, iQla;j,ska hqla;h' iq + Wla; = iqla; kï fõ' fyd| lshuka hkq
fuys ir, f;areuhs' jDyoafoaj;d wdrKHfhys iqla;h hkak úia;r lrkafka
zziïmQ¾KiDIsjdlHx ;= iqla;ñ;Hys ëhf;aZZ hkqfjks' tl tl RIsjreka
úiska ms<sfh, lrk ,o iïmQ¾K woyila m%ldY jk tl tl foaj;djka
i|yd ,shd we;s .S;sld nj tys i|yka fõ'
R.a fõoh I uyd iQla; II CIqø iQla; hkqfjka iQla; fldgia follg
fnod olajhs' iDla 10 lg jeäkï uyd iQla; jk w;r" 10g wvqkï CIqø
iQla; kñka y÷kaj;s' by; i|yka lrk ,o uKav,j,g wh;a iQ;% ixLHd
fufia ±laúh yelsh'
* i uKav,fha iQla; 191 hs
* ii uKav,fha iQla; 43 hs
* iii uKav,fha iQla; 62 hs
* iv uKav,fha iQla; 58hs
* v uKav,fha iQla; 87 hs
iïNdId 203
* vi uKav,fha iQla; 75 hs
* vii uKav,fha iQla; 104 hs
* viii uKav,fha iQla; 103 hs
* ix uKav,fha iQla; 114 hs
* x uKav,fha iQla; 191 hs
fï wkqj iuia; iQla; m%udKh 1028 ls' fuu iQla; - iDla jYfhka
fnfok úg oyia .Kkla fõ' jdial, YdLdjg wh;a .%ka:j, fufia
±lajqKo Ydl, YdLdjg wh;a .%ka:j, ±lafjkafka iQla; 1017 la mu‚' R.a
fõohg wh;a uKav, w;ßka mer‚;u .S;sld yuqfjkafka ii, iii, iv, v, vi, vii
hk uKav,j,h' fuys we;s .S;sld .DyH iQ;% hkqfjka y÷kajhs' fï
uKav, 06 RIs mrïmrd 06 lg whs;s fõ' tkï"
* ii uKav,fha iqla; .D;aiuo RIs mjq,

* iii uKav,fha iQla; úYajdñ;% RIs mjq,
* iv uKav,fha iQla; jdufoaj RIs mjq,
* v uKav,fha iQla; w;%S RIs mjq,
* vi uKav,fha iQla; Ndroajdc RIs mjq,
* vii uKav,fha iQla; jYsIaG RIs mjq,'
08 jk uKav,h wh;a jkfka lKaj iy wå.sria mrïmrd folgh' 09

jk uKav,h mqoa.,sl mrïmrdjlg whs;s fkdfõ' tys fidaumdkh úia;r
lrhs' 01 iy 10 uKav, od¾Yksl jYfhka jeo.;a tfy;a w¨;ska tla lrk
,o nj ;yjqre ù we;'
fõo .S;sld uq,a ld, iSudj ;=< jdfpdaoa.;j mej;s w;r miqj .%ka:drEV
lrk ,§' bka miq tAjd ixys;d hk kñka ye¢kajQy' fuys ±lafjk ikaê mo
úikaê lrñka we;euqka mo ixys;d kñka ixys;d ms<sfh, l< w;r wl=rlaj;a
ke;s fkdù fïjd /l .ekSu i|yd .S;sld fkdfhla l%uhg ,shkakg jQy'
±kg tfia ,shd we;s l%u ;=kla olakg ,efí" tkï"
* l%u mdG
* cgd mdG
* .K mdG jYfhks
tl moh fojrla ,sùu l%u mdG fõ'
Wod ( w.aksï Bf< Bf< mqfrdays;ï mqfrdays;ï h{iH
204 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
* l%u mdGh f;jrla lshfjk f,i ,sùu Pgd mdG fõ'

Wod (- w.akSóf< Bf<a.aksu.aksóf<a Bf<a mqfrdays;ï mqfrdays;óf<a
Bf<a mqfrdays;ï
* .K mdG hkq fuu Pgd mdGh f;jrla lshfjk fia ,sùfï l%uhhs
Wod (- w.aksñf<a Bf<.aksï w.aksóf<a mqfrdays;ï mqfrdays;óf<a.aksï
w.aksóf<a mqfrdays;ï
fï yereKq úg ixys;d mdG -mo mdG" ud,d mdG" f,aLd mdG" YsLd mdG"
èjc mdG" oKav mdG" r: mdG hkqfjka l%u wgla olakg ,efí' mer‚;u
jHdlrK .%ka:hla jk m%d;sYdLH kue;s .%ka:fha i|yka jk wkaoug
ixys;d mdG-mo mdGj,g fmr<k úg wkq.ukh lrk wdldrh fmkajd§
we;'
R.a fõofha YdLdj,g prKjHqy hk ku Ndú;d lrk w;r th

fY!kl úiska ms<sfh< lr we;' th Ydl," jdia l," wdYaj,dhk" id`ÙLdhk"
udKavQl hkqfjka fldgia mylg fnÞ we;' hdialf.a ksrela; .%ka:hg
wgqjd ,shQ ÿ¾.dpd¾hfhda fuys YdLd 21la .ek i|yka lrhs' l=¾umqrdKfhys
o tA nj i|yka fõ'
fkdfhla foújrekag ia;+;s lsÍu ms‚i R.a fõofha .S;sld ,shd we;'
x uKav,fha 52 iQla;fha 06 jeks .S;sldfõ foújre 3"339la isák nj fufia
i|yka lr ;sfí'
zz;%S‚ Y;d ;%s iyi%dKH.aksx

;%sxYÉp foajd kjpdi¾mhka
T!CIkaRff;ria;DKkan¾ysriaud
wdÈofOd;drx kHidohka;ZZ
foújreka fo;=ka fokdf.ka wdrïN ù l%ufhka úYd, fjñka oyia

.Kka foújre ms<sn|j olajd we;' fuu jeäùu mqrdK .%ka: olajd úldYkh
jk w;r tys ;sia;=ka fldaáhla foújreka isák nj m%ldY lrhs' thska
m%Odk foújreka lsysmfofkla kï"
iïNdId 205
i. øHdjd mDÓú ii. wÈ;s iii. ñ;%

iv. jreK v. Od;d vi. w¾hHud
vii. wxYN. viii. újiajdka ix. iú;d
x. mQId xi. úIaKq xii. bkaø
xiii. w.aks xiv. føHda# xv. WId
xvi. reø xvii. jdhq xviii. hu
xix. mqreI xx. úYajl¾ud xxi. wYaúka
xxii. m¾ckH xxiii. n%yauKiam;s xxiv. jDyiam;s
xxv. ms;Df,dal fõ'
óg wu;rj iriaj;S" jd.a" mDÓú" rd;%S" wrKHdks hk fojÕkkao

ñ;%jrefK!" bJød‚" iQ¾hdpkaøufi!" w.aksfIdafu! wd§ oajkaO foújrekao"
ure;a" úYafõ" foajd" wdÈ;H" jiq#" reø wd§ iduqysl foújreka o" RN+"
wmaird" .kaO¾j" jdiaf;daiam;s wd§ kSp foújreka o i|yka ù we;' foaj
ixl,amh ÈhqKqùu;a iu. ffjÈl ñksid iajlSh wdOHd;añl yeÕSï .;s
.=K wdÈhg o foaj;ajh wdfrdamKh l<y' ukHq" Y%oaOd" Ñka;d" wkqñ;s wd§
yeÕSï foaj;ajfhka f.k we;s nj fuys olakg ,efí'
R.a fõofhys m%Odk jYfhka Pkaoia 07la lemS fmfka" tkï"
i. .dh;%S ii. WIa‚la iii. wkqIagqNa iv. jDy;S

v. mål;s vi. ;sIagqNa vii. c.;s hk y;hs'
óg wu;rj iq¿ jYfhka Pkaoia 13la o fhdÞ we;' tkï"
i. w;s c.;s ii. YålÍ iii. w;s YålÍ vi. wIaá

v. w;HIà vi. OD;s vii. w;s OD;s viii. lD;s
ix. m%lD;s x. úlD;s xi. ixlD;s xii. w;slD;s
xiii. WlalD;s fõ'
m%Odk;u Pkaoi .dhd;%S kï fõ' fuu Pkaoi uq,skau we;s jQ nj

ZZ.dhka;S Pkaofida uqLZZ hk mdGfhka ±lafõ'
16 - CM23766
206 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
l=, f.da;% ms<sn| b;sydih o ffjÈl hq.fhka werfUk w;r fuys

uQ,sl moku f.dvke.S ;sfnkafka wd¾Ól Ôjfkdamdhhka Wv neõ fmfka'
fmdÿfõ l< jev lghq;= fnÞf.k lsÍug hdfuka ñksid o fn§ulg ,la
úh' R.a fõo ld,iSudfõ .j md,kh" lDIsl¾uh" fj<`Þu" hqoaOh" hd. yd
fjk;a l¾udka; tl tl mrïmrdjg fjka jYfhka lrkakg mejÍ ;snq‚'
tfy;a uq,a ld,Skj Wia my;a fNaoh ÈhqKqj f.dia fkd;snq‚ i R.a fõofha
x uKav,fha 90 jeks iQla;fha 12 jeks .S;sldfõ muKla p;=¾j¾Kh
ms<sn|j i|yka ù we;' tu .S;sldj fufiah'
zzn%dyaufKdaiH uqLudiSoa - ndyq rdckH# lD;#

W!re;oiH hoa ffjYH# - moaNHdx Y=fød wcdh;ZZ
fuu Yaf,dalh R.a fõofha l=< f.da;%h i|yka jk tlu Yaf,dalhhs'

n%yauhd ful, isá Wiiau mqoa.,hdhs' miqj Tyq foaj;ajfhka i,lkakg
úh'
R.a fõoh fkdlshjd bkaÈhdfõ w;S; fyda j¾;udk wd.ï ms<sn|

lsisjla lsj fkdyelsh' R.a fõohg fmr o wkH YsIagdpdrhla yd wd.ula
;snQ njg fudykafcdaÞfrda yrmamd m%foaYj, olakg ,efnk kIagdjfYaI
j,ska ±l.; yelsh' i¾ pd¾,ia t,shÜ uy;d m%ldY lrkafka u;=jg
we;súh yels wd.ï ms<sn|j is;d ne,Sug kï j¾;udk ;;a;ajh fkdj
w;S; ;;a;ajh foi is;a fhduq l< hq;= njhs' tA uy;d m%ldY lrkafka R.a
fõo ld,fha wd.u iïmQ¾K foaj Nla;sh u; f.dv ke.=k ñ;Hd weoySula
njhs'
R.a fõofha we;=,;a iQla;j,ska b;d jeo.;a iQ;%hla f,i i,lk x

uKav,fha 90 jeks iQla;h f,dal o¾Ykh yd ;§h o¾Ykh W.kajhs' fuh
mqreI iQla; hk kñkao y÷kajd we;' fõofha fmfkk wd.ñl yeÕSï
ms<sn| l%u úldYh tla;rd ksIaGdjlg meñK ;sfnkafka fuu mqreI
iQla;fhka lshfjk f,dal ks¾udKh ms<sn| woyia ñksid ;=< we;s jQ
wjia:dfõh' wksl=;a iQla;j,g jvd w¨;a njla fuys olakg ,efnk nj
úpdrlhkaf.a u;h ù we;' fuf;la mej;s fndfyda foúhka wNsnjd fuys
Wiia foúfhla fmkajd fohs' tkï mqreI kï fõ' úYaj foaj jdofha uq,o
fuhuh' fuu mqreI - úYaj" l¾uka" NsrkH.¾NS" m%cdm;S wd§ kï j,ska o
y÷kajhs' Tyqg ysia oyils' md oyils' YÍrh mDÓúh blaujd isà' fõo" l=,"
iïNdId 207
f.da;%" mlaIs" uD. jDCI" ,;d wd§ yeufohlau Tyqf.kau we;s jQ nj my;
jelsfhka m%ldY lrhs'
zziyi% Y s ¾ Id mq r eId# iyi% d CI#iyi% m d;a i N+ ñ x úYa j flda jDFjd

;H;sIagoaoYdx.=,ï mqreI tfõox i¾jd hoaN+;x hÉp NdjHï
W;duD;;ajfiHYdf;d hokafkakd;sfrdaN;SZZ
úYajfha Wm; fudyqf.ka yg.;a nj fuys § m%ldY lrhs' Tyqf.a ysi

wyi úh' ken .=jk úh' md mDÓúh o úh' isf;ka pkaøhd o" wefyka
iQ¾hhd o" yqiafuka jd;h o yg .;ay' fufia uq¿ mqreIu iïmQ¾K úYajh
úh' R.a fõofha fmfkk b;d m%isoaO uka;%hls idú;%S uka;%h' hï ld¾hhla
lr th bgq fkdjqkfyd;a fuu uka;%h fhdÞ.kakd w;r" hd.hla l< úg
hï wdmÞjla jQ fudfyd;l tu úm;aj,ska .e,ùu i|yd fuu uka;%h
Ndú;d flf¾'
zz´x ;;aiú;+¾jfrKHx
N¾f.da foajiH ëuNs
ëfhda fhdak# m%fpdohd;aZZ
îii uKav,fha 62 iQla;fha 10 jeks .S;sldj&
^tA uyd¾> jQ iQ¾h ÈjH rdchdf.a wdf,dalh lrd wm fhajd' fyf;u

wmf.a Nla;sh W;aiql flf¾jd& tys woyihs'
R.a fõofha NdIdj ms<sn| hï ;rulska fyda lreKq f.kyer ±laùfï§

tys we;s .S;sldjla folla ±k .ekSu jà'
zzkH.aksï cd;fõoiï
fyda;%jdyï hùIagHï
oOd; foajuD;aúcïZZ
^v uKav,h 26 iQla;fha 07 jeks .S;sldj&
îshü m%d‚ka okakd jQ wm hd. øjHh okakd jQ ;reK foúhl= jQ

hd. l¾;D jQ w.aks fõÈldfjys ;nõ'&
208 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
zzwyfïj iajhñox jÞñ

mqIagx foafõNsre; udkqfINs#
hx ldufha ;x ;uq.% lDfKdañ
;x n%dyauKx ;uDIsx ;x iafudOïZZ
^v uKa' 26 iQla;fha 07 .S;sldj&
ûu u l:d fldg foúhkag;a ñksiqkag;a leu;s fohla lshï uu

leu;s ;eke;a;d Yla;su;a lrñ' uu Tyq n%dyauKhl= lrñ uu Tyq RIshl=
yd mKaä;hl= lrñ'&
mer‚ wd¾hhkaf.a idudðl lghq;= fukau foaYmd,k l%u ms<sn|j o

bf.k.; hq;= lreKq R.a fõofha nyq, jYfhka olakg ,efí' ffjÈl
wd¾hhd tla ;ekl mÈxÑ fkdjQ ixpdrl Èúhla .; l< nj j¾;udk
W.;=ka úia;r l<dg iuyfrla iaÓr f.j,a ilialr .ksñka .ï msysgqjd
f.k úis;=re m%dldr ilia lrf.k k.r bÈlr .ksñka isá nj R.a
fõofha
* ii uKavfha 41 iQla;fha 01 jeks .S;sldj

* iv uKavfha 30 iQla;fha 03 jeks .S;sldj
* v uKavfha 62 iQla;fha 01 jeks .S;sldj
* vi uKavfha 46 iQla;fha 02 jeks .S;sldj
* vii uKavfha 95 iQla;fha 01 jeks .S;sldj
wd§ .S;sld wOHhkg lsÍfuka fmkS hk lreKls'
Tjqkaf.a m%Odk /lshdj jQfha .j md,kh yd lDIsl¾uhhs' tA nj"
* i uKav,h 03 iQla;fha 08 jeks .S;sldj

* viii uKav,h 22 iQla;fha 01 jeks .S;sldj hk .S;sldj, i|ykah'
fmd<fõ we;s mia fmdfydr ùug o foúhkag mQcd mj;ajd we;'
iïNdId 209
úúO l¾udka;j, fhÿk ñksiaiq o isáhy' thska"
* úùu - ii uKav,h 03 iQla;fha 02 jeks .S;sldj

vi uKav,h 09 iQla;fha 01 jeks .S;sldj
* jvq jev - vi uKav,h 02 iQla;fha 03 jeks .S;sldj

iv uKav,h 16 iQla;fha 06 jeks .S;sldj
* rkska yd hlvj,ska hqoaO we÷ï ueiSu
i uKav,h 140 iQla;fha 53 jeks .S;sldj

ii uKav,h 39 iQla;fha 03 jeks .S;sldj
* ÿkq" yS lvq" hqoaO yeÜg" hqoaO r: wd§ hqO WmlrK iE§u
v uKav,h 52 iQla;fha 01 jeks .S;sldj

v uKav,h 57 iQla;fha 01 jeks .S;sldj
ii uKav,h 34 iQla;fha 02 jeks .S;sldj
* tfukau fndfyda fofkl= iuqøjdiSka jQ nj;a fj<|dïj, olaIjQjka

nj
i uKav,h 116 iQla;fha 03-04 jeks .S;sldj
iv uKav,h 55 iQla;fha 03 jeks .S;sldj
vii uKav,h 88 iQla;fha 03 jeks .S;sldj" hk .S;sldj,ska meyeÈ,s
fõ'
hqO l,dj ms<sn|j R.a fõofha lreKq ±lafõ' iuyr wjia:dj, Tjqka
mhska f.dia uqyqKg uqyqK igka l<y' we;eï wjia:dj, hqO r:j, ke.S
igka l<y' vi uKav,h 47 iQla;fha 08-26 hk .S;sldfjka wYajhd iy
we;d hqoaOhl§ Ndú;d l< nj i|yka fõ' msgrgl hqoaOhlg .sh kdúl
yuqÞjla .ek yd wyia keú Ndú;d l< nj
210 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
* ix uKav,h 47 iQla;fha 05 .S;sldj

* vi uKav,h 46 iQla;fha 13 .S;sldj
* vi uKav,h 47 iQla;fha 31 .S;sldj
* iv uKav,h 04 iQla;fha 01 .S;sldj
* i uKav,h 116 iQla;fha 03 .S;sldj
* i uKav,h 118 iQla;fha 01 .S;sldj hk .S;sldj, i|ykah'
Yla;su;a n,fldgq ;snQ nj vii uKav,h 03 iQla;fha 07 .S;sldj iy i

uKav,h 116 iQla;fha 03 .S;sldj fmkajdfohs' ÿkak" fy,a," fmdrj"
m%Odk hqO wdhqO f,i Ndú; lr we;' hqO N+ñfha rKfnr jehQ nj vi
uKav,h 47 iQla;fha 29 .S;sldfõ olajd ;sfí' fufia hqoaO lsÍug Tjqka
fm<ö we;af;a .x bjqre - ;Kìï ,nd.ekSu i|yd nj vi uKav,h 25
iQla;fha 04 .S;sldj i|yka lrhs' rc uvq¨ 12la .ek Tjqka ±k isg we;s
nj i uKav,h 73 iQla;fha 03 .S;sldfjka fmfka'
Tjqka kCI;%fhys yi,j isá nj i uKav,h 25 iQla;fha 08 .S;sldj"

i uKav,h 164 iQla;fha 15 .S;sldj hk .S;sldj,ska meyeÈ,s fõ' pkaøhd
iQ¾hhdf.a t<sfhka wdf,dalh fok nj i uKav,h 84 iQla;fha 06 .S;sldfjka
fmkajhs' ia;%S mqreI hk fomd¾Yajhu ud, j<¨ kQmqr wd§ rka" ß§ wdNrK
me<¢ nj iv uKav,h 37 iQla;fha 02 .S;sldj v uKav,h 35 iQla;fha 01
.S;sldj v uKav,h 58 iQla;fha 01 .S;sldj iy .S;sldj, i|ykah' uoHidr
fmÍu yd thg hka;% Ndú;d lsÍu;a vi uKav,h 44 iQla;fha 24 .S;sldfjkao
Y,Hl¾u b;d Wiia uÜgul ;snQ nj i uKav,h 116 iQla;fha 15 .S;sldj"
i uKav,h 118 iQla;fha 08 .S;sldj hk .S;sldj, i|yka fõ'
R.a fõofha újdy l%u lSmhla .ek i|yka fõ' thska n%yau" wdiqr yd
iajhxjr hk újdy ;=k m%Odk nj lshfõ' tAjd fmdÿ l%u jYfhka Ndú;
flreKq nj x uKav,h 85 iQla;fha 22 .S;sldj x uKav,h 27 iQla;fha 12
.S;sldj hk .S;sldj, i|ykah' tl ìß|la újdy lr.ekSu idudkH Í;sh
jqj;a nyqNd¾hd mdjd .ekSu o tl, olakg ,enq‚' jekaoUqjlg ;u
iajdñhdf.a nd, fidfydhqrd kS;Hdkql+,j mjrd.; yels nj x uKav,h
40 iQla;fha 02 .S;sldj i|yka lrhs' Wiia l=,Skhl= my;a l=,hl ia;%shla
újdy lr .; yels nj ix uKav,h 16 iQla;fha 02 .S;sldj x uKav,h 39
iQla;fha 14 .S;sldj hk .S;sldj, ±lafõ'
iïNdId 211
msßñka fukau ia;%Ska o Wiia wOHdmkhla ,nd we;s njo i|yka jk

w;r wmd,d" úYajpdrd" f>daId" iQ¾cd" hó hk ia;%Ska b;d W.;a ldka;djka
nj i|yka fõ' <ore újdyh tl, ;snQ úfYaI újdy l%uhhs' fuh udkj
O¾u Ydia;% ld,fha § kS;shla f,io iïu; lr we;' ia;%sh mjqf,a m%Odk;ajh
±Íh' Tjqka rka" ß§" f,dï" kQ,a" frÈ Ndú;d l< nj ii uKav,h 38 iQla;fha
04 .S;sldj vi uKav,h 09 iQla;fha 12 .S;sldj x uKav,h 26 iQla;fha 06
.S;sldj hk .S;sld idCIs orhs' idudðl ÿYapß; .eko we;eï ;ekaj,
i|yka jk w;r kqiqÿiq whg ia;%Ska úlsŒu" ¥ fl<sh" wkshï ia;%S fiajkh"
ia;%Ska .íid lsÍu" .=ma; úoHdj hk ÿYapß; l%shdÞuhka jQ nj R.a fõoh
i|yka lr we;' fï yereKq úg fidrlï lsÍu" u<ñkS ±ùu" i;=ka ueÍu"
ix.S;h wdÈh .eko i|yka fõ'
fï wd§ jYfhka n,k l, R.a fõoh wd.ñl" idudðl" ixialD;sl

fukau tl, ck iudch ms<sn|j mq¿,a f,i ±k.ekSug we;s m%Odk;u
idOlh f,i fmkajd Èh yelsh'
wdY%s; .%ka:
R.a fõo ixys;dj" uelia uHq,¾ ixialrKh'

ixialD; idys;H b;sydih" tA fnßfâ,a lS;a'
;s,lisß chfoaj" ffjÈl idys;H" tia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U - 10"
1988'
l¿myk ðkÞi" Ndr;Sh o¾Yk b;sydih" rdcH NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j'
fidaudrdu ysñ" .,s.uqfõ" ixialD; idys;H" úoHd,xldr uqøKd,h" le,‚h" 1952'
212 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
iïNdId 213
IV fldgi
isxy,
214 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
iïNdId 215
ikak" .egmo yd mßl:d hk jHdLHdk l%uhkays w¾:

újrK l%u ms<n
s | wOHhkhla
tia' YIsld uOqjka;s o is,ajd
reyqK úYajúoHd,h
xy, idys;Hh jkdys úúO jQ idys;Hdx.hka

is j,ska ieÿï ,enQjls' jHdLHdk tAjdhska tAlfoaYhls'
jHdLHd" jHdLHdk Yíohka f .a w¾:h újrKh
hkqfjka YíofldaIj, i|yka fõ' thska woyia
lrk ,oafoa uQ, .%ka:hlg ,shQ úia;rh hs' md,s
ixia l D; NdIdjka g idOdrK jQ fï jHdLHd"
jHdLHdk Yíohka b;d u mer‚ isxy, .%ka:j,
jHdLHdka hs olafka h' Oïmshd wgqjd .egmofhys
miajk ldYHm rc;=ud fufia i|yka lrhs' zz.;a
úhLHka lrk weÿrlayq .;a mQNd.fhys m<uq ;=kqrejkg kulr lghq;=
neúkaZZhs' fuys uE; rEmh úhlayka iy úhlk hkq h' fï yeu Yíohlskau
woyia lrk ,oafoa uQ, .%ka:hl ÿrjfndaO mo iqLdjfndaO jk fia úia;r
lsÍu hs'1 nqÿka jykafia úiska foaYkd l< O¾uh uyskaÞ.ukh;a iu.
,dxlslhkag Y%jKh lsÍug wjia:dj ,eì‚' l,ah;au fuu O¾uh wjfndaO
lr.ekSfï myiqj ms‚i wgqjd fm<la ,shù we;' tu w¾: l:d iuQyh
fy<gqjd kñka m%lg úh' l%s' j' 5 uydkdu rcqf.a ld,fha § furgg meñ‚
w¾:l:dpd¾h nqoaOf>daI ysñ fy<gqjd md,shg mßj¾;kh lf<ah'2 bka miq
fkdfhla foaYhkaf.ka meñ‚ w¾:l:dpd¾hjrfhda md,sfhka w¾:l:d
216 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
iemhQy' mqrd;k ,xldfõ md,sfhka ,shjqKq w¾:l:d ìysjQfha tf,isks' fï

ksid fy<gqjd wNdjhg .sfhah' md,s wÜGl:d wjfndaO lr .ekSu idudkH
ckhdg fkdyels úh' fï fya;=fjka isxyf,ka ,shQ w¾: újrKh l%uhla
wjYH úh' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i ikak" .egmo" mßl:d wdÈ w¾: újrKh
l%u ìys úh'
jHdLHdk l%uhka w;r ikak hkq lsishï .%ka:hl w¾:h meyeÈ,s

lsÍu i|yd mofhka mohg f;areï imhk .%ka:h hs' fïjd mo.;d¾:
ikak kñka ye¢kafõ' md,s ixialD; wd§ lsishï .%ka:hl mohla mohla
mdid w¾: j¾Kkh lrk lD;shla ikak kñka ye¢kafõ'3
ikak hkafkys idudkH w¾:h f;areu hkakhs' fuys ksrela;sh jkafka

md,s i[aØ fyda il= ix× hkakhs' f;areu" ±k.ekSu" wNsm%dh hk w¾:h
tys mj;S'4 ikak hkafkka idudkHfhka mo.;d¾: ±laùu woyia flf¾'5
ikakh yqfola l;=jrhdf.a ×kh" NdId ×kh" b;sydi ±kqu wd§

úúO fohska fmdaIKh jQ ksoyfia wjYH mßÈ wjYH ;ekaj, úia;r újrK
.e<mSï iei£ï muKla fkdj mqrdjD;a;hkaf.ka o fmdaIKh jQjls'6
w¾: mo hkq ikakhg wks;a kuls'7
±kg mj;akd ikakhka fndfydauhla fmdf<dkakre" oUfo‚" uykqjr

yd Bg miq ld,fha ,shjqKq tAjd nj úoaj;=kaf.a u;h fõ' ikak .%ka:j,ska
lSmhla my; ±lajd we;'
1' wNsO¾ud¾: ix.%y ikakh 11' lihska ikakh
2' cd;l .d:d ikakh 12' nd,dj;dr ikakh
3' wgÞ ikakh 13' nd,dj;dr ,shk ikakh
4' iiÞj; ikakh 14' iso;a ikakh
5' mßjdr .KaÀmo ikakh 15' ÞGdjxY ikakh
6' cdklSyrK uydldjH ikakh 16' úß; ikakh
7' fji;=reÞ ikakh 17' úY=oaê ud¾. uyd ikakh
8' fï>¥; ikakh 18' t¿ i|ia ,l=K ikakh
9' wNsOdkmam§msld ikakh 19' mo idok ikakh
10' ldjHdo¾Y ikakh 20' iqfndaOd,xldr ikakh
iïNdId 217
ikakj, w¾: újrK l%u lSmhla ±lsh yels fõ' bka lSmhla my;
i|yka fõ'
1' f;dard.;a md,s mohlg fyda mdGhlg isxyf,ka w¾:h § kej;

isxyf,ka úia;r lsÍu'
* zzWmÜGdkx - Wjgka - i;r t<öu fiahs" úmiaikdOqrx újiqka OQr

mia lfòys wehs neõ fï fhðï újiqka OQrkïZZ8
* zzfmdrdKx úh - fmrfihska - fmr ch;=rd kqjfrys,d kka foiska

hÈhka .ukla fuka wo hÈhlayqf.a .ukaZZ9
2' md,s jpkhlg isxyf,ka f;areula foñka w¾:h meyeÈ,s lsÍu'
* zzmálßiaidñ" foiñ" f.dprx" f.dÿre ìuZZ10
* zzf;- ;S úiska" mdmx- mõlï" kfjj l;x - fkdu lrk ,oZZ11
3' md,s jpkhlg isxyf,ka wre;a § md,sfhka úia;r lsÍu'

* zzfjf.k - fjf<õ .ukska cfjk hQfiahsZZ12
* zzl=gqïnlmq;af;da" fl<ôhl= msf;la" l=gqïnx iïm;a;sx ;x hii
w;Ó fid l=gqïìfldZZ13
4' md,s jpkhlg fyda mdGhlg isxyf,ka w¾: folla ±laùu'

* zzk.r mß.a.dys;d" kqjr msßyd" kqjr rlskdZZ14
* zzuq;af;d" uqla; jQ" ÿre jQZZ15
5' f;dard.;a md,s jpkhg fyda mdGhlg isxyf,ka w¾: § ;jÿrg;a

isxyf,ka úia;r lsÍu'
* zz;dÈiai lhiai wNjf;d" hï CIKhl mgka rd.d§kaf.a m%jD;a;sh

fkdfõo fyg hhs kshu lghq;= ud¾. M,hkag wruqKq jQ tn÷
CIKhla ke;s neúksZZ16
218 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
6' md,s jpkhl fyda mdGhl w¾:h tl t,af,a m%ldY fkdlr woyi
úia;rd;aulj isxyf,ka ±laùu'
* zzwiskd lmafmkaf;da w.udis" muK ;d ;kays fl<ska isá yqKq

l<U wiska lvñka .sfhah' fkdfyd;a wiQßhkla mu‚ka wyig
fõ mqrd ke.S hkafka wiska lvñka .sfhah'ZZ17
7' w¾:h meyeÈ,s md,s mdGj, fyda jpkj, jHdlrK úNd. ±laùu'
* zzifojlx ;drhkaf;da" ifoõ f,dj krjkq i|yka fiahs fya;j¾:

ys Y;dZZ18
8' Wodk md,s .d:d weiqßka wre;a mejiSu' fuys§ w¾: mjik md,s
mdGh olajñka tys w¾:h meyeÈ,s md,s .d:d u.ska olajhs'
* zzo;ajd Ñ;a;x midfoys" tfia okaÈ;d is;amyoj

Mqífíj Þk iqufkd - oox Ñ;a;x midofhZZ19
9' md,s ksrela;s ±laùu
* zztldhudfkd" tAlxjd ksíndKx wh;s .ÉP;Sks tldhfkd tf;kjd
.Kií>‚lx m;dh úfjlÜfGk whs;ífnd''''''''''''' N.jf;d

whfkd;s tldhfkdZZ20
isxy, jHdLHdk idys;Hfha úldYkh úuiSfï § jeo.;a jk ;j;a w¾:

újrK l%uhls' .egmo .KaÀ mo hk md,s jpkfhka ì£ wdjla fia .egmo
hkak ye¢kaúh yelsh' zzuQ,mKaKdi àldj yd úiqoaê ud¾. uyd àldj
hk .%ka:j, .egmoh hkak Wmudkqidrfhka olajd we;af;a fufiah" hï
fia .il .eg iys; ;eka blaujd hdug fkdyelajkafka o tfia u hï
mohl w¾: wjfndaO l< fkdyels mo .egmo fõ hkqfjks' ã' B' fyÜáwdrÉÑ
iQÍyq'''''''''' hï lsis .%ka:hl w¾: wjfndaO l< fkdyels jQ .eg¨ ;eka
.KaÀmo fyj;a .egmo hk kdufhka ye¢kafjk kuqÿ tu .eg¨ ;eka
myÞ tAjd iqu.g úia;r lrk .%ka:hlgo tA kduh Wmpdr jYfhka fhfoa
hkqfjka .egmo ks¾jpkh lr;s' tA wkqj uq,a .%ka:hl fyda wkq.%ka:hl
iïNdId 219
f;dard.;a .eg¨ iys; moj,g újrK úia;r ksrela;s jHdlrK ,CIKdÈh

bÈßm;a lrk lD;s .egmo f,i ye¢kaúh yels h'ZZ21
zzfoaYkd md,sfhys tk wgqjdjka f;areï lsÍu i|yd l< w¾: jHdLHdk

.egmo kï fõZZ'22
zzwgqjdj, we;eï jpk ;jÿrg;a ,sys,alr ±laùfï Wmdhla jYfhka

.%KaÀmo kñka md,sfhka .egmo fjiila ,shù we;'ZZ23
zzhï mohlayqf.a w¾: ÿ¾úf{h ù kï fya .KaÀmo kñ'ZZ24
isxy,fha uq,au .egmo .%ka:h jkafka Oïmshd wgqjd .egmoh hs'ZZ

foìijecd wNdi,fujka liqí uyrcyq oyïmshd wgqjdjg l< ikHhhs'ZZ25
fuh fmdf<dkakre ld,fha ,shQjls' ful, ,shjqKq ;j;a .egmohla we;'
tkï cd;l wgq j d .egmoh hs ' fuu .% k a : folg wu;rj flda Ü fÜ
ld,jljdkqfõ § ldjHfYaLr .egmoh ,sh ù we;'
ikakj,g fiau .egmoj, o w¾: újrK l%u lSmhla ±lsh yels fõ' bka
lSmhla my; i|yka fõ'
1' md,s mohlg isxyf,ka w¾: lshd md,sfhka úia;r lSu
zzlmam i;iyiaidêldkx" lma iqjyia b;sß fldg we;s" lmamSh;s idim

mín;d§ys Wmudys flj,x ixlmamSh;s k ukqiai foj ixjÉPrdÈ .Kkdh
.Œh;S;s lmafmdZZ26
2' md,s jpkj,g md,sfhkau w¾: ±laùu
zzcd;Skx fldá cd;s fldá" cd;s tj jd fldá cd;sfldáZZ27
zz§mxlfrd" §fmdúh wkaOldrx ØKdf,dflk wúÊckaOldrx úêñ;;a;d

§mxlfrdZZ28
3' mÞ¾: mßj¾;k iajrEmh
zzixúOdh" ixúOdkfldgZZ" zzcgduKa v ," o<u~q ¨ ZZ" zzk Nú;= x "

fkdjkakgZZ29
220 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
4' Ndjd¾: ±laùu
zz.sïydkx mÉýfu udfi" fmdfidka uiZZ30
5' md,sfhka we;eï .eguqiq mohlg l=vd l;kaorhla ir, NdIdjlska

bÈßm;a lrhs'
zzmáNdk jifk" CIKfhys jehfyk nqoaê jYfhka

oaúlydmKl.>k;iai ñ.iai .ys; j;:qx hkq tfldlsr ñ. öaofld ñ.x
p ñ. fmd;lx .fy;:d wd.ÉP;s''''''''ZZ31
6' ix× kdu iE§ we;s ieá meyeÈ,s lsÍu
zzWrefj,x" fndfyda je,s fydaZZ32
7' wdikak f;areï iemhSu
zziqjKaK mÜgl[ap" rkajka ms<so fkdfyd;aZZ33
8' tla md,s mdGhlg fyda jpkhlg isxy, jpk follska w¾: ±laùu
zzisÍuf;d" kqjK we;a;dyq- fkdfyd;a rE we;a;djQZZ" zzny,m,dfid" >k

jQ m;a we;af;a - .yk jQ m;a we;af;ahZZ34
9' ksmd; mo Ndú;h
zzcÊcrx - ±ÿrej .sh - fyj;a uy¨ jQZZ" zzm¨.a.x" ne§ msmsß .shd jQ -
fkdfyd;a is£ì£ .shZZ35" zzmßudß;skaøsfhd" ksú b÷rka we;sfha fkdfyd;a
ñys lsreKq b÷rka we;sfhaZZ36
ikak" .egmo hk w¾: újrK l%uhka yereKqfldg we;s ;j;a w¾:

újrK l%uhls" mßl:d" zzikakhlska lrkafka ÿrjfndaO mo iqLdjfndaOhg
wkqj ieliSuhs' .egmoh .eg¨ mo úia;r lf<ah' tfy;a mßl:dj óg
fjkia fõ' kshñ; mo fyda jdlH LKavhla ms<sn| §¾> úia;rhla lSu
mßl:dfõ ,CIKh fõ' tys§ we;eï ;ekl jHdlrK jYfhka l< YíÞ¾:
iïNdId 221
úNd.h o ;j;a ;ekl Yíohdf.a úúO m%fhda. f.kyermEu o ;j;a

;ekl woyi úia;r lrñka l:d mqj;a bÈßm;a lsÍu o wjYH ;ek§ wkH
.%ka: ;=<ska ksoiqka f.kyer ±laùu o mßl:dfõ ,CIK f,i .efka' tA
wkqj mßl:djla lrkakd uQ, .%ka:hl úia;rd¾: j¾Kkd l< yels mdG
iy mo muKla f;dard .kS'ZZ37
zzikak" .egmo msgfmd;a wd§ jHdLHdk hï hï .%ka:hlg m%fõY ùfuys,d

Woõ jk .%ka: fõ' mßl:d jQ l,S tfia fkdfõ' hï lsis .%ka:hla weiqre
lrf.k hï úIhla ms<sn|j lrk ix.%y .%ka:h hsZZ'38 isxy, idys;H
jxYfhys mßl:dj w¾: olajd we;af;a fufiah" zzmßl:dj hkafkys jdpHd¾:h
iúia;r idlÉPdj hkakhsZZ'39 tys mßl:dj hkak kej;;a úia;r lr we;'
zzmßl:d hkafkys mß hkq Wmi¾. mohls' tys úúO f;areï mj;S' yd;ami"
jgd" iïmQ¾K" iúia;r hkq tys m%lg f;areï lSmhls' l:d hkqfjys o
f;areï .Kkdjla we;' l:dj" idlÉPdj" l:dkaorh hkq úiska tA f;areu
mj;S' fomofha fï úúO f;areï w;r fuys mefkkqfha jpkhla jgd
flfrk iïmQ¾K jQ iúia;r jQ idlÉPdj hs'ZZ40
pd,aia f.dvl=Uqr uy;d fmdf<dkakre ,sms ixys;d lD;sfha mßl:dj hkq

hïlsis .%ka:hla weiqre lrf.k hï úIhla ms<sn| lrk ,o ix.%y .%ka:hla41
nj m%ldY lr we;'
wdkkao l=,iQßh isxy, idys;H I ys mßl:dj w¾: olajd we;af;a fufiahs"

zzhï rpkdjl ÿrjfndaO mdGj,g úia;rd¾: iemhQ lD;shls' mßl:dj
.egmohlska ±lafjk úia;rhlg jvd f,dl= úia;rhla mßl:djlska lshkq
,efí'ZZ42
Y%S iqux., YíofldaIfhys mßl:dj wre;a olajkqfha zzúia;r l:dj" w¾:

j¾Kkdj" m¾hdh l:dj" jg l:dj" woyia Rcq f,i fkdlshd wka f,ilska
lSuZZ'43
zzmßl:d hkq jpkhla jgd flfrk úia;rh$idlÉPdj hkakhs'ZZ44
mßl:dj hk wx.h jHdLHdk idys;Hhg tl;=jkafka fmdf<dkakre

ld,fha § h' ikak" .egmo ,sùfï ÈhqKq wjia:djls" mßl:dj' mßl:dfõ
17 - CM23766
222 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
,CIKh f;dard.;a moj,g ksrela;s iemhSu hs' isxy, idys;Hfhys ±kg

yuqjk úYsIag yd tl u mßl:dj .=re¿f.daókaf.a O¾um%§msldj hs' md,s
fndaêjxYfha f;dard.;a mdG 205lg mßl:d iemhSu fuu.ska isÿlr we;'
mßl:d hkq jHdLHdk úfYaIhla nj .=re¿f.daóka u O¾um%§ldfõ fkdfhla
;eka jHdLHdk hkak mßl:d hkakg m¾hdh f,i fhdÞ we;s wdldrfhka
meyeÈ,s fõ'45
ikak" .egmoj,g fiau mßl:dj, o w¾: újrK l%u lSmhla ±lsh yels
fõ' bka lSmhla my; i|yka fõ'
1' md,s mohlg isxyf,ka w¾: olajd úia;rd¾: §u
zzmf;; iín[a`Cÿ;x i;a:d hk mdGhg mßl:d iemhSu" fuys§ wÑka;H

jQ rEm ú,di jpk ×k ú,di iúia;rj olajhs' nqÿyq rEm ú,difhkqÿ jpk
ú,difhkqÿ ×k ú,difhkqÿ wÑka;Hhy wjjHhy w;=,Hhy wfjoHfhdahs
- tõyq wÑka;H jk neúkaZZ46
2' isxyf,ka l;d mqj;a lSu
WÞ' ( * zzoka; mqf¾ rdcd yq;ajd hk ;kayS Tyq oka;mqf¾ rcjQ mßÈ
lsfiheh;a @'''''''ZZ
* zzindhx pka o l= u frd hk ;ka y S kka o l= u ryq meúÈ l<

ckõle¨Kq l=ula l<dheh;a @'''''ZZ47
3' md,s moj,g úúOd¾: mejiSu
WÞ' ( * zzidOq Nfk;ZZ hk mdGfhka zzidOq Z Z Yíoh f;da r d.;a

O¾um%§msld l;=jrhd tys úúOd¾: myÞ fohs'48
4' udf,damud wdY%s; w¾:l:k iemhSu
WÞ' ( * zzmqrjdisyS mQðhudfkdZZ hk mdGh úia;r lrk O¾um%§ld

l;=jrhd nqÿkajykafia j¾Kkd lr we;af;a Wjï /ilsks'49
iïNdId 223
5' f;dard.;a mdGfha tla jpkhlg muKla újrK iemhSu
WÞ' ( * O¾um%§msldfõ z.=reprK mßpßhdjidfkZ hk mdGfhka Tyq

f;dard.;af;a zmßpßhdZ hk jpkh mu‚'50
6' úia;r o; hq;= fjk;a ud¾. ±laùu
lsishï lreKla cd;l l;d weiqßka úia;r lsÍfï§ fndfyda wjia:dj,

olajd we;af;a tAjdfha kï mu‚' WÞ' zztys l,yfhys wd§kj kï ljrh;a
l,y úiska wia:dkfhys ffjr fldg tla rela foúhlayq yd ld, isxyhlayq
yd fofok Tjqfkdjqka flfrys l< ffjr ish,a fulm mj;akd mßÈ t
kkaok cd;lfhka okafkahe'''''''ZZ51
ikak" .egmo w¾: újrK l%uhkays we;eï wjia:djka iduH;ajfhka

hq;= nj o mßl:d hkq ikak" .egmo w¾: újrK l%uhkays ÈhqKq jQ
wjia:djla nj o meyeÈ,s fõ'
ikak" .egmo yd mßl:d hk jHLHdk l%uhkayS w¾: újrK l%u

fudkjdo hkak by;ska idlÉPd l< lreKqj,ska fudkjg meyeÈ,s fõ'
wdY%s; .%ka: kdudj,sh
1' wurjxY ysñ" fld;auf,a" isxy, idys;H ,;d" fld<U" tï' ã' .=Kfiak iy
iud.u" 1968'
2' l=,iQßh" wdkkao isxy, idys;H I" fndr,eia.uqj" úisÿkq m%ldYlfhda" 1999'
3' f.dvl=Uqr" pd,aia" .=re¿f.dañ idys;H iÕrdj" fld<U" tï' ã' .=Kfiak iy
iud.u" 1961'
4' kdkdhlaldr" .=Kj¾Ok" fmdf<dkakre hq.fha isxy, jHdLHdk idys;Hh" fld<U"
tia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 1998'
5' mqIaml=udr" kS,a" cd;l wgqjd .egmoh" kqf.af.dv" *diaÜ m%skagß m%hsjÜ ,sñgâ"
2013'
6' ñkqjka.uqfõ" uydkdu ysñ" iu¾pkd Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" md,s yd fn!oaO wOHdmk
wdh;kh" 2010'
7' r;akmd, Ô' ã' îxia'&" iïNdId Ydia;h
S% ix.%yh II l,dmh" wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha
msßfjka wOHdmk YdLdfõ m%ldYkhls" 2000'
224 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
8' ika k ia . ," mq x ÑnKa v dr" is x y, idys ; H jxYh" ixia l D;s l lghq ; =
fomd¾;fïka;=j" 1962'
wka;¾cd,h
1' isßiquk ysñ" w.,lv" mqkl

a ,i" www.silumina.lk, 2012.04.29
mdol igyka
1' isxy, idys;H ,;d" 33 msgqj'

2' isxy, idys;H I" 83 msgqj'
3' cd;l wgqjd .egmoh" xvii msgqj'
4' iu¾pkd Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 342 msgqj'
5' -tu-
6' isßiquk ysñ" w.,lv" mqkal,i" www.silumina.lk, 2012'04'29'
7' isxy, idys;H jxYh" 74 msgqj'
9' -tu-
10' Oïmshd wgqjd .egmoh" 65 msgqj'
13' -tu-
14' -tu-" 345 msgqj'
15' -tu-" 345 msgqj'
16' -tu-
17' -tu-
18' -tu-
21' cd;l wgqjd .egmoh" m%ia;djkdj" xiv'
22' isßiquk ysñ" w.,lv" mqkal,i" www.silumina.lk, 2012'04'29'
25' cd;l wgqjd .egmoh" m%ia;djkdj" xv'
27' cd;l wgqjd .egmoh" m%ia;djkdj" xxix'
28' -tu-
iïNdId 225
29' cd;l wgqjd .egmoh" 12 msgqj'

33' -tu-
35' tu" 10 msgqj'
36' tu" 28 msgqj'
37' isßiquk ysñ" w.,lv mqkal,i" www.silumina.lk, 2012'04'29'
38' iïNdId Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh II l,dmh" 378 msgqj'
41' fmdf<dkakre ,sms ixys;d" 80 msgqj'
42' isxy, idys;H I" 94 msgqj'
43' Y%S iqux., YíofldaIh - oaú;Sh Nd.h" 560 msgqj'
46' -tu-
47' tu" 354 msgqj'
48' tu" 355 msgqj'
49' tu" 354 msgqj'
50' -tu-
51' -tu-
226 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
isxy, úudk j;a:q m%lrKh md,s uQ,dY%fha u

mßj¾;khla o @
wdpd¾h tAkac,a fldgj,f.or
fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" isxy, wOHhkdxYh" reyqKq úYajúoHd,h" ud;r
1' ye`Èkaùu" l;_D" ld,h" ksñ;a;" ix×j" mßudKh
is xy, úudk j;a:q m%lrKh .ïuq,af,a r;kmd,

iajdóka jykafia úiska ,shk ,o lD;shla nj;a"
Wkajykafia je,súg irKxlr ix>rdc udysñmdKka
jykafiaf.a YsIH Ou–rCIs; ysñf.a YsIHjrhl= nj;a
lD;sh wjidkfhys i|yka Ydifkdamldr ix.%y
jia;=fõ i|yka fõ'
zzix>rdcii isfiid fhd f:frd iqfrd p mdlfgd

iS,d§ .=K iumfkkd OuurCÅ; kdufld
;ii isfiik iunqoaO iqkqN=f;k idOqkd

r;kmdf,k f:frk ioo iF:dÈ ú[`Cÿkd
bJofcd;sii f:rii iÒuu`À;s ldñfkd

wdrdOkx má..hy ú[ØkF:[p wdh;sx
iïNdId 227
wd.;d uQ,Ndidh úudkjF:q foikd

úydh uQ,NdiF:x ilndidh jK‚;d''''''''ZZ
îxia' OïudkJo ysñ' 1997" 247 msgqj&
.ïuq,af,a r;kmd, iajdóka jykafia bJøfcda;s f;reka jykafiaf.a

wdrdOkhg wkqj fï lD;sh rpkd lrk ,o nj i|yka fõ' l¾;DFjh"
ld,h" .%ka: ksñ;a;" ix×j yd .%ka: mßudKh wd§ lD;sh ms<sn| ish¨
úia;r Ydifkdamldr ix.%y jia;=fjka ,o yels fõ'
zzix>rdc iajdñmdohkaf.a YsIH jQ mKaä;''''''' OuurCIs; ia:úrhka

jykafiaf.a YsIH jQ'''''''' .ïuq,a,''''''''''' r;kmd, ia:úrhka jykafia
úis k a ''''''' .,f.or bJøfcda ; s f;reka jyka f ia f .a wdrdOkdj
ms<sf.k'''''''''' .%ka: tlaish mkaie;a;Ejla wêl fldg we;s wgf<dia
nKjrlska yd idrÞia wgish mkaie;a;Ejla .%ka:fhka yd tla ,CI
i;,sia kjÞia iiShla muK wCIr iÙLHdjla we;s fï t¿ úudkji;=
m%lrKh Y%S iqÒ ilrdc jI_fhka tlajd oyia iish fohdkqfjks jI_fha§
fldg ksujk ,§'ZZ
îxia' OïudkJo ysñ' 1997" 247 msgqj&
lD;sh iïmdÈ; j¾Ih Y' j' 1692 fyj;a l%s' j' 1770 § nj meyeÈ,s fõ'
lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rdcH ld,fha ,sheù we;s fï lD;shg t;=ud úiska Wmydr
mqok ,o nj o tys u i|yka fõ'
zz'''''''' ls;;siisß rdciSy - rdcd ßúl=,oOfcd

mifkk úudk jF:quys - Ouux iqFjd wfklOd
iMf,d ðú;x uhyx - iq,oOx j; ðú;x

mS;smdfudcc jpkd - kspPdfrfk;d i.drfjd''''ZZ
îxia' OïudkJo ysñ" 1997" 248 msgqj&
is h ü nq o a O ldrl O¾u mQ r Kh fldg wkd.;fha § iïnq o a O Fjh

,efnïjd hk m%d¾:kdj we;s j l< t¿ úudkjia;= m%lrKh flfrys
ßúl=,fhys Ochla n÷ jQ lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcq m%ido mQ¾jl j ;udf.a Ôú;h
id¾:l ùh" hk m%S;s m%fudaofhka hq;= j f.!rj Nla;sfhka tu .%ka:hg
Wmydr ms¥ nj tu .d:d mdGj,ska m%ldY fjhs' lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcq zud
228 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
úiska rclu ,enQ Þ isg l<d jQ l=i,hla Tng foñZhs lshd Ydikh Ñria:dhs
lsÍu i|yd Wkajykafia isÿ l< fufyhg lD;.=K jYfhka i;r fldar<fha
w¨;a kqjr wuqKq mif<dil fl;la yd úydrhla o ys`.=, kï rfgys wuqKq
i;l fl;la yd úydrhla o ms¥ nj tu .d:d fmf<ys i|yka fjhs'
2' uQ,dY%h
lD;sh iïmdokh lsÍfï § uQ,dY%hg f.k we;af;a Noka;dpd¾h Ou–

md, uy f;reka jykafia úiska md,s úudkjF:qjg ,shk ,o zzmruF:
§mkSZZ kï wÜG l:dj h' md,s úudkjF:qj m%:u O¾u ix.dhkdfõ § ix.S;s
ldrl uyry;ka jykafia úiska iQ;% msglfha Lqoaol ksldhg tla lrk ,o
ix.%yhls' fï uQ,dY%h ms<sn| j l;= ysñfhda fufia ±kqj;a lr;s'
zz'''''''''' uyd ldYHmd§ uyd ia:úrhka úiska úkh iQ;%dNsOu– ixLHd;

jQ ;%smsgl Ou–h ix.dhkd lrK l,ays ''''''''''' tA tA ;kays m%ldY jQ
fkdfhla úudk jia;=ka tlafldg úudk jia;= hhs lshd ix.%yhg
kÕd iQ ; % m s g lfhys l= ÿ .;a iÕs h g wka ; ._ ; fldg .d:dX.fhka
ix.dhkdlr jÞ<fial' Bg wk;=rej fï ,laÈj uyd úydrjdiS Ou–
md, kï uyd ia:úrhka úiska uyd Y%djlhkaf.a wF:_l:dkqidrfhka'''''''
úudkjia;=m%lrKh l< fial''''''ZZ
Noka;dpd¾h Ou–md, uyf;reka jykafiaf.a md,s úudkjF:qmmlrKh

isxy, NdIdjg k.ñka .ïuq,af,a r;kmd, iajdóka jykafia úiska isxy,
úudk jia;= m%lrKh ,shd we;s nj meyeÈ,s fõ' l;=ysñmdKka jykafia tA
nj i|yka fldg we;af;a fufia h'
zz''''''''' fy¿ ni muKla okakd Y%Òdjk; i;amqreIhkag jev ms‚i;a

mQj–dpd¾hjrhka .sh u.ska wd;audF:_ mrdF:_ jYfhka iaj._ fudaCI
iïm;a idÞ.; uekjehs is;d fï úudk jia;= m%lrKh fy¨ nig
k.d ixfCImfhka j“kd flfrñ''''ZZ
lD;sfhys mßÉfþo ixúOdkh ms<sn|j o .%ka:drïNfha § i|yka fldg

we;' úudk jia;=j" mSG j¾.h" Ñ;%,;d j¾.h" mdßpP;;l j._h udf[cIGl
uydr: j._h" mdhdis j._h yd iqksCÅ;; j._h wd§ jYfhka j._ i;lska
iïNdId 229
iukaú; nj olajd bka wk;=rej j._fhys we;s l;d jia;= ixLHdj i|yka
flf¾'
zz''''''''''' tA jkdys j._ jYfhka mSG j._h" Ñ;%,;d j._h" mdßpP;;l

j._h" udf[cIGl j._h" uydr: j._h" mdhdis j._h" iqksCÅ;; j._h
hs hk fï ima; uyd j._hlska m%;suKaä; úh' thska m<uqjk mSGj._fhys
i;f<dila ji;= l:dfjda h' fojk Ñ;%l,d j._fhys tfldf<dila
ji;= l:dfjdah'''' miajk uydr: j._fhys ;=ÿila jia;= l:dfjda h'
ijk mdhdis j._fhys oihla jia;= l:dfjdah' i;ajk iqksCÅ;; j._fhys
tfldf<dila jia;= l:dfjdah''''ZZ
tfia u .d:d tlaoyia mkaishhla jYfhka m%ldY lrk ,o úudkjF:qfjys

tlaish úis;=kla muK jia;= l:djka we;s nj o tys i|yka fõ'
fufia lD;sfhys mßÉfþo ixúOdkh ms<sn| ixCIsma; ye¢kaùula bÈßm;a

fldg t;eka isg tla tla úudk jia;= ms<sn| úia;r bÈßm;a flf¾' tfia
u úudk jia;= l:d bÈßm;a lrk l%ufõoh ms<sn| j o woyila ,nd fohs'
md,s úudk jia;= foaYkdfjys mqpPd .d:d" úiicckd .d:d hhs .d:d oaúm%ldr
nj;a" tu úiicckd .d:d tA tA foaj;djqka úiska lrk ,o l=i,a m%ldY fldg
lshk ,o .d:d nj;a" mqpPd .d:d nqÿka jykafia úiska" uyd Y%djlhka
jykafia úiska' Yl%d§ka úiska fyda uq.,ka uy f;reka jykafia úiska jÞ<
.d:d nj;a fmkajd fohs' îxia' OïudkJo ysñ" 1997" 4-5 msgq&'
lD;sfhys wka;¾.; úIh lreKq mÍCId lsÍfï § .%ka: m%drïNh"

lD;sh ms<sn| ye¢kaùu i|yd fjkafldg we;s nj fmfka' uQ,dY%fha i|yka
jk zzuyd ldre‚lx kd;x f[hHid.r mdr.=x''''ZZ hk .d:dj WoaOD;
lrñka nqÿka jykafiaf.a Y%S mdo kuialdrh isÿ fldg bka wk;=rej uQ,dY%hg
neyeßka .;a zm%i;dfrd kIg uqoÈIg''''Z hk Yaf,dalh olajd PJoia ,CIK
wkqj tys w¾:h úNd. flf¾' tfia u uQ,dY%fha we;s .d:d ;=kla bÈßm;a
fldg r;ak;%hg kuialdr lsÍfuka miq lD;sh wdrïN flf¾'
r;ak;%hg kuialdr lsÍfuka wk;=rej lD;sh rpkd lsÍfï W;=ï

wruqK olajd we;' iaj._" fudaCI iïm;a;sh ie,iSfï wruqK fmkajd § fï
úudk jia;= foaYkdj lshd ksu l< fkdyels nj j“kdkqidrfhka olajd
isà'
230 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
zz'''''' w;s .ïNSr foYkd:_h fmr<d t¿jg kÕd wF:_ j“kd flfrñZZhs
is;S kï isÿy;= lr~qjla f.k uqyqÿÈh biakg W;aidy lrkakdla jekak'''''''''ZZ
wk;=rej l:d jia;= bÈßm;a lsÍfï ms<sfj< olajd isà' mqÉPd .d:d yd
úiicckd .d:d meyeÈ,s lrñka foaYkd ú,dih ms<sn| woyi ,nd §
i¾j{hka jykafia fï uyd Nø l,amhg úis wixLH l,am ,CIhla hg
nqÿfjïjdhsZ is;ska is;d ufkdm%‚Odkh uia;lm%dma; l< ;eka isg §mxlr
mdo uQ,fha iqfïO ;dmij ksh; újrK ,;a ;eka olajd;a" t;eka isg
nqÿùu" nqÿWm;" ießhq;a uq.,ka uyf;reka jykafia foku w.% Y%djl njg
m;aùu olajd úia;r ixCIsma; j we;=<;a flf¾'
bka miq úudk jia;= foaYkdfõ b;sydih yd lD;sfha uQ,dY%h meyeÈ,s

fldg lD;sh ms<sn| y÷kajd§u bÈßm;a flf¾' úudk jia;= l:d ixLHdj
tlaish úis;=kla muK we;s nj olajd uq,ska u mSG j._fha úudk jia;= Þy;
bÈßm;a lrñka" myka is;a we;s j fok iq¿ fofhys mjd uy;a wkqiia we;s
nj olajd isà' m<uqj úia;r flfrkafka iaj“ mSG úudk jia;=jhs'
úudk jia;= l;djg uÕ mdÞ.kakd wdldrh fnfyúka is;a .kS' nqÿka

jykafia iej;akqjr foõrï fjfyr jev jdih lrk l,ays fldfid,a rcq
úiska i;a Èkla wioDY uyd Þkhla mj;ajkq ,nk w;r wfkams~q isgdKka
yd úidLdjka we;=¿ msßi ;=ka ojila uy;a oka mj;aj;s' fï Þk w;r uy;a
M, l=ula ±Zhs ckhd w;r u;= jQ mekh úi|ñka nqÿka jykafia foaYkd lr
jÞf<a" myka is;ska fok b;d l=vd fofhys mjd uy;a M, uydksixi we;s
nj hs' fï mqj; oUÈj mqrd me;sr hoa§ ÿ.S u.S hdpl yd Y%uK nuqKka fj;
oka §u i|yd ñksiqka fm<UqKq nj i|yka fldg t;eka isg rij;a l;d
mqj;a úia;r flf¾'
tla;rd l=, Èh‚hla f;reka jykafia flfkl= flfrys meye§ weh

ys¢kd mqgqj iaj“ jia;%hla w;=rd mQcd fldg nK wid h<s tu mqgqj
úydrhgu mQcd lrhs' tA msfkka weh ;õ;sid foõf,dj bmso foõ iïm;a
ú¢k w;r;=r ÈjH f,dal ixpdrfha fhfok uq.,ka uy f;reka jykafia
weh ,;a iïm;a ms<sn| úpdr;s'
iïNdId 231
zz''''''fun÷ iïm;a;shla fmr ñksia f,dj§ fln÷ jQ l=Y,hla fldg

,nk ,oa§ o" ljr ldrKhlska fun÷ jQ ÈjHdkqNdjfhka yd mßjdr
iïm;a j“ iïm;a wdÈfhka fcda;su;a j nn,do uu úpdrñ' ug
fkdj,yd lshjhs úpdr jÞ< fial''''''''ZZ
fufia uq.,ka uy f;reka jykafia úiska úpdrK ,o m%Yakhg ms<s;=re

fok foõ ¥ f;dfuda mQ¾j l=i,h isysm;a lrñka zz''''''''''' ;=kqrejka flfrys
myka is;a we;s j WÞr;r j hïlsis Þkhla fok ,oafoa ù kï uy;a M,
uydksixi we;s nj mjid isàZZ' îxia' OïudkJo ysñ" 1997" 15 msgqj&
wk;= r ej uq . ,ka uy f;reka jyka f ia ñks i a f,djg jev nq ÿ ka

jykafiag fï mqj; okajd isá nj;a nqÿka jykafia fï úudk jia;=j uq,a
fldgf.k meñ‚ msßig Ou–h foaYkd lrk ,o nj;a mjiñka l;dj
wjika flf¾'
fï wdldrhg fuu mSG j._fha b;sß l;d jia;= Þihu úldYkh jk

wka o u ola k g yels h' mS G j._ h g wh;a wfkla úudk jia ; = j , kï
wkqms<sfj<ska fufia h' ÿ;sh mSG úudk jia;=j" ;;sh mSG úudk jia;=j"
p;=F: mSG úudk jia;=j" l=[acr úudk jia;=j" kdjqld úudk jia;=j" ÿ;sh
kdjqld úudk jia;=j" ;;sh kdjqld úudk jia;=j" §m úudk jia;=j" ;s,
oCÅKd úudk jia;=j" m;sj%;d úudk jia;=j" fojk m;sj%;d úudk jia;=j"
iqŒid úudk jia;=j" ÿ;sh iqŒid úudk jia;=j" W;a;rd úudk jia;=j"
isßud úudk jia;=j yd flaildß úudk jia;=j hs tA'
3' idkao¾NSh ,laIK
.ïuq,af,a r;kmd, iajdóka jykafia úiska rpkd lrk ,o isxy,

úudk jia;= m%lrKh mruF: §mkS kï jQ úudkjF:q wÜGl:d uQ,dY%h l<
o th md,s uQ,dY%fha mo.; mßj;_khla f,i fkdj iajfoaYSh ck;djf.a
ys;iqj ms‚i iajdëk uqyqKqjrlska bÈßm;a l< lD;shla nj .%ka:d.; úIh
lreKq fm< .iajd we;s wdldrh mÍCId lsÍfuka ;yjqre fõ' úudkjF:q
wÜGl:dfõ iúia;r j olajd we;s fldgia ixCIsma; lrñka isxy, fn!oaO
Y%djl iudcfha ys;iqj ms‚i fï W;=ï O¾u m%lrKh ilia fldg we;s nj
ikso¾Ykj meyeÈ,s l< yels fõ' .%ka: m%drïNh i,ld ne,Sfuka u fï
lreKq ;yjqre fõ'
232 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
zzuyd ldre‚lx kd:x-f[hHid.r mdr.=x'''''ZZ hk .d:dfõ isg zzh:d

n,x lßiidñ-wF: ixjKKkx iqNxZZ îxia' isß isoaOd¾: ysñ iy OïudkJo
ysñ" 1925" 1 msgqj& hk .d:dj f;la jQ .d:d oih w;ßka isxy, úudk jia;=
m%lrKhg we;=<;a fldg we;af;a uq,a .d:dj mu‚' bka wk;=rej zm%i;dfrd
kIguqoÈIg'''''Z hk Yaf,dalh;a" r;ak;%hg kuialdr lrkq jia zil,
ckysf;d fhd md‚f,kx úydhZ'''' iy ztjx .=K.. r;k;;h uF:flk''''Z
we;=¿ .d:d mdG ;=kla isxy, úudk jia;= m%lrKhg we;=<;a fldg
we;af;a úudkjF:q wÜGl:djg mßndysr wd.ka;=l fldgila f,i h' îxia'
OïudkJo ysñ" 1997" 1-3 msgq& ;;a hq.fha wfkl=;a Ou– .%ka: l;=jreka
wkqo;a ud._h wkqj hñka tu .d:d;%h ú.%y lrñka md,s uQ,dY%hg jvd
b÷rd fjkia .%ka: m%drïNhla bÈßm;a fldg we;s nj olakg yels fõ' fy<
ni muKla okakd Y%oaOdjka; i;amqreI ckhdf.a ys;iqj ms‚i fï O¾u
.%ka: m%lrKh bÈßm;a lrk nj .%ka:drïNfha i|yka fõ' tu mrud¾:h
.%ka:djidkh f;la u ukdj wdrCId lrñka fY%d;D ck m%idoh Èkd
.ekSug isxy, úudk jia;= m%lrKh l;=ysñmdKka jykafia iu;a fj;s'
Ñrd.; .oH iïm%Þfhka uy;a M, ,nd .ksñka fn!oaO Y%djl ck;djf.a
Ñ;a; m%idoh Wfoid lD;sh iïmdokh fldg we;af;a wÜG l:dfõ yqÿ
mßj;_khla ú,iska fkdfõ' r;ak;%hg kuialdr lsÍfuka wk;=rej .%ka:fha
wruqK meyeÈ,s fldg úudk jia;= foaYkdj lshd ksul< fkdyels nj
l;=ysñmdKka jykafia olajd we;af;a mQcdj,Sldr uhqrmdo mßfjKdêm;s
nqoaOmq;% ysñmdKka jykafiaf.a rpkd ud._h isyshg kxjñka h' u;= i|yka
wjia:d i,ld ne,Su jeo.;a h'
zz''''''' w;s .ïNSr foYkd:_h t¿jg k.d wF:_ j“kd flfrñhs is;S
kï is ÿ y;= lr~q j la f.k uq y q ÿ Èh bia k g W;a i dy lrka k dla
jekak'''''ZZ
îxia' Oïudkkao ysñ" 1997" 4 msgqj&
zz''''''''' uyfïrej tl isÿy;= lr~qfjlska iÕjd,sh fkdyelald

fia''''' nqÿ.=K jKd ksujd,sh fkd yelaflauh''''ZZ
îxia' Y%Òd;sIH ysñ" 1953" 4 msgqj&
zz''''''''isÿy;a lr~qfhka Wld .;a iuqø c,h iaj,am jkakd fia'''''

f;dmg lSjdjQ Ou–h iaj,amfhla uh''''''''ZZ
îxia' Y%Òd;sIH ysñ" 1953" 9 msgqj&
iïNdId 233
Ñrd.; .oH iïm%Þfhka fmdaIKh ,nñka fn!oaO Y%djl ck iudch

iqu.g fhduq lrùfï wruq‚ka iuia; lD;sh fm<.iajd we;s wdldrh
m%Yia; h' wudj;=r" mQcdj,sh wd§ O¾u .%ka:j, fia u jákd .%ka: ikao¾Nhla
mj;ajd .ekSug isxy, úudk jia;= m%lrKh l;=ysñmdKka jykafia o
iu;a fj;s' .%ka:hg mQ¾úldjla jeks jQ .%ka:drïNh u .%ka: ikao¾Nfha tA
iqúfYaI;dj ukd j m%lg lrhs' lD;sh mßYS,kh lsÍug u;af;ka lD;sh
ms<sn| ukd jegySula ,ndfok .%ka: m%drïNh l;=ysñf.a W;alDIag ksudjls'
fuys tk úudk jia;= l:d bÈßm;a flfrk ms<sfj<" tkï mDÉPd yd
úi¾ckd foj._h u.ska flfrk foaYkd ú,dih ms<sn| y÷kajd§ula fuu.ska
isÿ fõ' tfia u tlaish úis;=kla muK jQ úudk jia;=" fm< .iajd we;s
wdldrh meyeÈ,s flf¾' uq,ska u bÈßm;a fldg we;s ia;%S úudk jia;= mky
iy fojkqj olajd we;s mqreI úudk jia;= ;siamy ms<sn| y÷kajd§ula isÿ
fõ' tfia u úudk jia;= l:d b;sydih meyeÈ,s lrñka tu l:d nqoaONdIs;"
Y%djlNdIs; yd foajNdIs; jYfhka fldgia ;=klg fnÞ ±laúh yels nj o
meyeÈ,s flf¾' tfyhska .%ka: m%drïNh tu .%ka: ikao¾Nfha iqúfYaI;dj
m%lg lrk ukd idOlhla nj meyeÈ,s fõ'
fï tla tla úudk jia;= l:d wdrïN lsÍfï § mjd l%uj;a ms<sfj<la
wkq.ukh l< nj u;= ksoiqka mÍCId lsÍfuka ;yjqre fõ'
zz''''''''''m<uqjk iaj“mSG jia;=j kï lj/h;a @

tys ms<sfj< l:dj fufia o;hq;=ZZ
zzfï úudk jia;= m%lrKfhys fojk l=[acr úudk jia;=j kï

lj/h;a @ tys ms<sfj< l:dj fufia o;hq;=''''ZZ
zz;jo fï úudk jia;= m%lrKfhys mSG j._fhys kdjqld úudk jia;=j

kï lj/h;a @
tys ms<sfj, l:dj fufia o;hq;='''''ZZ
md,s uQ,dY%h" foaYSh fn!oaO Y%djl ckhdf.a iqLdjfndaO i|yd wm

l;=ysñmdKka jykafia jvd;a úis;=re l<y' úudkjF:q wÜGl:dfõ l:djia;=
wdrïN fldg we;af;a u;= ±lafjk mßÈ h'
234 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
zzl=`Cocr f; jfrdfrdfyd;sl=f`Cocrmsudkx ;ii ld Wmm;;sZZ

îxia' isß isoaOd¾: ysñ iy Oïudkkao ysñ" 1925" 25 msgqj&
zziqjKKpPokx kdjk;s kdjdúudkx ;ii ld Wmm;;s@ZZ

zz'''''ÿ;shkdjd úudkx ;ii ld Wmm;;s@ZZ

tfia u iEu úudk jia;= l:djlau tl u ms<sfj<lg wkqj wjika

l< wdldrh o meyeÈ,s fõ'
zzfï úudk jia;= m%lrKfhys mSG j._fhys m<uqjk iaj“ mSG jia;=j
lshd ksujk ,§'ZZ
zzfï úudk jia;= m%lrKfhys fojk Ñ;%,;d j._fhys tfldf<dia

jk ÿ;sh NsCIdÞhsld úudk jia;= j“kdj lshd ksujk ,§ZZ'
zzfï úudk jia;= m%lrKfhys mdßpP;;l j._fhys mri;= úudk

jia;= j“kdj lshd ksujk ,§ZZ'
fï wkqms<sfj< md,s uQ,dY%fha ieu l;djia;=jl u ±lsh yels fkdfõ'

u;= ksoiqka lsysmh msßlaid ne,Su jeo.;a h'
zzmruF:§mkshd LqoolksldhgGl:dj mGu mSG úudk jKKkd ksgÀ;dZZ

zzÿ;sh NsCLdÞhsld úudk jKKkdZZ

zzmdßpP;;l úudk jKKkd ;;sh j.. jKKkd ksgÀ;dZZ

iïNdId 235
md,s uQ,dY%fha l:d jia;= wjika l< wdldrh yd ii|d ne,Sfï §

isxy, úudk jia;= m%lrK .%ka: ikao¾Nfha mj;akd iqúfYaI;dj uekúka
jgyd .; yels fõ' .%ka: wdrïNfha isg wjidkh f;la tl u rgdjla
wkq.ukh lrñka .%ka: ikao¾Nfha ukd tAldnoaO;djla mj;ajd .;a wdldrh
m%Yia; h' .%ka:d.; úIh lreKq fm< .eiaùfï § ukd ixhuhlska hq;= j
tu ld¾hh isÿ lsÍug .;al;= ysñmdKka jykafia iu;a fj;s' tfia fyhska
úudkjF:q wÜG l;dfõ wdlD;sh isxy, fn!oaO Y%djl iudchg f.daprjk
f,iska" isxy, úudk jia;= m%lrK l;=jrhdKka jykafia úis;=re l<
wdldrh we.hsh ukd h' tfia u lD;sh iïmdokh lsÍfï § Wkajykafiaf.a
uQ,sl wfmalaIdj jkafka Y%Òdiïmkak i;amqreIhkaf.a iaj._ fudaCI iïm;a;sh
idOd,Su h' fï mrud¾:h .%ka:h wdrïNfha isg wjidkh f;la u uekúka
wdrCId l< wkaou meyeÈ,s jkafka tA tA l;d jia;= wjidkfha i|yka Ou–
mdGh mÍCId lsÍfï § h' tl u ie,eiaulg wkqj iEu l;d jia;=jla
wjidkfha u tl yd iudk Ou– mdG i|yka fldg we;af;a u;= ±lafjk
mßÈ h'
zz'''''nqÿrcdfKda fuu wfF:_d;am;a;sfldg f.k t;ekays meñ‚ msßig

nK jÞ< fial' tA Ou–foaYkdj fndfyda fokdg m%fhdack úh'ZZ
zz'''''''Nd.Hj;a nqÿrcdKka jykafia fuu wfF:_d;am;a;sfldg f.k

iïm%dma; msßig Ou–foaYkdfldg jÞ< fial' tA Ou–foaYkdj fndfyda
fokdg m%fhdack úh'ZZ
zz'''''' nqÿyq tu wfF:_d;am;a;sfldg f.k iïm%dm; msßig nK jÞ<

fial' tA O¾ufoaYkdj fndfydafokdg idF:_l úhZZ
isxy, úudk jia;= m%lrKfha úudk jia;= jeä ixLHdjla wjidkfha

fï wdldrfha m%ldYk we;=<;a fõ' úudkjF:q wÜG l:dfõ iuyr l:d
jia;= wjidkfha fï ,CIKh ±lsh yels fõ' tfy;a isxy, úudk jia;=
m%lrKfha l;djia;= jeä ixLHdjl tA mdG we;=<;a fldg we;af;a .%ka:
mrud¾:hg wkql+, j nj ukdj meyeÈ,s fõ' úudkjF:q wÜG l:dfõ
i|yka tn÷ mdG lsysmhla fï yd iu. ii|d ne,Su jeo.;a fõ'
236 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
zz'''' N.jd ;x wÜGqmm;;sx l;jd ium;; mßidh Ouux fofims" id

foikd nyqckii idFÓld wfydiS;sZZ
îxia' isß isoaOd¾: ysñ" iy Oïudkkao ysñ" 1925" 34 msgq&
zz''''' ium;;mßidhms Ouu foikd idFÓld wfydiS;sZZ

îxia' isß isoaOd¾: ysñ iy Oïudkkao" 1925" 40 msgqj&
zzid foikd uyckii idFÓld wfydiS;sZZ

isxy, úudk jia;= m%lrKfhys úudk jia;= l:d wjidkfha i|yka

O¾u mdG md,s uQ,dY%fha mdG yd ii|d ne,Sfï § isxy, lD;sfhys mdG w;r
mj;akd fjki jgyd .; yels fõ' md,s uQ,dY%hg jvd tla meyeÈ,s rgdjla
wkq.ukh lrñka iajfoaYSh fn!oaO ck;djf.a ys;iqj ms‚i uQ,dY%h úÑ;%
lsÍug l;=ysñmdKka jykafia iu;a fj;s'
lD;sfhys we;=<;a wfkl=;a úIh lreKq ms<sn| i,ld ne,Sfï§ o

l;=jrhdKka jykafia ;=< mej;s fï .%ka: mßph ukd j jgyd .; yels
fõ' lD;sh wdrïNfha isg wjidkh f;la u meyeÈ,s lrkafka r;ak;%h
flfrys Nla;s m%idofhka msßkuk iq¨ Þkfhys mjd uy;a M, uydksixi
we;s nj hs' iaj“ mSG úudk jia;=fjys tA W;=ï nqoaO foaYkdj i|yka fldg
we;af;a fufia h'
zz'''''''' k NsCLfj fohH Ouuium;;shdp odkx uymM,;rx Núii;s"

w: fLd Ñ;;mmidoium;;s hd p''''ZZ
îxia' isß isoaOd¾: ysñ" 1925" 4 msgqj&
zz'''' uyfKks" fohHOu– iïm;a;sfhka u M, uy;a jkafka fkdfjhs'

Ñ;a;m%ido iïm;a;sfhka o fCIa;% iïm;a;sfhka o M, uy;a fjhs'
tfia fyhska lvq ñgla muKj;a l,a.sh frÈ lvla muKj;a ;DK
iJ:dr m“K iJ:dr ud;%hlaj;a f.duq;% wr¿jla muKj;a hïlsis
flfkl=ka úiska mykais;a we;sj oCIsKdN_hka flfrys msysgqjd fok
,oafoa ù kï uy;aM, uydksixi fjhs''''ZZ
iïNdId 237
tlaish úis;=kla jQ úudk jia;= l:d iEu tllska u wjOdrKh

flfrkqfha" fuu W;=ï O¾u ldrKdj h' tA tA foaj;dúhka iy foaj;djqka
,jd ;uka mQ¾j w;aNjfha isÿ lrk ,o l=i, lu–h meyeÈ,s lrkq ,nkafka
mqyqÿka is;a i;ka ;=< Þkd§ fÉ;kd j¾Okh lrñka h' f,!lsl ,dNdfmalaId
uq,alr .;a mD:.ack f,dalhd tA ÈjH joka wkqidrfhka iqu.g fhduqjkafka
ks;e;skah' foõ iqj w;a ú£fï reÑh j¾Okh lrñka foújrekaf.a fï
wkqYdikd olajd we;af;a wik lshjk Y%djl is;a i;ka ;=< ±yeñ is;=ú,s
ksrdhdifhka cks; lrñkah' tn÷ m%ldYk lsysmhla fufia h'
zz''''' ud ys¢kd mqgqj u;af;ys mS;j“ jia;%hla w;=g'''''' mSGdikho

mQcdflf<ñ' tmuK l=Y,dkqNdjh fya;=fldg f.k fun÷j“ iïm;a
fNda. iïm;a wd§ jQ uydkqNdj iïmkak WÞr;r ÈjH Y%S iïm;a;shla
,Èka''''ZZ
zz''''' nqÿrcdKka jykafiag úh¨kdjQ hj flduqjla muK mQcd flf<ñ'

tA l=Y,fhka fï ish¨ iïm;a ,Èñ lsj'''''ZZ
tfyhska lsisjl= úiska lrkq ,nk ,>q jQ l=Y,fhys mjd uy;aM,

uydksixi we;s nj fmkajd foñka isxy, úudk jia;= m%lrKfha iuia;
l:d iuqÞhu tlu O¾u ldrKhla jgd f.dkq l< wdldrh w;sYhska
m%Yia; h' l;=ysñmdKka jykafia iaj._ fudCI iïm;a;sh .%ka:djidkh
f;la u wruqKq lr;s' Ydifkdamldr ix.%y jia;=fõ i|yka u;= m%ldYkh
úuid ne,Su jeo.;a h'
zz''''''' YdikdNsjD`ê jO–kh leu;s Y%Òdjka;hka úiska iel ke;sj

ùhœ jvd miajd oyila mj;akd ij–{Ydikhg wdOdrj ij._ fudCI
iïm;a ,nkag W;aidy lghq;=ZZ
fï wkqj lreKq msßlaid ne,Sfï § .%ka: mrud¾:h uekúka bIagm%dma;

lr.;a isxy, úudk jia;= m%lrKh o iqúfYaI jQ ikao¾Nhlska fyì .%ka:hla
nj ;yjqre fõ' .%ka:d.; úIh lreKq fm< .eiaùfï § tAldldÍ rpkd
18 - CM23766
238 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
ú,dihla m%lg jqj o th ÿ¾j,;djla f,i fkdj" .%ka: ikao¾Nfhys

iqúfYaI;djla nj y÷kd.ekSu jeo.;a h' ienúkau th lD;shg w,xldrhls'
fuys tk ÈjH úudk ms<sn| flfrk jK_kd fndfyda fihska tl yd iudk
fõ' idïm%Þhsl Wmud,xldr wdÈfhka úis;=re jQ fï j“kd tllg tlla
fnfyúka iudk fõ' tfy;a tA tA l=i, lu–h wkqj tA tA ÈjH úudkfha
iajrEmh fjkia jk wdldrh" tu j“kd ishqï f,i wOHhkh lsÍfï §
meyeÈ,s fõ' flfia jqj o isxy, úudk jia;= m%lrKfha we;s fï úudk
jia;= l:d ish,a, ckldka; jQ ksu–dK njg m;a j we;af;a l“ ridhk mo
ud,dj,ska fyì úis;=re jQ j“kd ksid u nj meyeÈ,s fõ' tfyhska
w;sYfhdala;sfhka flfrk tu j“kd .%ka: ikao¾Nhg ndOdjla fkdfõ'
Y%jH yd oDYH YDx.drh biau;= flfrk ikao¾Nhg u wkqnoaO jQ fï
j“kd lD;shg w,xldrhla u h' u;= i|yka mdGh tla ksoiqkls'
zz'''''' Ns ;;s i;uNfidmdk ud,d lu– d § wfka l m% l dr úÑ;% Ñ;%

lu–dka;fhka fyìhd jQ úudkfhka o tfia u wfkalúO r;akfhka
fYdNdu;a jQ mjqre yd jdi,ska w,ÙlD; jQ Whka fmdl=Kq .,a;,d
l,amjDCIdÈfhka o fYdaNdu;a úh' ;j o fï úudkfhys f.;= fkdf.;=
fkdfhla u,ska ieryS Ñ;;dNsruKh lrkakd jQ mßjdr ÈjHmq;%hka
yd ÈjHdÙ.kdjka úiska'''''ZZ
4' yqÿ mßj¾;khla o @
wm l;=ysñmdKka jykafia iajlSh .%ka:h md,s uQ,dY%fha yqÿ mßj;_khla

ú,iska fkdj iajdëk ksu–dKhla f,iska bÈßm;a l< nj md,s uQ,dY%h yd
isxy, úudk jia;= m%lrKh uekúka ii|d ne,Sfuka ;yjqre fõ' nqÿka
jykafia ms<sn| i|yka lrk úg md,s uQ,dY%fha Rcq j olajd we;s zN.jdZ
hk moh úúO úfYaIK mo wkqidrfhka úis;=re lrk wdldrh tla ir,
ksoiqkls' fY%d;D ck;dj ;=< wiSñ; nqoaO Nla;shla j¾Okh lrkafka md,s
uQ,dY%hg jvd fjkia wdldrfhks'
zz;s%N=jffkl ;s,l il,f{h id.rmdr.;dfYI ffkl .=K r;k

uJÈrdhudk jQ iuHla iïnqÒ ij–{rdfcd;;uhdKka jykafiaZZ
iïNdId 239
zziqr kr nur.KdÈfiú; mdomXlfcdfm;jQ Nd.Hj;a nqÿrcdKka

jykafia'''''ZZ
îxia' Oïudkkao ysñ' 1997" 15 msgqj&
zz''''''''' udr .cl=ïN úÞrK flYßN+; jQ nqÿrcdKka jykafia''''ZZ

zz;=kaf,dajdiSkaf.a wdñI m%;sm;a;s mQcdjg iqÿiq jQ Nd.Hj;a nqÿrcdKka

jykafiaZZ
zzil, .=K ksOdk jQ Nd.Hj;a nqÿrcdKka jykafiaZZ

tfiau u isxy, úudk jia;= m%lrK l;=jrhdKka jykafia we;eï

úudk jia;= l:d bÈßm;a lsÍfï § md,s uQ,dY%hg jvd iajdëk ud._hla
wkq.ukh l< nj o meyeÈ,s fõ' mruF:§mks fyj;a úudkjF:q wÜG
l:dfõ iúia;r j .e<mQ l:d w;sYhska ixCIsma; l< wjia:d olakg we;'
tfia u wka;¾.;h w;ska iudk l:d jia;= bÈßm;a lsÍfï§ fjk;a l:dj,
wd kshdfhka o;hq;= nj i|yka lr;s' ksoiqka lsysmhla fufia ±laúh yels
fõ' ^fuys úia;r l:dj W;a;r jia;=fjys wd kshdfhka o;hq;=&'
zzfï úudk jia;= m%lrKfhys Ñ;% ,;d j._fhys ,Lqud úudk jia;=
j“kdj lshd ksujk ,§'ZZ
zz''''' wfkla ish,a, WpPq Þhsld úudkjia;=j fukehs o;hq;=ZZ

wÜGl:dfõ folla f,i fláfhka úia;r fldg we;s l:d" kï

muKla i|yka lrñka tlla f,i .,md bÈßm;a l< wjia:d olakg we;'
zz25 iÒd úudk jia;=j yd

26 iqkkaÞ úudk jia;=jZZ
240 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
tA ixCIsma; lsÍï ms<sn| l;=jrhdKka jykafia úiska fmkajd fok ,o

wjia:d o fõ'
zzfï úudk jia;= m%lrKfhys mdßpP;;l j._fhys ooao,a, úudk

jia;= j“kdj Þk mßfpPofhys úia;r jYfhka t¿nig ke.+ tneúka
fu;kays .%ka: fndfydajk ksid ixfCIamfhka lshd ksujk ,§'ZZ
îxia' Oïudkkao ysñ" 1997" 104 msgqj&'
5' ks.ukh
fï wkqj lreKq úuid ne,Sfï § isxy, úudk jia;= m%lrKfha

.% k a : d.; úIh lreKq fm< .ia j d we;a f ;a o md,s uQ , dY% f ha mo.;
mßj¾;khla ú,ig fkdjk nj ukd j ;yjqre fõ' .%ka:h wjidkfha
i|yka jk Ydifkdamldr ix.%y jia;=j o isxy, úudk jia;= m%lrK
.%ka:fhys iajdëk;dj m%lg lrk jeo.;a ksoY_khls' tu fldgi l¾;Dka
jykafia úiska u olajk ,o nj i|yka fõ'
zz;jo fï úudkjia;= m%lrKfhys isxy, NdId l;_Dka úiska ix.%y

lrk ,o Ydifkdamldr ix.%y jia;=j kï lj/h;a@ZZ
tfia fyhska .ïuq,af,a r;kmd, iajdóka jykafia úiska rpkd lrk

,o isxy, úudk jia;= m%lrKh Y%Òdjka; i;amqreIhkaf.a ys; iqj ms‚i
fya;= jk w.kd ksu–dKhls' iqúfYaI jQ ikao¾Nhlska fyì fï lD;sh úúO
úoaj;=kaf.a meiiqug md;% jQjls' wdpd¾h fydrK jðrØK ysñmdKka
jykafia úiska m%ldY lrk ,o u;= mdGh i,ld ne,Su jeo.;a h'
zz'''' udk jia;= m%lrKh jeks .%ka:hkaf.ka ck;djf.a yoj;a ;=<

úlis; jqKq wd.ñl .=K iqj¢ka uqiq jQ risl ixl,amkd Tjqkaf.a Ôjk
ud¾.h iqjmyiq njg m;aflf<a h' Ôj;ajk iudc mßirh iqjÞhl
flïìula njg meñK ùh'ZZ
^jðrØK ysñ" 1992" 157 msgqj&
iïNdId 241
* OïudkJo ysñ" udflfy,aj," ixia'" ^1997& isxy, úudk jia;= m%lrKh" fn!oaO
ixialD;sl wdh;kh" foysj,'
* OïudkJo ysñ" fudfrdka;=vqfõ" isß isoaOd¾: ysñ" uvq.,af,a' ixia'" ^1925& mruF:§mkS
kdu úudk jF:q wÜGl:d" fyajdú;drK uqøKd,h" fld<U'
* jðrØK ysñ" fydrK" 1992" isxy, idys;H .%J: m%§msld" tia' f.dvf.a iy
ifydaorfhda fld<U" Y%Òd;sIH ysñ" fnka;r" 1953" mQcdj,sh" lreKdOdr uqøKd,h"
fld<U'
242 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
ioaO¾u r;akdj,s l;=jr O¾ufiak ysñhka

jev jdih lf<a ld,dojdr úydrfha o @
wdpd¾h lmqre nKavdr ch;s,l
rka;k iïNdjH isxy, .oH idys;Hdj,sfha

Ñ ioaO¾u r;akdj,shg ysñjkafka iqúfYaI ;ekls'
mdGlhdf.a;a Y%djlhdf.a;a" rislhdf.a;a fkduo
f.!rjhg md;%j we;s th O¾ufiak kï
h;sjrfhl=f.a ks¾udKhla nj .%J: wjidkfha
±lafõ'
ioOugÀ;s ñpPfk;d - Ouufik h;siifrd

wldis mjrx t;x - ioOuur;kdj,sx
ioaO¾ufha ;sr meje;au i|yd O¾ufiak h;sjrhd úiska fuh ,shk

,o nj bka mejfia' fmdf<dkakre yd oUfo‚ hq.j, ,shk ,o wfkla nK
l:dj,g jvd fjkia wdrlska ,shk ,o nj o fmfka' tA ksidu we;eï l:d
kQ;k flál:dj,g o ióm jk nj úpdrlfhda lsh;s' O¾ufiak ysñhka
t;=ukagu úIh jQ nia jyrlska fuh ,shd we;s nj wdpd¾h wdkkao
l=,iQßh1 iQÍyq mji;s'
isxy, idys;Hh rdcOdks hq. wkqj fnÞ ±laùug isxy, YíofldaI

l;=jre W;aidy f.k we;' th wo fmdÿ ms<s.ekSula njgo m;a ù we;' tA
iïNdId 243
wkqj ioaO¾u r;akdj,sh oUfo‚ hq.hg wh;a idys;H lD;shls' O¾ufiak

ysñhka oUfo‚ hq.fha Ôj;a jQjl= nj fmkS hhs'
ioaO¾u r;akdj,sh ms<sn| úuiqï lrk lsisÿ úoaj;l= tA ysñhka jev

úiQ m%foaYhla fyda úydrhla .ek i|yka fkdlrhs' fï ms<sn|j i¾ ã' î'
ch;s,l2 iQÍyq fufia mji;s' zz''''''''''''''' O¾ufiak ia:úr mdohka jykafia
ljr l,l fld;eka y s úiq f õ±hs fmdf;ys fkdfmfkk fyhs k a
Wkajykafiaf.a pß;h ms<sn| úia;r jYfhka hula lsh fkdyelsh'ZZ fu;=ud
oUfo‚ hq.fha úiQ uy úhf;l= nj lshk uydpd¾h mqxÑ nKavdr ikakia.,3
iQÍyq fï ysñhka .ek wfkla jxyqx lsisjla fkdokakd nj lsh;s' ioaO¾u
r;akdj,sh ms<sn| idlÉPd lrk ud¾áka úl%uisxyfhda4 Wkajykafia .eñhka
w;r Ôj;a jQ .eñfhla hhs lSfuka iEySug m;ajk fihla fmfka'
ks ¾ udKhla riú£fï§ tys l,d;a u l ,CIK úkd l;= j rhdf.a

fm!oa.,slFjh wkjYH hhs úpdrlfhl=g fmkS hd yelsh' kuq;a f,aLlfhl=
ks¾udKhla lsÍfï§ ;ud Ôj;ajk mßirfhka yd iudcfhka w;a±lSï
,nk nj wmg wu;l l< fkdyelsh' tA ksidu Tyq jia;=fldg .;a úIh
m:h y÷kd.ekSfuka Tyq Ôj;a jQ mßirh o Tyqf.a fm!oa.,sl Ôú;h o hï
muKlg y÷kd.; yelsh' tA Tiafia ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh ;=<ska O¾ufiak
ysñhka y÷kd.; yels hhs is;Su úm%;shla fkdfõ' tfiau O¾ufiak ysñhka
l=uk m%foaYhl l=uk úydrhl jev jiñka ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh ,shkakg
we;a±hs úuid ne,Su wfya;=l fkdfõ'
fï ms<sn| Wml,amkhla f.dv k.d .ekSfï§ m<uqfjkau wfma wjOdkh

fhduqjkafka Wkajykafia Ôj;ajQ m%foaYh mßirh ms<sn| úuid ne,Sughs'
rcrg rdcOdksh ì| jegqfKa 13 jeks ishji uq, Nd.fha isÿjQ ld,sx. ud>
wdl%uKfhks' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka ksß;È. ;eks;,djg rcráka we£
.sh ck;dj ksid oUfo‚fha rdcOdkshla m%;sIaGdmkh úh' ld,sx. ud>
rcrg f.k .sh l=ßrejQ;a" ìysiqKqjQ;a" l%shd l,dmh fï ksß;È. m%jdyhg
fya;= úh' pQ,jxYh rdcdj,sh" mQcdj,sh yd t¿w;a;k.¨jxYh" wd§ fmd;m;
fï ms<sn| f;dr;=re fohs' ud> ms<sfj; y÷kd.ekSug pQ,jxYfha 5 tk fï
úia;rh jqj m%udKj;ah'
zz''''''''''' Wyqf.a lDDr jQ fhdaOfhda wms flar, fhdaOhïyhs Wkakdo

flfrñka ;ekska;ek ñksiqkaf.a jia;%dNrKdÈh meyer .;ay'''''''''' l=,dpdr
244 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
lv l<y' yia; mdÞÈh lemQy' fndfyda f.j,a ì|jQy' .j uysId§ka ;uka

wh;a fldg ne|mqy'''''''' Tjqka È<s÷ l<y' ms<su f.j,a levQy' úydrhkays
úiQy' Wmdilhka myr § fmÆy''''ZZ fï pQ,jxY l;=jrhd ud> wdl%uKh
ÿgq whqreh' fï ksid rcrg rdclShka idudkH ck;dj fukau NsCIqka
jykafia o uy;a ÿIalr;djg m;ajQ nj fuhska fmfka'
jdßud¾. úkdY lsÍfuka Ôjk l%uh o l=, ¥IKh u.ska Y%u iemhqï
ud¾.ho wd.u úkdY lsÍfuka iudc ia:djrho ud> úiska úkdY lf<a hhs
iQßh .=Kfialr6 iQÍyq mji;s' rcrg ck;dj oUfo‚ m%foaYhg ixl%uKh
jQfha fï ksidh' Tjqka tfia .sfha wkqrdOmqrh tmd fj,d fkdj tys úiSu
ÿIalr jQ ksid nj uydpd¾h mrKú;dk7 iQÍyq mji;s' fufia we§ .sh
ck;dj oUfo‚ m%foaYh jdiN+ñ fldg .;a w;r Tjqka iu. we§ .sh
NsCIqka jykafia,d tA ck weiqf¾u jev jiñka ish wd.ñl Ydia;%Sh fiajdjka
lrf.k .shy' oUfo‚ rcjrekaf.a wkq.%yho Wkajykafia,d ,oy'
oUfo‚ wjêfha fmd;m; ,shQ ysñjreka Wkajykafia,dgu Wreu jQ

úydr wdrdu yd wdh;kj, jev úiQ nj fmfka'8 tfiau Wkajykafia,d
wêm;sFjh ±rE msßfjka úoHdia:dko úh' iqfndaOd,xldrh ,shQ ix>rCÅ;
ysñfhda úch iqkaordrdufhka wNsOuu;; úNdisks ,shQ iqux., ysñfhda
uyd fka;%m%YdouQ,fha;a jev úiQy' ffoj{ldufOkqj ,shQ wkjuo¾YS ysñ
w;a;k.,af,a m;srfoõ msßfjfka wêm;s jQ w;r fNaiccuxcqidj ,shQ ysñfhda
mxpuQ, msßfjfka úiQy' mQcdj,sh ,shQ nqoaOmq;% ysñ uhqrmdo mßfjkdêm;s
úh' iso;a iÕrdj ,shqfõ m;srdc msßfjfka úiQ ysñ kuls'
oUfo‚ hq.fha m%lg fmd;m; ,shQ yeu h;sjrfhl=u Wkajykafiagu

fjkajQ ;ekl jev jdih l< nj fuhska fmfka' kuq;a fï hq.fhau .;a
l;=jrfhl= jQyhs i,lk O¾ufiak ysñhka jev úiQ ;ekla .ek i|yka
fkdfõ' Wkajykafia ish .%J:fha tjeks ;ekla .ek i|yka fkdlr;s'
we;eï úg Wkajykafiagu Wreu ysñlï lsj fkdyels úydrhla fkd;snqKd
o úh yelsh' tfia;a ke;akï ud>g ryiska ieÕù isá ksid tjekakla
i|yka lsÍfuka je<lS isáhdo úh yelsh' flfia jqjo ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh
;rï idr.¾N rpkhla lrkakg ;rï úfõl iqj we;s úydrhl Wkajykafia
jev jdih l<d hhs is;Su wfya;=l fkdfõ'
iïNdId 245
O¾ufiak ysñhka .ek fyda ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh .ek fyda oUfo‚

wjêfha úiQ wfkla .;al;=jreka fyda idudkH ck;dj ±k isá njlao
fkdfmfka' ish úhrK .%J:h ,shQ m;srcfoõ ysñhka lõis¿ñK wdÈ fldg
we;s fndfyda .%J:j,ska ksoiqka mdG Wmqgdf.k we;;a ioaO¾ur;akdj,sfhka
tjeks Wmqgd .ekSula l< njlao fkdfmfka' O¾ufiak ysñhka .ek kñka
fyda i|yka lrkafka .ïfmd, wjêfha ksldh ix.%yh9 ,shk O¾ulS¾;s
ysñhka mu‚'
zztfiau Yaf,dal isoaOd¾:h" uhqrmdoh" O¾ufiakh''''ZZ wdÈ jYfhka

mQ¾j f,aLlhka .ek O¾ulS¾;s ysñhka lrk úia;rhg wjOdkh fhduqlrk
i¾ ã' î' ch;s,l iQÍyq10 uhqrmdo yd O¾ufiak ysñjreka iuld,Skhka
jkakg we;s nj lsh;s' .ïfmd, wjêh jk;=reu O¾ufiak ysñhka wm%lg
jkakg we;af;a oUfo‚ m%foaYfha jev jdih fkdl< ksidu jkakg we;'
tfia kï Wkajykafia rcrfÜu lsishï ;ekl jev jdih l<d úh yelsh'
th ud> n,h jHdma; fkdjQ fmfoila jqjdg ielhla ke;'
O¾ufiak ysñhkaf.a O¾ufoaYkd ú,dih;a ioaO¾ur;akdj,sfha niajyr

yd Wmud Ndú;h;a i,ld n,k úh;ayq Wkajykafia lDIsl¾udka;h Ôjk
jD;a ; s h fldg .;a .eñ ck;djla w;r úiq f jl= jYfhka ols ; s '
ioaO¾ur;akdj,sfha kkao jia;=fõ11 tk" zz''''''''''' m<uqfldg l=Uqre f.jeäh
hq;=h' blaì;sj ìï ke.sh hq;=h' miqj foiS iEu hq;=h' ñhr fláh hq;=h'
;=ka iS iEu hq;=h' leg;,d fmdare .E hq;=h' l,a,ï lghq;=h' biakï
f;ñh hq;=h' f.dhï frda.hg flï l< hq;=h'''''ZZ wdÈ jYfhka i|yka
fldgi lshjk úg O¾ufiak ysñhka lDIsl¾udka;h ms<sn| w;aÿgq ±kqï
we;af;l= nj fmkS hhs' oUfo‚ ck;djo lDIsl¾udka;fhka Èú f.jQ
ksid by; f;dr;=re tA m%foaYhg wÞ< fkdfõ±hs flfkl=g is;sh yelsh'
kuq ; a fï wjêh jk úg Tjq y q kj cdkmÈlfhda h ' tA ks i du lDIs
l¾udka;hgo Tjqyq wd.ka;=lfhdah' kuq;a by; úia;rfhka mejfikafka
ishjia .Kkdjla mdrïmßlj ck Ôú;h yd ne÷Kq ms<sfj;ah' th rcrfÜu
f.dú ck;djf.a mdrïmßl ±kqu jQjdg ielhla ke;'
O¾ufiak ysñhka ud> n,h fkdme;=reKq rcrfÜu lsishï fmfoil

úiQ nj fï wkqj is;sh yelsh' fuys§ wfma wjOdkh fhduqjkafka b;sydih
mqrd mYaÑu foaYh" mðkmi" me<mi wE kïj,ska ye¢kajqKq wkqrdOmqr
246 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
ngysr m%foaYh fj;h' mer‚ ;%sisxy,fha fn§ï wkqj msysá rg yd udhd rg

fjka flrefKa l,dTfhks' f.daK kÈh kñkao ye¢kafjk l,dTh úh<s
ld,fha§ fyda imqrd fkdisf|k c, m%jdyhls' kuq;a th ;rKh l<
fkdyels ndOlhla fkdùh' tfiau rc rg;a udhd rg;a w;r ksrka;r
in|;dj,g Þhl jQ f;dgqm,lao tys fõ' b;sydifha wdmÞmkak wjia:dj,
rcrg fndfydafokd udhd rgg m<d .sfha fï f;dgqmf,ks' tfiau wjYHu
jqjfyd;a udhd rgg m<d hd yels l,d Th wdikak m%foaYfha ieÕù
isákakgo we;'
wkq r dOmq r rdcH iufha we;s j Q úfoa Y wdl% u Kj,§;a wNHka ; r

ler,sj,§;a rdclShka udhd rgg m<d .sfha fï f;dgqmf,ks' f.daGdNh
l=uref.a ler,sj,g ìhjQ isßiÕfnda rcq hdmyq fmfofia yFÓl=ÉÑh olajd
ieÕù .sfha fï f;dgqmf,ks'12 uydkdu ysñhka Od;=fiak l=ure øúvhkaf.ka
wdrCId lr .ekSug m<d.sfhao fï f;dgqmf,ka nj pQ,jxYfhka fmfka'
fufia m<d.sh uydkdu ysñhka f.da‚i úydrfha ieÕù isá nj fmfka'
fï f.da‚i úydrh ksYaÑ;j y÷kdf.k ke;s nj;a tA kñka úydr lsysmhlau
;sfnkakg we;s nj;a uydpd¾h mrKú;dkfhda13 lsh;s' tA wkqj n,k úg
fï f.da‚i úydrh l,dTh iómfhau ;sfnkakg we;ehs is;sh yelsh'
w;S;fha l,dTh ye¢kajQfha f.daK kÈh f,isks' bi hkq m%foaY jdÖh' tA
wkqj fï f.da‚i úydrh l,dTh wi, jQjla nj fmkS hk w;r th
l,dTh f;dgqm, wi,jQjla nj is;sh yelsh' ;fmdajk isoaêhla uq,afldg
f.k we;sjQ uyck úfrdaOhg uqyqK Èh fkdyels jQ III jeks Woh rcq;a"
fiak Wmrcq;a udhdrgg m<d .sfha fï f;dgqmf,ks'14 oCÅK foaYdêm;sj
isá merl=ïnd rcq rcrg wdl%uKh lf<ao fï f;dgqmf,ks' fï wjia:dfõ
rcqf.a fikam;sfhl= jQ Þjd úiska fuys .,amd,ula bÈl< nj pQ,jxYfhka15
fmfka' fuys i,l=Kq wo;a ±lsh yelsh'
fï f;dr;=re wkqj n,k úg l,dTfha rcrg iSudj wdrCIs; m%foaYhla

jYfhka mej;s nj fmfka' ud> wdl%uKhg ìfhka m<d.sh rdclShkag
NsCIqka jykafiag fukau idudkH ck;djgo wkqrdOmqr ngysr fuu m%foaYh
wdrCIs; m%foaYhla jQjdg iel ke;' tfiau fï fmfoi ud>f.a l=ßre
ms<sfj;aj,g Rcq f,iu md;% fkdjQ njo fmfka'
ud> fmdf<dkakrej w,a,d .ekSfuka miqj jeä wjOdkhla fhduq

lf<a wkqrdOmqr m%foaYhg nj fmkS hhs' bkq;a tys W;=re fldgigh' fï
iïNdId 247
jkúg;a W;=re fldgfia øúv ck;dj nyq,j Ôj;a jQ nj fmfka' bkaÈhdjg

iómùu;a Bg fya;=jkakg we;' fyf;u øúv ckdjdi we;s lf<a fï
m%foaYfha nj wo;a nyq,j olakd ,efnk øúv .ï" kïj,ska mila fõ' wfma
idlÉPdjg n÷kajk ngysr m%foaYfha ud>f.a ckdjdi me;sÍ .sh njla
fkdfmfka' b;du úr, jYfhka olakd ,efnkafka isxy," fou< ñY% jQ
.ïh' fïjd .ïfmd, hq.h jeks uE; ld,fha ìys jQ tAjd njo fmfka'
.ïfmd, rdcOdks iufha furgg meñ‚ ol=Kq bJ§h u,, ckhd isxy,
rcqkaf.a wjirh we;sj W;=reueo yd jhU m%foaYj, mÈxÑ jQ nj nqoaO
rdcdj,sh16 lshhs' ngysr m%foaYfha we;s mkkaldksh m%foaYh fuf,i meñ‚
u,, kdhlfhl=g isxy, rcqka úiska kskao.ï fldg ÿka njla lvhsï
fmd;aj, i|yka fõ'
rcrg l,dTh no m%foaYh ld,sx. ud> n,h fkdme;=reKq m%foaYhla

nj fï f;dr;=rej,ska fmkS hhs' tA wkqj n,k úg wjYH wjia:djl udhd
rgg m<d hdfï wfmaCIdfjka isá /ljrK rys; jQ fndfyda ck;djla fï
m%foaYfha Ôj;ajkakg we;s nj fmkS hhs' NsCIqka jykafia,d rdYshlao fï
ck;dj iu. Ôj;ajkakg we;=jdg iella ke;' fmdf<dkakre wjêfha
isgu fï m%foaYh .Kjkfhka jeiS hkakg mgka.;a fihla fmfka' tA
ksidu th jkaks m%foaYhla jYfhka i,lkakg we;s nj fmfka' m%foaYfha
md,lfhda jkakskdhlhka njg m;a jQy' uy merl=ïnd rcq úiska fï m%foaY
md,khg m;a l< iduka;hka m%foaYfha mdßißl fjkiaùug wkq.;j
jkakskdhlhka njg m;ajQyhs uydpd¾h isßu,a rKje,a, iQÍyq17 mji;s'
oUfo‚ rdcOdksh wdrïN l< III jeks úchnd rcqo jkakskdhlfhl=

nj pQ,jxYh18 lshhs' fyf;u fiiq jkakskdhlhka wjk; lrf.k rc ù
we;' úchndyq rcq n,s isxy,hka hg;alr .;a nj lshk mQcdj,s19 i|ykg
wkqj Tyq hula lr.kakg we;af;a rcrg m%foaYfhau l,dTh wdY%s; kdhlhka
úh hq;=h' Tjqka uyjkakska f,i ie,l+ nj mQcdj,sfhka fmfka' udhd rfÜ
úiQ jkakska isß jkakska f,i t¿w;a;k.¨ jxYh20 lshhs' oUfo‚mqr
rcl< 11 jk merl=ïnd rcq Þiaf;dg § isÿlrk ,o WmiïmÞ ux.,Hhg
rcrg uyjkakska iyNd.s jQ nj pQ,jxYho mQcdj,sh o21 i|yka lrhs'
rcrg mqrd idudkHfhka mj;akd úh<s ld,.=Kh wfma idlÉPdjg

n÷ka jk m%foaYhgo wÞ< fõ' fï m%foaYfha yeu .ulau" jejla wdY%h fldg
mj;akd kuq;a tAjd úYd, jeõ fkdj l=vd .ï jeõh' fïjd fmdaIKh jQfha
248 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
jeis c,fhks' fï ksid ksrka;rj isÿjk id.; jix.; wdÈfhkq;a úh<s

ld,.=Kh ksid;a ck;dj jHikj,g uqyqK ÿkay' zz''''''''''''' ck;djg yels
whqßka Ôj;aùug bvyer rcjre ksfid,auka jQy''''''''ZZ hkqfjka uydpd¾h
pJøis ß m,a , s h .= r e iQ Í yq 22 lrk m% l dYfhka fmkS h ka f ka t<Uq K q yeu
wNsfhda.hlgu iajYla;sfhka uqyqK§ug fï ck;djg isÿ jQ njhs' ioaO¾u
r;akdj,sfha tk fndfyda Wmud wÈfhka fï nj ukdj újrKh fõ'
fnd,a úkd úlla ke;s l,úgla mßoafoka

wgqfjl fldgqfjl ,d ¨ fohla ld ksñ l,g tA fldgqfõ
;sfnk foa tf;lau jkakd fia
msmdid n,j;a flfkl=ka meka f.fkkakd ±l fmr u.g
f.diska meka b,ajd fndkakd fia
f.dhï l<ukdjl ;sìh§ l,a miqfldg lrk f.dhula fuka
kshx iufha w~k wdila fuka
Èh lE l=Uqr f.dhï kef.kakg ksisjkakd fia
uy wõfõ .uka f.diska úvdjQjkag msmdid ksjd
j;alrk mekla fuka
meka ke;s ú,a fia
ñh hkakg ;snqKq f.dhug jg jeiaila fuka
fï Wmud u.ska fy<sjkafka O¾ufiak ysñhka jev úiQ m%foaYh

ms<sn| Wkajykafia i;=j mej;s ±kqu yd w;a±lSïh' O¾ufoaYlfhla jYfhka
ish Y%djlhkag O¾uh foaYkd lsÍfï§;a f,aLlfhla jYfhka
.%J:lrKfha§;a O¾ufiak ysñfhda ;uka jdih l< mßirh wu;l fldg
ke;s nj fuhska fmfka' f,aLlfhl= ;u ixl,am f.dv k.d.kafka
mßirfhka yd Ôú;fhka ;ud ,o w;a±lSï mokï lrf.kh' ;ud wjg
fjfik ck;djf.a niajyr l;d ú,dih ms<sn|jo O¾ufiak ysñhka
i;=j mD:q, ±kqula mej;s nj fmfka' ioaO¾ur;akdj,sfha l=ïNf>daIl
jia;=fõ23 tk fï úia;rh jqj fï woyi wjfndaOlr .ekSug m%udKj;a
fõ'
zzmq;Kav wms l=ula lrfudao @ l=vd fld,a,ka j<ld,kag ldg ms<sjkao @

fkdlrkag lSfjd;a lrkakd tu jQh' jkakdgh uqiqmamqj;a m%fhdack lsïo
fufõf,a hd yels ;ekla ke;s neúkq;a .sh;a bv jvdhka fmfkkag ke;s
neúkq;a wjirhla fldgf.k jqj;a ie;mqk ukd fõ±hs lshd,d ÿj‚hka
nKjd,d mq; f;dmf.a nEKka jeo fydakdg wjirhla me,jhs lsjqh'
iïNdId 249
fï yer ìï ke.Su" biakka f;óu" ñhr" bmke,s" j,afmd," .,amdjq,"

u¨fmÜá" wgqfldgq" ;,uqrejg" wreka" fldhskafoda" uqka.dj" l,úg" wdÈ
ioaO¾u r;akdj,sfha tk joka wo;a fï m%foaYfha jHjydrfha mj;S'
fjk;a oUfo‚ fmd;m;l fkdolakd ,efnk fï joka yd m%ldYk

Í;sfhka fmkShkafka O¾ufiak ysñhka iuld,Sk úoaj;a m¾Iofhka neyer
Ôj;a jQ njhs' r;akdj,sfhys tk zzrcqka ke;s rg fia" foúhka ke;s fldaú,a
fia" jykaoE ke;s úydrfha wdÈ fhÿïj,ska fmkShkafkao Wkajykafia
rdclSh wkq.%yfhka f;dr m%foaYhl jev jdih l< njhs' tA wkqj n,k úg
Wkajykafia wkqrdOmqr ngysr l,dTh n| m%foaYfha Ôj;a jQyhs is;Su
úm%;shla fkdfõ'
III jeks úchndyq rcq f,aLlhka /iafldg fmd;m; ,shjQ nj pQ,jxYh24

lshhs' 11 jk merl=ïnd rcq nyqY%e; mçjrfhla fukau m%;sNdmQ¾K lúfhl=o
jQ w;r fjk;a f,aLlhkag W.;=kag wkq.%y olajd we;s nj fmfka' nqoaOmq;%
ysñhka úiska ,shk ,o mQcdj,sh wef;l= msg ;nd fmryeßka k.r ùÈ
ixpdrh fldg we;' kuq;a ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh t;=ukaf.a wei .egqK njla
fkdfmfka' tfia jQjd kï Bg o rcqf.a yrir ,efnk njg ielhla ke;'
O¾ufiak ysñhka oUfo‚ m%foaYfhka neyerj wm%lgj Èú f.jkakg we;s
nj thskao fmfka'
wm fuf;la wjOdkh fhduql< f;dr;=rej,ska fmkShkafka O¾ufiak

ysñhka oUfo‚ hq.fha f,aLlfhl= jqj;a Wkajykafia oUfo‚ m%foaYfha
jev jdih fkdl< njhs' tfiau tA wdmÞmkak ld,fha rcráka neyer
fkdf.dia tysu úiQ njhs'
fï whqßka O¾ufiak ysñhka rcrfÜu jdih lf<a kï Wkajykafia

ls i s h ï úydrhl jev jika k g we;s j dg iella ke;' wfma .eg¨j
ksrdlrKhùug kï Wkajykafia jev úiQ úydrho y÷kd.;ukdh' fuys§
wfma wjOdkh fhduqjkafka l,dTh no wx.uq m%foaYh fj;h' wkqrdOmqr
hq.h mqrd fï m%foaYfha ÈhqKq fjf<| k.rhla úh' wx.uqj jej wi, we;s
wdçhd., mqrdK úydrfha mor ,smshl25 l<o.ï kï k.rhla .ek i|yka
fõ' th ld,d§i hk md,s kdufha m%dlD; iajrEmh úh yelsh' fï úydrh
wi,u we;s u,iafka.,26 úydr kgnqka w;r we;s ,smshl l<o.ï kshu;k
hkq f jka i|yka jka f ka o fï k.rhuh' fkdÉÑhd.u iómfha we;s
250 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
y,añ,a,., ÿgq.euqKq rc uyd úydrfha27 jiN rc iuhg wh;a ,smshla

we;' tys l<.,k kñka y÷kajd we;af;ao fï k.rhu nj is;sh yelsh'
fï whqßka l<o.ï" l<o.ï kshu;k yd l<.,k wdÈ kïj,ska

y÷kajk wx.uq m%foaYfha mej;s fjf<| k.rh ud¾. ;=kl iJêia:dkhla
o úh' Wrefõ, iqN mín;h yd láhdj wdÈ fmfoiaj, isg wd ud¾.
tlsfklg yuqjqfka wx.uqfõ§h' tl, ÈhqKq fjf<| k.rhla jQ fuys
Okj;a jHdmdßlhka m%N+ka fukau idudkH ck;djo nyq, f,i Ôj;ajkakg
we;' fudjqka úiska bÈlrk ,o úydr wdrduo fï m%foaYfha úh' l,dTh
f;dgqm,g wdikakfha we;s ±kg wd`ähd., mqrdK úydrh kñka okakd
úydrh fï úydrdrdu w;r jeo.;au ia:dkhhs' w;S;fha th wy,s mj;
fyj;a wfia, mín; kï jQ nj tys we;s fi,a,smshlska mejfia' th wkqrdOmqr
hq.h mqrd ixj¾OkhjQ úydrhls' úYd, .,af,klskao .sß ysi ffp;Hhlskao
hq;= fï m¾j;h jgd úúO f.dvke.s,s mej;s nj kgnqkaj,ska mila fõ'
tAjd tl, NsCIqka jev úiQ wdrdu úh yelsh' l%s' j' 776 § muK rc l<
yF:ÞV rcq fuys m%Odk >rhla bÈfldg we;'28 wm l,ska i|yka l<
f.da‚i úydrho fuhu úh yels w;r uydkdu ysñhka Od;=fiak l=ure
iu. ieÕù isá úydrho fuhu úh yelsh' úáka úg §>dik ld<d§> wy,s
mj; ;=Uq,af,a., yd wdçhd., wdÈ kïj,ska y÷kajk ,o nj fmkS hk
w;r md,s fmd;mf;a ld,d§i oajdr úydr hkqfjka ye¢kafjkafka o fuu
úydrhu nj mqrd úoHd pl%j¾;s t,a,dj, fïOdkkao ysñfhda lsh;s'
rcrg;a" udhdrg;a" iïnJO l< l,dTfha f;dgqm, wdikakfha msysgd

;sîu ksid oajdr úydr kñka y÷kajkakg we;' ld,d§> úydrh lSjd fiau
ld,doajdr kñkao fuh y÷kajkakg we;' l,dTh f;dgqm, fÞrgqjlafia
i,ld tfia y÷kajkg we;ehs is;sh yelsh' O¾ufiak ysñhkag /ljrK
i,ikakg we;af;ao fï úydrh njg ielhla ke;'
we;=<; foúhka jekao hq;a;dyhs lsjqh' úIaKq" BYajr wdÈ foúhka

,xfldg ;nd .ka g jka ms < s j ka o hkq f jka O¾ufia k ys ñ fhda ioa O ¾u
r;akdj,sfha i|yka lr;s' OïumoÜGl:dfõ úYdl jia;=fõ tk zzwfk;d
foj;d kuiis ;nndZZ hk mdGh isxy,g fmr¿fka tA whqßks' kqjr l,dúfha
mdrïmßl foúhd jQ whahkdhl foúhka fuhska woyia l<d úh yel' wo;a
wkqrdOmqr ngysr m%foaYfha ck;djf.a mqo ,nk m%Odk foúhd whahkdhlh'
iïNdId 251
t;=uka fjkqfjka fjkajQ ixyso kï foajd, fï m%foaYfha yeu .ulu ±lsh

yelsh' oajdr úydrfha .,afnkhol we;s fkdksñ leghula fï ixl,amhg
fya;= jqjd ±hs i,ld ne¨j ukdh'
biqreuq‚fha wYaj ysi iys; ñksia rEmh ms<sn|j uydpd¾h mrKú;dk

lrk újrKhla wkqj hk t,a,dj, fïOdkkao ysñfhda fuu leghfukao
m¾ckH foúhka ksrEmkh jk nj lsh;s'30 biqreuq‚ leghu úuik uydpd¾h
f,dhs fyika iy Èkr;ak .uf.a bka ksrEmkh jkafka whahkdhl foúhka
nj lsh;s'31 th ms<s.ekSug ,lajkafka kï ld,d oajdr úydrfha leghfuka
ksrEmkh jkafkao whahkdhl foúhkau úh yelsh' O¾ufiak ysñhka
we;=<; foúhka .ek i|yka lsÍfï§ fï leghfï n,mEulao we;sjkakg
we;ehs is;Su wfya;=l fkdfõ' tfia ù kï O¾ufiak ysñhka fkdwkqudkju
fï úydrfha jev jdih lrkakg we;' Wkajykafia ioaO¾u r;akdj,sh
,shkakg we;af;ao fï ld,doajdr úydrfha jev jiñka úh yelsh'
mdol igyka
1' isxy, idys;Hh msg 79" wdkkao l=,iQßh'

2' isxy, idys;Hdj,sh msg 74" i¾ ã' î' ch;s,l'
3' isxy, idys;H jxYh msg 463 mqxÑ nKavdr ikakia.,'
4' úpdr ,sms msg 14 ud¾áka úl%uisxy'
5' pQ,jxYh msg 80 .d:d 62-67'
6' w;eUq, msg 60" iQßh .=Kfialr'
7' oUfo‚ idys;H iïfï,k ,sms" msg 23" 1959'
8' isxy, idys;H jxYh msg 456-459" mqxÑ nKavdr ikakia.,
9' ksldh ix.%yh" msg 89" ã' mS' wd¾' iurkdhl ixialrKh'
10' isxy, idys;H ,sms msg 74 i¾ ã' î' ch;s,l
11' ioaO¾u r;akdj,sh" kkao jia;=j
12' t¿ w;a;k.¨ jxYh" msg 54 uqksÞi l=udr;=x. ixialrKh'
13' ,xld b;sydih I msg 695 - Y%S ,xld úYajúoHd,h'
14' pQ,jxYh - LIII - 14-20" ft;sydisl f,aLk ix.%yh" msg 140'
15' pQ,jxYh" mß' 70" .d:d 128-129'
16' nqoaOrdcdj,sh - ix>rdc iuh" msg 31 - f;dg.u jdÑiair'
17' idys;Hh oUfo‚ úfYaI l,dmh" msg 16'
18' pQ,jxYh" mß 81" .d:d 76-77'
19' mQcdj,sh" msg 785 - lsßwe,af,a ×kúu, ysñ" ixialrKh'
20' t¿w;a;k.¨ jxYh" msg 43" uqksÞi l=udr;=x. ixialrKh'
252 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
21' mQcdj,sh" msg 785 - lsßwe,af,a ×kúu, ixialrKh'

22' úfoaYSka ÿgq isxy, ,l=K" msg 12 - pJøisß m,a,sh.=re'
23' ioaO¾u r;akdj,sh - l=ïNf>daIl jia;=j'
24' pQ,jxYh" mß' 81 - .d:d 43-44'
25' wd`ähd., rcuyd úydrh" msg 08 - t,a,dj, fïOdkkao ysñ'
26' mqrd;k yd uOH;k ,xldfõ ft;sydisl ia:dk ms<sn| úia;rh - iS' ví,sõ'
ksfld,ia'
27' A. S. C. A. R. 1896-5'
28' pQ,jxYh" mß' 44 .d:d'
29' wd`ähd., rcuyd úydrh" msg 19'
30' tu" msg 3'
31' b;sydih yd mqrdúoHdj" msg 35" úfoHdoh úYajúoHd,fha m%ldYkhls'
iïNdId 253
Ydia;h
S% f,aLkhg m%dfhda.l
s m%fõYhla
rx. nqoaêl lxldkkaf.a
Dip. in LIS (SLLA) BA (BPU), MA (Kelaniya)
mqia;ld, f;dr;=re iyldr" Y%S ,xld fn!oaO yd md,s úYajúoHd,h
ye`Èkaùu
ud kjhdf.a m%Njh iu.u NdIdjo ìys úh' tfy;a

f,aLkh ìysjkafka udkj m%Njfhka l,lg
miqjh' f*âßla tx.,aia olajk mßÈ wdÈ udkjhdf.a
wfkHdkH ika k s f õokfha m% ; s M ,hla jYfhka
NdIdj ìys jQ w;r th Tjqyq woyia m%ldY lsÍfï
fuj,ula fldg .;a y ' iq f ïßhka j reka úis k a
rEmdCIr ks¾udKh lsÍu;a iu. wCIr Ndú;hg
yqre jQ ñksid NdIdj ;j ÿrg;a ÈhqKq lrñka f,aLkh weröh' ^n,.,af,a"
2001& ta wkqj rEm udOHfhka Ndú; NdIdj f,aLkh kñka y`ÿkajhs'
^Èidkdhl" 2005&
j¾;udkfha f,a L kh iúê.; ^Formal& iy wúê.; Înformal&

hkqfjkao m%fNao .; fjhs' Êncyclopedia of Educational Research, 1982&
Ydia;%Sh f,aLkh Âcademic Writing& iúê.; f,aLkh hg;g .efka' wúê.;
f,aLkfha§ f,aLlhdg mq¿,a ksoyila ysñjk kuq;a iúê.; f,aLkh
lsishï úêu;a l%ufõohka ;=< isÿ l< hq;= fjhs' tfyhska Ydia;%Sh f,aLkfha§
19 - CM23766
254 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
tlS úêu;aNdjh Wfoid jdia;úl;ajh Ôbjectivity& wfmalaId lrhs' f,aLlhd

bÈßm;a lrk woyiaj, iunr;djh" w;sYfhdala;s" w,xldr yd j¾Kkd;aul
m%ldYkj,ska je<lSu" idlaIs yd idOl u; mokï jk ú.%y bÈßm;a lsÍu
hk .=Kdx. Ydia;%Sh f,aLkfha jdia;úl;ajh ;=< we;=<;a fjhs' tfukau
Ydia;%Sh f,dalh ;=< ms<sf.k iïu; lr we;s úsêl%u yd l%shdmámdá
Ndú;d lrkq ,eîuo Ydia;%Sh f,aLkfha wksjd¾h wx.hls' ^Whkaf.dv"
2013&
Ydia;%Sh f,aLkhla hkq
fuf,i úêu;aj f.dvkef.k Ydia;%Sh f,aLkh Ndú; jk iqúfYaIs

f,aLkhka Ydia;%Sh f,dalh ;=< kkA whqßka y`ÿkd.; yelsh' mejreï
(Assignment) m¾fhaIK fhdackd ^Research Proposals) m¾fhaIK m;%sld
(Research Papers) Ydia;%Sh ,sms (Scholarly article) úia;D; rpkd (Extended
Essays) m%:u Wmdê ksnkaO (Dissertations) mYapd;a Wmdê ksnkaO (Theses)
wdÈh tA w;r m%Odk fõ' fïjdfha mj;sk iaùh;ajh (Originality) úIh
iSudj (Scope) §¾> nj (Length) bÈßm;a lsÍu (Presentation) hk lreKqj,ska
fï tlsfkl fjkia jqjo f,aLkh tl yd iudkh (Parsons, 1973)
Ydia;%Sh f,aLkh iòyd lshùu
Ydia;%Sh f,aLkfha§ mQ¾j wjYH;djhla jkqfha lshùu hs' lshùfuka

f;drj Ydia ; % S h f,a L khl ks h e,S u l< yels fkdfõ' ls h ùu wdldr
lsysmhlska l< yelsh' blauka lshùu" ^Skimming& .fõIKd;aul lshùu"
^Scanning) wjfndaOh iòyd lshùu ^Reading to Understand) jpkfhka
jpkh lshùu" (Word by Word Reading) úkaokh iòyd lshùu ^Reading
for Pleasure) tu wdldr fõ' ;u wjYH;dj wkqj Ydia;%Sh f,aLkfha§
lshùu iòyd fuu l%u ta ta wjia:djkays § f;dard .ekSu f,aLlhd i;=
j.lSuhs' blauka lshùu .%ka:hla f;dard .ekSu iòyd;a" .fõIKd;aul
lshùu ;u ksh; f;dr;=re wjYH;dj úuid ne,Su iòyd;a" wjfndaOh
iòyd ls h ùu ;udg wjYH f;dr;= r e iuq o a O rKh lr .ekS u iòyd;a
jpkfhka jpkh lshùu w¾:djfndaOh iòyd;a jeo.;a fjhs'
fï ´kEu wdldrhlska lshùu isÿ l< o bka Ydia;%Sh f,aLlhdg

,efnk m%;s,dN /ils' lshùfhka f,aLlhd i;= jd.a fldaIh mq¿,a fjhs'
jd.a ffY,sh iqug fjhs' úIh oekqu mq¿,a fjhs' ;d¾lsl {dkh j¾Okh
iïNdId 255
fjhs' úIhdka;r oekqu ,efnhs' tfyhska Ydia;%Sh f,aLkh iòyd lshùfuka

uy`.= msgqn,hla iemfhhs' ta iòyd lshùu úêu;a l%ufõohla wkqj isÿ l<
hq;= fjhs' thg hï ud¾f.damfoaYhla fufia ,nd Èh yelsh'
Ydia;%Sh f,aLkh iòyd lshùfï § m<uqj f,aLkh isÿ lrk úIh

l=ula o hkak ;SrKh lr .; hq;=h' wk;=rej YíofldaI msßlaiSfuka úIh
iSudj ms<snò woyila ,nd .; hq;=h' ta iu`.u m¾hdh mo fldaI Ndú;d
fldg úIh iu.dó mo fukau m%Odk úIh" Wm úIhka yd wkq úIhka
ms<snò oekqu ,nd .; hq;=h' fï wdY%fhka iajlSh f,aLk ud;Dldjg wod<
m%uqL mo lsysmhla imhd .; yelsh'
wk;=rej tu m%uqL mo Tiafia úYajfldaI ,sms lshùu iqÿiqh' úYajfldaI

,smshla úYd, .%ka: ixLHdjla lshùfuka ,nd .kakd oekqu wm fj; ,nd
fohs' bka miq úYajfldaI ,smsfha wfOda,sms" .%ka: kdudj,s" úu¾Yk .%ka:
wdÈh fukau mqia;ld, iQÑ" wka;¾cd,h wdÈh .fõIKh lr ;u wjYH;djg
.e,fmk .%ka: oaú;Sh .%ka: imhdf.k lsheúh hq;=h' ta iu.u úIhg
wod< wkql%uKsld" jdr i`.rd" ,sms wdÈh ;=<ska ;u f,aLk úIh m:hg
wod< Ydia;%Sh ,sms mj;skafka ±hs mÍCId lr n,d tAjd f;dardf.k lsheúh
hq;=h' fï ish,a, iu.ska Ydia;%Sh f,aLlhd jeä wjOdkhla fhduq l<
hq;af;a ;u f,aLk úIh m:hg wÞ<j mQ¾j Ydia;%{hska úiska ,shd we;s foa
fudkjdo hkak lshùughs' fuf,i lshùfuka f,aLkhg wod, úêu;a
oekqula f,aLlhdg ,efnhs'
Ydia;%Sh f,aLkfhys NdId Ndú;h
lshùfuka oekqu yd wjfndaOh ,nd .ekSfuka miq f,aLkh isÿ l<

hq;= fjhs' túg myiqfjka f,aLkfha fh§ug woyia .,d ths' tys§ f,aLkfha
NdIdj Ndú;h ukd ixhuhlska isÿ lsÍug Ydia;%Sh f,aLlhdg isÿ fjhs' tA
i|yd NdIdj Ndú;h ms<sn| ukd mßphla Ydia;%sh f,aLlhdg wjYH fjhs'
NdIdjl wCIr úkHdih" mo Ndú;h" mo fn§u" Wla; wdLHd; iïnkaOh"
jpk m%udKh" jdlH f.dvke.Su" úrdu ,l=Kq Ndú;h" fþo f.dvke.Su"
woyia bÈßm;a lsÍu hk lreKq ksjerÈ jQ;a iïu; jQ;a l%ufõohkag wkqj
mej;sh hq;=h'
wCIr úkHdih
wCIr úkHdih hkq NdIdfõ jpk Ndú;fha§ tu jpkj,g wh;a
wCIr tlsfkl ixfhda. lr ,shkq ,nk wkqms<sfj,hs' ^fldamrfyajd" 2012&
256 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
´kEu NdIdjl ta iòyd iïu; Í;s moaO;shla ;sfí' ta wkqj Ydia;%Sh

f,aLlhd iajlSh f,aLk NdIdjg wh;a wCIr úkHdi Í;s ms<snò m%dudKsl
uQ,dY%hla wdY%h lr .ekSu jvd iqÿiqh' WodyrKhla jYfhka isxy, NdIdj
iòyd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska m%ldYs; isxy, f,aLk Í;sh uQ,dY%h
jYfhka .; yelsh' wCIr úkHdi ms<snò m%d.=KHhla ,nd .ekSu iòyd
úfYaIfhka jpkj, ;;anj" ;;aiu yd ksIamkak nj ms<snò wjOdkh
fhduq l< hq;= fjhs' isxy, NdIdj Ndú;fhaoS K"k"<", Ndú;h Y"I"i
Ndú;h" w,amm%dK uydm%dK Ndú;h" ksjerÈ iajr Ndú;h wlaIr iïmQ¾K
fldg ,s ù u" m% u dKj;a jHd[a c kdCIr fh§u" wkjYH jH[a c kdCIr
fkdfh§u i[a[l wCIr Ndú;h wd§ wCIr úkHdih iïnkaO Í;s ms<snò
oekqu wjYH fjhs' ^wurfialr" 2013&
mo Ndú;h
NdIdj Ndú;fha § moj,g ys ñ jkq f ha iq ú fYa I S jeo.;a l uls ' tu

jeo.;alu Ydia;%Sh f,aLkfha§ biau;= úh hq;=uh' ta iòyd mo f;dard
.ekSu b;d jeo.;a fõ' NdIdjl jdla fldaIh b;d mq¿,ah' th .%yKh lr
.; yels jkqfha lshùfuks' lshùfuka ,efnk iqúfYaIs m%;s,dNhla jkqfhao
lshjkakdf.a jdla fldaIh mq¿,a ùuhs' Ydia;%Sh f,aLkhl mo Ndú;fha§
Ndú; fkdl< hqq;= mo rdYshls' wYa,S, mo" wÔj mo" wjHla; mo" wm%isoaO
mo" wjn, mo" ilal mo wdoS mo Ydia;%Sh f,aLkfhaoS neyer l< hq;=h'
^fmf¾rd" 1955&
wYa,S, mo kï YsIag fkdjk jpkhs' wÔj mo kï NdIdfõ oekg

Ndú;fha fkdmj;sk mohs' tajd w;S;fha Ndú;d jqjo ta fjkqjg j¾;udkfha
Ndú;d lrk Ydia;%Sh jpk iajlSh f,aLkh iòyd fhdod .; hq;=h' wjHla;
jpk kï jHla; fkdjk jpkhs' Ydia;%Sh f,aLkhl mo Ndú;fha§ ;u
Ydia;%Sh uÜgu ms<sìUq jk wkaaofï jHla; jpk Ndú;d l< hq;= fjhs'
Wmdê wfmaCIlfhl=f.ka mdi,a YsIHfhl=f.a jpk n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdfõ'
wm%isoaO jpk kï wm%lg jokah' tjeks wm%lg joka Ndú;h we;eï
Ydia;%{hka iajlSh mdKaä;Hh úoyd oelaùug Ndú;d l<o th Ydia;%
f,dalhg fkd.e,fma' jHjydrfha mj;sk jpk Ndú;h Ydia;% f,dalh
wdf,dalj;a lrhs' wjn, jpk kï jpkhl n,h my;a lrkq ,nk jokah'
tjeks joka Ndú;h ksid f,aLkfhys w¾:h ySk ù hhs' ilal mo kï w¾:
rys; mohs' w¾: rys; mo Ydia;%Sh f,aLkfha§ Ndú;d lsÍu tys w¾:
ksrEmKhg" ksjerÈ njg yd woyi .,d hdfï .=Khg ndOd muqKqjhs'
iïNdId 257
tfyhska fulS joka Ndú;fhka je<lS Ydia;%Sh f,aLkfhys jdia;úl;ajh

wdrlaId lr .ekSu f,aLlhdf.a j.lSuhs'
mo fn§u
mo Ndú;fha § mo fn§u b;d jeo.;a fldg ie,lsh hq;a;ls' mo

fn§u iïu; l%ufõohlg wkqj isÿ fkdlrkafka kï th Ydia;%Sh f,aLkhg
lrkq ,nk ydkshls' mo fn§u ms<snò iïu; uQ,dY%h wdY%h lr .ekSfuka
Ydia;%Sh f,aLlfhl=g ta ms<snò YlH;dj ,nd .; yelsh' tkï mo fn§u
iïnkaOfhka .eg¨jla u;= jQ wjia:djl wod, uQ,dY%h Ndú;fhka thg
úi`ÿï ,nd .; yels fjhs' isxy, NdIdfõ mo fn§u iïnkaOfhka wjOdkh
fhduq lsÍfï § tys m%Odk mo j¾. ;=k jk kdu mo" l%shd mo yd ksmd; hk
mo f,aLkfha § fjka fldg ,súh hq;=h' Wmi¾. mo j¾.hla jYfhka
.ekSu wYdia;%Sh h' tfyhska Wmi¾. mo fjka fkdfldg ,súh hq;=h'
^wyqnqÿ iy ðkoia" 1959&
Wla; wdLHd; iïnkaOh
mo ms<snò wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfuka wk;=rej jdlH ms<snò wjOdkh

fhduq l< yelsh' tys oS m<uq wjYH;dj jkqfha ksjerÈj Wla; wdLHd;
iïnkaO;dj mj;ajd .ekSuhs' Ydia;%Sh f,aLkhl Ydia;%Shj jeo.;a hula
we;=<;a jqjo jdlH fodaI mj;skafka kï tys Ydia;%Sh nj w,am fõ' tfyhska
f,aLlhd Ndú;d lrkq ,nk NdIdfjys Wla; wdLHd; iïnkaOh f.dvke.Su
ms<snò mj;akd Í;s ms<snò oeä wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu w;HjYH fjhs' ta
iòyd iajlSh f,aLk NdIdjg wod, m%dudKsl jHdlrK .%ka:hl wdNdIh
,eìh hq;=uh' isxy, NdIdj iòyd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh u.ska m%ldYs;
isxy, f,aLk Í;sh Bg m%dudKsl fjhs'
jpk m%udKh
Ydia;%Sh f,aLkfha§ jdlHhl jpk m%udKh ms<snòj o ie,ls,su;a ùu

jeo.;a fjhs' w¾:h myiqfjka bÈßm;a l< yels" bÈßm;a lrk w¾:h
wjfndaO lr .; yels .,d hdfï .=Khg ndOdjla fkdjk mßÈ fukau
myiqfjka lshúh yels jk wkaoug jdlHhl jpk m%udKh we;=<;a l<
258 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
hq;= fjhs' wdikak jYfhka jdlHhl jpk 8-12;a w;r m%udKhla mej;Su
Ydia;%Sh f,aLkhl jdlHhkays .=Kd;aul njg idOlhls'
ta ta Ydia;%Sh f,aLkhkays iaùh;ajh" úIh iSudj" §¾>;ajh yd bÈßm;a

lsÍu hk lreKq u; mokïj ks¾foaYs; jpk m%udKhla ;sfí' tu iSudj
fkdblaujd f,aLkfhys fh§u Ydia;%Sh f,aLlhkag wNsfhda.hls' tu
wNsfhda.h ch .kq jia idrdxYlrKh f,aLkfha§ WmldÍ lr .; yelsh'
w¾:hg ydks fkdjk mßÈ wkjYH foa bj;a lrñka ,súh hq;= woyfiys
idrh ,sùu idrdxYlrKhhs' îsßfiak" 2013&
jdlH f.dvke.Su
Ydia;%Sh f,aLkhl jdlH ie,lSfï§ jdlH f.dvke.Su iïnkaOfhka

Wla; wdLHd; iïnkaOh yd jpk m%udKhg wu;rj mo f;dard .ekSfuka
we;sjk fodaI j,lajd .ekSu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;=h' tys§
we;sjk jdlH fodaI Ydia;%Sh f,aLkh wYdia;%Sh lrjhs' tjka fodaI f,i"
 wYa,S, fodaIh - wYa,S, mo fhÿKq jdlH
 wisxy, fodaIh - wisxy, mo fhÿKq jdlH
 mqkrela; fodaIh - jrla oelajQ woyi kej; fjk;a jpkj,ska
oelaùu
 l¾Klgql fodaIh- lfGdar mo nyq, jdlH
 wia:dk fodaIh - iqÿiq ;ek iqÿiq jpk fkdfhÿKq jdlH
 ÿIal%u fodaIh - jpk fh§fï§ l%uh yd wkqms<sfj, fodaI
iys; jdlH
 W!k;d fodaIh - wiïmQ¾K jpk fhÿKq jdlH
 ksr¾:l fodaIh - w¾: rys; mo fhÿKq jdlH
 wms<sfj, fodaIh - jdlHfhys iïu; ms<sfj, fkdue;s jdlH
 wjHdjydr fodaIh - jHjydrfhys fkdue;s mo fhÿKq jdlH
 wm%isoaO fodaIh - m%isoaO mo ;sìh§ wm%isoaO m%dfoaYSh jpk fhÿKq
jdlH
^fmf¾rd" 1955&
iïNdId 259
úrdu ,l=Kq Ndú;h
úrdu ,l=Kq Ndú;h Ydia;%Sh f,aLkhl ksjerÈj oelaúh hq;a;ls'

úrdu ,l=Kq ksjerÈj fkdoelaùfuka f,aLkfhys w¾:h wmeyeÈ,s ùu"
fjkiaùu" .,dhdfï .=Kh ySkùu jeks ,CIK we;s lrñka Ydia;%Sh
f,aLkh ÿ¾uqL lrjhs' ^Peck & Coyle, 2012) tjka úrdu ,CIK fufia
y`ÿkd.; yelsh'
kej;Sfï ;s; ^'& - jdlH wjidkh
fldudj ^"& - uò úrduhla
;s;a fldudj ^;& - jvd jeä úrduhla
fo;s; ^:& - fmr iòyka l< fohla úia;r lsÍug
br ^-& - fjka lsrSu
os. br ^––) - jdlH LKav tl;= lsrSu
hq., Wvql=re fldud ^" "& - ljfrl=f.a fyda m%ldYhla Wmqgd oelaùu
;ks Wvql=re fldud ^' '& - .%ka:hlska Wmqgd .ekSu
msg; ,l=K ^'& - mohl wl=rla f,dmaùu
;s;a ;=k ^'''& - WoaOD;hl uq, fyda ueo w;ay, fldgi
ye`.ùug
;s;a y;r ^''''& - Woa O D;hl w. fldgi w;a y , nj
ye`.ùug
m%YAkd¾: ,l=K ^@& - m%Yakhla" ielhla ye`.ùug
;s;ayq, ^!& - úiauhd¾:h
we, br ^/& - úl,am jHdjydr
fþo f.dvke.Su
Ydia;%Sh f,aLkhl fþo f.dvke.Su ;d¾lsl l%ufõohlg hg;a úh

hq;=h' ta wkqj tla fþohlska tla lreKla wdjrKh jk mßÈ fþo f.dvke.sh
hq;=h' fþohl wdrïNl jdlHh u.ska tu fþofhka bÈßm;a lsÍug wfmalaIs;
m%Odk lreK olajhs' B<`. jdlH lsysmh tu lreK úia;r lsÍug fhdod
.kshs' wjika jdlH fþofhys idrdxYhla f,i m%ldYs; woyi fyda lreK
260 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
ia:dmkh lsÍfuys,d fhfoa' fuys § jdlH w;r wfkHdkH iïnkaOh

fyd`Èka mej;sh hq;= w;r woyia .,d hdfï .=Kho mj;ajd.; hq;=h' flá
fþo fukau §¾> fþo o Ydia;%Sh f,aLkhg ndOdjls' tfyhska m%dudKsl
jYfhka wjYH jdlH m%udKh fhdod .ksñka fÊo fjka lsÍu l< hq;=h'
f,aLkfhys wdrïNl fþo iajlSh f,aLkfhys wka;¾.;h ms<snò

ye`Èkaùu iòyd fjka úh hq;=h' fojkqj wkH u;" m%;súreoaO woyia"
.eg¨" j;auka ;;a;aj" wfkHdkH iïnkaO;d wd§ lreKq iajlSh f,aLkhg
.e,fmk whqßka fhdod .ekSug fjkA úh hq;=h' f;jkqj iajlSh u;
bÈßm;A lrñka ;d¾lslj ÿ¾u; ÿ/,Su" .eg¨ ksrdlrKh" wkd.; fhdackd"
wka;¾ inò;d flfia úh hq;= o wd§ jQ iajlSh lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍug fþo
fjka l< hq;= fjhs' wjidk fþo f,aLkfhys idrdxYh fyda iudf,dapkh
jYfhkA bÈßm;a úh hq;=h' fufia fþo fjka lsÍfuka f,aLkfhys ;d¾lsl
nj" woyia .,d hdu jeks ,CIK ;=<ska jdia;úl;ajh wdrCId lr .kq
,nhs'
woyia bÈßm;a lsÍu
Ydia;%Sh f,aLkhl woyia bÈßm;a lsÍu ukd ixhuhlska isÿ l<

hq;=h' lsishï flfkl=g wmydi jk whqßka fyda lsishï flfkl= j¾Kkd
lrk woyiska woyia fkdoelaúh hq;=h' Ndjuh ye`.Sï biau;= jk wdldrfha
woyia fukau my;a cq.=maidckl woyia bÈßm;a fkdl< hq;=h' lsishï
flfkl=g fyda" lKavdhulg fyda" u;jdohlg fyda mlaImd;S woyia
fkd±laúh hq;=h' wkH woyia iajlSh woyia fuka bÈßm;a lrñka Ydia;%
jxpdj fkdl< hq;= w;r wjYH ieuúgu uQ,dY%h olajñka ;d¾lslj woyia
bÈßm;a lsÍug Ydia;%Sh f,aLlhd iu;a úh hq;=h' woyiaj, wod<;ajh"
ksrjoH;dj" hdj;ald,Sk nj" mQ¾K;ajh" úYajdikSh;ajh" f;areï.; yels
nj" iunr;djh" M,odhS nj" m%dudKsl nj hk ,CIKj,ska f,aLkfhys
.=Kd;aul nj jeä ÈhqKq úh hq;=h'
Ydia;% jxpdj ^Plagiarism)
f,aLkfha§ wka wfhl=f.a Ydia;%Sh oekqu fidrd .ekSu Ydia;% jxpdj

f,i y`ÿkajhs' Ydia;%Sh f,aLkfha§ fjk;a Ydia;%`{fhl=f.a oekqu ^woyia"
u;jdo" ixl,am" fidhd .ekSï ks¾udK wdÈh& ;u f,aLkhg we;=<;a lsÍu
jxpdjls' ta yd iu.dój wkH oekqu iajlSh jpkj,ska bÈßm;a lsÍuo
iïNdId 261
Ydia;% jxpdjg wh;ah' tfy;a Ydia;%Sh f,aLkfha§ wkH oekqu fhdod

.ekSu úêu;a l%ufõohla ;=< isÿl< yels fjhs' th Ydia;%Sh f,aLkfha
wdpdr O¾uhla f,io ye`Èkaúh yelsh' f,aLkfha§ lsishï wkH oekqula
fhdod .kafka kï wjYH mßÈ tu oekqfuys idêldß;ajh oelaùu tu
wdpdr O¾uhhs' tkï uQ,dY%h oelaùuhs' tla w;lska Ydia;% jxpdfjka ñ§
wdpdr O¾ufhka iq/lS f,aLkfha fh§ug fuu.ska yelsjkjd fukau
m%ldYk ysñlï kS;sh u`.ska jerÈlrefjl= fkdùug o fuu idêldß;ajh
oelaùu fyj;a uQ,dY%h oelaùu m%fhdackj;a fjhs' ^rKisxy" 2007&
uQ,dY%h oelaùu
by; lS mßÈ Ydia;% jxpdfjka ñ§ug fukau iajlSh f,aLkfha ;u

oekqu yd wêldß;ajh fmkaùug fukau f,aLkfha bÈßm;a lrk woyi
Yla;su;a lsÍu iy th úia;r lsÍu iòyd uQ,dY%h oelaùu jeo.;a fjhs'
tu.ska úIhdkqnoaO Wkkaÿj fmkaùug;a mdGlhdg jeäÿr f;dr;=re iòyd
fhduqùug;a yelshdj ,efí' uQ,dY%h oelaùu iòyd wka;¾cd;sl jYfhka
ms<s.;a l%ufõo ;sfí' tajd wkqj uQ,dY%h oelaùfï iïu; wdldrhkao mj;S'
fuys § wm nyq,j Ndú;d jk uQ,dY%h oelaùfï l%u folla muKla WodyrK
iys;j fmkajd fouq' tAjd kï"
1' mdol igyka oelaùu ^msgq w. igyka oelaùu fyj;a Ñldf.da

ffY,sh& ^Footnotes System/ Chicago Styles)
2. f,aLkh ;=<u uQ,dY%h oelaùu ^l¾;D - j¾I l%uh fyj;a ydj¾â

ffY,sh& (Author – Data System/ Harvard Style/ APA Format)
uQ,dY%h olajk wjia:d úúOh' tkï" flá iDcq WoaOD;" iDcq WoaOD;"
§¾> iDcq WoaOD;" wkshï WoaOD;" iïmsKavk lreKq oelaùu ta w;r fjhs'
flá iDcq WoaOD; olajkqfha m%Odk fm< iu.u fhfohs' th oaú;aj hq.,
fldudj,ska fjkafldg olajhs' iDcq WoaOD; kï lsishï l;=jrfhl=f.a
jpk ta wdldrfhkau oelaùuhs' th fma,s ;=klg jvd jeä jkafka kï
fm< iu.u fkd,shhs' §¾> iDcq WoaOD; f,i ie,flkafka fma,s ;=klg
jeä WoaOD;hls' fuu iDcq yd §¾> iDcq WoaOD; m%Odk f,aLkfhka fjka
lr y`ÿkd .ekSu iòyd tys wl=re m%udKh l=vd lsÍu" fma<s w;r mr;rh
wvq lsÍu" fjku fþohla f,i olajd fþofha jïmiska bkafvkaÜ Îndent&
262 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
ls Í u is ÿ lrhs ' wks hï WoaO D; kï WoaO D;fha jpk ta wdldrfhkau

fkdf.k iajlSh jpkj,ska oelaùuhs' tys§ fm< ;=<u olajk w;r oaú;aj
hq., fldudj,ska fjka lsÍula fkdlrhs' iïmsKavk lreKq kï lsishï
lD;shl fyda lD;s lsysmhl woyia leáfldg oelaùuhs' fï iEu wjia:djlu
wjidkfha uQ,dY%h oelaùu f;dard.;a l%ufõohl iïu; wdldrfhka olajhs'
^fldamrfyajd" 2006&
mdol igyka oelaùu' ^msgq w. igyka oelaùu fyj;a Ñldf.da ffY,sh&

^Footnotes System/ Chicago Style)
fuu l%ufha oS uQ,dY%h oelaúh hq;= ;ek wxls; fldg th msgqj w.

^Footnote) fyda f,aLkh w. Êndnote) ta wdldrfhkau wxls; fldg tys
uQ,dY%h olajhs' fufia wxldkql%uh uQ,dY%h oelaùfï § l;=jrhdf.a ku
idudkH wdldrfhka fhÈh hq;=h' wk;=rej fldudjla fhdod .%ka: kduh
;o wl=ßka / we,l=re fyda háka brla weò ,súh hq;=h' miqj ;s; ;nd
.%ka:h m%ldYs; ia:dkh ,shd fo;s; ;nd m%ldYlhdf.a ku fhdod fldudjla
;eîfuka miq m%ldYs; j¾Ih ,shd ;s;la ;nd wjYH ;ekays msgq wxlh / wxl
iòyka lr kej;Sfï ;s; ;nd uQ,dY%h oelaùu wjika l< yelsh' m%ldYs;
ia:dkh" m%ldYl yd m%ldYs; j¾Ih tlu jrykla ;=< oelaúh hq;=h' fuys§
oelajQ úrdu ,l=Kq ms<snòj wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu b;d jeo.;ah' tlu
lD;shla kej; fhfok úg isxyf,ka tysu hkqfjka o bx.%Sisfhka Ibid
hkqfjka o olajd msgq wxlh / wxl oelaùu muKla m%udKj;ah' ^fldamrfyajd"
2006& úúO lD;Skays iïmQ¾K .%ka: úoHd;aul f;dr;=re olajk wdldrh
oek .ekSu iòyd Ñldf.da l%uh hgf;a idêldÍ uQ,dY%hl ksoiqka n,kak'
Chicago Manual of Style Online – Chicago Manual of Style Quick Guide :

http://www.chicagomanualof style.org/tools - citationguide. Html
Ñldf.da l%ufhys WodyrK lsysmhla

 tla l;=jrfhl=
uqksodi l=udr;=x." uhqr ikafoaY újrKh' ^fld<U : tï' ã'
.=Kfiak iud.u" 1935&' 60'
 l;=jreka fofofkl=
iqpß; .ï,;a iy r;ak Y%S úfÊisxy" uy.ufialr yd iudc
h:d¾:h' ^fld<U : tia' f.dvf.a" 1994&'20'
iïNdId 263
 l;=jreka ;sfofkl=
mS' tia' fmf¾rd" ir;a chùr iy c.;a Ydka;m%sh" iuld,Sk
iudc úpdrh' ^fld<U : iriú m%ldYlfhda" 1992&' 26'
 l;=jreka ;sfofkl=g jeä
;sôßhd.u nKavdr.u iy ;j;a wh" ck úúO;ajh' ûyr.u :
rdjh m%ldYk" 1992&' 20'
Rajendra Mesthrie et al., Introducing Sociolinguistics. (Edinburgh :
Edinburgh University Press, 2010). 25
 wd.ñl mQckSh .%ka:
§> ksldh I" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%ka: ud,dj mqk¾ uqøKh"
^foysj, : fn!oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh" 2005&' 12'
 ixialdrl
tÉ' tï' fudrgqj.u" îxia& kq;k isxy, l,d ks¾udK iy fla'
ch;s,l' ^le,Ksh ( úoHd,xldr msßfjka uqøKd,h" 1983&' 45'
 Ydia;%Sh i`.rd ,smshla
fla' tka' ´' O¾uodi' zNdId l%u iïmdokhZ ixialD;s - fyÜáwdrÉÑ
wxlh" ^1983&' 17 ^4& 69-70'
 Yío fldaI
isxy, YíofldaIh" 5 jk ldKavh' ^fld<U ( ixialD;sl lghq;=
fomd¾;fïka;=j" 1982&'5'
f,aLkh ;=<u uQ,dY%h oelaùu' ^l¾;D - j¾I l%uh fyj;a ydj¾â ffY,sh&
Âuthor – Data System / Harvard Style / APA Format)
fuu l%ufha§ uQ,dY%h fm< ;=<u olajhs' tys§ m<uqj idêldß;ajh

olajd fldudjla ,shd m%ldYs; j¾Ih iòyka lr fo;s; ;nd wjYH mßÈ msgq
wxlh/ wxl fhdohs' idêldß;ajh oelaùfï§ l¾;Df.a jdi.u muKla
olajk w;r idêldß;ajh .%ka: kduhg mejfrk wjia:dj, muKla l¾;D
kduh fjkqjg .%ka: kduh olajhs' fï ish,a, m%Odk fm< iu. jrykla
;=< olajhs' WodyrK jYfhka"
 tla l;=jrfhl= - ^rKisxy" 2007 ( ms' 13&

 l;=jreka fofofkl= - ^rKisxy iy ùrisxy" 2006 ( ms' 10&
264 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
 l;=jreka ;sfofkl= - ^rKisxy" wurùr iy ùrisxy" 2005 (

ms' 15&
 l;=jreka ;sfofkl=g jeä - ^ùriQßh iy ;j;a wh" 2011 ( ms' 1&
Ûyangoda et al, 2010 : p.6)
 ixialdrl - ^wurfialr îxia'&" 2011 : ms' 12&
^Needham (ed.), 2001 : p.23)
 l¾;D w{d;/ wúksYaÑ; - Ôïmshd wgqjd .egmoh" 1996 ( ms' 12&
 wd.ñl mQckSh .%ka: - ^§> ksldh I, 2005 : ms' 25&
fuu l%ufha§ mQ¾K .%ka: úia;r wdY%s; .%ka: kdudj,sh u.ska f,aLkh
wjidkfha ,nd§u is ÿ l< hq ; = h ' fuys jeäÿr ks o iq k a iòyd http://
www.apastyle.org/ hk ks, fjí wvúh fj; msúfikak'
wdY%s; .%ka: kdudj,sh ieliSu
wdY%s; .%ka: kdudj,shla iemhSuo Ydia;%Sh f,aLkfha wdpdr O¾uhls'

uQ,dY%h oelaùfuka fkdkej;S wdY%s; .%ka: kdudj,shla oelaùfï wruqKq
lsysmhls' tkï uQ,dY%h oelaùfï§ oelajQ uQ,dY%h ms<snò mQ¾K úia;rhla
bÈßm;a lsÍu" uQ,dY%h oelaùfï wjia:djla fkdjqk o ;u f,aLkh iòyd
m%fhdackj;a iydhla iemhQ lD;s ms<snò mdGlhd oekqj;a lsÍug" ;udg
f,aLkfha§ ufydamldÍ jQ lD;Ska isysm;a lsÍu iòyd fukau mdGlhdg
jeäÿr f;dr;=re lrd hdfï myiqj we;s lsÍu i|yd fukau ;u f,aLkfha
idêldß;ajh ;yjre lsÍu iòydo wdY%s; .%ka: kdudj,sh jeo.;a fjhs'
uQ,dY%h olajk úêu;a l%u folla wm fuys§ oelajQfhuq' Ñldf.da

l%uh iy ydj¾â l%uh úêu;a wdldrhka fol fõ' ta wkqj wdY%s; .%ka:
kdudj,sh o ielish hq;=h' tlS l%u folskau WodyrK iòyd fmr lS ks,
fjí wvú fj; msúiSu iqÿiqh' fuu l%u foflysu fhdod .kakd .%ka:
úoHd;aul f;dr;=re jkafka l¾;D kduh" .%ka: kduh" m%ldYl" m%ldYs;
ia:dkh yd m%ldYs; j¾Ih hk f;dr;=re myhs' tfiau l%u fofla §u
wldrd§ wkql%uh wkqj tajd fm< .iajkq ,efí' tlu l¾;D kduh fojrla
fhfokafka kï §¾> br fojkjr l¾;D kduh fjkqjg fhdod .kS'
ydj¾â l%ufha§ tlu j¾Ihl tlu l¾;Df.a lD;s folla we;akï tajd
fjkalr y`ÿkd .ekSu iòyd j¾I w. wl=re fyda b,lalï wdOdrfhka
fjka lsÍula isÿ lrhs' tu l%u fol iòyd WodyrK lsysmhla fuys olajuq'
iïNdId 265
fuys olajkqfha WodyrK lsysmhla muKls' ;u wjYH;dj mßÈ fuys oelajQ

uQ,dY% fj; f.dia jeäÿr YlH;dj ,nd .kafka kï fhfyls'
tal l¾;Dl lD;s
Ñldf.da - wÈldrï" B'ví,õ' merKs ,laÈj fn!oaO b;sydih" fld<U (

Ô'fla'Ô' chj¾Ok" 1965'
ydj¾â - wÈldrï" B' ví,sõ' ^1965&" merKs ,laÈj fn!oaO b;sydih"
fld<U ( Ô' fla' Ô' chj¾Ok'
oaúl¾;Dl lD;s
Ñldf.da - .ï,;a" iqpß; iy úfÊ;=x." r;ak Y%S uy.ufialr yd iudc

h:d¾:h' fld<U ( tia' f.dvf.a" 1994'
ydj¾â - .ï,;a" iqpß; iy úfÊ;=x." r;ak Y%S ^1994&" uy.ufialr yd
iudc h:d¾:h" fld<U ( tia' f.dvf.a'
l¾;D ;sfofkl=f.a lD;s
Ñldf.da - fmf¾rd" mS' tia' chùr" ir;a iy Ydka;m%sh" c.;a iuld,Sk

iudc úpdrh' fld<U ( iriú m%ldYlfhda" 1992'
ydj¾â - fmf¾rd" mS' tia'" chùr" ir;a iy Ydka;m%sh" c.;a ^1992&
iuld,Sk iudc úpdrh' fld<U ( iriú m%ldYlfhda'
ixialrKhla
Ñldf.da - [dKdf,dal ysñ" fldaodf.dv îxia'& wudj;=r' fld<U ( tï'

ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u" 1959'
ydj¾â - [dKdf,da l ys ñ " flda o df.dv ^1959& îxia ' &' wudj;= r '
fld<U ( tï' ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u'
Ydia;%Sh i`.rd ,smshla
Ñldf.da - O¾uodi" fla' tka' ´' "NdId l%u iïmdokh" ixialD;s 17" 4
^1983& ( 69-75
ydj¾â - O¾uodi" fla' tka' ´' ^1983& "NdId l%u iïmdokh" ixialD;s 17"
^4&" 69-75
266 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
,sms ix.%yhlska .;a ,smshla
Ñldf.da - OïurCÅ; ysñ" je,ñáhdfõ "jkiam;s jDCI yd mqomQcd"

l<K ( Ô' tia' î' fiakdkdhl Wmydr wxlh ixialrKh
;fmdajkfha iq;Or ysñ" tÉ'à' niakdhl iy ví,sõ'
tia' lreKd;s,l" 48 -63' fld<U ( tia' f.dvf.a" 1987'
ydj¾â - OïurCÅ; ysñ" je,ñáhdfõ ^1987& "jkiam;s jDCI yd
mqomQcd" ;fmdajkfha iq;Or ysñ" tÉ' à' niakdhl iy
ví,sõ' tia' lreKd;s,l îxia'& l,K ( Ô' tia' î'
fiakdkdhl Wmydr wxlh 48-63' fld<U ( tia' f.dvf.a'
iudf,dapkh
Ydia ; % S h f,a L kh hkq yq f ola ,s ù u fkdjk nj;A tys , d úêu;a

l%ufõohka yd wkq.ukh l< hq;= uQ,O¾uhka mj;sk nj wm fuys§
fmkAjd ÿksuq' tlS l%ufõohka yd uQ,O¾uhka ielúka úia;r lsÍu fuys§
isÿ lr we;s w;r Ydia;%Sh f,aLkfha kshef,kakka tajd fyd`Èka wOHhkh
lsÍu wjYH fjhs' ta iòyd u`. fmkaùula muKla fuu ,smsh u.ska iemfhk
w;r jeäÿr wOHhkh iòyd fuys olajd we;s uQ,dY%h fukAu iqÿiq m%dudKsl
uQ,dY%h fj;o t,öu iqÿiqh' tu.ska jvd id¾:l jQ;a" ksjerÈ jQ;a" Ydia;%
f,dalh wdf,dalu;a lrkakd jQ;a Ydia;%Sh f,aLkhka iïmdokfhys,d
Ydia;%`{hkag wjia:dj ,efnkq fkdwkqudkh'
wdY%s; .%ka:
wurfialr" fla'Ô' ^2013& wCIr úkHdih" fld<U ( tia' f.dvf.a'

wyqnqÿ" wßfikA iy ðkoia ,shkf.a ^1959& isxy,fhys mo fnÿu" fld<U ( tï'ã'
.=Kfiak iy iud.u'
Whkaf.dv" chfoaj ^2013& iudÔh úoHd m¾fhaIK fhdackdj,shla ,sùu" fld<U (
iudc úoHd{hskaf.a ix.uh'
fldamrfyajd" iòf.daó ^2006& Ydia;%Sh f,aLkhl uQ,dY%h oelaùfï úêl%u" fld<U (
tia' f.dvf.a'
tu ^2012& isxy, wCIr úkHdi wldrdÈh" fld<U ( tia' f.dvf.a'
Èidkdhl" fÊ' î' ^2005& udkj NdId m%fõYh" l¿fndaú, ( iqñ; m%ldYk'
iïNdId 267
fmf¾rd" fla'Ô' ^1955& f,aLk úoHdj yd idys;H úpdrh" fld<U ( l¾;D m%ldYk'
n,.,af,a" úu,a Ô' ^2001& NdId wOHhkh yd isxy, jHdjydrh" fld<U ( tia' f.dvf.a'
rKisxy" mshodi ^2007& Wiia Wmdê ksnkaO iïmdok Wmfoia" le,Ksh ( iudÔh úoHd
mSGh" le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h'
isßfiak" tia'ù'mS' ^2013& isxy, NdId m%fõYh iy m%dfhda.sl f,aLkh" fld<U ( tia'
f.dvf.a'
isxy, f,aLk Í;sh ^1989& uyr.u ( cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'
Encyclopedia of Educational Research (1982) New York : Collier Macmillan.
http://www.apastyle.org/
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/
Marsen, Sky (2007) Professional Writing, New York : Palgrave Macmillan.
Parsons, C.J. (1973) Theses & Project Work, London.
Peck, Jhon (&) Coyle, Martin (2012) The Student's Guide to Writing, New York :
Palgrave, Macmillan.
268 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
mßj¾;k ld¾hh ms<n

s | ye`Èkaùula
Ydia;%m;s" flfy,aj, kkao ysñ
msrsfjka wOHdmk YdLdj" wOHdmk wud;HdxYh
1'1 mßj¾;k Yíoh
m ßj¾;khla hkq ljr wdldrfha wx.

,CIKhkaf.ka iukaú; jQjla o hkak úuid
ne,Sug fmr mßj¾;kh hk jpkfha ksme;au
isÿ jQ wdldrh fidhd ne,Su jeo.;a fjhs'
zzmßZZ hk Wmi¾.h yd zzjD;aZZ hk Od;=fõ

tlaùfuka mßj¾;k hk jpkfha ksme;au isÿfõ'
zzmßZZ hk Wmi¾.h ieu;skau" yd;amiskau hk w¾: fok w;r

zzjD;aZZ Od;=j ;=< ùu meje;au" yerùu hk wre;a we;1' fï wkqj mßj¾;kh
hkq yd;amiskau yerùu wd§ jYfhka w¾: ±laúh yelsh' hï lD;shla foi
yeu me;a;lskau n,d tys ri fkdisfòk f,i fjk;a NdIdjlg ke.Su"
yerùu" .%ka: mßj¾;kh jYfhka ye¢kaúh yelsh'
1'2 mßj¾;kh hkq l=ulao @
lsishï NdIdjlska rpkd ù we;s f,aLkhla fjk;a NdIdjlska bÈßm;a

ls Í u mßj¾;kh jYfhka ir<j bÈßm;a l< yels h' mßj¾;khg
iïNdId 269
n÷kajkafka f,aLkh muKla fkdfõ' l:k udOHfha§ o mßj¾;kh Ndú;

jk wjia:d fldf;l=;a we;' tA wkqj mßj¾;kh m%Odk jYfhka fldgia
follg fnÞ ±laúh yelsh'
1' ,sÅ; mßj¾;kh

2' jdÑl mßj¾;kh jYfhks'
,sÅ; mßj¾;kh hkq lsishï ixfla; rgd iuqÞhla uÕska bÈßm;a lr

we;s f,aLkhla" fjk;a ksYaÑ; rgd iuqÞhla uÕska ±laùuhs' tys§ uq,a
NdIdj (Source Language) fkdo;a mdGlhd ;ukag wjfndaO lr .ekSug
myiq ,laIH NdIdjlg (Target Language) tu f,aLkh mßj¾;kh lr.ekSu
isÿlrkq ,nhs'
jdÑl mßj¾;kh hkq hful= m%ldY lrk foh tA fudfydf;au fyda

miqj fjk;a NdIdjlska ke;fyd;a Yío rgd iuqÞhlska m%ldY lsÍuhs'
md¾,s f ïka ; = j " Widúh" cd;Hka ; r iïfï,k wdÈfha § fuu jdÑl
mßj¾;kh jvd;a biau;= ù fmfkhs'
mßj¾;kh hk jpkh yd iudk fnfyúka fhfok jpkhls "

wkqj¾;kh' tu ksid fuu jpk foflys fjki y÷kd .ekSu jeo.;a
fjhs' uq,§ i|yka l< mßÈ mßj¾;kh hkq tla NdIdjlska we;s fohla
wkH NdIdjlska ±laùuhs'
wkqj¾;kh hkq mßj¾;khg jvd úia;D; jQ ls%hdj,shls' tys §

wkqj¾;lhd uQ,dY%fhka ,nd .kafka uQ,sl m%jD;a;sh muKls' wk;=rej tu
uQ,sl m%jD;a;sh ;u wNsu;h mßÈ hï hï kùlrKhkag ,lalrñka rpkd
lrkq ,nhs ' mßj¾;kfha § NdId udOH muKla fjkia jk w;r
wkqj¾;kfha§ mqoa., kdu" hï hï isÿùï" Wmud wdÈh iajfoaYSkag .e<fmk
mßÈ fjkia úh yelsh'
mßj¾;kh hkq yq f ola NdId udOH muKla fjkia ùu fkdfõ'

mßj¾;k ld¾hfha § ,laIH NdIdj ms<sn|j fukau ;okqnoaO ixialD;sh
ms<sn|j o uQ,sl wjfndaOhla fyda ,nd.; hq;= fjhs' lsishï jpkhla
jdlHhl fhfok wdldrh wkqj o wjg we;s wfkl=;a jpkhkaf.a w¾:
j, n,mEu wkqj o jpkhkaf.a w¾:h fjkia ùug mq¿jk' tfukau tla
20 - CM23766
270 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
tla jpkh Ndú; jk iudch wkqj o mßirh wkqj o thska m%ldY jk

w¾:h fjkia úh yelsh' jdpHd¾:hg jvd jHx.Hd¾:h jeo.;a jk nj
ke;fyd;a NdIdfõ ksh; jákdlula we;af;a ixfla;j, fkdjk nj
mjikafka tu ksidh'
mßj¾;lhd yeuúgu ;uka mßj¾;kh lsÍug Ndú; lrk NdIdfjka

Tíng f.dia tu iudcfha ixialD;sh" is;=ï me;=ï wdÈh ms<sn|j o wjOdkh
fhduq l< hq;= jkafka fï fya;= j ksidh' uydpd¾h Ô' fyaumd, úchj¾Ok
iajlSh ldjH úpdr .fõIK lD;sfha § fï ms<sn|j jeäÿr woyia olajhs'
ztlu NdIdjla ;=< o jpkhlska jegfyk woyia fu;rï fjkia úh

yels kï foaYld,dÈfhka fnfyúka fjkia jQ NdIdjka foll ixfla; yd
tAjdfha jákdlï w;r fld;rï fjkialï ;sìh yels o@
n;a lkjd" ld,h lkjd" ,Kqjla lkjd" thd jefâ lkjd" rg ldmq
flfkla" ld,d bkak neß mdvqjla" lEj;a ys;g uÈ hkd§ ;ekaj,lkjd
hk ls%hd¾:h msßlaid neÆúg mßirh wkqj jpkhl wre;a fjkia jk yeá
meyeÈ,s fõ' mßj¾;khla lsÍug fmr tu ld¾hhg t<fUkakd uq,a ixfla;h
yßyeá jgyd .; hq;=h' tmuKla fkdj tu ixfla;h fhfok yeá .ek
o ukd wjfndaOhla ,nd .; hq;=h'2ZZ
mßj¾;k ld¾hh hkq yqfola NdId udOH fjkia ùu muKla fkdjk

nj;a mßj¾;lhd ;uka mßj¾;kh i|yd fhdÞ.;a lD;sh rÑ; iudch"
ixialD;sh wdÈh ms<sn|j o lsishï wjfndaOhlska fmdaIKh úh hq;=ùu
w;HjYH nj uydpd¾h úchj¾Okhkaf.a by; i|yka m%ldYfhka ukdj
meyeÈ,s fjhs' mßj¾;kh ms<sn|j idlÉPd lrk fuu mßÉfþofha §
YíofldaIhka ys mßj¾;kh hk jpkhg § we;s w¾:h i,ld ne,Su o
jeo.;a fj;ehs is;ñ'
isxy, Yío fldAIh mßj¾;kh hkakg w¾: olajd we;af;a tla nilska
fjk;a nilg yrjk ,oaola hkqfjks'3 YS% iqux., YíofldaIh rpkd l<
je,súáfha YS% fidar; ysñhka mßj¾;kh hkakg § we;s w¾:h kï fmr<Su
hkqfjks'4
iïNdId 271
fmd,aj;af;a nqoaOo;a; ysñ úiska ilia lrk ,o md,s isxy, wldrdÈfha

§ NdId;aul w¾:h úfYAI fldg olajñka Wkajykafia mßj¾;k hkakg
wre;a imhd we;' tys § wka nilg keÕSu" fmr<Su" udrelsÍu jk wre;a
olajd ;sfí'5
uq,a ld,fha § mßj¾;kh;a wkqj¾;kh;a iudkd¾:fhka i,ld we;s

nj olakg ,efí' WÞyrK jYfhka .=Kmd, ùrfialr uy;d úiska 1968 §
m<lrk ,o md,s YíofldaIfhys wkqjdoh hkakg w¾: imhd we;s wdldrh
±laúh yelsh'
wkqjdo- mßj¾;kh" lS foa kej; lSu'6
óg wu;rj 1965 § m< jQ md,s-isxy, YíofldaIfha o wkqj¾;k yd

mßj¾;k hkak iudkd¾:fhka olajd we;'
wkqjdo- tl NdIdjlska mej;s jdlHdÈhla wkH NdIdjlska lSu'7
u,,fialr bx.%Sis-isxy, YíofldAIfhys 'Translation' hkakg § we;s

isxy,d¾:h tla NdIdjlska ;j;a NdIdjlg fmr<kjd hkqfjks'8 tysu
Translation hkakg mßj¾;kh" wkqjdoh hk w¾: folu olajd we;s nj;a
lsj hq;=h'
ixialD;sl wud;HdxYhg wkqnoaOj ls%hd;aul jQ cd;sl fmd;a ixia:dj

úiska 1965 § ixúOdkh lrk ,o zisxy, mßj¾;k iïfï,k jd¾;dfõZ
fuu jpkoajh ms<sn|j úia;rd;aulj w¾: ±laùula lr ;sfí' tla NdIdjlska
,shk ,o idys;Huh fyda Ydia;S%h lD;shla úfYaIfhka u tu NdIdj
fkdo;a mdGlhkaf.a m%fhdackh ms‚i iïmQ¾Kfhka u wkH NdIdjlg
keÕSu mßj¾;kh hkafkys w¾: ksrEmKh f,i fuu iïfï,kfha §
ms<s.kq ,eîh' tf,i u tla NdIdjlska we;s idys;H lD;shla wkqlrKh
lsÍfuka tys kï .ï yd idudðl miqìï fjkia lsÍfuka ksmojk lD;sh
wkqlrKhla f,i o uq,a lD;sfha idrh muKla f.k ixCIsma; lD;shla
f,i bÈßm;a lsÍu ixCIsma; wkqjdohla f,i o kï lrk ,§'9
mßj¾;kh ms<sn|j i|yka lsÍfï § mßj¾;kh M,ÞhS f,i Ndú;d

lrk lafIa;% .Kkdjla y÷kd.; yelsh' tys § .%ka: mßj¾;kh m%Odk
272 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
fjhs' fuys § Ydia;S%h mßj¾;kh yd idys;H mßj¾;kh jYfhka wxY

folla Tiafia mßj¾;k ld¾hh isÿ fõ'
óg wu;rj m%jD;a;s jd¾;d" pß;dmÞk" rdcH f,aLk fj<| ±kaùï"

Ñ;%mgl;d ^Wm is/is& wd§ jYfhka úúO lafIa;%j, mßj¾;kh Ndú;d
lrkq ,nhs'
fï wdldrhg mßj¾;kh iEu úIh lafIa;%hlu me;sr hdug uQ,sl jQ

fya;=j f,dj fjfik ukqIH m%cdj w;r ikaksfõokfha we;s ù ;sfnk
ÈhqKqjhs' udkj iudch úiska lrkq ,nk m¾fhaIK yryd fidhd .kakd
,o kj ±kqu f,dalhg fnÞ §fï § mßj¾;kh uÕska ,efnkafka úYd,
msájy,ls' ukaoh;a f,dj fjfik ck;djf.ka nyq;rhlg ;ukag Wm;ska
Wreu jQ uõni yefrkakg fjk;a NdIdjla yeisrúh fkdyels ùu ksid
úYaj ±kqu Tjqka w;rg f.k hdfï§ mßj¾;kh úYd, ld¾hNdrhla
bgqlrhs'
zzj¾;udk idudðlhdg f,dj Ndú;d jk ish¨ NdIdjka ;nd m%p,s;

jQ;a w;HjYH jQ;a NdIdjka ms<sn|j mjd m%udKd;auldjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSu
m%dfhda.sl jYfhka ÿIalr ld¾hhls' úfYAIfhka u ;=kajk f,dalfha rgj,
ckhd iïnkaOfhka tA ;;a;ajh jvd;a ÿIalr fjhs' tA ksidu mßj¾;kh
j¾;udk ñksidg w;HjYH jQ fohla njg m;aj ;sfí'10
fï whqßka úuid ne,Sfï§ mßj¾;kh hkq kQ;k iudchg wjYH;dj

jeäfhka ±fkk mq r d;kfha is g f,dj Ndú; fjñka meñ‚ jákd
f,aLkdx.hla nj meyeÈ,s fõ'
2'3 mßj¾;lfhl= i;= iqÿiqlï
mßj¾;lfhl= i;= úh hq;= iqÿiqlï w;r mßj¾;khg wÞ< NdId

foflys ksmqK;ajh w;HjYH lreKls' fuys§ rpkd ú,difha we;s l=i,;dj
mßj¾;lfhl= i;=j ;sìh hq;=h' mßj¾;khl § m%dKj;a lu /lSug fmdÿ
ck jHjydrh kshu whqßka ±k.; hq;=fõ' jpkfhka jpkhg w¾: §
mßj¾;kh lsÍfuka idudkH woyi f.kyer mEug bv we;;a Bg wjYH
m% d Kj;a l u ,efnka f ka NdId jHjydrh ms < s n |j fyd| wjfndA O hla
mßj¾;lhd úis k a ,nd.;a úgh' mßj¾;lhd i;= j rfÜ iNH;a j h"
iïNdId 273
YsIagdpdrh" hkdÈh ms<sn|j we;s ±kqu mq¿,a úh hq;=h' tA u; ;ud lrk

mßj¾;kh tu rgg .e<fmk whqßka iudÔh jgmsgdj ms<sn| ±kqulska
hqla;j mßj¾;kh lsÍug bvlv ,efí' mßj¾;lhd ;u mßj¾;kfha §
woyia b;du meyeÈ<sj yd m%dKj;a whqßka m%ldY l< hq;=h' fï wkqj
lsjyelafla mßj¾;kh uq,a lD;sfha m%;sìïnhla úh hq;= njhs' uq,a lD;sfha
tk woyila mßj¾;k NdIdfõ § w¾:hla f.k fkdfoa hehs is;d fjkia
fkdl< hq ; = h ' tfia jq j fyd;a uq , a lD;s h g ths k a is ÿ jka f ka uy;a
widOdrKhls' tfia u mßj¾;khla lsÍfï§ uq,a lD;sfha tk woyia yd
o¾Ykhka wmf.a ixialD;shg fkd.e<fmkafka hehs is;d fjkia fkdl<
hq;=h' tjeks wjia:djl § l< hq;af;a tu mdGh tA whqßkau mßj¾;kh lr
±laùuh'
tfiau hï lsis mßj¾;khla lsÍfï§ ie,lsh hq;= lreKla jkafka

;ud mßj¾;kh lrkafka l=uk wdldrfha msßila i|yd o hkakhs' Wiia
idys;H lD;shla <uhska i|yd ;a jeäysáhka i|yd ;a mßj¾;kh l<
yelsh' mßj¾;lhd iEuúgu NdIdj ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a jk ;rug u lD;sh
lshjk mdGlhd .ek o ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=h'
zzmßj¾;kh hkqfjka ye¢kafjkafka f,aLlfhl= úiska mßj¾;kh

lrkq ,nk lD;sh .ek;a tA lD;sh lshjk mdGlhka .ek;a tljr ,nk
wjfndaOhhs' fujka wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSug wjYH Yla;sh yd idu¾:Hh
fkdue;s kï Tng fyd| mßj¾;lfhl= úh fkdyelsh'ZZ11
fuys § ldyg;a fmdÿfõ Ndú;d l< yels wdldrfha mßj¾;khla

lsÍu NdIdj ukdj W.;a tfiau ni yeisrùug okakd W.;=kag wmyiqjla
fkdfõ' fuhg fydò WodyrKhla f,i hlalvqfõ YS% m%×rdu ysñhka iÕs
nK kñka isxy,g mßj¾;kh lr we;s md,s ;s%msgl mßj¾;kh y÷kajd Èh
yelsh'
mßj¾;lhka jpk Ndú;fha§ o ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=h' wjYH ;ekays

T!Ñ;H .=Kfhka hq;= jpk Ndú; l< hq;=h' T!Ñ;Hh ms<sn| wjfndaOhla
fkdue;s mßj¾;lhska mßj¾;k ld¾hhg wj;S¾K ùfuka isÿ jkafka
wjevls' fï ksid mßj¾;khla lsÍfï§ mßj¾;lfhl= b;d bjiSfuka uq,a
lD;sfha wka;¾.;h ;u NdIdjg ke.sh hq;=h'
274 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
fï wdldrhg mßj¾;lfhl= i;= j ;s ì h hq ; = iq ÿ iq l ï fufia

f.dkqfldg ±laúh yelsh'12
1' uq,a lD;sfha NdIdj ukd f,i ±k ;sîu'
2' uq,a lD;sh lshjd ri ú£ug;a th úfõpkd;aulj w.h lsÍug;a

wjYH úpdr nqoaêhla i;= ùu'
3' uq,a lD;sfhys idudðl" ixialD;sl yd ft;sydisl miqìu .ek

ukd ±kqula we;slr .ekSu'
4' ;udf.a NdIdj ksjerÈj idïm%Þhdkql+,j ,sùug we;s yelshdj
5' uq,a lD;sfhys .eíj we;s yeÕSï wjfndaO lr .ekSug;a tAjd

uekúka mdGlhdg bÈßm;a lsÍug;a wjeis m%;sNd Yla;sfhka
hq;a; ùu'
6' uq,a lD;sfhys lS¾;shg wvqjla fkdjk mßÈ th i¾j iïmQ¾K

f,i kj mdGl msßig bÈßm;a lsÍfuys § tu ld¾hh wjxlj
bgq lsÍug ieriS isàu'
7' b,la l NdIdjg wÞ< iudch yd ixia l D;s h .ek ukd

wjfndaOhla ,nd isàu jYfhks'
by; i|yka jQ iqÿiqlï iïmQ¾K lrñka hï mßj¾;lfhl= iajlSh

mßj¾;k ld¾h isÿlrkq ,nhs o" tu lD;sh mdGlhd jvd;a yDohdx.u
lsÍug iu;a jkq we;'
1'4 mßj¾;kfha m%fNao
mßj¾;kh l,djla jYfhka j¾;udkh jk úg j¾Okh ù we;af;a

th yqfola idys;H ks¾udK lafIA;%hg muKla úIh jQjla fkdjk fyhsks'
mßj¾;kh j¾;udk f,dalfha m%Odk úIh folla hgf;a úldYkh fõ'
tkï"
1' Ydia;S%h mßj¾;kh

2' idys;H mßj¾;kh jYfhks'
iïNdId 275
fuys § Ydia;S%h mßj¾;kfhys,d .efkkafka úoHd" ;dlaIK" kS;s"

wd.ñl hk wxYhkays isÿlrkq ,nk mßj¾;khhs' idys;H mßj¾;k .Khg
.efkkafka kdgHh" ldjHh" .oHh ^flál;d kjl;d jeks& wdÈhhs'
fï ksid kQ;k úoaj;=ka mßj¾;kh hkak ks¾jpkh lrkqfha fï

fowxYhu w<,dh' zztla NdIdjlska ,shk ,o idys;Huh fyda Ydia;S%h
lD;shla úfYAIfhka u tu NdIdj fkdokakd mdGlhkaf.a m%fhdackh
i|yd wkH NdIdjlg ke.Su mßj¾;khhsZZ'13 hkq tfia mq¿,aj l< w¾:
±laùuls'
flfia kuq;a l=uk úIhm:hlska fyda mßj¾;kh hkak y÷kd .kakd

iEu úfõplfhl=u t<fUk ks.ukhla kï yqfola mßj¾;kh uq,a lD;shg
ióm ùula muKla jk njhs' W. V. O. Kwin jeks wh lSfõ mßj¾;kh l<
fkdyels ld¾hhla njhs' (It is impossible to translate)14 fï woyia yd iuÕu
Tjqka ms<s.;a ;j;a ldrKhla kï Ydia;S%h mßj¾;khg jvd idys;H
mßj¾;kh wiSre l¾;jHhla jk njhs' zzidys;H lD;shla mßj¾;kh
uÕska lshjd ri ú£u ùÿre n÷klska jid we;s u,la msg;ska iSöu jeks
hehsZZ 15 lSfõ tfyhsks'
is x y, idys ; Hfhys mßj¾;k ms < s n |j úuik úg tys b;s y dih

wkqrdOmqr hq.h olajd w;S;hg úys§ hhs' mqrdK jxil:d yd wÜGl;d
wkqj isxy, idys;H f.dvke.S we;af;a mßj¾;kh mokï lrf.kh' ls%' mQ'
3 j ishjfia § ,laÈjg jevu l< ñys`ÿ ud ysñfhda md,s nqÿoyu yd tys
wÜGl;d ,xldjg /f.k wdy' fulS wÜGl:d issxy,hg kÕk ,oafoa
wßÜG ysñhka we;=¨ isxy, NslaIQka úisks' tA nj Oïmshd wgqjd .egmofhys
i|yka fõ'
zzu.O niska jefgñka wd nqÿ le,s wgqjd fy<Èj wecqfrd fy¿ niska
;=nQyZZ16
we;eï úg by; i|ykska lshjkqfha b;sydifha i|yka uq,a u mßj¾;k

ld¾hh ms<sn|j úh yelsh' tA ljr fya;=jla ksidoh;a .S%lhka f.a kdgHj,
wkqj¾;k mjd ,shù we;af;a ls%' mQ' 2 jk Y;j¾Ifha § jk neúks'
276 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
flfia fj;;a isxy, idys;Hfha mßj¾;k ld¾hh ls%' mQ' 3 jk ishjfia

mgka úúO w¾: .ksñka fï olajd wLKavj mej;f.k wd nj meyeÈ,s h'
j¾;udkfha mßj¾;kh lsÍu hk kñka fuu ld¾hh ye¢kajqj o w;S;fha
tA i|yd úúO kdu Ndú;d lr we;s nj fmfka' tA w;r fy¿ nig ±óu"
fy¿ niska ;eîu" fy< nig fmr<Su" fy¿jg keÕSu" udre lsÍu wdÈh
m%Odk h'
md,s wÜGl:d isxy,hg keÕSfuka wdrïN jQ ,laÈj mßj¾;k ld¾hh

miq ld,fha fkdfhl=;a w;g w;= b;s úysÞ ÈhqKq jQ nj fmfka' tAjd m%Odk
jYfhka fldgia 04 la Tiafia ±laúh yelsh' tkï"
1' ikak
2' .egmo
3' mßl:d
4' msgfmd;a jYfhks'
ikak hkafkka mo.;d¾: ±laùu woyia flf¾' ztjxZ" fufia" zfuZ"

ud úiska ziq;xZ" wik ,§' hkd§ jYfhka md,s ixialD; isxy, fyda fjkhï
NdIdjlska we;s mohlg fjk;a mohlska f;areï §u ikak ,sùu hehs
jHjydr fõ' úY=oaê ud¾. ikakh" wNsO¾ud¾: ix.%y mqrdK ikakh" l=ÿisl
ikakh wdÈh fuu .Khg WÞyrK f,i ±laúh yelsh'
.eg¨ iys; moj,g w¾: iemhSu .eg mofhka flfrk ld¾hhs'

oUfo‚ ld,fha ,shk ,o úY=oaê ud¾. ikakfhys .egmofha w¾: fufia
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
zzhï mohlayq f.a w¾:h ÿ¾úf{h ù kï fya .KaÀ mo kïZZ17
tA wkqj meyeÈ,s jkafka w¾:h wjfndaO lr .ekSug wmyiq jpk

f;dardf.k Bg meyeÈ,sj w¾: ±laùu .eg mo kï jk njhs'
mßl:d hk jpkh Ndú;d lr we;af;a o by; i|yka ikak" .egmo

wdÈfhys isÿl< ld¾hhg u iudk wre;lsks'
iïNdId 277
md,s uyd fndaêjxYhg ,shQ mßl:djls Ou– §msldj' tfy;a tys iuyr
;ekl ikak .%ka:hl ,laIK o iuyr ;ekl úia;rd¾: jHLHdjl ,laIK
o olajhs'
WÞyrK jYfhka zoka;mqfr rdcd yqFjdZ hkakg imhd we;s úia;rh

±laúh yelsh' mßl:djl ,laIKh úh hq;af;a f;dard.;a jpkj,g ksrela;s
iemhSuhs' tla jpkhlg iq¿ l<sÕ=Þj jeks §¾> úia;r wvx.= úh hq;af;a
úia;rd¾: jHdLHdjl ñi mßl:djl fkdfõ'
ms g fmd;a hk jpkh flda Þ f.dv [dKdf,da l kdys ñ hka úis k a

y÷kajkafka zm<uq fmd;g jy,a úiska msáka ne| ;snQ fmd;Z hkqfjks'
j¾;udkfha msgfmd;a ^msgm;a -Copy& jYfhka y÷kajkafka tlu fmd;l
msgm;ah' tAjd iEu wxYhlskau tlyd iudkh' kuq;a lxLd ú;rŒ msgfmd;"
is,s msgfmd; hk lD;s f.k ne¨jfyd;a fmkS hkafka tAjd uq¿ukskau uq,a
lD;shg l< ikak lD;s njh' hï fmd;lg we;s mßjdr .%ka:h (Key book)
tu fmd;a lïnhg msáka ;nd ne£u mqrdKfha mej;s isß; fõ' tA ksid
fldaodf.dv ysñmdKkaf.a f;areï lsÍu jvd WÑ;h'18
fï wdldrfhka iómj úuik úg meyeÈ,s jkafka ikak" .egmo"

mßl:d" msgfmd;a hk jpkj,ska lshfjkafka iudkd¾:hla njhs' uq,a
ld,fha§ fuu jpk Ndú;d lr we;af;a iq¿ iq¿ fjkialï we;=jh' kuq;a
j¾;udkfha fï iEu jpkhlau m¾hdh Yío jYfhka fhdÞ .efka'
by; i|yka jpkj, we;s fjki uydpd¾h ã' B' fyÜáwdrÉÑ

fji;=re Þ ikakh m%ia;djkdfõ§ meyeÈ,s lrhs'
zz'''uq,a fmf<ys we;s w¾: ms<sn| fyda úhrK ms<sn| fyda .eg¨ ;eka
meyeÈ,s lsÍug .%ka: wjYH úh' .egmohla m%udK fkdjQ úg ;j ÿrg;a
mßl:d .%ka: l<y' tfia fldg;a fmf<ys wjfndaOh i|yd .egmo wdÈh
m%udKj;a fkdjk úg mo .;d¾: ikak ,shkakg jk' Bg;a jvd w¾:
meyeÈ,s lrkq i|yd Ndj ikak wdÈh we;súh'''ZZ19
by; i|yka l< wdldrhg isxy, idys;Hfha mßj¾;k l,dj ls%' mQ'
3 j ishjfia § wdrïN ù ikak" .egmo" mßl:d msgfmd;a wdÈ idys;Hdx.
Tiafia ksfhdackh ù j¾;udk iajrEmhg m;a jQ nj meyeÈ,sh'
278 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
w;S;fha mgka j¾;udkh olajd mßj¾;k lafIa;%hg tla ù we;s

mßj¾;k lD;ska w;=frka m%Odk jYfhka u mßj¾;kh kHdhka y;rla
Tiafia idlÉPd l< yelsh' tkï"
1' mÞkqmÈl mßj¾;kh
2' uQ,dY%fha w¾:h mokïlr.;a NdId ffY,sh rEÎlD; mßj¾;k
3' uQ,dY%fha ffY,sh mokï lr.;a mßj¾;kh
4' ñY% mßj¾;kh jYfhks'
uQ,dY%h yd ks¾udKd;aul mßj¾;k lD;Ska ;=,kh lsÍfï§ by;

i|yka wdldrfha iïNdjH idys;H mßj¾;k kHdhka lsysmhla y÷kd.;
yelsh'
mÞkqmÈl mßj¾;kfha iqúfYaYS ,laIKh jkqfha uQ,dY%fha NdId

jHjydrh iy jdlH rgd jHdlrK ,laIKj,g wkqrEmj mßj¾;k lD;sh
ieliSuhs' isxy, idys;Hfhys mÞkqmÈl mßj¾;k ms<sn|j úuiSfï § wudj;=r
iy jHdLHdk .Kfha we;eï idys;H lD;s" .egmo" ikak" Ndjikak hkdÈh
ksoiqka fõ'
uQ,dY%fha NdId jHjydrh iy jdlH rgd neyer lr w¾:h muKla

mokï fldg uQ,dY%fha fkdue;s tfy;a l;=jrhdg wNsu; NdId ffY,shla
iy rEÎlD; NdId ú,dihlska mßj¾;kh lsÍu uQ,dY%fha w¾:h mokï
lr.;a NdId ffY,sh rEÎlD; mßj¾;kfha iajNdjhhs'
uQ,dY%fha olakg ,efnk NdIdjg jvd;a ióm NdId jHjydrhla muKla

fkdj tlS NdId ffY,sh jvd;a m%lg whqßka mßj¾;kh lsÍu uQ,dY%fha
ffY,sh mokï lr.;a mßj¾;kfha iajNdjhhs'
ñY% mßj¾;kh hkq hf:da l a ; is h ü kHdhka jvd;a m% l g jk

wdldrfhka tlu lD;shl fh§ úúO;ajhlska hqla;j flfrk mßj¾;khhs'
by; i|yka lrk ,o mßj¾;k kHdhka w;S;fha isxy, idys;Hfhys

úYsIag mßj¾;k rdYshla isÿúh' tu mßj¾;k idys;H lD;s isxy, idys;Hfha
kQ;k wNsjDoaêh ms‚i olajk ,o Þhl;ajh w;suy;ah' flfia kuq;a
iïNdId 279
ÿrd;S;fha isg fï;dla mßj¾;k lafIa;%hg tlaù we;s mßj¾;k lD;Ska

w;=ßka m%Odk jYfhka u mßj¾;kh m%j¾. folla hgf;a idlÉPd l<
yels fõ' tkï"
1' mÞkqmo mßj¾;kh (Word to word translation)

2' ksoyia mßj¾;kh (Free translation) jYfhks'
1'5 modkqmo mßj¾;kh yd ksoyia mßj¾;kh
mÞkqmo fyj;a jpkdkq.; mßj¾;kh zz MetapharesZZ lshd y÷kajk

fcdaka ârhsvka th fufia w¾: olajhs'
zztla NdIdjlska we;s foh fjk;a NdIdjlg fmr<Sfï § uq,a NdIdfjka

,shd we;s foh mofhka moh fma<sfhka fma<sh wfkla NdIdfjka bÈßm;a
lsÍu mÞkqmÈl mßj¾;khhs'ZZ20
iïNdjH isxy, idys;H foi ne,Sfï§ Wiia .Kfha mÞkqmÈl mßj¾;k

lsysmhla olakg ,efí' tA w;r wudj;=r m%Odk fjhs' óg wu;rj we;eï
.egmo yd ikak .%ka: o fjhs' ks¾udKd;aul f,aLkhla f,i wudj;=rg
iïNdjH idys;Hfhys b;d Wiia ;ekla ysñ jk w;r .oH l;=jreka
fndfyda fofkl=g wdo¾Y iemhQ lD;sh o úh' wudj;=frys olakg ,efnk
mßj¾;k iajrEmh tys uQ,dY%hka iuÕ ii|d n,k úg ukdj meyeÈ,s fõ'
zzfpdfrd lS,ñ uqfL fLf,d iqiis

.f;;ys fifod uqÉÑxiq w:ii wpPßhx
j; fyd;s t;ofydis'ZZ21
zzfidr la,dka; úhe ñfhys fl< is£ .sfha'

YÍrfhka iafõo niaiS' tl,e wÕ=,au,a
fidr úiañ; je'ZZ22
by;ska ±lajQ wudj;=r mdGh;a mm[apiqokS mdGh;a ii|d n,k l,ays

wudj;=r mßj¾;k Í;sh mÞkqmÈl mßj¾;khla nj meyeÈ,s fõ' tmuKla
o fkdj md,s NdIdfõ jHdlrK Í;sh o uekúka wdrlaId lrk whqre
meyeÈ,s fõ'
280 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
Wla; lreK ;jo ;yjqre lrkq jia wudj;=frys mÞkqmÈl mßj¾;kh

biau;=j fmfkk wjia:djla fufia olajuq'
.%KaGi:,S ¨À;odkuisksfIl
N%dkaf;daka;ooa-N%uruKav, äKaäfuk
fl%dOd.akskdNsoh;d Okmd,flk
mdoojfh m%dKd;udhœ OD;dXl=fYf;
mdomÙlciaFj kï jQ nqoaOiaf;da;%fhka .;a kd,d.sß oukh l< whqre

wudj;=r fufia mÞkqmÈlj mßj¾;kh lrhs'
zzfufia fldfmd,;a ys meyer uo ±,s uqiqj nuk u;a nur uvq¨

y~ue fnr we;s fld-.skska È,sfik hq.;a .sks fuka hk Okm¨jd úiska
Tjqka wl=iq isfhd uÕ=,a ,l=Kq msßjr ,ÿ ila ,l=fKka úis;=re fom;af,ys
neie fyje j|kd ,oZZ23
by;ska i|yka l< wudj;=r mdGhka uQ,dY%hka iuÕ iei`§fuka

modkqmo mßj¾;khl iajNdjh y÷kd.; yelsjkq we;'
úia;rd;aul mßj¾;kh fyj;a ksoyia mßj¾;kh hkq mßj¾;lhd

uQ,dY%fhka .;a jia;= îch ksoyfia mßj¾;kh lsÍuhs' tys § mßj¾;lhd
;uka mßj¾;kh lrk iudch" ixialD;sh" wd.u" mßirh wdÈhg .e,fmk
mßÈ uQ,dY%h m%;sks¾udKh lrkq ,nhs' kuq;a uQ,dY%fha jia;= îchg lsisúgl;a
ydkshla fkdlrhs' fufia isÿlrk ksoyia mßj¾;kfha§ mßj¾;lhdf.a
oDIaáh wdl,am yd is;=ï me;=ï wdÈh o mßj¾;khg ñY% ùu fkdje<elaúh
yelsh'
ksoyia mßj¾;kfha wdrïNh f,i oUfo‚ hq.fha úiQ O¾ufiak

ysñhka úiska rÑ; ioaO¾u r;akdj,sh ye¢kaúh yelsh' fuu .Khg wh;a
wfkla úYsIag mßj¾;kh nq;airK hs' mQcdj,sh iy :Qmjxih jeks lD;sj,
o fuu ksoyia mßj¾;khl ,laIK w;ßkam;r we;;a tAjdfha nyq,j u
±lsh yelafla nq;airfKys ±ä wdNdihhs' ksoyia mßj¾;kh hgf;a rpkd
jk lD;s uQ,dY%fha w¾: mokï fldg NdId jHjydrh neyer fldg ;ukag
iïNdId 281
wdfõ‚l NdId ffY,shla iy rEÎlD; NdId iïm%Þhla ks¾udKfhys ,d

fhdÞ .kakd nj uydpd¾h wdkkao ;siai l=udr mjihs'24
ksoyia mßj¾;khl iajNdjh jgyd .ekSug isxy, idys;Hh ;=<ska

Èh yels fyd|u ksoiqka ±laúh yelafla nq;airK yd ioaO¾u r;akdj,sh
;=<sks' mm[apiQoks fha wx.=,sud, iq;a;% j¾Kkfhka .;a fï fldgi
nq;airfKys ksoyia mßj¾;k iajrEmh wjfndaO lr .ekSug m%udKj;a fõ'
zz;f;d fpdfrd uydhx isykdfod uyk;x .cð;x k box

w[[ii Núii;s uydudhd mk mq;;ii isoO;:ii
iduKrf[Ø t;x .cð;x'''ZZ25
zztA ñysß rej weie fy;a fy;a tA ñysß lgy~ lke fy;a fy;a
ol=K;ska .;a lvqj jeà fyk nj fkd±k ju;ska .;a m<Õ jeà fyk nj
fkd±k fol fo w;ska fy<d YS% mdofhys je± je;sr f.dia oksó iajdóks'
ye¢kafkñ iajdóks' uydudhd foaùka jykafiaf.a mq;Kqjka jykafia kqU
jykafia o@'''ZZ26
uQ,dY%fha md,s mdGh;a nq;airK l;=jrhdf.a mßj¾;kh;a w;r meyeÈ,s

fjkila ±lsh yelsh' kjH lreKq tla/ia lr md,s mdGh úÑ;% fldg ne;s
nßka y~d jefgk nqoaO Nla;slfhl=f.a iajrEmh úÑ;% f,i wÕ=,au,a uqjg
kexùug úoHdpl%j¾;Ska iu;a ù we;'
md,s OïumoÜG l:dj uQ,dY%h lrf.k rpkd jQ ioaO¾ur;akdj,sfha

o ksoyia mßj¾;khl ,laIK nyq,j biau;= ù fmfkhs' md,s l%uh yer
w¾: muKla f.k ;uka jykafiag ßis mßÈ fuu mßj¾;kh lrk nj
O¾ufiak ysñhka .%J:drïNfhys u i|yka lr we;'27
ioaO¾u r;akdj,sfha tk uÜgl=Kav,S" :q,a, ;siai wd§ l;d jia;=

md,s mdGhka yd ii|d ne,Sfuka ioaO¾ur;akdj,sfha ksoyia mßj¾;k
iajrEmh ir,j y÷kd.; yelsh'
zzidjFÓhx lsr wÈkkmqnnfld kdu n%dyufKd wfydis' f;k liiÑ

ls`[Ñ k Èkk mqnnx f;k ;x wÈkkmqnnfldfFjj i[cdksxiq'''ZZ28
282 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
zzieje;a kqjr wÈkakmqínl kï nuqKdk flfkla fjfi;s' W! ;=uQ

iqOdfNdack cd;lfhys fl< .Kka jia;= we;s isgdKka ilafoú÷f.a
Wmfoiska oka §fuka woyia we;sfjk f;la'''ZZ29
by; i|yka uQ,dY% mdGh yd ioaO¾ur;akdj,S mdGh ii|k úg

meyeÈ,s jkafka uQ,dY%lre b;d ixCIsma;j lshQ foh tkï lsisjla lsis Èkl
oka fkdÿka ksid fya wÈkakmqínl kï úh hkak mßj¾;kh lsÍfï §
O¾ufiak ysñhka iajlSh Ou–{dkh yd l;dkaor lSfï yelshdj Ndú;hg
.ksñka iqOdfNdack cd;lh úia;r lr b,a,Si isgq mqj; o meyeÈ,s lrkafka
ruŒh úia;rhlska uiqfrl=f.a iajNdjh meyeÈ,s lsÍug h' tys§ uQ,dY%fha
±lajQjdg jvd fyd¢ka ukd pß; ksrEmKhla O¾ufiak ysñhka úiska lrkq
,nhs'
by;s k a iòyka l< wudj;= r " nq ; a i rK" ioa O ¾ur;a k dj,s h jeks
mßj¾;k foi n,k úg iïNdjH isxy, idys;Hfha mefkk mÞkq.;
mßj¾;kh yd úia;rd;aul ksoyia mßj¾;khl ,laIK meyeÈ,sj y÷kd.;
yelsh'
mßj¾;khla id¾:l ùug kï mßj¾;lhd o ks¾udKlrefjl= úh

hq;= nj uydpd¾h mS' î' ó.ial=Uqr mjihs'30 tA ldrKh iïnkaOfhka ie,l+
úg mÞkqmo jYfhka flfrk mßj¾;khlg jvd ksoyia mßj¾;kh id¾:l
jkafka fjhs' tA ksid u tu mßj¾;kh iajdëk yd iajNdúl iajrEmhla o
.kS' th tfia jqj o wks;a w;ska ksoyia mßj¾;lhdf.ka uq,a lD;sh
wvqmdvq iys;j mßj¾;kh ùfï iïNdú;dj by< w.hla .kakd njo
u;l ;nd.; hq;= h' flfia fj;;a fndfyduhla úpdrlfhda mÞkq.;
mßj¾;kh wid¾:l mßj¾;k l%ufõohla nj ms<s.ks;s'
fuu ldrKh ms<sn| úuiSfï§ úoHdudk isxy, idys;H .%J:dj,sfha

uq,a u .%J:h jk wudj;=r u;=lr ±laúh yels fyd| u ksoiqkls' wudj;=r
l;=jrhd fuysÈ uq,a lD;sh mÞkq.; mßj¾;khlg Ndckh lrhs' kuq;a
nq ; a i rK l< úoHdpl% j ¾;S k a .;a f ;a Bg fjkia u.ls ' Tyq mÞkq . ;
mßj¾;kh mfil ;nd jdlH yd fþo jYfhka woyia f.kyer ±laùug
Wkkaÿ jQ nj fmfka' fuys§ úuish hq;= jeo.;a ldrKh kï nq;airKg
ysñjQ ;rï .re;ajhla" ckms%h;ajhla wudj;=rg ysñ fkdjQfha ljr idOlhla
ksid o hkakhs'
iïNdId 283
jia;= úIh w;ska wudj;=r iy nq;airK tlu u.la .;a; o NdIdj

w;ska nq;airK l;=jrhd yd wudj;=r l;=jrhd w;r meyeÈ,s mr;rhla
Èiafõ' tkï nq;airK l;=jrhdf.a fuka iq,,s; iajNdúl .,dhk nia
jyrla wudj;=ßka fkdÈiaùuhs' tys we;af;a wdhdifhka .eg.ik ,o
lD;s%u isxy, joka iuqÞhla nj idudkH mdGlhdg jqj jegySu wreuhla
fkdfõ' ienúkau thg fya;=j jQfha l;=jrhd uQ,dY%hg Wjukdjg;a jvd
.re lrñka mÞkqmÈlj lsÍug .sh w¾: ±laùuhs' oUfo‚ hq.fha ìysjk
ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh fï .%ka: w;ßka b;d ;Èkau ck;d .%yKhg yiqjQ
lD;shhs' thg fya;=j l;=jrhd u i|yka lrk mßÈ md,s l%uh yer w¾:h
muKla f.k fuu mßj¾;kh isÿ lsÍuhs' O¾ufiak ysñhka foaYShFjh
.re lrñka foaYSh Wmud rEml fhdoñka b;d id¾:l f,i l< mßj¾;khla
f,i ioaO¾u r;akdj,sh ye¢kaúh yelsh' mßj¾;khlg jvd wkqj¾;khl
,laIK fmkajk ;rug ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh foaYShlrKh ù we;" iajdëk
ù we;' zwd|d hjd ;nd,d j,am; .;a;d fia" mh nrjdhg msá lr fnfy;a
n¢kakd fiaZ31 wd§ jYfhka fhdok Wmud wdY%fhka muKla jqjo tys foaYSh
iajrEmh jgyd .; yelsh' ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh" nq;airK jeks mßj¾;k
lD;ska fu;rï ;Èka ck;dlrKh ùug n,mE m%Odku fya;=j kï id¾:l
mßj¾;lfhl= ;=< ;sìh hq;= .=Kdx. úYo lrñka ;;a l;=jre Wla; lD;s
mßj¾;kh lsÍuhs'
fï whqßka meyeÈ,sj fmfkk foh kï w;S; iudch mjd mÞkqmÈl

mßj¾;khg jvd ksoyia mßj¾;khg .rel< njhs' ienúkau mßj¾;k
l%ufõoh iïnkaOfhka w;S; jeishdf.a ,sÅ; igyka fyda úfõpkhla
fkdue;s jqj o fuu fmd; mf;ys Ndú;h ms<sn|j i,ld n,d tfia mejiSu
hqla;s hqla;h'
mdol igyka
1' lÉpdhk Od;= u[acqid" Oïur;k ysñ" bÿrd.df¾" fld<U" 1997" 57 msg'
2' ldjH úpdr .fõIK" úchj¾Ok fyaumd," fld<U" 1968" 173 msgqj'
3' isxy, YíofldaIh" ixialD;sl wud;HdxYh" fld<U" 1986" 6927 msgq'
4' Y%S iqux., YíofldaIh II" fidar; kdysñ je,súáfha" .,alsiai" 1970" 563 msgqj'
5' md,s isxy, wldrdÈh" nqoaOo;a; ysñ" fmd,aj;af;a" fld<U" 1968" 323 msgqj'
6' md,s YíofldaIh" ùrfialr .=Kmd," fld<U" 1968" 28 msgqj'
7' md,s isxy, YíofldaIh" isß iqux., ysñ uä;shfj," fld<U" 1965" 154 msgqj'
284 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
8' bx.%Sis" isxy, YíofldaIh" u,,fialr .=Kmd," 1993 uqøKh" fld<U" 970
msgqj'
9' ioaO¾u r;akdj,s l;=jrhdf.a mßj¾;k ud¾. ms<sn|j wOHhkhla" kd.isxy
fm%auisß" o¾Ykm;s iajdëk ksnJOh" fld<U úYajúoHd,h" 2002" 11 msgqj'
10' ioaO¾u r;akdj,s l;=jrhdf.a mßj¾;k ud¾. ms<sn|j wOHhkhla" kd.isxy
fm%auisß" o¾Ykm;s iajdëk ksnJOh" fld<U úYajúoHd,h" 2002" 8 msgqj'
11' mykska myk mßj¾;k idys;Hh" isß,a iS fmf¾rd Wmydr .%J:h" 27 msgqj'
12' Èjhsk îriú Whk w;sf¾lh" mßj¾;kh hkq l=ulao @ ^,smh s &" uyskoa r;akdhl"
2005 wfm%a,a 10'
13' isxy, mßj¾;k idys;Hh" 3 msgqj'
14' The translation studies reader (edited) Lawrans Venti, London, 2005, 99p.
15' isxy, mßj¾;k idys;Hh" 3 msgqj'
16' Oïmshdwgqjd.egmoh" ã' B' fyÜáwdrÉÑ îxia'&" Y%S ,xld úYajúoHd,h uqøKd,h"
fld<U" 1974" 5 msgqj'
17' úY=oaêud¾.ikakh îxia'&" fnka;r ioaOd;siai ia:úr" is$i' tlai;a m%jD;a;s
m;% iud.u" fld<U" 1946" 01 msgqj'
18' fmdf<dkakre hq.fha isxy, jHdLHdk idys;Hh" kdkdhlaldr .=Kj¾Ok"
weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" urÞk" 1995" 47 msgqj'
19' fji;=re Þ ikakh îxia'& fyÜáwdrÉÑ ã' B'" m%ia;djkdj" weï' ã' .=Kfiak
iy iud.u" fld<U 1950" 04 msgqj'
20' mykska myk" 08 msgqj'
21' mm[apiQokS" O¾ulS¾;s O¾udkkao îxia'&" rdclSh wdishd;sl ix.uh" 1926"
fld<U" 189 msgqj'
22' wudj;=r" tÉ' ch;s,l îxia'&" .%ka: m%ldY uqøKd,h" fld<U" 1904" 134 msgqj'
23' wudj;=r" 249 msgqj'
24' iïNdjH isxy, .oH idys;H" mßj¾;k kHdh iy ks¾udKd;aul ,CIK" ;siai
l=udr wdkkao" udisl idys;H foaYkh" 2003'
25' mm[apiQokS" 246 msgqj'
26' nq;airK" ,nq.u" ,xldkkao ysñ îxia'&" fld<U" 1968" 76 msgqj'
27' ioaO¾u r;akdj,sh" lsßwe,af,a ØKúu, ysñ îxia'&" weï' ã' .=Kfiak iud.u"
fld<U" 2007" 1 msgqj'
28' OïumoÜGl:d" lyfõ Y%S r;kidr ysñ îxia'&" fld<U" 1922" 9 msgqj'
29' ioaO¾u r;akdj,sh" 7 msgqj'
30' iqoue,s i| t<sh ^mß'& r;akdhl uyskao" fmrjok" tia' f.dvf.a iud.u"
fld<U 10" 2004'
31' ioaO¾u r;akdj,sh" 19 msgqj'
iïNdId 285
NdIdOHhkfha § jd.a úoHd{hdf.a iy

jHdlrK{hdf.a ld¾hNdrh l=ula ù o @
lÓldpd¾h rxð;a fiakdkdhl
isxy, wxYh" fld<U úYajúoHd,h
Idj ms < s n ò wOHhkh lrka k jq k a w;r

Nd od¾Ykslhd" ufkdaúoHd{hd" ck ikaksfõok
úoHd{hd" udkj úoHd{hd" Yío úoHd{hd" ldhsl
úoHd{hd yd .Ks; úoHd{hd hk fudjqyQ m%uqL
fj;s' fudjqka NdIdj iïnkaOfhka úúO woyia
yd u;su;dka;r olajd we;s w;r thska NdIdj
l=ula o hkak jgyd .ekSug W;aidy f.k ;sfí'
zNdIdjZ hk jpkh YíofldaIj, ú.%y lr ;sfnkafka"
zzisf;ys woyia mejiSug bjy,a Yío iuQyhZZ

^fidar; ysñ" je,súáfha" Y%S iqux., YíofldaIh" 715 msgqj&
'Language' hk jpkhg wre;a .kajk English and English Sinhala

Dictionary,
"Expression of thoughts by words or articulate sounds"
(page 568)
21 - CM23766
286 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
"The system of communication in speech and writing that is used by

people of a particular country or area".
(Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, Page 865) hkqfjks'
zwoyia m%ldY lsÍfï m%n,;u udOHh NdIdj hsZ NdIdfõÈhl=f.a u;h

fõ' zis;sú,s Wiq,kakd fyj;a m%jdykh lrkakd NdIdj hsZ' jd.a úoHd{hl=
m%ldY lr ;sfnk w;r zñksid w;r mj;akd iudc neïu NdIdj hsZ
hkqfjka iudc úoHd{hl= úiska y`ÿkajd fok ,§' fuhska NdIdj u m%Odk
úIh lafIa;%h yeáhg f;dardf.k NdIdOHhkfhys fhfokakjqka w;r
jd.a úoHd{hd" jHdlrK{hd yd NdId .=rejrhd hk fudjqyq m%uqL ia:dkhla
.ks;s'
zzNdIdj hkq uQ,sl jYfhka bkaøsh iuQyhla l%udkql+,j p,kh lsÍfuka

ksmofjk Yío iuQyhlska iukaú; jQjlsZZ hkafkka jd.a úoHd{hl= olajd
we;s w;r Yío ksmoùfï § fmky¿" jdhq Odrdj" f>daI ;ka;=" Èj" o;a"
f;d,a yd kdisld hkd§ bkaøshhka p,kh lsÍfuka NdIduh Yío Wm§'
NdIdj .ek fidhd n,k úoHd¾Òyq mq¿,a jYfhka fofldgilg wh;a

fj;s' bka tla msßila iajlSh úIh lafIa;%hg wod< Wmdx.hla jYfhka
NdIdj .ek fidhd n,;s' NdIdj u m%Odk úIh yeáhg f.k úu¾Ykfhys
fh§u ;j;a msßilf.a ld¾hNdrh fj;s ^Èidkdhl" NdIdjl Ndú;h" 1970"
1 msg&'
NdIdj u iajlSh m%Odk úIh lafIa;%h lr.;a;jqka w;r jHdlrK{hd

yd jd.a úoHd{hd úIhSh iïnkaO;d jYfhka wfkHdkH jeo.;alulska
hqla; nj wjOdrKh l< yelsh' fï fofokdf.a u úIh lafIa;%h NdIdj
jqj o ta flfrys fofokd fy,kafka fohdldr oDIaáhls' fï wkqj jd.a
úoHd{hd yd jHdlrK{hd hkq ljfrla o hkak;a fï fofokdf.a u úIh
lafIa;%h jQ NdIdj hkqfjka wm y`ÿkd .kafka l=ula o hkak;a tfuka u
fï fofokd NdIdj flfrys fy<k oDIaáh ljrdldr o hkak;a úuid
ne,sh hq;= h'
úoHd;aul úê kshuh u`.ska yslaujkq ,nk NdId úu¾Ykh zjd.a

úoHdjZ hk kñka y`ÿkajkq ,efí ^Èidkdhl NdIdjl Ndú;h yd ú.%yh"
1970" 2 msg&' tu jd.a úoHd;aul úëka yd wdl,am u`.ska yslaujk ,o
mqoa.,hd zjd.a úoHd{hdZ f,i kï flf¾'
iïNdId 287
NdId úu¾Ykh lsÍfuys fhÿKq mqfrdal:khka úiska bÈßm;a lrk

,o iQ;% yd isoaOdka; moaO;sh fyj;a NdIdjl wdlD;sl ,laIK úuik l%u
moaO;sh yd Ydia;%h hkqfjka y`ÿkajd ;sfí' ^Èidkdhl NdIdjl Ndú;h yd
ú.%yh" 1970" 7 msg&' tu jHdlrK Ydia;%h wkq.ukh lrñka NdIdj
fufyhjkakd jHdlrK{hd fyj;a úhrK weÿrd jYfhka ye`Èkafjk
w;r Tyq ks;ru thska yslauqKq mqoa.,fhls'
ta wkqj úhrKh wre;a .kajd ;sfnkafka fnod fjka lsÍu" ishqï f,i
újrKh lsÍu" ukd f,i ú.%y lsÍu hkqfjks'
'Grammar' hkak wre;a olajk YíofldaIh (Oxford Dictionary),
''The rules in a language for changing the form of words and joining
them into sentences.''
(page 675)
úhrK weÿrd wkq.ukh l< jHdlrK iïm%odh y`ÿkajd §ï jYfhka

úh;ayq úúO woyia yd u;su;dka;r bÈßm;a l<y' jHdlrKh yd NdIdj
w;r iujdh iïnkaOhla mj;sk nj jgyd .;a l=udr;=x. ZjHdlrKfhka
f;dr NdIdj we`ÿï me<`ÿïj,ska f;dr ñksil= jf.ahZ hkak mjid ;sfí'
tfuka u jHdlrKhlska woyia lrkafka NdIdjla ksjerÈ f,i jHjydr
lsÍug u. fmkaùu hhs ;j;a msßila woyia lr;s ^chfialr wdkkao"
chfialr Ñ;%d ;=,kd;aul jd.a úoHdj" 1970 33 msg&' zNdIdjla jHjydr
flfrk wdldrh uq¿ukskau msßlaiSu jHdlrKZ hkqfjka iq.;md, o
is,ajd zNdId úIhl ,smsZ ^1972 83 msg& hk lD;sfhys meyeÈ,s fldg ;sfí'
fuhska fmkS hkafka jHdlrKh ye`Èkaùu iòyd woyiaj, úúO úiu;d
olakg ,efnk nj;a" jHdlrK úIfhys moku jQfha NdIdj u hhs újdohla
fkdue;s nj;a h'
hf:dala; lreKq wkqj wm úiska y`ÿkd.;a jHdlrK{hd iy jd.a

úoHd{hd hk fofokdf.a u zúIh lafIa;%h jQ NdIdjZ hkak wm y`ÿkd
.kafka flfia o hkqfjka kef.k m%YAkh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l<
hq;=j we;'
fuys § ;= , kd;a u l jd.a ú oHdj kï lD;s h bÈßm;a lr ;s f nk

w¾:l:kh jkafka zNdIdj hkafkka woyia lrkafka Yío WÉpdrKh yd
288 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
Y%jKh u`.ska ñksiqka w;r wfkHdkH woyia yd ye.Sï yqjudre lr .kakd

udOHh hsZ ^chfialr wdkkao" chfialr Ñ;%d" ;=,kd;aul jd.a úoHdj"
1970 33 msg&' iq.;md, o is,ajd NdId úIhl ,sms hk ,smsfhka ^1970 2 msg&
zNdIdj hkq ñksiqka we;s lrf.k ;sfnk mqreoaolsZ hs hkqfjka mjid ;sfí'
zzñksiqkaf.a láka msgjkakd jQ;a Tjqkaf.a lKg f.dÿre jkakdjQ;a Yíoj,ska
iEÿKq rgd iuqodhlaZZ f,i fÊ' î' Èidkdhl zNdIdjl rgd iuqodhZ ^1969
101 msg& hk lD;sfhka m%ldY fldg ;sfí' zNdIdjZ iïnkaOfhka úoHd¾Òyq
úúO u; m< fldg we;s w;r ta ish,a, ms`vqfldg .;a l, udkj ixialD;sfhys
moku jYfhka i,lkq ,nk NdIdj iuia ; iudc l% s h dj,s h Wfoid
n,mdkakls' fuhska meyeÈ,s jkafka jd.a úoHd{hdf.a úIh lafIa;%h NdIdj
nj hs' tfia jqj;a Tjqka fofokd fy<k oDIaáh tla u`.la fkdj fou`.l
.uka lrk nj o fmkS hhs'
jd.a úoHd{hd yd jHdlrK{hdf.a úIh lafIa;%h jQ NdIdj fmdÿ

ú.%yhlska y`ÿkd .kq ,enqfõ o Tjqka fofokd NdIdj jYfhka y`ÿkd
.kafka lafIa;% folls' fuhska idïm%odhsl jHdlrKhg wkqj NdIdj hkq
yqfola f,aLkh fõ' tfia ke;akï .%ka: jHjydrfha § wkq.ukh lrkq
,nk isoaOdka; l%uh hs' jd.a úoHd{hdf.a l,amkdjg wkqj uQ,sl jYfhka
NdIdj hkq NdIKh fyj;a lg jyrhs' jHdlrK{hd NdIdj jYfhka
y`ÿkajkq ,nk .%ka: jHjydrh NdIKfha u fojeks msgm;la f,i jd.a
úoHd{hd ks.ukh lrhs' fï wkqj NdIdfõ fyj;a lg jyf¾ we;s Y%jK
f.dapr rgd ûqL l=yrfhka ksl=;a jk Yío& oDIaá f.dapr rgd njg mßj¾;kh
l< ud¾.h f,aLkh hs ^Èidkdhl" NdIdjl rgd iuqodh" 119 msg&' tfia
fyhska jd.a úoHd{hd .;a jyrg jvd ie,ls,a, fhduq lrkafka lg jyrg
fyj;a NdIKhg hs'
ñksid m%:ufhka u weíneys jQfha;a" jkafka;a lgjyr nig ñi .%ka:

jHjydr NdIdjg fkd fõ' udkj b;sydih wOHhkh lrkafkl=g fï nj
jvd;a fyd`Èka wjfndaO fõ' f,dalfha fndfyda NdIdj,g f,aLk l%u we;;a
lgjyr fuka fkd j f,aLkh wuq;=fjka u wdhdifhka hq;=j m%.=K l<
hq;a;ls' fuh ljr NdIdjlg jqj o fmdÿ jQ ,laIKhls' tfia u f,aLkfha
§ lgjyf¾ we;s Y%jK f.dapr rgd oDIaá f.dapr rgd fyj;a ixfla; njg
mßj¾;kh lrkq ,nhs' tfy;a th NdId .Kfhys,d t;rï ie,lsh yels
fkd fõ' Bg fya;=j jkafka f,aLk l%u ke;s ksid NdId fldf;l=;a
f,dalfha olakg we;s ksihs' ksoiqkla f,i ,xldfõ iSñ; ck ixLHdjla
iïNdId 289
Ndú; lrk NdIdj jkafka zjeÈ NdIdj hsZ' tmuKla fkdj bkaÈhdj" ol=Kq
weußldj" wm%sldj jeks rgj, muKla fkd j we;eï wdishd;sl rgj,
fun`ÿ f,aLk l%u ke;s NdId we;ehs ms<s.efka' tfia jqj;a fï yeu ck
fldgila u woyia yqjudre lr .ekSu iòyd úúO l%u wkq.ukh lr;s'
f,aLkh yd NdIKh hk foflka u isÿ flfrkafka wfkHdkH

jYfhka woyia yqjudre lr .ekSfï ld¾hdj,sh hs' tfy;a f,aLk iïm%odhhla
ke;s ksid u NdIKh NdId ;;a;ajfhka neyer lruq o hkak kef`.k
m%Yakhls' tfia fj;;a úêu;aj woyia yqjudre lr .ekSfï Yla;shla NdIKh
;=< /`§ we;akï f,aLkhla wjYH o hkak isf;a' tkuq;a NdIdfõ NdIK
;;a;ajhg jvd f,aLk ;;a;ajfhka mej;Sfuka tu NdIdfõ Ñria:dhs njla
isÿjkq fkd wkqudk h' yqÿ f,aLkhla ke;s muKska u zNdIKhZ NdIduh
;;a;ajfhka Tíng fkd hhs' fï ksid u jd.a úoHd{hdf.a uQ,sl wjOdkh
fhduq jkafka NdIKhg fyj;a lgjyr nig h'
isxy, NdIKfha § ir,j woyia bÈßm;a lrk w;r lsisÿ kS;shla fyda
l%ufõohla wjYH ke;'
zux hkjd" wms hkjd" f;da hkjdZ

zuu WUg ulalehs fldrkafka @Z
zulalgehs WU wfma f.or wdfõ @Z
zwms fï nvq ál f.kdjdZ
hkd§ jYfhka l:k jHjydrfha § wkq.ukh lrkq ,nhs'
jHdlrKfha § fï woyia m%ldY lrk l,ays wod< jHdlrK kS;s

wkq.ukh flf¾'
zuu hñ" wms huq" f;da hysZ

zuu kqUg fudkjdo lrkafka @Z
zfudkjg o kqU wfma f.or meñKsfha @Z
zwms fï nvq ál f.fkuqZ
wd§ jYfhka Wla;h wod< wdLHd;h fhdoñka kS;sÍ;s moaO;shlg

hg;a jkakg isÿ fõ'
290 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
jHdlrK{hd NdIKfha oDIaá f.dapr rgdjg tkï f,aLkhg jvd;a

wjOdkh fhduq lrk nj fmkS hhs' fï khska iso;a i`.rdj .;a úg
NdIKhg jvd f,aLkhg Wkkaÿjla olajñka jHdlrK isoaOdka; ud,djla
ilia lr f.k ;sfnk nj th mÍlaId lsÍfuka meyeÈ,s jk lreKls'
ziore;a úÈ ish,a - wkqrE fia msfhdakka

b;s ika iò iula wE - jyrkq fifrka imhdZ
^l=udr;=x. iso;a i`.rd újrKh" 2478 01 msg&
fï .Shg wkqj ish¨ Yío w¾: úëka we;=<;a wl=re" ikaê iudi
wdÈh W.;=kaf.a m%fhda. wkqj yd jHjydrh wkqidrfhka iïmdÈ; nj
m%ldY fldg ;snqK o iso;a i`.rd l;=jrhd jvd;a ie,ls,a, fhduq fldg
;sfnkafka NdIKhg fkdj f,aLkhg nj meyeÈ,s fõ'
jd.a úoHd{hd NdIKh uQ,sl úIh lafIa;%h yeáhg i,l=kq ,nk

w;r tys fojeks wxYh jQ f,aLkh o fkd jeo.;a hehs neyer fkd flf¾'
fï wkqj f,aLkh uQ,sl jYfhka jHdlrK{hd úiska ie,ls,a,g .kq
,nk w;r jd.a úoHd{hd zNdIKhZ NdIdj yeáhg wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfuka
fofokdf.a woyia fjkia jk whqre olakg ,efí'
tfukau fofokdf.a úIh lafIa;%h NdId jHjydrh jqj o jd.a úoHd{hd

yd jHdlrK{hd NdId úu¾Ykfhys fhfokafka tl u wruqKlska fkd
jk nj fmkS hhs' fuys § úhrK weÿrdf.a wruqK jkafka NdIdjla ksjerÈj
yd jHla;j ,shk wdldrh ms<snò j wdOqkslhkag wjfndaOhla ,nd §uhs'
tys § f,aLkhg wjYH lrk kS;sÍ;s /ila ksjerÈj meyeÈ,s lr §ula isÿ
lrkq we;'
zm`äyq wre;a m< lf<da$ l<y$ l<yq

iqisß l<yq fuf;a Èksÿ mqokafkdaZ
fuys § zm`äyqZ hkq l¾;Dg wod< j zl<yqZ hkqfjka l%shdj nyq

jpkfhka ;eìh hq;= fõ'
tfy;a jd.a úoHd{hdf.a wruqK fuh fkdfõ' NdIdfõ iajNdjh hï

iajrEmfhka ú.%y lsÍu" NdIdfõ jpk ilia ù we;s whqre úuid ne,Su"
iïNdId 291
l,ska l,g NdIdj fjkia jk whqre msßlaiSu" NdIdj m%dfoaYSh jYfhka

jHdma; ù we;s whqre fidhd ne,Su" NdIdjla mqoa.,hd;a iudch;a w;r
fln`ÿ iïnkaO;djla mj;skafka o hkak úuid ne,Su iy Yío úoHdj wd§
lreKq /ila jd.a úoHd{hdf.a wjOdkhg fhduq jk nj lsj hq;= h'
NdIdjla ks¾udKh ù we;af;a ixfla; iuQyhl ixl,kfhks' fï

ixfla; rEm" w¾: hk ,laIK folska iukaú; fõ' ixfla;j, mj;akd
ndysr wdlD;sh zrEmZ kï fõ' tu rEmh u`.ska bÈßm;a flfrk ixl,amh
zw¾:Z kï fõ'
zj`ÿrdZ hk rEmh zj- `ÿ- rdZ hk ixfla; tla ùfuka iE§ ;sfí' thska
ksrEmKh jk w¾:h jkafka fï kñka ye`Èkafjk i;ajhd h'
iuia; udkj j¾.hdu NdIdjla Ndú; lrkafka jd.d,dm udOH

jYfhka ;nd f.k h' jd.d,dm iE§ we;af;a NdId Ndú;hg wkql+,j hs'
zfldfyduo fï ojiaj, jdi foafiaZ

ziQ¾hdf.a WIaK;ajh wkqj foaY.=Kh fjkia fjkjdZ
fïjd jd.d,dm fõ'
mo kue;s w¾:hla iys; l=vd;u NdId fldÜGdih lsishï rgdjlg

wkqj .e,mSfuka ìys jk NdId wxYh zzjpkZZ kï fõ' jpkhla ks¾udKh
jkafka mo folla fyda Bg jeä .Kkla ixfhda. ùfuka h'
zmoZ hkafkka woyia flfrkafka w¾:hla iys; l=vd;u NdId fldÜGdi

hs' jpk hkq w¾:hla iys; jQ o jd.d,dmhla fia ;ksj Ndú; lsÍug
Yla;shla we;a;d jQ o NdId wxYhls'
zjpkZ kue;s NdId zfldÜGdihZ ks¾udKh jk rgd iuQyhla uydpd¾h

fÊ' î' Èidkdhl olajd we;'
kdu m%lD;sh + úNla;s m%;Hh

mq;a + wd = mq;d
kdu m%lD;sh + úNla;s m%;Hh + ksmd;h

mq;a + wd + f.ka = mq;df.ka
292 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
kdu m%lD;sh + ksmd;h

f. + j,a = f.j,a wd§ jYfhks'
NdIdj WÉpdrK O¾u;dj wkqj fjkiaùu
.Eksfhla oelald = .Eksfhoaoelald

i;a oyh = ioaoyh
lu, wlald = lu,lald
fnf,la m;=r = fnf,mam;=r wd§ jYfhks'
m%dfoaYSh jYfhka fjkiaùu
ud;r fld<U
ulalfghs fudkjgo
ula fldrkako fudkj lrkako
ulalehs lEfõ fudkjo lEfõ
ud;r fld<U uykqjr

hkak hkav hkag
lkak lkav lkag
kdkak kdkav kdkag
fufia i,lk úg lsisjla ,súh hq;af;a fufia hehs ks¾foaY lsÍu jd.a
úoHd{hdf.a wruqK fkd jk nj;a NdIdj ms<snò ú.%yd;aul f;dr;=re
fy<s fmfy<s lsÍu jHdlrK{hdf.a wruqK fkd jk nj;a meyeÈ,s jk
w;r fofokdf.a u úIh lafIa;%h NdIdj jqj o ta flfrys fofokd fy<k
oDIaáh fohdldr nj fuhska fmkS hkq we;'
jd.a úoHd{hd yd jHdlrK{hd ;u wruqKq bIag isoaO lr .ekSfï §

NdIdj mßyrKh lrkafka o fohdldrhlsks' úhrK weÿrd ;udf.a wruqK
jQ jHla; yd ksjerÈ jHjydrh l=ulaoehs ;SrKh lrkq ,nkafka mQ¾K iy
iuld,Sk f,aLlhkaf.a iïu; kS;s Í;s mokï lrf.k h'
iïNdId 293
znqÿyq uy;a bÿy we;a;dyZ ^wudj;=r&

zkg;a wfhla iqrd u;skaZ ^.=;a;s, ldjHh&
z;uka ukfod< mqr;s ì`.=r<Z ^.=;a;s, ldjHh&
zÈh fnryq .=.=<yZ ^wudj;=r&
zneñKsh ifidnd - tmq;a rejk. je¥ uyndZ ^ldjHfYaLrh&
fuys § wjYH .=rEmfoaY úêu;aj bÈßm;a lrñka úhrK weÿrd ;u

wruqK bgq lr .kS' ta wkqj i,lk l, idïm%odhsl jHdlrKh úoHd;aul
úê kshu hgf;a ms<sfh, jQjla fkd jk nj is;Su W.ygh'
fufia i,lk úg lsisjla ,súh hq;af;a fufia hehs ks¾foaY lsÍu jd.a
úoHd{hdf.a wruqK fkd jk nj;a NdIdj ms<snò ú.%yd;aul f;dr;=re
fy<s fmfy<s lsÍu jHdlrK{hdf.a wruqK fkd jk nj;a meyeÈ,s jk
w;r fofokdf.a u úIh lafIa;%h NdIdj jqj o ta flfrys fofokd fy<k
oDIaáh fohdldr nj fuhska fmkS hkq we;'
tfy;a jd.a úoHd{hd NdIdj flfrys fy<k ne,au úoHd;aul oDIaá

fldaKhlska hqla; h' Tyqf.a úIh lafIa;%h idïm%odhsl úhrK weÿrdf.a
lafIa;%hg jvd m%n, jQjls' tu woyia úoHd;aul ks.uk yeáhg o ie,lsh
yels h' jd.afõÈhd iajlSh NdId;aul ú.%yfha § idOl lr .kafka wod<
NdIdfjys we;s ;;a;ajh hs' tfy;a úhrK weÿrd iajlSh NdIdj ms<snò
lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍfï § jqj o fjk;a NdId.; NdIdx. ms<snòj lreKq
i,ld n,hs' tfia jQfha úhrK weÿrd jHjydr.; iajlSh NdIdj ú.%yd;aulj
fkd úuid idïm%odhsl f,aLkhg u muKla weíneys ùu ksid hehs lSu
idjoH fkd fõ' tfy;a úhrK weÿrd ;u ld¾hh bgq lsÍfï § iajlSh
NdIdfõ jHjydr.; iïm%odhhka ú.%y lsÍu idOl lr .kafka kï th
úoHd;aul úê kshuhkag wkql+, fuka u ksoyia iajdëk mshjrla o jkq
we;'
fï yereKq úg jd.a úoHd{hd ;udg kshñ; jia;= úIh yeáhg

f;dard .;a NdIdfõ ixiaÓ;sh" mßKduh yd jHdma;sh hk lreKqj,g wod<
f;dr;=re .ek iajlSh wjOdkh fhduq lrhs' tfy;a jHdlrK{hd" úIh
lafIa;%fhka neyer jk ldjHd,xldr" bgq wksgq" .K ms<snòj o ;u wjOdkh
fhduq lrk w;r jd.afõÈhd NdId ú.%yfha § iajlSh úIh lafIa;%hg wod<
294 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
iSudjka ;=< úoHdkql+, mokula u; o;a; imhk w;r" úhrK weÿrd ;u

oDIaá fldaKh úIh lafIa;%fhka neyer jk oE ms<snòj o fhduq lrhs' fï
wkqj fmkS hkafka jd.a úoHd{hd yd jHdlrK{hd hk fofokdf.a u
úIh lafIa;%h zNdIdjZ jqj o ta flfrys fofokd fy<k oDIaáh tlsfklg
wiudk njhs'
wdY%s; .%ka: ud,dj
1' talkdhl" mqxÑnKavd" NdIdfõ mka;s moku" f.dvf.a ifydaorfhda" fld<U"

2000'
2' l=udr;=x." uqksodi" iso;a i`.rd újrKh" weï' ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u" 1965'
3' .=Kj¾Ok" ví,sõ' t*a' isoaOdka; mÍlaIKh" tlai;a m%jD;a;s m;% iud.u" 1959'
4' chfialr" wdkkao" chfialr Ñ;%d" ;=,kd;aul jd.aúoHdj" iSudiys; f,alayjqia
bkafjiaÜukaÜia iud.u" fld<U" 1970'
5' {dkdf,dal ysñ" fldaodf.dv" wudj;=r" fn!oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh" fld<U"
1998'
6' Èidkdhl" fÊ' î' NdId Ndú;h yd ú.%yh" geïi¾Ü,Sla mqoa.,sl iud.u"
mkaksmsáh" 1970'
7' Èidkdhl" fÊ' î' NdIdjl rgd iuqodh" f,alayjqia bkafjiaÜukaÜ" fld<U"
1969'
8' Èidkdhl" fÊ' î'" iuld,Sk isxy, f,aLk jHdlrKh" weia' f.dvf.a iy
ifydaorfhda" 1997'
9' Èidkdhl" fÊ' î' kQ;k isxy, f,aLk jHdlrKh" f,alayjqia bkafjiaÜukaÜ"
fld<U" 1990'
10' ngqjka;v a vqfõ" ldjHfYaLrh" r;ak fmd;a m%ldYlfhda"
= dfõ iy iqux., ysñ" ysll
fld<U" 1960'
11' is,ajd" o iq.;md," NdId úIhl ,sms" f,alayjqia uqøKd,h" fld<U" 1972'
12' iqukidr ysñ" ;sôßjej" isxy, NdIdfõ jHdlrKh" weia' f.dvf.a iy
ifydaorfhda" 1996'
iïNdId 295
V fldgi
wd.ï yd o¾Ykh
296 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
iïNdId 297
ks¾jdKh Y=kH;djhla o @
wdpd¾h id.r l=iqur;ak
î' tA' ^f.!'&" ämaf,daud wdhq¾fõo" oY_km;s ^fn!oaO wOHhk&" oY_km;s îudc úoHd&"
oY_k úYdro îudc úoHd&" oY_k úYdro ^fn!oaO wOHhk&
o mdol
¾Ykfha tk fndfyda .eg¨j,g jpk Ndú;h
ù we;' ld,hdf.a wejEfuka jpk
Ndú;fha we;s fjkialï" tl jpkh w¾: lsysmhla
m%ldY lsÍug fh§u kshu woyi bÈßm;a lsÍug
NdIdj ;=< jpkhla fyda jpk fkdue;s ùu fuys§
n,mdk m%Odk fya;=h'
fuu od¾Yks l .eg¨j ms < s n ò f:a r jd§

nq ÿ iufh;a uydhdk nq ÿ iufh;a úfYa I fhka u
kd.¾cqk mdohkaf.a udOHñl ldßldfjys zzY=kH;dZZ hk jpkhg lrkq
,nk w¾:l;khka u; fuu od¾Yksl .eg¨j ròd mj;S' tksid uq,skau
l< hq;= jkafka" ksjk yd Y=kH;d hk jpk fol uQ,sl nqÿ iufha fh§
we;s wdldrh;a" kQ;k úoaj;=ka fï iïnkaOj bÈßm;a lr we;s woyiq;a
úuid ne,Suh' tfy;a fuh iúia;rd;aulj idlÉPd lsÍu fujeks rpkhl
l< fkdyels w;r th f,dl= .%ka:hlg mejfrk j.lSuls' tneúka fuys
miq ;,fha we;s tu woyia b;d ixla I s m a ; j iòyka lr .eg¨j
úYaf,aIKd;aulj wjfndaO lr .ekSug m%h;ak oeÍu fuu ,smsfha wruqK
fõ' tfukau fuys§ f:arjd§ nqÿ iuhg uqLH wjOdkh fhduq flf¾'
298 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
ks¾jdKh ye`Èkaùu iòyd .=K jdpl Yío rdYshla f:arjd§ nqÿiufha

iòyka fõ' úfYaIfhkau ixhqla; ksldfha wixL;" ixhqla;fha i<dh;k
j.a.fha ks¾jdKh iòyd jpk rdYshla fhdod we;' tkï zzwixL;" wka;"
wkdijx" iÉpx" icx" mdrx" ksmqkx" iqÿoaoix" wcr;a;x" Oqjx" wmf,dls;x"
wksoiaikx" ksmamm`[pux" ika;x" wu;x" mKS;x" isjx" fLux" ;KylaLfhda"
wÉPßhx" wíN+;x" wks;s;x" wkS;s; Oïux" ksíndkx" wnHdmÊCOx" úrdf.da"
iqoaê" uq;a;s" wkd,fhda" §mx" ;dKx" f,Kx" irKx" mrdhKxZZ"
îx iv-666 nqcix&
ks¾jdKh ms<snò ks¾jpk .Kkdjlau md,s idys;Hfha iòyka fõ' ta

w;ßka lsysmhla fuys iòyka lsÍu fuu ,smsfha wjidk jYfhka flfrk
idlÉPdjg m%fhdackj;a fõ hhs yef`.a' by; iòyka wixL; hk jpkhg
uq , s k a u wjOdkh fhduq lruq ' zzwixL;xp fjd Ns l a L fõ fois i a i dñ'
wixL;x.dñ`[ap u.a.x '''''' rd.laLfhda fodailaLfhda fudaylaLfhda box
jqÉp;s NslaLfõ wixL;xZZ fuu md,s mdGfha flá woyi jkafka rd." fodaI"
fuday hk ffp;islhkaf.a laIhùu wixL; hkqhs' l;udp NslaLfõ wixL;
u.af.d iuf;d îx iv - 640 nqcix& wks;a jpk j,skao ksjfkys .=Khkaf.a
úúO iajNdjhka oelafõ'
fï yereKqúg ksíndK zzksínq;ZZ hk jpk fjk;a wre;a f.k §u

iòydo fhdodf.k we;' WodyrKhla f,i zzksínq;d kQk idud;dZZ hkd§
.d:dj iòyka l< yelsh' ksjfkys úúO m%fNaohka .ek o fn!oaO idys;Hfha
iòyka fõ' tajd w;r wkqmÈfYaI ks¾jdK Od;=j" fidamÈfYaI ks¾jdK
Od;=j hk fn§ï uQ,sl fõ' fm< idys;Hfha b;sjq;a;l md<sfha ^ksíndk
Od;= iQ;%h& fï iïnkaOj lreKq bÈßm;a lrhs' ^bjq 369 nqcix&
fuys iòyka jkafka Od;= hk jpkh' th miqj i,ld nef,a' ixialD;

jHdlrK wkqj fuh OdrK fmdaIK hk wre; f.k fok l%shd uQ,hls'
fufia fm<fmd;a iy wgqjd yereKq úg kQ;k úoaj;=ka o Y=kH;djh .ek
w¾:l:khka lr we;' WodyrK f,i f¾reldfka pkaoúu, kdysñ ^ks¾jdK
úksYaph" 2012'91- 113& uydpd¾h T,sj¾ wfíkdhl ^2009 414 - 429& uydpd¾h
fla' tka' ch;s,l ^The message of the Buddha 1975 119-& fuu ,smsfha
wjidkfha ks.ukhka bÈßm;a lsÍfï§ wod< mßÈ by; lreKq idlÉPd
lsÍug wfmalaIs; neúka fuys§ iúia;rj idlÉPd fkd flf¾'
iïNdId 299
B<`.g úuid ne,sh hq;af;a Y=kH;d hk jpkh hs' fï iïnkaOj

mq¿,a wOHhkhla lr we;s uydpd¾h fla' tka' ch;s,l uy;d uq,a nqÿ
iufha iòyka jk mßÈ ksjk hk jpkh ksfrdaOh fukau iemh ms<snò
mru Okd;aul w;aoelSu m%ldY lrk nj iòyka lrhs' ^1975'119& ksjk
Y+kH;djhla fkdjk nj ikd: lsÍug §¾> idlÉPdjla lrhs' fï iïnkaOj
idlÉPd lsÍfï§ b;d fláfhka fyda f:arjdo fn!oaO idys;Hhg w;sf¾lj
úfYaIfhkau uQ, udOHñl ldßldjg o wksl=;a udOHñl od¾Ykslhkaf.a
woyia j,g o wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu m%fhdackj;ah' uq,skau f:arjd§ idys;Hfha
zziq`[a[ZZ hk jpkh f,dalfha ,laIKhla jYfhka o f,daflda;a;r wixL;
O¾uh jk ks¾jdKh ye`Èkaùug .=Kjdpl jpkhla f,i o fh§ we;s nj
fmfka' f,dalfha ,laIKhla f,i Y=kH;djh olajd we;s wjia:djl iq;a;
ksmd;fha my; iòyka .d:dj iòyka l< yelsh'
iq`[a`[f;da f,dlx wfjlaLiaiq

fuda>rdc iod if;d
wla;dkq ÈÜÀx W!yÉp
tajx uÉpq;frda ishd
tajx f,dlx wfjlaL;a;x
uÉpqrdcd k miai;s
îq' ks' 344&
ksjk ye`Èkaùug f:arjdo idys;Hfha Y=kH;d hk jpkh fh§ we;s

wdldrh ms<snò WodyrK f,i uÊCêu ksldfha uyd iq`[a`[; iQ;%fha
iòyka ^whx fLd wdkkao úydfrd ;:d.f;k wNsiïnqoafOd hÈox iín
ksñ;a;dkx wukisldrx wÊCO;a;x iq`[a`[;x WmiïmÊc úyr;=x&
is h ¿u ks ñ ;s fufkys fkdlr ;:d.;hka jyka f ia wdOHd;a ñ l

Y=kH;ajhg t,U jdih l< nj fuhska lshfõ' û' ks' 111- 274&
f:arjdo idys;Hhg jvd Y=kH;dj .ek uydhdk nqÿiufha idlÉPd

flf¾' kd.¾cqk mdohkaf.a uQ, udOHñl ldßldj Y=kH;d jdofha uQ,sl
.%ka:h f,i ie,fla' uydhdk nqÿiufha oelafjk Y=kH;djfha m%fNao
ixLHdj úúO nj fudrgqfõ Ydikr;k kdysñfhda mji;s' ûQ, udOHñl
ldßld mßj¾;kh - 1963' 61- 65& kd.¾cqk mdohka Y=kH;djfha ,laIK 5la
olajk ,o nj Ydikr;k kdysñfhda lsh;s' ^tu msgq 56 isg 58 olajd&
300 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
Y=kH;d jdoh ms<snòj ixikaokd;aulj idlÉPd l< kQ;k úoaj;=ka w;r

fudrgqfõ Ydikr;k kdysñfhda ûQ, udOHñl ldßldj - 1963& uydpd¾h
ví' tia' lreKdr;ak ^1968& fyakamsgf.or {dkiSy kdysñ ^1969& hk
úoaj;=ka WodyrK f,i iòyka l< yelsh' tu úoaj;=ka bÈßm;a lr we;s
lreKq iúia;rd;aulj fuys bÈßm;a fkd flf¾' B<`.g we;s idlÉPdfõ
§ wod, mßÈ lreKq bÈßm;a flf¾'
fuu idlÉPdfõ § ksjk ms<snòj jdpH w¾:h jYfhka ksùu hkak

m%p,s;j fh§ we;s nj iòyka l< yelsh' fuys jdpH w¾:h ysia njhs'
êmpty& hkak nj Íia fâúâia uy;d iòyka lrk nj mejish hq;=h' ksjk
Y=kH;djhla o hk ldrKh od¾Yksl .eg¨jla nj;a od¾Yksl .eg¨ fnfyúka
u;= jkafka jpk Ndú;h mokï lrf.k nj;a fuu idlÉPdjg mokï
jk nj by;§ iòyka lf<ñ' ta wkqj fuys§ m%Odk wjOdkh fhduq lrjk
m%Yak lSmhls'
1' Y=kH;d îq`[a`[& hkq l=ulao ? tu jpkh ljr lreKq iòyd

fhfokjdo ta ta lreKq iòyd fhfokafka wehs ?
2. Y=kH;d jdoh hkq l=ulao ?
3' f:arjd§ nqÿiufha Y=kH;d hkak fh§ we;af;a ksjk yd f,dalh
hk folu iòydh' tfia fhdod we;af;a ljr lreKq mokï lr
f.ko ?
4' ksjk Y=kH;djhla o" keoao hkak ms<snò ks.ukhlg t,öug
n,mdk lreKq fudkjdo ?
by; .eg¨j .ek idlÉPd lsÍfï§ Y=kH;d hk jpkh ysia nj hk

wre; jk w;r th f,dalh iòyd yd f,daflda;a;r wixL; O¾uh jk
ksjk iòyd o fh§ we;af;a m%Odk lreKq lSmhla ksidh' f,dalh iïnkaOj
Y=kH;djh hk jpkh fhfok wdldrh iúia;rj uydpd¾h ví' tia'
lreKdr;ak uy;d idlÉPd lr we;' Tyq f:arjdo idys;Hfha ia:dk 8l
m%fNaohka 8la jYfhka ia:dk lSmhl m%fNaohka 10 la 12 la 42 la hk wd§
f,io úia;r lrhs' ^1968'19 - 20& fï ish¿u jpk j,ska ye`Èkafjkafka
f,dalfha m%;S;Hiuqoamkak iajNdjh nj lreKdr;ak uy;d fmkajd fok
w;r Y=kH;d hk woyi kd.¾cqk mdohka úiska uq,skau fh¥ woyila
fkdjk nj;a th md,s fm< fmd;aj, iòyka jk wdldrh;a fmkajd fohs'
^1969' 15-22&
iïNdId 301
fyakamsgf.or {dkiSy kdysñfhda by; oelajQ lreKdr;ak uy;df.a

woyi úfõpkd;aulj idlÉPd lrhs' ^1969' V – Viii & flfia fj;;a fuu
úoaj;=ka fofokdu bÈßm;a lrkafka tlu woyila nj fmfka' fláfhka
lSfjd;a ksjk;a f,dalh;a hk folu iòyd .=Kjdpl jpk folla f,i
w¾: follska Y=kH;d hk jpkh fh§ we;s njhs' tfia jqj;a udOHñl
od¾Ykslfhda ksjk iòyd fuu jpkh Ndú; lsÍu f:arjd§kag jvd fjkiah'
ûd' ld' 25 mß' Ydikr;k ixialrKh msgq 163-165 olajd&
f:arjd§ woyi wkqj ksjk Nj ksfrdaOh jYfhka yd iínixLdr

ksfrdaOh jYfhka ye`Èkafõ' îx' ii. 117 yd ix' 1'136& tfiau by; oelajQ
wixL;dÈ .=Kjdpl Yío j,ska o ye`Èkafjkafka fuhuh' fuu Yío ish,af,a
w¾: .ek i,lk úg ksjk ixialdr O¾uhkaf.ka Y=kH nj ikd: jk
w;r ksjk iòyd Y=kH;d hk jpkh fh§ we;' fuys§ uQ,slj ;KaylaLh"
fodailaLh" fudaylaLh" iín ixLdr iu: hk jpk th ikd: lrhs'
ta wkqj ks¾jdKh mGú" wdfmda" f;afcda" jdfhda hk N+; rEmhkaf.ka

o f;drjQ wkaOldrhla o fkdue;s br yò ;re o fkdue;s wdh;khla nj
Wodkmd,sfha iy tys wgqjdfõ o iòyka fõ' tfiau iQ;% wNsO¾u .%ka:j,
mrud¾: O¾uhla f,i ksjk iòyka fõ' Od;=jla jYfhka o iòyka fõ'
tys iajNdjh wixL;h' igyka wdldrhla ke;' fõohs; iqLhla o ke;'
m%KS; jQ Ydka; jQ úuqla;s iqLfhka hqla; nj iòyka fõ' wx.=;a;r ksldfha
kjl ksmd;fha ks¾jdK iqLfhys iajNdjh ießhq;a ysñhka úiska meyeÈ,s
lr we;s wdldrh iòyka fõ' ^w' v - 476&
fufia mru iqL jQ ks¾jdKh ixialdrhkaf.ka Y=kH ksid ta iòyd

Y=kH îq[a[& hk jpkh Ndú; jk kuq;a tys iuia;hla f,i ysia njla
.uHudk fkdfõ' iïnqoaO;aj l%ufõoh ;=<ska yd ry;aùfï ud¾.h ;=<ska
;j ÿrg;a fï woyi ikd: fõ' isoaOd¾: fndai;dfKda nqoaO;ajh ,eîfuka
miq jod< m<uq Wodkh zzúixldr .;x Ñ;a;x ;KaydkxLh uÊCO.dZZ"Ôïumo
md<s msgq 64& fuhska m%ldY jkafka is; úixldr ;;ajhg m;a jQ nj;a
;DIaKdj wjika l< nj;a h' fuys ixialdr hkq l=i,dl=i, ffp;islfhdah'
fjk úÈylska lshkjd kï f,daN" fodai" fuday" wf,daN" wfodai" wfuday
hk fya;= mokï lr .;a is;a my< fkdjk j.hs' ta ry;a Ndjhg m;aùuh'
tkï ksjka mila lsÍu h' f¾reldfka pkaoúu, kdysñfhda mjik mßÈ
fida j dka M,hg meñKs wjia : dfõ is h ¿u ila l dh ÈÜÀ úÑls É Pd
22 - CM23766
302 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
iS,ín;mrdudi hk ixfhdackhka iuqÉfþo m%ydKhg m;a ùfuka ksjka

iqj mila lrkafkah' bkamiq ry;a M,hg m;a ùfuka ish¿u ixfhdackhka
m%ydKhg ,la flf¾' ta laf,aY m%ydKh ke;fyd;a fidamÈfYaI ks¾jdKhhs'
iaLkaO m%ydKh hkq wkqmÈfYaI ks¾jdK Od;=jh' iaLkaOfhda mQ¾j l=i,
wl=i,hkaf.a m%f;Hd;a mkakfhdah' wNsO¾ufha W.kajk mßÈ ry;ka
jykafia flfkl=g my; iòyka mßÈ is;a 44 la we;s úh yelsh' tkï
wfya;=l is;a 18 la" uyd úmdl is;a 8 la" uyd l%shd is;a 8 la" uy.a.; l%shd
is;a 9 la yd ry;aM, is;a 1 la hkqfjks' fïjd ish,a, úixLdr.; is;a h'
fïjd l=i,dl=i, fya;+kaf.ka yg .kafka ke;' ta ksid fï is;a úmdl we;s
lrkafka o ke;' zzÈÜfGa ÈÜG u;a;x" iqf;a iq; u;a;x" uqf;a uq; u;a;x"
ú[a[df;a ú`[a[d; u;a;xZZ hkqfjka nqÿrcdKka jykafia ndyshg foaYkd
lf<a fuhhs' olakd ,o foa oelSï ud;%hla muKs' weiQ foao" u;la jQ foao"
oefkk foao tfiau h' l=i,dl=i, is;a we;s fkdfõ'
^W' md' 1 - 44 nqcix&
oeka fï ms<snòj ;jÿrg;a is;d úuid ne,Su jà' ksjka uf.ys m<uq
wÈhr ry;ka jykafia flfkl=f.a ksjka u. h' m<uq wÈhr fidajdka
ùuh' fidajdka jQ W;=fula Wmßu jYfhka Nj y;l§ ksjka mila lrkjd
úkd wdmiq taula ke;' tkï ke;s lrk ixfhdack kej;;a we;sjkafka
ke;' ta ksid ksjk mila lsÍfï moku fidajdka ùuh' ta ;;ajhg m;ajk
fhda.djprfhl= l%udkql+,j {dk 10 la ,eìh hq;=h' tajd úo¾Ykd {dk
hkqfjka y`ÿkajkq ,nhs' fuu {dk ixialdrhkaf.a wks;HdÈ ,laIK
iïnkaOjh' fuys§ ilaldh ÈÜÀ úÑlsÉPd iS,ín; mrdudi hk uq,a
ixfhdack ;=k iyuq,skau bj;a fjhs' ry;a jk úg ishü ixialdrhkaf.ka
is; ñ§ úixLdr.; fjhs' fuys§ Y=kH;djhla ksjk iïnkaOj .uH fkdfõ'
rd." fodai" fuday wd§ wl=i, ffp;isl fyda wf,daN wfodai wd§ l=i,
ffp;isl ^M,§fï Yla;shla we;s& O¾uhka f.a Y=kH;djh .uH fõ'
zÈÜGu;a;xZ hkqfjka iòyka lrkafka oelSï ud;%h muKla nj;a iïmáÉPk
úixLdr.; is; hkq l=ulao @ is; úiska ixialdr fkdksmojk tajdh'
zzzwúÊcd mÉphd ixLdrdZZ hkq f jka l= i ,dl= i , is ; a j , my<jk

ffp;isl kïjQ fuu ixialdrhkah' fuhg fyd| ksoiqkls' ndysh ÞreÑh
fj; nqÿrcdKka jykafia foaYkd l< zzÈÜfG ÈgG u;a;x'''''''' hkdÈ mdGh
fmkajd Èh yelsh' fuys wgqjdj ÈgGu;;x hkqfjka woyia lrkafka ±lSï
ud;%h muKla nj;a iuáÉPk ix;SrK fjd;a;mk hk is;a ;=k nj
iòyka lrhs' ^Wodk w' 60& ldudjpr l%shd cjka wjYH jQ úg my, fõ'
iïNdId 303
tajdfha l=i,dl=i, úmdl ke;' tkï fuu mdGfha iq; uq; ú[a[d;
hkak fï wdldrhkah' tkï l=i,dl=i, ffp;isl j,ska is;aj,ska f;drh'
fï fidamÈfYaI ks¾jdKhhs' tkï msßksjka jkf;la m[apialkaOh

mj;S' ry;=kaf.a pq;s is; my, jkafka Wmdodkfhka f;drjh' ta ksid
kej; Njhla we;s fkdfõ' tfiao Y=kH;djhla o .uH fkdfõ'
fï wkqj ksjk wixL; jQ muKska fyda f,daN fodai fuday laIh ùu

ksid fyda Nj ksfrdaOh ksid fyda Y=kH;djhla fkdjk nj;a tlu wixL;
ioamo¾:h nj;a .uHudk fõ'
wdY%s; .%ka:
w' ks' 1 nqcix

w' ks' 3 nqcix
w' ks' 4 nqcix
W' md' fya' uq'
Wodk wÜG l:d fy' uq'
wfíkdhl T,sj¾ 2009 zzoaúOd;=l ksíndkhZZ ûyñ;j m[a[dr;k ysñ iy my,.u
Oïñl ysñ îxia& fn!oaO wOHhk úu¾Yk msgq 414 - 430&
ch;s,l fla' tka' The message of Buddha ^Ninian" e'd& 1975
lreKdr;ak ví' tia' 1968 f:arjdo fn!oaO o¾Ykfha iqkH;d jdoh
mámod 1968 fmardfoKsh Y%S ,xld úYaj úoHd,fha fn!oaO ix.%yh msgq 15 - 22 olajd
f¾reldfka pkaoúu, kdysñ 2012 ks¾jdK úksYaph ^9 jk ixialrKh&
fmdl=Kqúg Y%S pkaoúu, O¾u mqia;l ixrlaIK uKav,h
{dkiSy kdysñ fyafkamg
s f.or 1969 iqkH;d o¾Ykh fld<U r;ak fmd;a m%ldYlfhda
idikr;k kdysñ fudrgqfõ 1963 kd.¾cqk mdofhda uQ,H udOHñl ldßldfõ
ye`Èkaùu
304 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
fhd.fCLu yd fhd.fCIau hkafkys w¾:h úuiSu

yd tys Ndú;h ms<n
s ò wOHhkhla
Wv.,fo‚fha Oïuúu, ysñ
le,‚h úYajúoHd,fha ndysr lÓldpd¾h" úoHd,xldr uy msßfjk" mE,shf.dv
01'1 fhda. hkafkys w¾: úuiSu
. Yíoh úúOd¾:hkays jefgkakdjQ mqreI

fhda ,sx.sl mohls' hqÊ Od;=fjka ksIamkak fuu
Yíofhka fh§u" tl;= lsÍu udkisl tald.%;dj
hk fu!,sl w¾: úYo flfrk w;r m%ia;=;hdnoaOj
isÿflfrk wOHhkfha § ;§h w¾: ld¾h idM,Hh
Wfoid Wmhqla; lr .ekSug yelshdj we;' fuu
mohg md,s ks>Kavqfõ if`v. - ixfhd." Ldudfod
- ldufhda.dÈh" COdfkd - OHdk" mdfhiq - Wmdh"
hq;a;shx- fh§u1 hkd§ w¾: ,nd § ;sfnkq oelsh yelsh' zzhqÊZZ iudfO!
hk Od;=fjka o fhda. Yíoh isoaO jk fyhska tys iudOH¾:h o .eí ù
we;' iudêh;a ufkda flakaøSh O¾uhls'2 tneúka fhda. Yíofhys mdrud¾Ól
w¾:h uki flakaø lr.;a tlla u hehs iòyka lsÍfï .eg¨jla u;=
fkdjk nj is;sh yelsh' tfia o jqj;a wjfndaOfha mD:q, Ndjh wruqKq
fldgf.k ;;a Yíoh flfrka ksIamkak w¾: lsysmhla úuid ne,Su fuys§
isÿ flf¾'
iïNdId 305
fuu fhda. hkak iòyd iïnkaOh" fh§u" tlaùu" ikaêh" M,h"

iqÿiqlu" iudêh" OHdkh" kshuh" Wmdh" kS;sh" úmdlh" jEhu" YsCIdj"
fhda. o¾Ykh" tl;= lsÍu3 hk wre;a rdYshla u ,nd § ;sfnkq oelsh
yels h ' tfuka u .= K fia k uyd is x y, Yío flda I fha tla ù u" fh§u"
Ndjkdfjys fh§u" udkisl tald.%;dj" m;[ac,S o¾Ykh" o¾Yk Ydia;%hkays
fldgila" kCI;%fhys oelafjk Ivdx.hka tlla" hqoaOh" .Dy wdrïNhg
kqiqÿiq wY=N fhda. wg4 hk w¾: ,nd § we;'
md,s isxy, wldrdÈhg wkqj fhda. hkq fh§u" W;aidyh" ixfhda.h"

Ndjkdfjys fh§u" hqla;ùu" i;a;ajhd iifrys fhdojk ldudÈh5 wd§
hf:dla; w¾:hka yd idoDYH w¾: .Kkdjla u yuq fõ' øúv NdIdfõ
fhda. hkak Wiqrejkq ,nkafka fhdayï hkqfjks' fhdayï hkakg fhda.h"
tla ù u" kCI;% fhda . h" jdikdj" Wmdh" fïL,doduh" OHdkh" is y s h "
fhda.NHdi l%uhla" úYsIag;ajh" Wkkaÿj6 hk wre;a ,nd § we;' fhda.
lsÍu" iïnkaOùu" iïnkaO lsÍu" tl;=ùu" tlg fh§u7 fhda. Yíofhka
jdpH jk w;r fndfyda ÿrg ;§h w¾:hka u ne`§u" fhda.fha fh§u"
iïnkaO;djh" ixia:dj8 fhda. nj hkqfjka md,s - bx.%Sis Yío fldaIfhys
o olajd we;' fï wkqj n,k l,ays fhda. Yíoh mQ¾fjdala; mßÈ uki yd
;okqnoaO Ñ;a; jD;a;Skaf.a" ffp;isl O¾uhkaf.a l%shdj,sh flakaølr.;a
w¾: ndyq,Hhlska mßmQ¾K mohla neõ wjOdrKh l< hq;=h'
m%ia;=;hdnoaO j isÿ flfrk wOHhkfha § ;;a ffkld¾:hkays wjq,a

fkdj" úmÍ; fkdj iuia ; h flfrka Woa O D; idOkS h tfuka u
im%fhdackj;a mßmQ¾K Yíod¾: rCIs; fh§u" tlaùu" Wkkaÿj" W;aidyh"
iudêh" iïnkaO ùu" iïnkaO lsÍu yd udkisl tald.%;dj hk w¾:fhda
fuys § jHjydß; nj iòyka l< yelsh' tu ksid fuys§ iudOH¾:h
ms<snòj wmf.a jeä wjOdkhla fhduqflfrk nj oelaùu jeo.;ah'
01'2 fLu hkafkys w¾:h úuiSu
fÄu hkafkys w¾: úu¾Ykh o fuys§ Wla; m%ia;=;fhys,d Wmia:ïNl

fõ' md,s - isxy, Yío fldaIh fÄu hkafkka ks¾Nh jQ" wdrCId iys;"
wNh" wNh ia:dkh" ksjk9 hk wre;a fohs'
md,s bx.%Sis Yío fldaIh Full of peace ^Ydka;sh&" safe ^fCIau" iqrCIs;"
a ," ksixi,&" calm10 ^Ydka;" fÄuxlr"
fÄuxlr" ksremøs;&" tranquil ^Ydka;" ksYp
306 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
ksjd;& hkqfjka wre;a imhhs' tfuka u .=Kfiak uyd isxy, Yío fldaIh
fÄu hkak Ydka;" Wmøj ke;s" fCIau" ks¾jdKh" Ydka;shg m;a ;eke;a;d"
ksjka wjfndaO l< ;eke;a;d" ry;=ka jykafia" CISKdY%jhd11 f,i w¾:
imhd we;'
fÄu ixialD;h ;=< fCIau kï fõ' ixialD;fhka isxy,hg fkdì`§

wd ;;aiu fCIau hkafkka ks¾Nh" ksremøs;" ikaiqka" iqrCIs;" Ôú; wdrCIdj
;sfnk hk wre;a ths' ;j o fCIau hkak foam< iqrCIs; Ndjh" foam<
wdrlaId lr .ekSu" rlaIKh" iqN isoaêh" ,dNh13 hk wre;a The students
Sanskrit English Dictionary fhys olajd we;'
01'3' fhd.fCLu yd fhd.fCIau
fhda.fCLu hkafkka tlfy<du ksjk" ldudÈ neñj,ska ksoyi14

ry;a nj" ks¾jdKh15 hkd§ w¾: m%ldY flfrk w;r" fhda.fCIau hkafkka
hym;" iqnfi;" fydò" foam<" ,dNh" foam< wdrlaIdj" rlaIKh16 hk
wre;;a" f,vfrda. iqjùu" Wmøjhkaf.ka ksoyia ùu" ldud§ ne`§ïj,ska
isÿjk ìh ke;sùu" ks¾jdKdjfndaOh17 hk wre;a o we;' fï wkqj fhda.
yd fÄu fukau fhda. yd fCIau hkafkka ksremøs; jQ ia:dkhla yd tlaùu"
wdrlaId iys; jQ ia:dkhla yd iïnkaO ùu" iqNisoaêh idlaId;a lr .kq
msKsi W;aidy oeÍu wd§ wre;a .uH flf¾' f,!lsl;ajfhka f;dr ksremøs;
jQ wdrlaIdldÍ jQ hïlsis ia:dkhla ;sfío th fhda.fCLu ke;fyd;a
fhda.fCIau f,i y`ÿkajd §u jerÈ ke;' ixidßl i;a;ajhd ÿla lïlfgd¿
wd§ ish¨ ne`§ïj,ska úks¾uqla; j hï ia:dkhlg m%fõY fõo th fhda.fCLu
fyda fhda.fCIau f,i o y`ÿkajd Èh yelsh' fuys§ fhda.fCLu ke;fyd;a
fhda.fCIau hkq ksjkg ;j;a kuls' fhd.d Lhka;s tf;kd;s fhd.fCLfud18
hkqfjka fhd.fCLu hkak wNsOdkmam§msld iqÑfhys ú.%y lr we;' tfia
u fhd.fCLu hkq ldu fNda." Njfhda." ÈÜÀfhda." wúÊcdfhda. hk i;r
jeoEreï fhda.hkaf.ka fyj;a fh§ïj,ska ksoyia ùu fhda.fCLu kï jk
nj;a th ks j kg m¾hdh kduhla 19 jk nj o ola j d ;s f í' tfuka u
ioaokS;smamlrKhg wkqj o fhd.fCLu hkq ksjkg m¾hdh mohls'
zzfhd.fCLfud úrdf.d p - f,dlfk;d p NjCLfhd

wmj.af.d úixldfrd - iíNs jqoaì úiqoaê pZZ
iïNdId 307
02' fm< idys;Hh ;=< ksjk ye`Èkaùu
zzks - jdkZZ hk mo foflys tl;=fjka zks¾jdKZ md,sfhka zksíndkZ

y`ÿkajkq ,efí' zjdkZ hkq ;DIaKdjhs' fuys zksZ hk mofhka zke;Z hk
w¾:h f.k fohs' ta wkqj ;DIaKdj ke;af;a hï ;ekl o th ks¾jdKh hs'
NdId m% f hda . hka f .ka úia ; r ls Í ug wmyiq wf,!ls l wkq N + ; s h la jQ
m%;HlaIfhka u wjfndaO lghq;= jQ ksjk úia;r lsÍï jYfhka úúO jQ
m¾hdh mo rdYshla fm< oyu ;=<ska oel .; yelsh' ta w;r wixL;" wka;"
wkdij" iÉp" mdr" ksmqK" iqÿoaoi" wcr" Oqj" wmf,dals;" wksoiaik" ksmam[ap"
ika ; " wu;" mkS ; " is j " fLu" ;Ka y CLh" wÉPßh" wíN+ ; " wkS ; s l "
wkS;slOïu" ksíndk" wnHdmÊCO" úrd." iqoaê" uq;a;s" wkd,h" §m" f,K"
;dK" irK" mrdhK20 wdÈh bka iuyfrls' tfuka u wNsOdkmam§msld kï
md,s ks>Kavqfjys o21 ksjkg m¾hdh mo fndfyduhla iòyka j we;' ksjk
fhfok m¾hdh kdu w;r fÄu hkak fh§ ;sîu ;;a m%ia;=; ld¾h
idOkfhys,d im%fhdackj;a fõ' fhd.fCLu hkak fm< ;=< b`ÿrdu m%ldYs;
;eka .fõIKhg m%drïNfhka ksjk hkak oyu ;=< fln`ÿ w¾:l:khl
Ndú; jQfhao hk j. ms<snò úu¾YkdCIshl fh§u WÑ; hehs yef`.a'
zzixidrÿCL mámCL N+;;a;d ksínq;ka;sZZ22
ixidr ÿlaLhkag m%;smCI jQ oehska ksjqfka ks¾jdKhhs'
zziínixlsf,i úmamuq;a;d ksíndkka;sZZ23
ish¨ laf,aY O¾uhkaf.ka ñÿfKa ks¾jdKhhs'
zzWmêmamydkx WmêjQmiux Wmêksiai.a.x WmêmámamiaioaOx wu;x

ksíndkka;sZZ24
flf,ia m%ydKh lsÍu" flf,ia ikais`§u" flf,ia ÿre lsÍu wuD; jQ

ks¾jdKhhs'
zzfhd fLd wdjqfid rd.CLfhd" fodiCLfhd" fudyCLfhd box jqÉp;s

ksíndkka;sZZ25
rd.h ke;s jQfha" oafõYh ke;s jQfha" fudayh ke;s jQfha ks¾jdKhhs'
308 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
zzNj ksfrdfOd ksíndKka;s fLd fu wdjqfid iïumam[a[dh iqÈÜGxZZ26
Nj ksfrdaOh ksjk hehs uúiska iuHla m%{dfjka olakd ,§'
zz;KayCLfhd ksíndkxZZ27
;DIaKdfjka f;dr jQfha ks¾jdKh hs'
zzt;x ika;x t;x mKS;x hÈox iínixLdriuf:d iínQmêmáksiai.af.d

;KayCLfhd úrdf.d ksíndkka;sZZ28
ish¨ ixialdrhka ixis`§u" ish¨ ne`§ï w;ayeÍu ;DIaKdCIh úrd.h

ksfrdaOh ks¾jdKhhs'
zzfhd ;iaidfhj ;Kaydh wfii úrd. ksfrdfOd pdf.d máksiai.af.d

uq;a;s wkd,fhdZZ29
;DIaKdju we,Sfuka f;drj" iyuq,ska kid oeóu" yer oeóu" bj;

oeóu" thska ñ§u" tys fkdne`§u ks¾jdKh hs'
fuhska úYo flfrk fu!,sl w¾:h kï ÿlaL iajNdjfhka hq;=

ixidr m%jD;a;sfhka w;añ§u ks¾jdKh njhs' ÿCL ksjD;a;sh" fkd meje;au"
ksfrdaOh" ixis`§u yd úuqla;sh hk w¾: ks¾jdK hkafkys .uH flf¾'
fulS w¾:fhka u oyu ;=< fhd.fCLu hkak o Ndú; ù we;s nj wOHhkh
lsÍfuka meyeÈ,s jk lreKls'
03' fhd.fCLu hkak fmf<ys Ndú; ;eka
fm< idys;Hh ;=< fhd.fCLu hkak fndfyda wjia:dj, fh§ we;s

whqre oel.; yelsh' fuu zzfhd.fCLuZZ hkak uq,a nqÿiuh ;=< kss¾jdKhg
wmr kduhla f,i Ndú; lr we;s nj iQ;% foaYkd wOHhkfha § meyeÈ,s
jk lreKls'
f:ar .d:dj, yuqjk iqmamsh f;reka jykafiaf.a zzwcrx Ôrudfkk

;mamudfkk ksínq;sx ksïñix mrux ika;sx fhd.fCLux wkq;a;rZka;sZZ30
iïNdId 309
Èrdhk wd;auNdjfhka wcrh ^ksjkg& ;efjk" wd;auNdjfhka mruYdka;

jQ fhd.fCIau jQ ksre;a;r jQ ksjk msßjgkafkñ hkqfjka lrk ,o m%ldYh
;=< fhd.fCLu hkq ksjkg fhfok m¾hdh kula yeáhg olajd we;'
tfuka u Pkak f;reka jykafia W;=ï jQ i¾j{;d[dKfhka foik ,o
Wodr jQ ^úuqla;s& ri we;s îsõiia& oyu Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia flfrka wid
ks¾jdKdê.uh msKsi u`.g ms<smkañ' ta Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia fhd.fCIau
^ks¾jdK& ud¾.fhys ksmqKy hs'
zz'''u.a. mmÊðx wu;iai m;a;shd

fid fhd.fCLuiai m:iai fldúfodZ;sZZ31 foaYkd fldg we;' zzm[ap
kSjrfK ysFjd fhd.fCLuiai m;a;shd'''ZZ32 m[apkSjrKfhka yermshd ksjkg
meñfKkq msKsi ;udf.a {dk o¾Ykh jQ úo¾Ykd {dk ixLHd; oyï
legm; f.k hkqfjka mqKaKdui f;rekaf.a m%ldYh ;=< o fhd.fCLu
hkq ksjk nj meyeÈ,s j olakg we;' tfuka u ld;shdkfhks" OHdk lrj"
^flf,iqka& Èkj ksjka uf`.ys ^fndêmdCIslO¾ufhys& ksmqK uf`.ys ksmqK
nj" wkq;a;r úY=oaêhg meñK c,fhka .sks fihska msßksfjj zzCOdhdys
ðkd;s ld;shdk - fhd.fCLumf:iq fldúfodis'''ZZ33 hkq ld;shdk ia:úr
m%ldYh flfrka o m%ia;=; woyi iM, flf¾'
zzfhd mm[apukqhq;af;d mm[apdNsrf;d uf.d

úrdOhS fid ksíndkx fhd.fCLux wkq;a;rxZZ34 hfula m%m[apfhys
ne`ÿfKa m%m[apfhys we¨fKa isjqmdjl= n`ÿ jQfha fï kï fyf;fï ksre;a;r
jQ fhda.hkaf.ka ksremøs; jQ ksjk je/È ù hehs hkqfjka o hful=ka
m% m [a p h yer wd¾hud¾.fhys we¨fKa fõ kï fyf;u ks r e;a ; r jQ
fhd.fCIAu jQ ksjk isÿ flf<ahs zz'''wdrdOhdys ksíndkx fhd.fCLux
wkq;a;rx'''ZZ35 idßmq;a; f;rekaf.a m%ldYh ;=<ska o ta nj meyeÈ,s fõ'
tmuKla o fkdj w¾yFj ks¾jdK ixLHd; fhda.fCIauhdf.a wê.uh
msKsi wd¾h ud¾. O¾uhka jvk f,i zz'''Ndfjys l=if, Oïfï fhd.fCLux
wkq;a;rka;sZZ36 hkqfjka ñ;a;d f;rKshf.a m%ldYfhys ths'
;j o Nødfjks" ieoeyefhka meúÈ j Nø jQ YS,dÈ O¾ufhys we¨ï we;s

jj" p;=¾fhda.fhka fCIau jQ ksjkg meñfKkq msKsi O¾uhka jvk f,i
m% l dYs ; Nød f;rKs h f.a m% l dYh ;= < s k a o zzNdfjys l= i f, Oïfï
fhd.fCLuiai m;a;shd;s'''ZZ37 fhd.fCLu ksjk u nj fmfka'
310 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
uÊCêu ksldfha uQ,mßhdh iQ;%fha zzfhdms fid NsCLfj NsCLq fifLd

wm;a;udkfid wkq;a;rx fhd.fCLux mF:hudfkd úyr;s'''ZZ38 uyfKks"
ffYCI jQ fkdmeñKs w¾y;ajh we;s hï uyfKla ksre;a;r jQ fhda.fCIau
ixLHd; ry;a nj m;ñka fjfiao fyf;fï mDÒúh mDÓú jYfhka fjfiiska
okshs hkqfjka iòykaj we;' tfuka u zzfh fLd f; n%dyauK" NsCLq
fidfLd wm;a;udkid wkq;a;rx fhd.fCLux mF:hudkd úyrka;s'ZZ39 nuqK"
hï uyK flfkla ffYCIj w¾y;ajhg fkdmeñKs is;a we;sj wkq;a;r
fhd.fCIauh m;ñka jdih flfr;ao hkqfjka iòyka jk w;r" uÊCêu
ksldfha wÜGlkd.r iQ;%fha zz'''wkkqmam;a;x jd wkq;a;rx fhd.fCLux
wkqmdmqKd;SZ;s'''ZZ40 fkd,enQ;a wkq;a;r fhd.fCIAuh kqjKska ,ndo''' hkqfjka
olakg ,efí' fulS ;ekaj,o fhd.fCLu hkak ksjk u woyia lr we;s
nj fmfka'
zzfhk ñ;af;k ixi.a.d fhd.fCLfud úysxi;s

mqífíjÊCOd Njka;iai rfCL wCÅj mKaäf;dZZ41
zzfhk ñ;af;k ixi.a.d fhd.fCLfud mjâV;s
lfrhH;a;iux jq;a;sx iínlsÉfpiq mKaäf;dZZ42
zzhïnÿ mdmñ;% ixi¾.h fya;=fldgf.k ldhñ;a; iqLh msßfyao"

mKaä; mqreIf;u ta mdmñ;%hd ;=<ska wNsnjkh l<hq;= oeh ;udf.a
foweia fuka le, ue /l.kafkahZZ'
zzhïnÿ l,HdK ñ;%fhl= iu`. ixi¾.h fya;=fldgf.k ldhÑ;a;

iqLh jefâo ta l,HdKñ;%hdf.a ish¨ lghq;af;ys mKaä; mqreI f;fï
meje;au ;ud yd iu lrkafkahZZ'
fuys§ fhd.fCLu ldhÑ;a; iqLh f,i olajd we;' ks¾jdKh ms<snò

j fyda ry;aNdjh ms<snò j lsisÿ iòykla fkdue;s j mD:.ack jQ ñ;%
ixi¾.h ms<snò j muKla lreKq olajhs' fuys zzfhd.fCLuZZ hkafkka
ldhÑ;a; iqLh w¾:j;a lr we;s nj fmf<ys iòykah' cd;lhg wkqj
mdmñ;% ixi¾.fhka ldhÑ;a; iqLh msßfyk nj;a l,HdK ñ;% wdY%fhka
ldhÑ;a; iqLh jeäfjk nj;a oelafõ'
flfia fj;;a fuys ldhÑ;a; iqLh hkqfjka woyia lf<a l=ulao

hkak ms<snòj lsisÿ úia;rhla iQ;%fha iòyka fkdfõ' t;l=ÿ jqj;a fuys
iïNdId 311
ldhÑ;a; iqLh hkafkka mD:.ack iqLhla woyia l<dh hkakg idlaIshla

cd;l fmd; ;=<ska yuqfõ' tkï fuu .d:d fol fndai;dKka jykafia
úiska ;u mQ¾j ckauhl§ foaYkd l< nj iòyka ùuhs' fndai;=ka fndai;aj
isáh § ksjk ms<snòj foaYkd l<d hehs ms<s.ekSu ;rula Wlyg jQjla
neúkq;a" cd;l fmd;g wkqj fuu foaYkdj isÿ lr we;af;a mD:.ack
msßilg jk neúkq;a" fuys ldhÑ;a; iqLh hkafkka f,!lsl jQjla woyia
l<dh hs is;sh yel' fuu woyi u wÜGl:dfõ"
zzfhd.fCLfud;s ldhÑ;a;dkx iqLx" ;x ys ÿCLfhd.f;d fLu;a;d

bO fhd.fCLfud;s wêmafm;xZZ43
zzÿ;sh .d:dh - fhkd;s fhk l,HdKñ;af;k iy ixi.a.ldrKd'

fhd.fCLfud mjâV;SZ;s ldhÑ;a;iqLx jâV;sZZ44 f,i ú.%y flf¾' fuhska
zzfhd.fCLuZZ hkak f,!lsl jQ ldhÑ;a; iqLhu woyia lr we;s nj
fmfka' l,HdKñ;% ixi¾.fhka fhd.fCLuh we;sjk nj oelaùfuka meyeÈ,s
jkafka hym;a ñ;% wdY%h ;=<ska ,efnk ldhÑ;a; iqLhu fuys fhd.fCLu
hkafkka woyia lr we;s njhs' fuu lreKq wdY%fhka meyeÈ,s jkafka
cd;l md<s f hys oela f jk fhd.fCLu hk jpkh ;= < s k a mQ ¾ j ks l dh
.%ka:hkays oelafjk zfhd.fCLuZ hkafkys w¾:hg jvd fjkia w¾:hla
m%lg lrk njhs' fuys we;s úfYaI;ajh jkafka ixhqla; ksldh" wx.=;a;r
ksldh wd§ .%ka:hkays zfhd.fCLuZ hk jpkh ;=<ska flf,ia m%ySk l<"
mdßY=oaO jQ ks¾jdKh fyda w¾y;ajh w¾: .kajd we;;a" cd;l md<sfhys
oelafjk zfhd.fCLuZ hk jpkh ;=<ska w¾:j;a lr we;af;a yqÿ ldhÑ;a;
iqLh muKls' fuys§ flfkl=g ldhÑ;a; iqLh hkqfjka oelafjkafka
ksjku nj lsj yelsh' óg wu;rj wNsOdkmam§msldfõ o fhd.fCLu
ksjkg wkaj¾: kduhla njo olajd ;sfí'
zzfhd.fCLfud mrums" uq;a;s ika;s úiqoaêhd

úuq;HZ ixL;Od;=" iqoaê ksínq;sfhd ishqxZZ45
fuhska fhd.fCLu hkafkka ks¾jdKhu woyia flfrk nj fm<

oyñka fudkjg meyeÈ,s lrhs' ;%smsglh ;=< fuka u wfkla .%ka:j, o
fhd.fCLu yd fhd.fCIau hkak ksjk iòyd Ndú; lrk m¾hdh mohla
njg ñka jv jvd;a m%lg lrhs'
312 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
fhd.fCIau hk moh ixialD;h ;=< Ndú; ;eka ke;=jd u fkdfõ'

thg WodyrK jYfhka
zzf;aIdx ks;HdNshqla;dkdx fhda.fCIaux jyduHyx'''ZZ ^N.j;a.S;dj

9'22&
zuq.aOdhd fï ckkHd fhda.fCIaux jyiHZ ûd,úld.aksñ;% 4& fuh
oelaúh yelsh'
04' fhda. o¾Ykh ;=< ysñ ;;a;ajh
fhda. o¾Ykh ;=< o fhda.hdf.a fY%aIaG;u M,h f,i fudaCIh

y`ÿkajd § we;' thg Wmdh oelaùï jYfhka m;[ac,Ska l< fhda. Ydia;%fha
iudê mdoh" idOk mdoh" úN+;s mdoh yd fflj,Hh mdoh hkqfjka mdo
i;rla o olajd ;sfí' Ñ;a;hdhdf.a jD;a;s ksfrdaOh zfhd.YaÑ;a;jD;a;s
ksfrdaO#Z fhda. hkqfjka y`ÿkajd ;sîfuka th jvd;a meyeÈ,s lreKls'
fufia iudêh mQ¾K;ajhg meñKSug ù¾h" iauD;s" iudê hk O¾u;%hu

wjYHh' nqÿrcdKka jykafia ud¾. i;Hfhys iuH.a jHdhdu" iuHla iauD;s"
iuHla iudê hk wx.;%hh ;%sYsCIdjg wh;a iudêfhys ix.%y jk nj
jodf<a tfyhsks' Wkajykafia mQ¾K iudêfhys fhfok ù¾h iauD;s fol;a
ta kï j,ska u olajd fkdfhla wjia:d we;s tald.%;dj;a m%isoaO iudê
Yíofhka u jeä jYfhka oelajQy' tfy;a Wkajykafia lsisúfgl fhda.
Yíofhkq;a iudêh oelajQ ;eka ke;af;a fkdfjhs' zzfhda.d fj cdhf;
N+ßZZ hkq tn`ÿ ;ekls' iudê Ndjkdfjka m%{dj jefâ hkq tys w¾:hhs'
m;[ac,Ska mQ¾K iudêfha ù¾h iauD;s hk wx. fol OdrKd OHdk

hk kïj,ska y`ÿkajd iudOHx.h tkñkau oela jQ fyhska mQ¾K iudêh
fhda. Yíofhka y`ÿkajkakg isÿ jQ fia;a is;sh yels' ;jo fhda. Yíoh .;a
úg fh§ï w¾:fhys zhqÊZ Od;=fhkq;a fhda. Yíoh isoaO jk neúka fhda.h
kï ù¾h" iauD;s" iudê hk wx.;%hhdf.a ixfhda.h hkq;a .kakg bv
ie,fihs ' ta flfia jq j o iudê fhda . hk Yío" fhda . Ydia ; % f hys ; a
wkshufhka fhdod ;sfnk nj kï lsj hq;=h' m;[ac,Syq fhda. Ydia;%fhys
uq,u zzfhda.YaÑ;a;jD;a;s ksfrdaO#ZZ hk iQ;%fhka jD;a;Skaf.a ksreoaO ùfuka
my< jk Ñ;a; O¾uh fhda. hk kdufhka oelajQy' ta Ñ;a; O¾uhu Tjqka
úiska u zz;iHdms ksfrdfO i¾j ksfrdOdkaks¾ùc# iudê#ZZ hk iQ;%fhka
iïNdId 313
iudê kdufhkq;a oelaúKs' zzfhd.ia Ñ;a; jD;a;s ksfrdO#ZZ hk iQ;%fhka

olajk ,oafoa fhd. Ydia;%fhys tk wiïm%{d; kï jQ fY%aIaGu iudêhh'
tfy;a ta iQ;%fhys fojk moh zzi¾j Ñ;a; jD;a;s ksfrdO#ZZ hkqfjka fhÿ
neúka iïm%{d; iudêh;a fhda. kdufhka .efkk nj NdIHldrfhda
lsh;s' Tjqyq u zzfhd. iudê#ZZ hkqfjka ljr wjia:dfjl jqjo fhda.h kï
iudêhu hhs o mji;a'46
f,dalhd ks;r jEhï lrkqfha lsis ÿlla ke;sj ksù iekiS isákakgh'
tfy;a idudkH f,dalhd tfia lefrk jEhñka isÿjkqfha ;djld,sl ÿCL
úuqla;sfhls' iir bm§u we;s f;la i;a;ajhdyg mQ¾K ÿCL úuqla;sfhla
fkdfjhs' iaÒr f,i ÿlska ñfokakg kï ;DIaKdj lsisjla b;sß fkdfldg
CIh l< hq;=h' tfia l< úg ,efnk úuqla;sh mQ¾K ÿCL úuqla;sh fjhs'
;DIaKdjf.a CIh lsÍu we;s fyhska th ;DIaKdCIh hhs o" jdk ixLHd;
;DIaKdfhka kslauqK fyhska ks¾jdK hhs o lshkq ,efí' fn!oaO o¾Ykfhka
,eìh hq;= Wiiau M,h kï tfia ish¨ ÿla ke;s fldg f.k ksù iekiS
hEuh' iudêfhka ,eìh hq;= mia wkqiiqka w;r iudêh úo¾Ykdjg mdolùu
tlla nj m<uq lshk ,§' ÈhqKq jQ ta úo¾Ykd {dkh fY%da; wdm;a;s wd§
{dko¾Yk tlska tl Wodùug fya;= fjhs' ksjk m%;HCI l< hq;af;a ta
i;r {dk o¾Ykhkaf.ks' ijdik ñ:Hd{dkfhka f;drjQ úfõl{dkh
fudaCIh m%;HCI lsÍug fya;= jk nj m;[ac,Ska úiska mejisK'
ksjk úoHudk mod¾:fhls' tfy;a th mj;skqfha rd;%sfhys w`ÿßka

rEm jeiS ;sfnkakd fia laf,aYhkaf.ka wdjD;jh' tneúka úfYaIdf,dalhla
ke;sj th lsisjl= úiska fkdoelal yels' ksjk ksrdjrKh lrk tlu
wdf,dalh kï p;=¾úO ud¾. {dkdf,dalhhs' úo¾Ykd jvk ;eke;a;ka
weia we;s mqreIhl= jeksh' Tyq th jv;a jv;au fY%da; wdm;a;s ud¾. kï
jQ m%:u {dk o¾Ykh my< fjhs' ta úÿ,sh flàula jekak' úÿ,sh t<sh
mj;akd flfKys weia we;a;yq rEm olskakd fia úo¾Yl f;fï ;;a CIKfhys
ksjk olS' tfy;a Tyqf.a ta oelau uò l,lg iSud jQfjls' kej; wkaOldrh
me;sr rEm jid isákakd fia fojk ud¾.{dkfhka keish hq;= flf,ia
bÈßhg meñK ksjk uqjy fldg isà' fhda.Syq úo¾Ykd jv;a jv;au kej;
úoHq;a i[aprKh fuka ilDod.dó ud¾. kï jQ fojk {dk o¾Ykh my<
fjhs' úoHqodf,dalh mj;akd flfKys weia we;a;yq rEm olskakd fia fhda.S
f;fï ;;a CIKfhys o ksjk olS' ta oelau;a jkqfha uò lf,laysu h'
kej; wkaOldrh me;sr rEm jid isákakd fia f;jk ud¾. {dkfhka
314 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
keish hq;= flf,ia bÈßhg meñK ksjk wjqrd isà' fhda.Syq úo¾Ykd jv;a
jv;au h<sÿ úoHq,a,;d i[aprKh fuka wkd.dó ud¾. kï f;jk {dk
o¾Ykh my< fjhs' úoHq;a m%Ndj mj;akd flfKys weia we;a;yq rEm
olskakd fia fhda.S f;fï ;;a CIKfhys o ksjk olS' fhda.Syq úo¾Ykd
jv;a jv;au úÿ,sh t<shg jeã uyodf,dalfhla i;r jeks jrg my<
fjhs' tkï w¾y;aj ud¾. kï jQ isjq jk {dk o¾Ykh h' ta uyd {dkdf,dalh
fhda.Syqf.a ish¨ flf,ia w`ÿre isò,hs' yeu iir ne`ÿï ìò,hs' thska
fhda.Syq yg ,efnk iemh w;s m%KS; jQfjls' lsislf,l mßKduhg hEfula
tys ke;' tneúka ta ksjka iqjhg O%ej hkq;a kñ' iaÒr iemh hkq tys
w¾:hhs ' m% l D;s h ;ud úis k a l< hq ; = is h ¨ lD;H wjika fldg
woDYHudk;ajhg hEu fkdfyd;a wd;auh Wmê yermshd ;udf.a iajrEmfhys
isàu fudaCI hhs m;[ac,Syq fhda. Ydia;%fhys lSy'47
bkaÈhdfõ my< jQ Iâ o¾Yk jk kHdh" ffjfYaIsl" idxLH" fhda."

mQ¾j óuxid iy fõodka; w;r m%uqL ia:dkhla ysñ lr.kakd fhda.
o¾Ykhg w;S;fha isgu b;d jeo.;a ;ekla ysñj ;sfí' m%d.a ft;sydisl
hq.fha isg ;miajreka /lf.k wd fhda. o¾Ykh l%s'mQ' 2 jk ishjfia§
m;[ac,S RIsjrhd úiska .%ka:dreV lrk ,§' fhda. o¾Ykfha mshd f,i
ie,flkafka m;[ac,S RIsjrhdh'
m;[ac,S fhda. iQ;%j,g wu;rj iuld,Sk j ,shejqKq y;fhda.

m%§msld" Ysj ixys;d" N.j;a .S;dj fhda. .ek iòyka fõo .%ka: fõ' l%s'mQ'
1700 g fmr meje;s bkaÿ ksïk YsIagdpdrfha o fhda. wdik l%uhla meje;s
njg idCIs fidhdf.k ;sfí' mqoa.,hska fhda. wdikj, isák rEm 11la tu
mqrdúoHd lekSï N+ñj,§ yuq ù ;sfí' mqrdúoHd{ f.%.Í fmdfi,a mjik
mßÈ tu rEm wUd we;s wdldrh wkqj Tjqka fhda.dikj,g iudk wdldrhlska
isák njg y`ÿkd.; yels j ;sfí' l%s'mQ' 600 WmksIoa .%ka:j, iy l%s'mQ' 500
N.j;a .S;dfõ o fhda. o¾Ykh ms<snò iòyka j ;sfí'
fhda. ms<snò iDIsjreka bÈßm;a lrk o¾Yk ish,af,a ixCIsma;hla

f,i fhda. o¾Ykh ñksidf.a tÈfkod Ôú;h hym;a lr .ekSu iòyd
úúO .=rejreka úiska Ndú;hg .kq ,nñka ;sfí' fhda. zhqÊZ ixialD;
jpkfhka iE§ we;s w;r tys f;areu ziïnkaOlsÍuZ hkakhs' ñksidf.a Ôj
Yla;sh zúYaj Yla;shZ g iulrkakd jQ ud¾.h fhda. fõ' uQ,sl .%ka:j,
Yla;sh" OdrKh" iudê iy m%dK fhda.j,ska we;sjk nj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
iïNdId 315
j¾;udkfha fhda. hkq wdik l%uhla ke;fyd;a YÍr yd udkisl iqj;dj

,nd.ekSfï l%uhla f,i fndfyda fokd jgydf.k we;;a fhda. o¾Ykh
hkq Bg jvd mq¿,a úIhla jk w;r fhda. o¾Ykh wdOHd;añl jYfhka
mq¿,a f,i m%.=K lrkafkl=f.a b,lalh jkqfha fudaCIh ke;fyd;a kej;
bm§ula ke;s lr.ekSuhs'48
05' ks.ukh
i;ajfhda idxidßl jYfhka ú`Èk ÿCL fodaukiaihkaf.ka wjik

W;=ï ks¾jdKdê.uh ,n;a' ks¾jdKh jkdys nqÿoyu ;=< fmkajd fok
wdldrhg ñksfil= úiska ,nkakdjQ wjidk úuqla;s ,dNhhs' ixidr ÿlaLhkag
m%;smCI jQ oehska ksjqfka ks¾jdKhhs' fulS ks¾jdKh ye`Èkaùu iòyd
Ndú; jQ m¾hdh mo fndfyduhla oel.; yelsh' ta w;r fhd.CLu hkak
o fõ' fhd.dfCLu hkafkys ixialD; moh fhda.fCIau fõ' fuh fhd.fCLu
yd fhda.fCIau hkafkys w¾: úuiSu fia u tys Ndú;h ms<snò wOHhkhls'
fhd.d Lhka;s tf;kd;s fhd.fCLfud ldudÈh CIhùï hk w¾:fhka

fhd.fCLu jk w;r u" hqÊ Od;=j flfrka úúOd¾: m%ldY jqjo fuys§ hqÊ
- iudfO! hk Od;=fjka ksmka fhda. hkafkka iudê w¾:h u .efka' fhda.
+ fÄu > fhd.fCLu f,i oaú;aj ikaêhls' md,s fhd.fCLu yd ixialD;
fhd.fCIAuhkaf.ka ks¾jdKh u woyia flf¾' ks¾jdKhg Ndú; lrk
m¾hdh mohla yeáhg fhd.fCLu Ndú; lr we;s nj fm< ;=<ska fukau
wkH lD;s flfrka ukdj m%;HCI jk nj Wla; wOHhkh yd idfmaCIj
ks.ukh l< yelsh' tfukau fhda. o¾Ykh flfrkau wfmaCId lr we;af;a
fï ;=<ska f,daflda;a;r iqjh ,nd §uhs' tkï mru ika;=Iaáh hs'
01' Wmr;k ysñ" fldáhd.," ks¾jdKh" fldáhd., pkaodkkaodNsOdk kdhl iajdókaø

wNsia;j Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" md,s yd fn!oaO wOHhk m%ldYk wdh;kh" 2011
02' lúr;ak" yßiapkaø" m;[ac,s fhda. o¾Ykh" iSudiys; weï' ã' .=Kfiak iy
iud.u" 1956
03' ðkr;k ysñ" lr.ïmsáfha" m;[ac,s o¾Ykh" §mdks uqøK Ys,amSka yd m%ldYlfhda"
1971
04' m[a[dls;a;s ysñ" ysßmsáfha" n%dyauK yd fn!oaO úpdrOdrd" tia' f.dvf.a iy
ifydaorfhda" p;=r uqøK Ys,amsfhda" 2003
316 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
05' m[a[dls;a;s ysñ" ysßmsáfha" Ndr;Sh o¾Ykh" f.dvf.a fmd;a ueÿr" 1999
06' m%kdkaÿ" tÉ' fidñmd," ksjka u." ;sia y;ajk l,dmh" rcfha uqøKd,hSh fn!oaO
ix.uh" 2006
07' nqoaOo;a; ysñ" fmd,aj;af;a" f:rjdo fn!oaO o¾Ykh" fn!oaO ixialD;sl
uOHia:dkh" iS$i .af,dan,a .%e*slaia iy m%skaáka ^fm!oa'& iud.u" 2003
mdol igyka
1 SUBHUTI MAHA THERA, W, ABHIDHANAPPADIPIKA SUCHI, ACTING

GOVERNMENT PRINTER, CEYLON, 1893, P.145
2 ðkr;k ysñ" lr.ïmsáfha" m;[ac,s o¾Ykh" 1971' ms' 41
3 w,.shjkak mqji;s" w,.shjkak ixialD; - isxy, Yío fldaIh" iqßh m%ldYkhls"
tia' wekaâ' tia' m%skag¾ia" m%:u uqøKh 2004" ms' 653"
4 úch;=x." yßiapkaø" .=Kfiak uyd isxy, Yío fldaIh" .=Kfiak iy iud.u"
m%:u uqøKh 2005" ms' 1449
5 nqoO
a o;a; ysñ" fmd,aj;af;a" md,s - isxy, wldrdÈh" fn!oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh"
wð;a m%skag¾ia ^m%hsjÜ& ,sñgâ" 1998" ms' 405
6 lreKd;s,l" ví' tia" fou< - isxy, wldrdÈh" f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda"
mshisß m%skaáka isiagïia" m%:u uqøKh 2002
7 M. MONIER – WILLIAMS, SANSKRIT – ENGLISH DICTIONARY, NEW
EDITION, OXFORD AT THE, CLARENDON PRESS 1960, P.856
8 T. W. RHIYS DAVIDS WILLIAM, PALI- ENGLISH DICTIONARY, MOTILAL
BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PRIVATE LIMITED, DELKI, 1925 P.239
9 nqoO
10 T. W. RHIYS DAVIDS WILLIAM, PALI- ENGLISH DICTIONARY, MOTILAL
BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PRIVATE LIMITED, DELKI, 1925 P.239
m%:u uqøKh 2005" ms' 628
m%:u uqøKh 2005" ms' 625
13 Shivramapte, Vaman, THE STUDENTS SANSKRIT ENGLISH DICTIONARY,
MOTILAL BANARSIDASS, SECOND EDITION, DELHI, 1982, P. 460
14 nqoO
* iqux., ysñ" uä;shfj," md,s-isxy, YíofldaIh tia' wekaâ tia' m%skag¾ia 2011"
msg' 419
iïNdId 317
15 ;%smsgl w;a:s fldaIh" fn!oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh" wcs;a m%skag¾ia" nq' j' 2550"
msg 70'
16 mqji;s w,.shjkak" w,.shjkak ixialD; - isxy, Yío fldaIh" iQßh m%ldYkhls"
tia' wekaâ' tia' m%skag¾ia" m%:u uqøKh 2004" ms 653
m%:u uqøKh 2005" ms' 1449
18 SUBHUTI MAHA THERA, W. ABHIDHANAPPADIPIKA SUCHI, ACTING
GOVERNMENT PRINTER, CEYLON, 1893, P.295
19 mm[apiQokS uÊCêu ksldh" ¥;sh Nd.h" uÊCêu mKaKdilh" tia' wekaâ' tia'
m%skag¾ia" 2007" ms' 4
20 nq' c' ;%s' .%' ud' i' ks' p;=¾: Nd.h" i<dh;k j.a.h" wixL; ixhqla;h" ms' 656
- 664
21 [dfKdNdi;siai ysñ" fudr.,af,a" wNsOdkmam§msld" i.a. ldKavh" 1929" ms' 3- 4
fudfCLd" ksfrdfOd" ksíndkx - §fmd" ;KayCLfhd" mrx"
;dKx" f,Kx" urEmx" ^p& - ika;x" iÉp" ukd,hx
wixL;x" isj" uu;x" iqÿoaoix- mrdhKx" irK" ukS;slx" ^;:d&
wkdijx" Oqjx" uksoiaikd" l;d- mf,dls;x" ksmqK" ukka;" uCLrx
ÿCLCLfhd" jHdmÊCOx ^p& - újÜgx" fLux" flj,x"
wmj.af.d" úrdf.d ^p& - mKS;x" wÉpq;x" mox
22 pq,a, ksoafoai wÜGl:d" mrdhk j.a." ms' 221
23 §> ksldh àld" wïnÜGiq;a; jKaKkd" ms' 221
24 pq,a, ksoafoai md,s" mrdhk j.a. ksoafoai" kkaoudkjmqÉPdksoafofid" ms' 262
25 i' ks' p;=¾: Nd.h" i<dh;k j.a." cïnqLdol ixhqla;h" ksíndk iq;a;x" ms' 474
26 i' ks' oaú;Sh Nd.h" ksodk j.a." wNsiuh ixhqla;h" fldiïì iq;a;x" ms 186
27 iqux.,ú,disks" uyd i;smÜGdk iq;a;jKaKkd" ms' 579
28 nq' c' ;%s' .%' ud' u' ks' uÊCêu mKaKdilh" NsCLq j.af.da" uydud¨lxlH iq;a;x"
ms' 170
29 uydj.a.md<s 1" ms' 22
30 nq' c' ;%s' ud' Lq' ks' f:r .d:d" .íNr;SßhfF:r .d:d" Y%S ,xld O¾u pl% <ud
moku" ms' 16
31 tu" PkafkdfF:r .d:d" ms' 30
32 tu" mqKaKudifF:r .d:d" ms' 66
33 tu" ld;shdkfF:r .d:d" ms' 124
34 tu" idßmq;a;fF:r .d:d" ms' 230
35 tu" f:Í.d:d md,s" ërd f:Í .d:d" ms' 4
36 tu" ñ;a; f:Í .d:d" ms' 4
37 tu" Nød f:Í .d:d" msg 6
23 - CM23766
318 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
38 nq'c';%'s .%'u' u'ks' m%:u Nd.h" uQ,mßhdh j.af.d" uQ,mßhdhiq;;

a x" uQ,mKaKdilh"
Y%S ,xld O¾u pl% <ud moku" ms' 10
39 tu" ;D;sh Nd.h" WmßmKaKdilh" fojoy j.a.h" .Klfud.a.,a,dk iq;a;x"
msg 94
40 tu" oaù;sh Nd.h" uÊCêu mKaKdilh" .ym;s j.af.d" wÜGlkd.r iq;a;x"
msg 20
41 jH.a> cd;lx" cd;l md<s" m%:u Nd.h" ;sl ksmd;h" msg 138
42 jH.a> cd;lx" cd;l md<s" m%:u Nd.h" ;sl ksmd;h" msg 138
43 msh;sii a ysñ" úÿrefmd<" cd;lÜG l:d" ÿ;sfhdNdf.d" ixialrKh" jH.a> cd;lh"
ms' 252
44 tu
45 [dfKdaNdi ;siai ysñ" fudr.,af,a" wNsOdkmam§msld" i.a. ldKav" 1929" 17
.d:dj
46 ðkr;k ysñ" lr.ïmsáfha" md;[ac, o¾Ykh" 1971" ms 260- 261
47 ðkr;k ysñ" lr.ïmsáfha" md;[ac, o¾Ykh" 1971" ms 305- 307
48 Http://si.wikipedia.org
362 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
WmksIoa ldka;dj yd wOHd;auúoHdj

wU,shoafoa Wmkkao ysñ
;djld,sl lÓldpd¾h iïNdjH NdId wOHhkdxYh" fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h
Nd r;S h iudc ixia:d yd ;okqnoaO ldka;dj

ms<sno wOHhkfha § meyeÈ,sj y`ÿkd.;yels
úfYaI;d /ila ldka;djg wod< jk fyhska ta ta
ixia:d.; l%h
s dldrlï úIfhys ldka;d ksfhdackfha
ft;sydisl jeo.;alu l,amkdjg .ekSu o jeo.;a
fjhs' ksoiqkla f,i mjq,a" wOHdmk yd wd.ñl
ixia:d iïnkaO ia;%S ksfhdackh i,ld ne,Sfuka
Ndr;S h ldka ; dj ;;a iudc ika o ¾Nfhka
f.dvkef.k hg lS ixia:d ms<snò úfYaIdjOdkhg
fhduqjkakSh' ta ljrfyhska o h;a tlS ish¨ ixia:d ldka;dj úiska o
ksfhdað; neúks' Ndr;Sh wOHd;auúoHdj ia;%sh flfrys n,mEfha flfia o
weh tys § l%shd;aul jQfha ljr wkaoñka o ienúkau ia;%sh wOHd;auúoHdj
flfrka fmdaIs; jQjd o hk meKhka wjOdkhg .ksñka m%ia;+;h WmksIoa
hq.h weiqfrka úu¾Ykh flf¾'
Ndr;Sh ixialD;sfha ft;sydisl iuh mQ¾jR.affjÈl hq.h ;rï

wE;g .ukalrkakls' ta fyhska NdIdj" wd.u" idys;Hh wd§ ixialD;sldx.
ms<snò bmerKs ;;a;ajhka fiùfï § th mQ¾jR.affjÈl hq.fhka u
weröu W.;=kag wNsu; jQjls' flfiakuqÿ Ndr;Sh ldka;dj wE; hq.fha
376 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
nqoO
a ld,Sk Ndr;Sh l=,jdoh iy nqÿka jykafia
rdclSh mKaä; ñkqjka.uqfõ uydkdu ysñ
iydh lÓldpd¾h" isxy, wOHhkdxYh" fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h
cd;slrf.k
h" wd.u" j¾Kh" l=,h jeks lreKq mokï
we;sjk úúO m%fNao yd tajdfhys m%;M
s ,
jYfhka u;=jk l,flda,dy, wE; w;S;fha isgu
mej; ths' j¾K yd l=,fNaojd§ ye`.Sïj,g o b;d
os.= b;sydihla we;' l%s'mQ' 06 jk Y;j¾Ihg fmr
o fuu ye`.Sï bka§hhka ;=< b;d m%n,j n,meje;a
jQ njg idOl mj;shs' úfYaIfhka ls%' mQ' 15 jk
ishjfia muK Ndr;Sh iudch ;=< j¾K fNaojdoh
wdrïN jQ nj meyeÈ,s fjhs' j¾Kh fyj;a ifï
mdg mokï lrf.k we;s jQ iudc úNckh j¾KfNao jdohhs' thg uQ,sl
jQfha iqÿ l¿ fNaohhs' l%s' mQ' 15 jk ishjfia muK bkaÈhdjg ixl%uKh
jQ wd¾hhka iajfoaYSh ckhdg jvd j¾K iïm;a;sfhka hqla; jQy' Tjqyq
Yafõ; j¾Kfhka hqla; jQy' iajfoaYslfhda ld, j¾Kfhka hqla; jQy'
tksid ixl%uKslfhda fuu fjki mokï lrf.k iudch wd¾h yd wkd¾h
jYfhkA fofldgilg j¾. l<y' fuys§ Yafõ; j¾K jQ wd¾hhkaf.A
ms<sl=,g" wmjdohkag wkd¾hfhda n`ÿka jQy' wd¾hfhdA tu ms<sl=, ;u
i;=re jQ ld,j¾K ckhd yd igka fldg hgm;a lsÍug yd fufyhùug
wúhla fldg .;ay' thg úreoaO jQ wkd¾hhka wd¾hhka ;u foaYfhka
mkakd oeóug f.k .sh jHdmdrfha m%;sM,hlA jYfhka fuu fomsßi w;r
iïNdId 377
.egqï we;s úh' "wd¾hhka" oiHqka ;u i;=rka fldg ;elSu ksid we;s jQ
fNaoh j¾K fNaohla njg o m;a úh' ke;skï l¿ - iqqÿ fNaohla úh'"1 fuu
.eàu ksid wd¾h - wkd¾h fNaoh iudch ;=< ;yjqre úh'
uq , a wjêfhys ta l lhla jYfhka mej;s wd¾h iudch j¾. jQ f ha

miqld,Skjh' wd¾hhka Ndr;hg ixl%uKh jQ uq,a wjia:dfõ mjd l=,
jYfhka fn§ .sh nj fkdfmfkhs' fn§ula ù kï ta f.da;% jYfhks' tl
tallhla jYfhka mej;s wd¾h iudch l%ul%ufhka n%dyauK" CI;%Sh" ffjYH"
Y+ø jYfhka fldgia úh' fuu iudc miqìu nqoaOld,Sk Ndr;Sh l=, fNaohg
moku úh' ta nj " ...... Ndr;Sh iudcfhys uq,ska we;s jQfha fï j¾K
fNaohhs' l=, fNaoh fkdfõ' tfy;a l=,fNaohg moku jegqfKa fï j¾K
fNaoh weiqßka nj wu;l l< yels fkdfõ'"2 hkafkka meyeÈ,s fõ'
n%dyauK wdêm;Hh hgf;a tllg tlla my;a jk fia we;s jQ iudc

ia:r nqoaOld,Sk Ndr;fha l=,jdoh jYfhka ye`Èkaúh yelsh' j¾K fNaoh
fya;=fjka we;s jQ fn§ï l%ñl iudc úldYkfha § ;jÿrg;a úNckh ùu
fya;=fldgf.k iudch fldgia y;rlg j¾. úh' fuh ks¾udKjdoh
f,i ye`Èkafõ' ks¾udKjdoh ms<snòj úúO u; mj;S' n%dyauKhka oelajQfha
fuu p;=¾ j¾Kh BYajr ks¾ñ;hla njhs' tfiau th fjkia l< fkdyels
njhs' ta wkqj n%dyAuKfhda zzp;=¾ j¾Kx uhd iDIagx .=K l¾uúNd.;#ZZ
(N.joa .S;dj 4: 13 moHh) hkak BYajrhdf.a uqj.g kexjQy'
ks¾udKjdoh ms<snòj iD.afõohg miqj tla lrk ,oaola fia mejfik

oyjk uKav,fha 90 jk iQla;fha 11 jk moHfhka o úia;r fjhs'
zzn%dyufKdiH uqLudiS;a - ndyq rdckH# lD;#

W!re ;oiH hoaffjYH# - moaNHdx Y=føda wcdh;ZZ (iD.afõoh" 10: 90: 11
moHh)
thg wkqj"
1' uqLfhka n%dyauK o"
2' fondyqfjka CI;%sh o"
3' fol,jdfhka ffjYHh o"
4' msám;af,ka Y=ø o
378 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
uydn%yau úiska ujk ,§' ;j o" n%dyauK .%ka:j, ks¾udKjdoh ms<snòj

oelafjkafka fuhg;a jvd ÈhqKq woyils' thg wkqj m%cdm;S f;fï iajlSh
uqLfhka n%dyauKhd yd w.aks foaj;djd o" YÍrfha uOH fldgiska ffjYHhd
yd fiiq ish¨ foúhka o" mdohkaf.ka Y=øhkA o ueùh'3 fuys we;s úfYaI;ajh
jkafka foúhka ueùu m%cdm;S úiska lrk ,oaolehs iòyka ùuhs' ks¾udKjdoh
flfia jqj o ta iEu tllskau meyeÈ,s jk lreKla we;' tkï iudch
m%Odk jYfhka l=, y;rlg fn§ mej;s njhs' tkï"
1' n%dyauK
2' CI;s%h
3' ffjYH
4' Y=ø hkqfjks' fuh nuqKkaf.a l=,jdohhs'
n%dyauK l=,jdoh Ndr;fha ;yjqre jQfha wd¾h iudch úldYkfha § ta

ta ld¾hhka iòyd Tjqka fn§ hdfï m%;sM,hla jYfhks' iuyre rdcH
md,khg msúiqKy' iuyre foúhka ms§ug" hd. meje;aùug" iaf;da;% lSug
fjka jQy' ;j;a msßila fj<òdug o" lDIsl¾udka;hg o fhduq jQy' fiiq
msßi by; j¾K;%hg odilï lrñka my;au iudc ia:rh f,i ÿlaÅ;
Ôú; .; l<y' fuh m%fhdackhg .;a nuqfKda iudch ;=< l=,jdoh
;yjqre lr .ekSug ta ta l=,hg wh;a lghq;= fjka lr ÿkay' th iajO¾u
kñka ye`ÈkajQy' ta wkqj nuqKkag wh;a lghq;= f,i wOHdmkh" hd.
lsÍu" oka §u" oka ms<s.ekSu olajd we;' ta nj"
zzwOHhkuOHdmkx - hckx hdckx ;:d

odkx m%;s.%yx ffpj - n%dyauKdkdul,amfh;aZZ (ukqiauD;sh" 1: 88)
fojk iudc ia:rh f,i oela jQ CI;%sh jxYslhkaf.a iajO¾u f,i m%cd
md,kh" oka§u" hd. lrjd .ekSu" bf.kSu" mialïiemf;ys fkdwe,S
lghq;= lsÍu hk lreKq my fufia olajhs'
"m%cdkx rCIKx odk - ñÊCOdOHdhk fuj p

úIfhYaj m%ila;sYa p - CI;%shiH iudi;#" (ukqiauD;sh" 1: 89)
fjf<òdu uQ,sl lrf.k iudcfha f;jk ia:rh jQfha ffjYH l=,hhs'

tu l=,hg wh;a lghq;= f,i ukqiauD;sh olajkafka .j md,kh" oka §u"
iïNdId 379
hd. lrjd .ekSu" bf.kSu" fjf<òdu" uqo,a fmd,shg §u yd lDIsl¾udka;hhs'

ta nj'
zzmY=kx rCIKx odk - ñÊCOdOHhk fuj p
j‚# m:x l=iSox p - ffjYHiH lDIs fuj pZZ (ukqiauD;sh" 1: 90)
hkafkka olajd we;' iudcfha my;au j¾Kh jQ Y=ø jxYslhkag iudc"

wd¾Ól" wd.ñl" foaYmd,ksl wd§ lsisu wxYhlska ksoyila fkdmej;Sfuka
n%dyauK l=,jdofha mej;s widOdrK;ajh yd tAldêm;s;ajh ukdj iaMqg
fõ' Tjqkg ysñ jQ tlu j.lSu by; l=,;%hg ne,fufyjr lsÍuhs' fï
nj"
"tlfuj;= Y=øiH - m%N=# l¾u iudÈi#

tf;Idfuj j¾Kdkdx - iqY%eid ukqY%Eh;d" (ukqiauD;sh" 1: 91)
hkafkka meyeÈ,s fjhs' ;j o" n%dyauKhka oelajQfha ;ud wh;a foa

jerÈjg jqj lsÍu wkqka wh;a foa ksjerÈj lsÍu jvd Wiia njhs' fï lreKq
i,ld n,k l, l=,jdoh ;yjqre lr .ekSug bÈßm;a l< n%dyauK iajO¾u
ixl,amh ;=<ska meyeÈ,s jkafka th n%dyauK wdÈ by< l=,j,g wh;a jQ
wd¾hhkaf.a whs;sjdislï yd iqjmyiqj iòyd;a my;a l=,ySkhka fia ie,l+
wkd¾hhka mSvdjg m;a lsÍug;a fhdod.;a;la njhs'
wd.u uQ,sl lr .ksñka o n%dyauKfhda l=,jdoh ;yjqre lr .;ay'

foúhka yd ñksiqka w;r w;rueÈhd f,i lghq;= lf<a nuqKdh' ;jo"
nuqKq mQclhdf.ka f;drj hd.h M,rys; nj n%dyauKfhda wjOdrKh
l<y' tfia hd. lsÍug yels jQfhao n%dyauK jxYslhkag muKs' Y=ø yer
fiiq jxYslhkag yels jQfha nuqKka ,jd hd. lrjd .ekSug muKs' fuys§
o foaYSh ckhd jQ Y=ø jxYslhkag lsisÿ wd.ñl jrm%idohla ysñ fkdùh'
Y=øhd fõo mdG .dhkd l<fyd;a Èj lmd oeóug;a" fõoh yod,fyd;a urd
oeóug;a nuqfKda kshu l<y' tfia lf<a l=,jdoh wdrlaId lr .ekSugh'
tfy;a mqreI fïO hd.fha§ .skakg oeóu iòyd Y=øjxYslhka fhdod .;ay'
wd.ñl ksoyila ke;s Y=ø jxYslhka n%dyauK hd. ld¾hh id¾:l lr
.ekSug fhdod .ekSu uy;a fidapksh ;;a;ajhls'
;jo" nqoaOld,Sk Ndr;fha l=,jdoh hgf;a wd¾Ól jYfhka o ksoyi

wysñ jQfjda Y=øfhdah' Y=ø jxYslfhda o fldgia mylska hqla; jQy'
380 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
1' fjK ^l=¨fmd;=j,ska NdKav ksmojkafkda&

2' fkido ûia imhkafkda&
3' r:ldr îï NdKav ksmojkafkda&
4' mqlal=i ^li, fidaokh jeks oE lrkafkda&
5' pKavd, îefvd,a jxYslfhda&
Y=ø jxYslfhda m%fõKs odihka ^wkaf;dcd;& jYfhka yd ñ,g .;a ÔklaÅ;&

wh jYfhka fomßÈ jQy' fuu fofldgfiys ksIamdokhkays m%;s,dN Tjqkg
ysñ fkdjq w;r tajdfhka ,dN ,enQfha Tjqkf.a iajdñjrekah' fuhska o
meyeÈ,s jkafka nqoaOld,Sk Ndr;Sh l=,jdofha iajNdjhhs'
n%dyauK jxYslfhda l=,jdohg wod< ish¨ lreKq iïmdokh lr .;af;a

ishjdish msKsih' fï nj wdmoaO¾u ixl,amhla o bÈßm;a lr ;sîfuka
meyeÈ,s fõ' wdmoa O¾u hkafkka woyia jkafka yÈis wjia:djl§ fyda
hïlsis iajNdúl Wjÿrl§ iajlSh l=,hg wh;a ld¾hhkaf.ka ñ§ wfkla
j¾Khg wh;a ld¾hhkays ksr; ùug mej;s ksoyihs' th iajO¾uhkg
úl,amhla f,i bÈßm;a lrk ,oaols' wdmod wjia:djl§ n%dyauKhdg" CI;%sh"
ffjYH" Y=ø hk l=,hkays lghq;= o" CI;%shhdg ffjYH yd Y=ø j¾Khkag
wh;a lghq;= o ffjYHhdg Y=øhdg wh;a lghq;= o l< yels jqj;a CI;%Shdg
n%dyauK iajO¾u o" Y=øhdg ffjYH iajO¾u o" ffjYHhdg n%dyauK fyda
CI;%Sh iajO¾u o l< fkdyelsh' Y=ø jxYslhkag wdmoa O¾uhka o ke;' ta
wkqj fuu ixl,amh jqj o n%dyauKhka úiska l=,jdoh wdrlaId lr .ekSug
Wmfhda.S lr .kakd ,oaola nj iòyka l< yelsh'
nqoaOld,Sk Ndr;fha l=,jdoh hgf;a ldka;dj buy;a mSvdjg m;ajQjdh'

ldka;djka wfkla jxYslhka iu. ixjdifha fh§ l=,ixñY%Khla lr;s hs"
n%dyauKfhda úYajdi l<y' tfyhska ldka;dj i;= ish¨ whs;sjdislï lmamdÿ
l<y' wehg wd.u oyu yeoEÍfuka úuqla;shla ,o fkdyels nj nuqfKda
wjOdrKh l<y' tu.ska Tjqyq l=,ixlr ùu j<lajd .ekSug h;ak oerEy'
tfiau ;;ald,Sk Ndr;Sh l=,jdoh hgf;a wOHdmkh ,eîu jeks idudðl

whs;sjdislï o Y=øhka flfrys j,x.= fkdùh' Y=øhl=g lsisoskl Wiia
i;Hhka wjfndaO lr iißka ñÈh fkdyels nj nuqKq oyfï b.ekafjhs'
iïNdId 381
jrog ls%hd;aul jQ oKavk l%uh o l=, l%uh ;yjqre lrkakls' nuqKl=

úiska Y=øhl= urd oeóu t;rï jrola fkdjQ w;r Y=øhl= kmqre jokska
nuqKl= weu;Su urK o`vqju ,eîug ;rï jk nrm;, jrola úh' ta wkqj
wêlrK lghq;= flfrys o l=,jdoh n,md we;'
;jo" l=,Skhka iu`. tl u. hdu" Tjqkg wh;a <sxj,ska c,h .ekSu

wdÈh mjd Y=øjxYslhkag ;ykï úh' tfy;a <sx fmdl=Kq" ux udj;a ;ekSfuys
uQ,sl jQfjda Y=øfhdah'
fun`ÿ iudc mßirhl Ôj;a jQ nqÿrcdKka jykafia nuqKkaf.a l=,jdohg

tfrysj O¾ujdoh bÈßm;a lrñka n%dyauKhkaf.a ks¾udKjdoh wd§ jQ
ish¨ wdldrfha b.ekAùï ;d¾lslj ksIam%N lrñka ñksia j¾.hdf.a tall;ajh
ikd: l<y' tu woyia l=,udkfhka Woï ù isá nuqKkAg mjd fkdms<sf.k
isáh fkdyels úh' tys§ nqÿka jykafia ft;sydisl" ÔjúoHd;aul" wdpdr
úoHd;aul iudcúoHd;aul" ufkdaúoHd;aul" foaYmd,ksl" wd¾Ól wdOHd;añl
yd wd.ñl jYfhka ;d¾lsl woyia bÈßm;a l<y'
j¾K fNaohla ñksiqka w;r mej;sh fkdyels nj ft;sydisl ;¾lhla

wkqidrfhka lreKq olajk wdldrh w.a.[aa[ iq;%fhka fmfkhs' th
iudc úoHdkql+, ;¾lhla o fjhs' n%dyauK l=,fhka nqÿ iiqkg we;=<;a jQ
Ndroajdc yd jdfiÜG hk fofokdg wfkla nuqfKda fufia fodaIdfrdamKh
l<y'
" n%dyauK j¾Khu fYa%IaGh' wkH j¾Kfhda my;ah' n%dyauK jxYhu

Y=la,j¾Kh'''' n%dyauKfhda u Y=oaO fj;a' n%dyauK fkdjQfjda Y=oaO fkdfj;a'
n%dyauKfhdau nUqyqf.a uqúka ìys jQ" nUqyqf.ka Wmka" nUqyq úiska ujk ,o
^fõo-fõodx.dÈ& nUqyqf.a oEjeoaog Wreulre jQ" nUqyqf.a T!ri mq;%fhdah' ta
f;ms fYa%IaG j¾Kh ye/oud" .eyeú jQ" l¨ jQ udrmdCIsl jQ" nUqyqf.a mhska
Wmka uqvq uyKqka jQ ySk j¾Khlg ngqfjda jyq' fYa%IaG j¾Kh ye/,d
.eyeú jQ '''' ySk j¾Khlg meñKshdyq h hk hfula weoao" th fkduekj'
th kqiqÿiq he hs'''''" 4
fuh weiQ nqÿka jykafia Bg ,nd ÿka ms<s;=frka .uHjkafka "uydn%yauhdf.a

yojf;a Ôj;aj isg Tyqf.a uqLfhka my< úkehs lshk nuqKka" uydn%yauhd
ljqo lshdj;a fkdokakd nj;a" nuqKka o ujql=iska my< jQjka ksid Tjqkaf.a
382 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
m%ldY wkqj ud;D .¾Nh uynUqf.a yoj; nj;a" ud;D fhdaksh uynUyqf.a
uqLh nj;a ms<s.kakgZZ5 isÿjkq we;s njhs' nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a fuu
m%ldYh ;d¾lsl w.fhka wkQk jQjls' n%dyauK jxYslfhda uydn%yauhdf.a
uqúka Wmkakdyq kï uyd n%yauhdf.a uqLh ud;Dfhdakshla úh hq;=h' tfiau
Tyqf.a fondyqj o" fol,jd o" msám;a, o uj i;= úh hq;=h' thska woyia
lrkafka tu ia:dkj, o fhdaksJøshka mej;sh hq;= njhs' fï wkqj nuqKka
wd§ka n%yauf.a uqLdÈfhka my< fkdjQ nj nqÿrcdKka jykafia wjOdrKh
l<y'
l=,jdoh ms<snò hf:dala; n%dyauK ixl,am mokï úrys; nj olajkq jia

nqÿrcdKka jykafia p;=¾ j¾Kfha m%Njh meyeÈ,s l<y' nqÿka jykafia
olajkafka p;=¾j¾Kh l%ñl iudc úldYkfha§ we;s jQjla njhs' újÜgudk
l,amfha isák ñksiqka ;=< lsisÿ fNaohla ke;' tfy;a l%ñl iudc úldYkfha
§ iudcfhys jerÈ l%shd m%p,s; úh' thska we;s jQ ;;a;ajhkg uqyqK§ug
iqodkï ùfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka p;=¾ j¾Kh ìysjk wdldrh ft;sydislj
yd iudc úoHdkql+, ;¾l u.ska meyeÈ,s lrhs'
m<uqj CI;%shhka fyj;a rdcH md,lhka ìys jQ wdldrh nqÿkajykafia

fmkajd fo;s' rdcHmd,lhd uyckhdf.a iïu;fhka m;a jQfjls' tksid
Tyq zzuydiïu;ZZ f,i y`ÿkajk nj"
zzuydckiïuf;dZ;s fLd jdfiÜGd zuydiïuf;d uydiïuf;dZ fFj j

mGux wlaLrx Wmksín;a;xZZ6
hkafkka meyeÈ,s fjhs' tfiau tu mqoa.,hd fl;aj;=j,g o wêm;s jQ

neúka uyckhd úiskau Tyq CI;%sh f,i;a" Tyqf.a l=,h CI;%sh l=,h
f,i;a y`ÿkajkq ,eîh'
"fL;a;dkx wêm;S;s fLd jdfiÜG L;a;sfhd L;a;sfhd;afjj ÿ;shx wlaLrx

Wmksín;x"7
tfiau fudyq ckhd r[ackh l< fyhska zzrdcdZZ f,i o y`ÿkajk ,§'
"Oïfuk mfr r[ach;S;s fLd jdfiÜGd rdcd rdc;afjj ;;shx wlaLrx

Wmksín;a;x"8
iïNdId 383
fuhska nqÿrcdKka jykafia o meyeÈ,s lrkafka n%dyauK l=,jdofha

b.eka jQ wdldrhg uynUqyqf.a fondyqfjka Wmka fyhska CI;%sh f,i
l=,hla we;s fkdjQ njhs' CI;%sh hkak we;s jQfha ks¾udKjdofha m%;sM,hla
jYfhka fkdjk njhs' l%ñl iudc úldYkfha§ fl;aj;=j,g wêm;s
wfhl= ckhd úiska u m;a lr .kakd ,o nj;a" Tyqf.a mrïmrdj CI;%sh
f,i ye`Èka jQ nj;ah' tfiau fï fomsßi uydn%yauhdf.a fondyqfjka my<
jQ woaN+; msßila fkdj ;;ald,Sk iudcfhau jQ ckhdf.ka fldgila njhs'
fï wdldrfhka wfkla iudc fldgia o my< jQ wdldrh olajk nqÿka
jykafia thska n%dyauK l=,jdoh m%;sfCIam lr;s'
n%dyauK l=,jdohg wkqj uydn%yauhdf.a uqLfhka Wmka neúka n%dyauK

f,i l=,hla we;s jQ nj nqÿka jykafia ;rfha m%;sfCIam lr;s' tfia jQfha
Tjqka iudcfha l%shd l< wdldrh ksid nj;a" th foaj ks¾udKhla fkdj
ck;dj úiskau l< iudc úNckhla nj;a nqÿkajykafia - "hkakQk uhx
mdmfld wl=if, Oïfu ndfyka;S;s fLd jdfiÜGd n%dyauKd n%dyauKd
fFjj mGux wlaLrx Wmksín;a;x"9 hkafkka meyeos,s l<y' n%yauf.a uqúka
Wmka fyhska fyda Yafõ; j¾K jQ fyhska fyda n%dyauK f,i l=,hla
we;sjQfha fkdfõ' wl=i, jQ" ,dul jQ O¾u m%ySK l< neúka Tjqka uyck;dj
úiskau n%dyauK f,i y`ÿkajkq ,enQy hs mejiSu jvd;a ;d¾lslh'
n%dyauK l=,jdohg wkqj uydn%yauf.a fol,jdj,ska Wmka neúka ffjYH

f,i ye`Èka jQ l=, ixl,amh nqÿ ysñfhda fufia lKavkh l<y'
"f;ix[af[j fLd jdfiÜGd i;a;dkx tlÉfp i;a;d fu:qkx zOïux

iudodh úia i q ; x lïuka f ; mfhdfciq x ' fu:q k Oïux iudodh úiq x
lïukaf; mfhdfcka;S ;s fLd jdfiÜGd fjiaid fjiaifFjj wlaLrx
Wmksín;a;x" 10
fuhska oelafjkdldrhg tl, iudcfha u jQ i;=ka ^ñksiqka& w;frka

we;eï flfkl= fï:qk O¾u fiajkh fldg ta ta wjia:djkays m%lg jQ .j
md,kh jeks l¾udka;hkays ksr; jQ neúka ffjYH f,i iudch úiskau
y`ÿkajk ,o nj meyeÈ,s fjhs'
nqÿka jykafia my< jk iufhys Y=ø jxYslhd uy;a mSvdjg m;a lf<a Tyq
Wmka ia:dkh i,ld f.kh' tfy;a ;;a ld,Sk iudcfha u fldgila Y=ø
384 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
f,i ye`Èkaùug fya;=j f,i nqÿka jykafia olajkafka tu msßi r¿ mej;=ï

yd mreI iajNdjfhka hqla; ùuhs'
zzf;ix[af[j fLd jdfiÜGd i;a;dkx fh f; i;a;d wjfiid f;

öaodpdrd wfyiqx' öaodpdrd LqoaodpdrdZ ;s" fLd jdfiÜGd iqoaod iqoaofFjj
wlaLrx Wmksín;a;x'ZZ11
hkafkka wjOdrKh lrhs' ta wkqj foajks¾udKhla f,i nqoaOld,Sk

Ndr;Sh l=,jd§ka oelaùug W;aidy l< l=,hkays W;am;a;sh l%ñl iudc
úldYk l%shdj,sfha M,hlA f,i jqjla nj w.a.[a[ iQ;%fhka ft;sydisl
yd iudc úoHd;aul ;d¾lsl woyia u`.ska nqÿka jykafia lKavkh l<
wdldrh fï wkqj meyeÈ,s fõ'
w.a.[a[ iq;%fha fukau ft;sydisl ;¾l wdY%fhka ;;ald,Sk l=,jdohg

tfrysj lreKq olajk iQ;%hla f,i wiai,dhk iQ;%h yd wïnÜG iQ;%h
oelaúh yelsh' wiai,dhk iQ;%hg wkqj ft;sydisl iod;ksl jQ tla l=,hla
fkdmj;sk nj;a th l,ska l,g fjkia jk nj;a nqÿ ysñfhda olaj;s'
n%dyauKfhda u muKla iqoaojka; yd wfkla wh wiqoaojka;hka fkdjk
nj;a" ld,dkqrEmSj jfrl iqoaojka;fhda ;j;a jfrl odi;ajhg m;a jk
nj;a" odi jQfjda jfrl wd¾h fyj;a Wiia ;;ajhg m;a jk nj;a olajk
nqÿka jykafia ta wkqj n%dyauK l=,jdoh ñ:Hdjla nj o idCIH iys;j
;yjqre lr;s'
";x lsx u[a[is ''''' wiai,dhk" iq;x f;" fhdkldïfndfciq w[af[iq

p mÉpka;sfuiq ckmfoiq oafjj jKaKd" wfhHd fpj odfid p" wfhHd
yqFjd odfid fyd;s" odfid yqFjd wfhHd fyd;S ;s"12
fmr fhdakldïfndachkays wd¾h yd odi f,i jQ fofldgi o jßka jr

wd¾hfhda wkd¾h Ndjhg o" wkd¾hfhda wd¾h Ndjhg o m;a jQy' tfia u
n%yauhd l=, ueõfõ kï yeu ;eku tlfia mej;sh hq;=h' tfy;a tjekakla
oelsh fkdyelsh'
l=,h ieuod tlfia fkdmj;sk nj;a" lsisfjla l=,fhka mdßY=oaO fkdjk

nj;a" l=, ixlr ùu fya;=fjka tfia jk nj;a nqÿka jykafia wïnÜG
iïNdId 385
iQ;%fha§ fmkajd fo;s' ;u l=,mrïmrdj .ek uy;a wdvïnrfhka miq

jQfjls" wïnÜG n%dyauKhd' Tyq iòyka lf<a ;u l=,h w;smdßY=oaO njhs'
tfy;a nqÿka jykafia Tyqf.a l=,mrïmrdfõ wdÈ;uhd CI;%Sh jxYslhl=f.a
odishlf.a mq;l= nj meyeÈ,s l<y' thska l=,jdoh lKavkh lrk wdldrh
"fmdrdKlx fLd mk wïnÜG ud;dfm;a;slx kduf.d;a;x wkqiairf;d

whHmq;a;d ilHd Njka;s" odidmq;af;d Fjuis ilHdkx" ilHd fLd mk
wïnÜG rdcdkx Tlaldlx ms;duyx oyka;s'"13
lreKq fufia fyhska l=,ixlr ùu hkq iajNdúl isoaêhla nj wjfndaO

lr .; yelsh' l=,ixlr ùu fya;=fjka n%dyauKhka u w;smdßY=oaO hehs
oelaùu WÑ; fkdfõ' thg fya;=j Tjqka o wfkla l=, iu`. ñY%ùuhs' tfia
u y;auq;= mrïmrdjla ms<snòj muKla l;d lsÍfuka o l=,jdoh ñ:Hdjla
nj fmfkhs'
;;Ald,Sk iudcfha mej;s l=,jdohg tfrysj ÔjúoHd;aul ;¾lhla

jdfiÜG iQ;%fha§ nqÿrcdKkA jykafia bÈßm;a lr;s' tys§ Wkajykafia ;K
fld<j,g o" .iaj,g o" mKqjkag o" Wr.hkag o" c,pdß i;=kag o" wyfia
yeisfrk i;=kag o Tjqfkdjqkagu wdfõKsl ,CIK mj;sk nj"
";sKrelafLms cdkd: - k pdms mácdkfr

,sx.x cd;s uhx f;ix - w[a[u[a[dys cd;sfhd"14
wdÈ jYfhka jdfiÜG iQ;%fha tk .d:djkaf.ka meyeÈ,s fõ' tfia jqjo

ñksia j¾.hd .;a l, fudyq n%dyauKfhls' fudyq Y=øfhls hehs fjka lr
oelaúh yels YdÍßl ,laIK lsisjla ke;' ta nj nqÿkajykafia
"h:d t;diq cd;Siq - ,sx.x cd;suhx mq:q

tjx kFÓ ukqiafiiq - ,sx.x cd;suhx mq:q"15
hkafkka meyeos,s lr we;' fuu .d:djg wkqj n%dyauKhd fyda wfkla

j¾Khkag wh;a jQfjda fjka lr y`ÿkd .; fkdyelsh' tfyhska n%dyauK
l=,jdoh mokï rys; jQjla nj wkdjrKh fjhs'
386 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
Ôj úoHdkql+, ;¾lhla u.ska iuld,Sk l=, l%uh ksfIaOkh lrk

wdldrh wiai,dhk iq;%fhka o fmfkhs' tys§ n%dyauKhka fY%aIaG j¾Kh
nj;a" wfkla j¾K ySk my;a nj;a wiai,dhk olajhs' thg ms<s;=re jYfhka
nuqKkaf.a iD;=u;a jQo" .eìks jQo" orejka ,nkakd jQ o" lsß fmdjkakd jQ
o" neñKshka olakg ,efnk nj;a" nuqfKda ;=uQ u fhdaks cks; jQjdyq
n%dyuKfhda u fYa%IaG j¾K we;af;dah hkqfjka m%ldY lrk nj;a olaj;s'
"Èiaika;s fLd mk wiai,dhk" n%dyauKdkx n%yauKsfhd W;=ksfhdms"

.íNksfhdms" úcdhudkdms" mdhudkdms f; p n%dyauKd" fhdkscdj iudkx
tjudyxiq; n%dyauKdj fiÜfGd jKafKd" ySfkd w[af[ jKafKdZZ16
fuu mdGhg wkqj meyeÈ,s jkafka n%dyauK ldka;djka Tima ùu wdÈ

ld¾hhkaf.ka iïmQ¾Kj l=udrjreka yod jvd.kakd wdldrh fmfkkakg
;sìh§ uynUqf.a uqLdÈfhka nuqKka wd§ka Wmkay hs oelaùu yqÿ ñ:Hdjla
njhs'
iudc úoHd;aul jYfhka o ;¾l bÈßm;a lrñka nqÿkajykafia ;;ald,Sk

Ndr;Sh iudcfha mej;s l=,jdoh neyer lsÍug h;ak oerEy' uOqr iQ;%fha§
lÉpdhk ysñ wjka;smq;% rcqf.ka fufia wihs'
";x lsx u[a[is uydrdc" hÈ tjx ikaf; bfu p;a;dfrd jKaKd iuiud
fydka;s' fkdjdl:x jd f; tF: fyd;S;s"17
fuhska woyia lrkafka uyrc;=uks" l=ula is;kafkyso? fuu cd;s i;r

iu iu fjhso? iu iu fkdfjhs o? fï ms<snò woyi l=ula o? hkakhs'
thg ms<s;=re jYfhka msxj;a lÉpdhk ysñhka jykai" fufia we;s l,ays
fï i;r cd;Syq u iu iu fj;s' Tjqkaf.a lsis fjkila fuys fkdolafka
fjñ hkqfjka olajhs' ta nj
"woaOd fLd fNd lÉpdk" tjx ikaf; bfu p;a;dfrd jKaKd iuiud
fydka;s' fkix tF: ls[aÑ kdkdldrx iukqmiaidó;s"18 hkafkka mejfihs'
fï wkqj n%dyauKhd u Wiiah' Tyq n%yauf.a uqúka my< úh' mdßY=oaêhg
m;a jkafka Tyqu muKs' wka wh ish,af,da my;a jQfjda fj;s' wd§ jYfhka
oela f jk woyia jHjydr ud;% muKla njhs ' iudiu hk jpkfhka
is h ,a , ka u fmdÿfõ iudk hehs oela ù u ñks i q k a f .a ta l lFjh ;yjq r e
lsÍfuys,d m%n, idOlhla f,i oelaúh yelsh'
iïNdId 387
jdfiÜG iQ;%fha tk lreKq wkqj o iudc úoHd;aul ñksidf.a tall;ajh

;yjqre fjhs' tys oelafjk wdldrhg foaj ks¾udKjdoh ms<snò woyi
fjkqjg l=, wkqj ñksiqka fn§ isákafka lrk jD;a;Ska wkqj nj meyeÈ,s
fjhs' ta wkqj lDIsl¾udka;h lrkakd f.dúfhls' n%dyauKfhda fkdfj;s'
zzfhdys fldÑ ukqiafiiq - f.drlaLx WmÔj;s

tjx jdfiÜG cdkdys - liaifld fid k n%dyaufKdZZ19
fjf<òdfuka Èú f.jkakd fjf<kafola fjhs'
"fhdys'''' fjdydrx WmÔj;S

tjx '''' jdKsfcd fid k n%dyaufKd"20
hfula fidrlñka Èú f.jhs o Tyq fidfrls" nuqKl= fkdfõ'
"fhdys'''' wÈkakx WmÔj;S

tjx '''' fpdfrd Mfid k n%dyaufKd"21
wïnÜG iQ;%fha§ nqÿka jykafia olajkafka úÊcdprK ,CIKhkaf.ka

hq;a Y=øhka o n%dyauKhka f,i ye¢kaúh yels nj"
"L;a;sfhd fiÜfGd cfk;iañx - fh f.d;a; máidßfkd

úÊcdprK iïmkafkd - fid fiÜfGd fojukqiafi zz;sZZ22 hkafkka
olajhs'
wdpdr úoHd;aul jYfhka o nqÿka jykafia oela jQ lreKq b;d jeo.;a

fjhs' ñksidf.a úuqla;sh o ieug fmdÿ idOdrK O¾uhls' nqoaO ld,Sk
l=,jdofhka ish,a,kagu úuqla;sh ,eîfï YlH;dj nuqfKda fkdms<s.;ay'
tfy;a nqÿka jykafia i;r l=,fhau whg ksjka ,eìh yels nj;a ks¾jdKh
iïnkaOfhka fjkila ke;s nj;a" fldfid,a rcqg foaYkd l< lKaKlC:,
iQ;%fhka fmfkhs' tu iQ;%fha § fldfid,a rcq fufia wihs'
zzNd.Hj;=ka jykai CI;%Sh" n%dyauK" ffjYH" Y=ø hk fï j¾K i;rla

we;' Tjqka ks¾jdKh Wfoid miajeoEreï mOdkx.j,ska hqla; hehs is;uq'
ks¾jdKdê.uh úiska Tjqka w;r fjkila weoao @ZZ23
388 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
túg ms<s;=re f,i nqÿka jykafia
"tF: fLd mk fkidyx uydrdc" k ls[aÑ kdkdlrKx jodñ" hÈox

úuqla;shd úuqla;sx" fiH:dms uydrdc" mqßfid iqlaLx idllÜGx wdodh w.a.sx
wNsksín;af;hH" f;fcd md;= lfrhH' w: wmfrd mqßfid iqlaLx id,lÜGx
wdodh w.a.sx wNsksín;af;hH" f;fcd md;= lfrhH ; w: wmfrd mqßfid
iqlaLx wïnlÜGx wdodh w.a.sx wNsksín;af;hH" f;fcd md;= lfrhH ; '''''
;x ls x u[a [ is uydrdc@ is h kq fLd f;ix w.a . S k x kdkdodref;d
wìksín;a;dkx ls[aÑ kdkdldrKx' wÉÑhd jd wÉÑx jKafKk jd jKaKx"
wdNdh jd wdNka;s' fkd fy;x Nkaf; "24 hkqfjka olajhs'
thska nqÿkajykafia úuqla;sh iïnkaOfhka Tjqka w;r lsisu fjkila

ke;s nj olajhs' ksoiqkla jYfhka Tjqka w;=frka tla wfhla m`v/,aj,ska
.sks o,ajhs' tflla úh,s i,a oßka o" ;fjflla úh,s wU oßka o wd§
jYfhka fkdfhla orj,ska .sks o,aj;a o" tl, .skafkys fyda meyefhys
fyda §ma;sfhys fyda fjkila we;ao? hkqfjka weiQ úg fldfid,a rcq mjikafka
tjka fjkila fkdue;s njhs' nqÿka jykafia fuu lreK ;u Ydikfhka
m%dfhda.slj ikd: l<y' nqÿ iiqfka wïnÜG" jdfiÜG jeks n%dyauKfhda o"
kkao rdyq, jeks CI;%Sh jxYslfhda o" hil=, jeks ffjYHfhda o" iqkS;"
fidamdl jeks Y=ø jxYslfhda o" meúÈ jQy' tfy;a nqÿka jod< O¾uh wjfndaO
lr .ekSug fyda ks¾jdKdjfndaOhg fyda Tjqkg Wmka l=,h n,mEfõ
ke;'
;jo" jdfiÜG yd ji, iQ;%hkays § o wdpdr úoHd;aul ;¾lkhkaf.ka

iuld,Sk l=,jdoh nqÿka jykafia m%;slafIam l<y' n%dyauK oyug wkqj
flfkla Wiia fyda my;a jkafka W;am;a;s ia:dkh wkqjh' l%shdj wkqj
fkdfõ' l%shdj fl;rï my;a jqjo Tyq uydn%yauhdf.a uqLfhka Wmkafka ù
kï Tyq n%dyauKfhls' l%shdfjka fl;rï Wiia jqjo tu ;eke;a;d uyd
n%yauhdf.a msám;af,ka Wmkafka ù kï Tyq Y=øfhls hs nuqfKda mejiQy'
tfy;a nqÿkajykafia jdfiÜG iq;%fha§ olajkafka Wm;ska hfula n%dyauK
fyda wn%dyauK fkdjk nj;a" tfia jkafka lrk l%shdj wkqj nj;ah'
zzk cÉpd n%dyaufKd fyd;s
k cÉpd fyd;s wn%dyaufKd
lïukd n%dyaufKd fyd;s
lïukd fyd;s wn%dyaufKdZZ25
iïNdId 389
fuu woyiu ji, iQ;%fha o ths'
"k cÉpd jif,d fyd;s

k cÉpd fyd;s n%dyaufKd
lïukd jif,d fyd;s
lïukd fyd;s n%dyaufKd"26
fuhska woyia flfrkafka Wm;ska hfula ji, fyda n%dyauK fkdjk

nj;a" tfia ji, fyda n%dyauK jkafka Tyq lrk l%shdj wkqj nj;ah'
mydrdo iQ;%fha§ nqÿka jykafia .x`.d" huqkd" irN+" uyS" wÑrj;S hk mxp
uyd .x`.djkays c,h uqyqog .,d .sh miq kej; .x`.d" huqkd wd§ jYfhka
c,h fjka l< fkdyelsj uqyqÿ c,h hk kug we;=<;a fjhs o" tfuka u
CI;%sh" n%dyauKdÈ isjq l=,fhka ú;a iiqkg jka wh fmr kdu f.d;%dÈh
yer oud tlu YdlHmq;% Y%uK njg m;ajk nj fufia mji;s'
"fihH:dms mydrdo" hd ldÑ uydkÈfhd fihHÓox .x`.d" huqkd" wÑrj;S"

irN+" uyS ;d uydiuqoaox mFjd cyka;s mqßudks kdu f.d;a;dks" uyd
iuqoafodfFjj ixLx .Écka;s tjfuj fLd mydrdo p;a;dfrd fu jKaKd;
L;a ; s h d" n% d ya u Kd" fjia i d iq o a o d" f; ;:d.;ma m fjÈf; Oïuúkfh
wk.dßhx mínð;ajd cyka;s mqßudks kdu f.d;a;dksZ iuKd
ilHmq;a;shdfFjj ixLx .Écka;s"27
fuhska meyeÈ,s jkafka wê.u ,dNdÈhg l=,h n, fkdmdk njhs' tfiau

wê.u ,dNdÈh ,o l,ays fï f;fï n%dyauKfhls' fu f;fï CI;%sfhls
wd§ jYfhka fjka fjkaj y`ÿkd .; yels meyeÈ,s ,CIK fkdue;s njhs'
uydn%yauf.a uqLfhka nuqKka Wmkafka ù kï tu ;;a;ajh y`ÿkd .; yels
hïlsis ,l=Kla mej;sh hq;=h' tfy;a nuqKka ;=< tjekakla úoHudk
fkdfõ' tfyhska tfia l=,jdohla oelaùu mokï úrys; nj mejish yelsh'
;jo" ufkda úoHdkql+,j o nqÿka jykafia l=,jdoh m%;slafIam lsÍug

lreKq bÈßm;a l<y' Oïumofha wdrïNl u .d:doajh úuiSfuka jqj
n%dyauK l=,jdoh ksIam%N fjhs' is; uq,a lrf.k lrk hym;a l%shdjkaf.ka
hym;a m%;sM,;a" whym;a is;ska lrk l%shdjkaf.ka whym;a m%;sM,;a
,efnhs' tys§ m%Odk jkqfha uki ñi l=,h fkdfõ' n%dyauKhd jqj;a"
390 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
CI;%Shhd jqj;a krl iss;ska lrk l%shdjkag krl úmdl ,efnhs' Y=øhd jqj
hym;a is;ska lrk l%shdjkag hym;a m%;sM, ,efnhs' Bg l=,h n,fkdmdhs'
n%dyauK l=,jdoh i;H kï n%dyauKhd uki uq,a lrf.k lrk ish¨
lghq;= hym;a úmdlj,ska o" wfkla j¾Kslhka fydò fyda krl is;
uq,alrf.k lrk l%shd krl m%;sM,j,ska o hqla; úh hq;=h' tfy;a th
tfia fkdjk nj"
"ufkd mqínx.ud Oïud

ufkd fiÜGd ufkduhd
ukid fp mÿÜfGk
Ndi;s jd lfrd;s jd
;f;dkx ÿlaLufJj;s
plaLxj jyf;d mox"
....ukid fp mikafkk
Ndi;s jd lfrd;s jd
;f;dkx iqLufJj;s'''"28
hkafkka nqÿka jykafia meyeÈ,s l<y' ;j o" ika;dk.; jYfhka ish¨

ñksiqka ;=< idOdrK jYfhka tl fia n,mj;ajk ldrKd y;rla f,i
i;r w.;sh oelaúh yelsh' PJod" fodid" Nhd" fudyd hk i;r w.;sh
ñksiqka ;=< fmdÿfõ reÑ wreÑlï u; my< jk nj ufkda úoHd;aul
jYfhka úuik úg fmfkhs' fuu w.;Ska my< ùfï§ n%dyauKhdg tla
wdldrhg;a" CI;%Shhdg fjk;a wdldrhg;a" Y=øhdg ;j;a wdldrhg;a my<
fkdfjhs' fmdÿfõ ish¨ ñksiqkg ish reÑwreÑlï u; i;r w.;sh my<
jkjd ñi l=i,dl=i, jYfhka fyda i;Hdi;H jYfhka úksYaph fldg
fkdfõ'
wd¾Óluh m%fõYh Tiafia o nqÿka jykafia oela jQ ;d¾lsl woyia o fuys

§ jeo.;a fõ' uOqr iQ;%fha oelafjk wdldrhg l=,ySk Okj;d <`. l=,Sk
ks¾Ok ;eke;a;d fufylrejl= f,i fiajh l< yelsh'
"iqoaoiai fpms fNd lÉpdk" bÊfCOhH" Ofkk jd O[af[k jd rcf;k

jd cd;rEfmk jd" iqoafodmsiaidiai mqínqÜGdhS mÉPdksmd;S lsxldrmáiaidù
ukdmpdÍ mshjd§" L;a;sfhdmsiaidiai'''' n%dyaufKdmsiaidiai fjiafidmsiaidiai
mqínqÜGdhS mÉPd;smd;S lsxldrmáiaidù ukdmpdß mshjdo;S"29
iïNdId 391
fuys§ Y=ø jxYslhd Okfhka hqla; jkafka kï OkySk n%dyauKhd Tyqf.a

fiajdodhlhl= f,i isáh yels kï nuqKd iudcfha m%uqLhd fia ie<lSu
hqla;shqla; fkdfõ'
foaYmd,ksl jYfhka o nqÿrcdKka jykafia ;d¾lsl woyia bÈßm;a

lrñka ;;ald,Sk l=,jdoh m%;sfCIam l<y' n%dyauK l=,jdohg wkqj
foaYmd,khg iDcqj u iïnkaO jkafka CI;%Sh jxYslhka muKs' tfy;a
nqÿrcdKka jykafia foaYkdfldg we;af;a rg foaYmd,kslj ixj¾Okh
ùug kï iEu ñksil= ;=< foaYmd,ksl Ñka;khla mej;sh hq;= njhs' ta
iòyd l=,h idOdrK idOlhlaa fkdjk nj Wkajykafia wjOdrKh l<y'
w;a;=lalxikh fyj;a ;ud Wiia fldg ie<lSu yd mrjïNkh fyj;a

wkqka fy,d oelSu mokï lrf.k we;s jQjla fia oelaúh yels nqoaO ld,Sk
l=,fNaoh ms<snòj nqÿka jykafia olajk wdldrfhkau wY+Ñfhys bmso"
wY+Ñfhys u jeã" wY+Ñhu wdydr fldg Ôj;a fjñka" ta wxYfhkau t;rï
jrm%ido fkd,enQ fiiq mKqjka ;ukag jvd my;a fia is;k we;eï mKqjkaf.a
l%shdjg iudk jQjls' h:d;;a;ajh fufia fyhska nqÿrcdKka jykafia
nqoaOld,Sk Ndr;Sh l=,jdohg tfrysj ft;sydisl" Ôj úoHd;aul" iudc
úoHd;aul" wdpdr úoHd;aul" ufkda úoHd;aul jYfhka fukau wd¾Óluh"
foaYmd,ksl" wd.ñl jYfhka o ;d¾lsl woyia bÈßm;a lrñka tl, Ndr;Sh
ckika ; dkhka y s uq , a n eif.k mej;s l= , jdoh oDIa á ud;% h la " ñ:Hd
u;su;dkalrhla" mokï úrys; fn§ula nj fuu lreKqj,ska meyeÈ,s fõ'
wdka;l
s igyka
1 m[a[df,dal ysñ" roaoe,af,a" nqÿrcdKka jykafia yd n%dyauK iudch" fld<U:

ohdjxY chfldä iy iud.u" 2004" 74 msgqj
2 tu
3 tu" 77 msgqj
4 w.a.[a[ iQ;%h" mdÓl j¾.h" §> ksldh - 3" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%J: ud,d mqk¾
uqøKh" foysj,: fn!oaO ixialDls; uOHia:dkh" 1976" 139 msgqj
5 tu" 140 msgqj
392 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
6 w.a.[a[ iQ;%h" mdÓl j¾.h" §> ksldh - 3" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%J: ud,d mqk¾
uqøKh" foysj,: fn!oaO ixialDls; uOHia:dkh" 1976" 156 msgqj
7 tu" 158 msgqj
8 tu
9 tu
10 tu" 160 msgqj
11 tu
12 wiai,dhk iQ;%h" n%dyauK j¾.h" uÊCêu ksldh" îxia& lsrwe,af,a [dKúu,
ysñ" fudrjl ( Ô' î' fifkúr;ak m%ldYl" 1946" 234 msgqj
13 wunÜG iQ;%h" iS,laLkaO j¾.h" §> ksldh -1" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%ka: ud,d
mqk¾ uqøKh" foysj, ( fn!oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh" 1976" 158 msgqj
14 jdfiÜG iQ;%h" n%dyauK j¾.h" uÊCêu ksldh" îxia& lsßwe,af,a [dKúu, ysñ"
fudrjl ( Ô' î' fifkúr;ak m%ldYl" 1946" 268 msgqj
15 tu
16 wiai,dhk iQ;%h" n%dyauK j¾.h" uÊCêu ksldh" îxia& lsrswe,af,a [dKúu,
ysñ" fudrjl ( Ô' î' fifkúr;ak m%ldYl" 1946" 234 msgqj
17 uOQr iQ;%h" rdcj¾.h" uÊCêu ksldh" îxia& lsrswe,af,a [dKúu, ysñ" fudrjl
( Ô' î' fifkúr;ak m%ldYl" 1946" 234 msgqj
18 tu
19 jdfiÜG iQ;%h" n%dyauK j¾.h"uÊCêu ksldh" îxia& lsßwe,af,a [dKúu, ysñ"
fudrjl ( Ô'î'fifkúr;ak m%ldYl" 1946" 268 msgqj
20 tu
21 tu" 269 msgqj
22 wïnÜG iQ;%h" iS,laLkaO j¾.h" §> ksldh -1" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%ka: ud,d
mqk¾ uqøKh" foysj,( fn!oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh" 1976" 170 msgqj
23 lKaKlF:, iQ;%h" rdc j¾.h" uÊCêu ksldh" îxia& lsßwe,af,a [dKúu, ysñ"
24 tu"268 msgqj
25 jdfiÜG iQ;%h" n%dyauK j¾.h" uÊCêu ksldh" îxia& lsßwe,af,a [dKúu, ysñ"
26 ji, iQ;%h" mqrdK ikak iys; uyd msß;a fmd;" îxia& u;=j;af;a fmaudkJo ysñ"
fld<U ( r;ak fmd;a m%ldYlfhda" 2003" 301 msgqj
27 mydrdo iQ;%h" wÜGl ksmd;h" wx.=;a;r ksldh" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%ka: ud,d
mqk¾ uqøKh" foysj,( fn!oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh" 1977" 88 msgqj
28 isß [dfKdNdi ;sii a ysñ" fudr.,af," Oïumo újrKh" fld<U( weï' ã' .=Kfiak
iy iud.u" 2004" 3 -5 msgq
29 uOqr iQ;%h" rdc j¾.h" uÊCêu ksldh" îxia& lsßwe,af,a [dKúu, ysñ" fudrjl
( Ô'î'fifkúr;ak m%ldYl" 1946" 234 msgqj
iïNdId 393
wdY%s; .%J: kdudj,sh

m%d:ñl uQ,dY%
1' wx.=;a;r ksldh" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%F: ud,d mqk¾ uqøKh" foysj,: fn!oaO
ixialDls; uOHia:dkh" 1977
2 §> ksldh - 1" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%F: ud,d mqk¾ uqøKh" foysj,: fn!oaO
3 §> ksldh - 3" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%F: ud,d mqk¾ uqøKh" foysj,: fn!oaO
4 mqrdK ikak iys; uyd msß;a fmd;" îxia& u;=j;af;a fmaudkJo ysñ" fld<U(
r;ak fmd;a m%ldYlfhda" 2003
5 uÊCêu ksldh" îxia& lsßwe,af,a [dKúu, ysñ" fudrjl( Ô' î' fifkúr;ak
m%ldYl" 1946
oaú;Shsl uQ,dY%
6 wurisß ;siai ysñ" lgqje,af,a.u" úYajh úoHdj yd nqÿ oyu" fld<U( iuhj¾Ok"
2000
7 wßhúu, ysñ" fldiaj;af;a" Wiia fm< nqoaO O¾uh" fld<U( iuhj¾Ok" 1996
8 fldiïì OïudkJo" N.jdka nqoaO" mßj¾;kh fld<U( weï' ã' .=Kfiak iy
iud.u" 1968
9 [dKisß ysñ" orKd.u" fmf¾rd" fmaupJø" Y%uK ixialD;sl iy wdÈ nqÿoyu"
l¾;D m%ldYkhls" 1995
10 m[a[df,dal ysñ" roaoe,af,a" nqÿrcdKka jykafia yd n%dyauK iudch" fld<U(
ohdjxY chfldä iy iud.u" 2004
11 m[a[djdi ysñ" ox.,af,a" fn!oaO YsIg
a dpdrh miqìï lr.;a iudc m%.;sh" ksÜgUqj(
chisß uqøK Ys,amsfhda" 1989
12 úfÊnKavdr" pJÈu" fudrgqj.u" tÉ'tï'" fn!oaO YsIga dpdrh" uQ,O¾u iy jxYl;dj"
kqf.af.dv( §mdks m%ldYk" 1990
13 isß [dfKdNdi ;sii a ysñ" fudr.,af," Oïumo újrKh" fld<U( weï' ã' .=Kfiak
iy iud.u" 2004
14 iS,r;k ysñ" fyKaäh.," nqoaO O¾uh" fld<U( Ô'weka' fÊ' m%skag¾ia" 1979
15 fidaurxis ysñ" Wv.,foKsfha" fn!oaO o¾Ykh iy iudc o¾Ykh" fld<U(
iuhj¾Ok" 1987
'
394 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
mer‚ Y%S ,xldfõ meje;ajK

q q
wisßu;a wßhjxi W;aijh
uydpd¾h j,afmd, rdyq, ysñ
mßj¾;kh ( uyr.u" Y%S m%×kkao uy msßfjfka lD;Hdêldß"
Ydia;%m;s jgf.or úu, nqoaê ysñ
w ßhjxi iQ;%h m%isoaêfha foaYkd l< w;r th

WÞr W;aijhlaj mej;s nj fi,a,smsj, o md,s
idys;Hfha wßhjxih .ek i|yka jk ;ekaj, o
i|yks' Y%S fï>j¾K ^l%s' j' 362-389& rcqf.a ;=kajk
j¾Ifha wßhjxih foaYkd lsÍug zzhysimj;ZZ NsCIq
wOHdmk wdh;khg l< mß;Hd.hka .ek
f;da k s . , fi,a , s m s f ha i|yks ' tu f;da k s . ,
fi,a,smsfhys zzwßhjxi jgdúZZ yd zzwßhjxi lrk
uy NsCLq iÕkgZZ1 hkqfjka fojrla tA .ek i|yks'
fuu fi,a,smsh ixialrKh l< mrKú;dk uy;d zzwßhjiZZ hkak

wßhjdi" wßhjïi fyda wßhjiai hkafkka jHq;amkak jkakg we;eZhs
olajhs'2 bkamiqj fuys wßhji" wßhjxi hk fol w;yßk Tyq wßhjiai
hk jpkh .ek muKla úia;r lrhs' tA wkqj wßhjiai hkak mQckSh jiai
hkqfjka olajhs' wßh = W;=ï jiai jeis ld,fha jia jik ia:dkh hkqfjka
olajhs' tfy;a zzjiaiZZ hkak meyeÈ,s lsÍug úkfha fyda wgqjdj, wßh
hk jpkh wNsOdkhla f,i fhdÞf.k ke;'3 oyku jk Y;j¾Ihg
iïNdId 395
wh;a tmamdj,4 fi,a,smshl zzjiaZZ hk jpkh zzjiaiZZ jia jik ia:dkh

hk woyiska fh§ we;;a tys wßh hkak fh§ fkdue;s nj o fuys§
;jÿrg;a i|yka flf¾'5
md,s fm<fmd;a yd wgqjd .%J:hkays zzwßhjïiZZ hk jpkh fh§ we;s

whqre n,k úg zzwßhji lrkZZ hkak uq¿ukskau iudk l< yelafla
wßhjxi hk jpkh fh§ we;s w¾:hka iu.h' tkï wßhjxi hkafkka
woyia fldg we;af;a
* wßhjxi kï iQ;%h
* tys wkqYdikSh foaYkh
* iQ;%fha ±lafjk b.ekaùï mqyqKqj ^mámÞ&
hk w¾:hkaf.ka zzwßhjxiZZ hkak fh§ we;'
* wßhjxiï l:hudfkd6 zzwßhjxi foaYkh ^tkï iQ;%h&'
* tliañx lsr .dfu

wßhjxfid fyd;s
Wlalkaf;d b;fr wdy
wdhdudjqfid Oïu ijkdhd;s
* tla;rd .ul wßhjxih fõ' m<uq fY%a‚fha ksÍCIl wkHhkg

lshhs' zzñ;=rks wms foaYkdj weiSug huq' ^tkï wkqYdikh foaYkh&7
* wßhjxiÜÀf;d
wßhjxi ^mßph&ys
msysgd we; ^mámÞ&8
* uyd wßhjxiï mQrhudfkd NslaLQ
* uyd wßhjxih iïmQ¾K lrk NsCIqj ^mámÞ&9
wx.=;a;r wgqjdfõ zzwßhjxiï mQrhudfkd NslaLQZZ hk fhÿu ksjerÈ

kï fi,a,smsfha zzwßhji lrk uyNslaLq iÕkgZZ ^wßhjxiï lfrdka;iai
uyd NslaLq ix>iai& hkafkka ÿIalr;d we;sùug yd zzwßhjxi mqreÿùuZZ
396 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
hhs mßj¾;kh lrkq fkd,eîug fya;=jla fkdue;' tA wkqj f;daks.,

fi,a,smsfha zzwßhji jgúZZ hk fhÿu zzwßhjxi meje;aùu i|yd ^tkï
foaYkdj" wkqYdikdj&ZZ11' wßhjxi lrk uy ìl=iÕkg hk fhÿu zzwßhjxi
mqreÿlrk uyd ix> mQcdj ^mßph - mámÞ& f,i mßj¾;kh lrkq ,eìh
yelsh' fï w¾:fhka wßhji hkq wßhjxi jk w;r zzjiaiZZ hkakg
i|ykla fkdue;' l%s' j' 4 jk ishjfia fi,a,smshl fhÿï idOdrŒlrKh
i|yd l%s' j' 5 jk ishjfia wgqjdj,ska iudk ;eka fmkaùu úoHd;aul
fkdfõ hhs ;¾l l<yelsh' tfy;a fuys iïm%Þh.; fhÿï yd fiiq
iïu; fhÿï md,s wgqjd ,sùug fndfyda fmr§ isxy, wgqjdj, yd md,s
fmd;aj, ;snQ njg ielhla ke;'
zzwßhji lrkZZ hkq .syshkaf.a ksjerÈ fkdjk fhÿula úh yels

nj;a jvd ksjerÈ yd wd.ug keUqre fhÿu jkafka zzwßhjxi mqrkZZ hkak
neõ cq,shia ,ekfrda,a wkqu; lrhs' j¾;udk .sys fhÿïjk zzis,a.kakjZZg
úreoaO wd.ug keUqre fhÿu jk zzis,a iudoka jkZZ hkak fhfoa'
W;=re ueo m<df;a ^l%s' j' 5 jk ishjig muK wh;a& ,nq weg ne¢.,11
fi,a,sms foll zzwßhjiZZ hk jpkh ±lafõ' isßkl kï wfhl= foaj.sßkï
uyd wimqfõ zzwßhjiZZ i|yd lyjKq 100la ;ekam;a l< nj zzwßhji
jgfõ tl - Y;l lyjk ÈksZZ tla fi,a,smshl i|yka lrhs' wksl i|ykla
lrka f ka k;,dúáh kï ;j;a mq o a . ,fhl= tu wimq j gu tkï
foaj.sßúydrhg jd¾Islj wßhji meje;aùu i|yd lyjkq 20la ÿka njhs'
zzwkyjcrk wßhZZ12
;j;a f,aLk foll - ol=Kq m<df;a n|.sßfha tla fi,a,smshl yd tu

m<df;au nqre; lkaoys we;s wksfla ms<sfj<ska"
* wßhji jgfldgq yd
* wßhji lrkl fldgqZZ
hkqfjka i|yka jk nj mrKú;dk uy;d i|yka lrhs'13
fulS ish¨ fi,a,smsj, we;s zzwßhjiZZ hk jpkh zzmQckSh jiaiZZ

fyda zzY=oaOjiaiZZ f,i Tyq mßj¾;kh lrhs' tfy;a we;s idCIs wkqj
wßhji hkafkka zzjiaiZZ R;=j fkdj zzwßh jxYhZZ îQ;%h yd mßph&
yÕjk nj ;yjqre lrkafkah'
iïNdId 397
uydjxifhao zzwßhjxihZZ .ek i|yka flf¾'

wßhjxi - l:dGdfk
,xld§fmZÄf,msp
Þkj;a;=ï Gmdfmis
ioaOïfu .drfjkfid14
.hs.¾ fuu meÈh fufia mßj¾;kh lrhs'
zzwßhjxih lshjk wjia:djg i;H O¾uhg we;s f.!rjh ;=<ska uq¿

Èjhskgu ks;sm;d oka§ug Tyq ksfhda. lf<ah'15
tkï fjdydr;siai rc ^l%s' j' 269-291& wßhjxi .ek i|yka lrñka

wfOda,smshl .hs.¾ fufia ,shhs'
zzY= o a O jka ; hka f .a fidhd.ekS ï .% J :h iuyrúg fn!oa O iudc

iïNdjHhkaf.a Ôú; b;sydih' ñksiqka YsCIKh i|yd m%isoaêfha y~k.d
lshjk ,È'16
wks;a úoaj;=ka fuu meyeÈ,s lsÍu ms<sf.k we;s nj fmfka'17
Od;=fiak rcq ^l%s' j' 400-478& ksfhda. § §mjxih w¾:l:khg m%;smdok

zz§ fma;=ï §mjxiïZZ ie,iQ nj pQ,jxih lshhs'18 fuh we;eï úg §mjxih
Èjhsfka b;sydih jk fyhsks' wßhjxih fn!oaO iudc iïNdjHhkaf.a
Ôjk b;sydih hk woyi Tjqkg cks; l<d úh yelsjdla fukau tA folu
m%isoaêfha lshjk ,È'19 ^jxYh b;sydih hk f;arefuka f.k&'
by; lS meÈh mßj¾;kfha § .hs.¾ ms<sfj<ska l;dj yd wjia:dj

hk w¾: fok zzl:d iy GdkZZ hk jpk fol ,nd.kakd ,È' fuys zzl:dZZ
hkq foiSu yd zzGdkZZ hkq ia:dkhhs' uu fhdackd lrñ' tA wkqj l:d-Gdk
hkq" foik ia:dkh fõ'20
fï wkqj meÈfha mßj¾;kh fufiah'
zzi;H O¾uhg we;s f.!rjh ;=<ska uq¿ Èjhsfkau wßhjxih foaYkd

lrk yeu ia:dkhlu ks;sm;d Þkh§u Tyq ia:dmkh lf<ahZZ'
28 - CM23766
398 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
l%s' j' 5 jk Y; j¾Ihg fmr yd miq Y; j¾I lSmh ;=< wßhjxih

ckm%sh foaYkdjla muKla fkdj rcjreka" wud;Hjreka yd tl, Okj;a
ñksiqka úiska tys Ñria:dhSlrKh i|yd mß;Hd. isÿl< Wiia iïudkkSh
njlska ie,l+ lghq;a;la o jQ neúks'
W,a,i - flda,lkaksldks úiQ tla ia;%shla ;u w; orejdg lsß fmdjñka

§>NdKl uyd wNh f;r foiQ ^zz§>NdKl uyd wNhfF:frd kdfud
wßhjxi mámoï lf:;SZ;s iq;ajdZZ& wßhjxi mámÞj weiSug fhdÿka myla
ÿr.sh nj ms<sn| WÞyrKhla wx.=;a;r ksldh wgqjdfõ ±lafõ'21
i;r wjYH;djkaf.a ika;=Iaáh yd Ndjkdfõ ±ä fidïki .ek

idlÉPd flfrk uyd wßhjxih foi;s h lg jrla Wfmdi: Èkj,
jeisld,fha foaYkd l< zz.jrjd, wx.kZZys jiajik ia:dkfhys úiQ NsCIQka
;siaku .ek tu wgqjdfõu olakg ,efí'22
zzwJjoaOudiï Wfmdi:Èjfi p;=mÉph ikaf;dai - Ndjkdrdu

uyd wßhjxiï lf:k;sZZ'
wßhjxih .ek i|yka lrk l;d ;=kla rijdysksh jd¾;d lrhs'23

m<uqjekak tu ld,fha tA ia:dkfha jd¾Isl W;aijhla jQ ,xldfõ uyd
.dufha uydjdms úydrfha mej;s wßhjxi foaYkdj weiSug .sh l=âvrÊc
m<df;a f;rkula .ekh'24
zzwkqiïjÉprï wßhjxi Oïu foikd mj;a;;sZZ'
foaYkh weiSug ÿr m<d;aj,skao ck iuQyhka /ia jQ nj tu l;dfõ

jeäÿrg;a lshhs' fojekak kï ûg y÷kd.ekSug fkdyelsj we;s& ÿíìÜG
uydrdc iufha Wvqÿïnr uyd ^ÈUq,d.,& udi yhlg jrla wßhjxih
foaYkd lrk ,o w;r fhdÿka y;rla ÿr isg uyckhd meñ‚ nj yd uy
W;aijhg iEfyk iQÞkula mej;s njhs' zzuyka;ï mQcd úOdkïZZ ;=kajk
wjia : dj kï l= ï n,;s i a i m¾j;h wi, wßhdlr úydr kï wimq f õ
W;a i jdldrfhka wßhjxih foa Y kd ls Í uhs ' zzwßhjxi - foa i kdufy
j;a;udfkZZ úiqoaêu.a.fhys msKavmd;sldx. ms<sn| idlÉPdfjys wßhjxih
foaYkd lsÍfï myiq wjia:djla f,i ±lafjhs'
iïNdId 399
zzmsKavmd;sldx.ZZ ^ms~qis`.Sfuka hemSu& lrk wh fY%a‚ ;=klg wh;ah'

m<uq fY%aKsfha ms<smÈkakd lsis wdrdOkdjla fkdms<s.kshs' fojk fY%aKsfha
ms<smÈkakd tÈkg muKla wdrdOkh ms<s.kshs' f;jk fY%a‚fha ms<smÈkakd
tÈk yd B<Õ Èkg o ms<s.kshs' miqjlS fofokdg mQ¾K ksoyi ke;s w;r
m<uqjekakdg we;' fuh Tmamq lsÍug nqoaOf>dI ysñ wjia:djla olajhs'
l,ska lsisjla i|yka lsÍulska f;drj Tyq fufia lshhs'
zztliañx lsr .dfu wßhjxfid fyd;sZZ'25
tla;rd .ul wßhjxih ùh' ^foiqfõh& îsh¨& zzñ;=rks wms foaYkh

weiSug huqZhs m<uq fY%a‚fha ms<smÈkakd wfkla fofokdg lshhs' thska tla
wfhl= zzug flfkl= wdrdOkd lr we;eZhs ls h hs Z Z' uu fyg i|yd
wdrdOkhla ms<sf.k we;eZhs wksld lshhs' fuf,i tA fofokdg foaYkdfõ
m%;s,dN wysñjk w;r m<uqjekakd th N=la;s ú¢hs' wßhjxi foaYkdjg
meyeÈ,s lsÍula f,i fufia lrk wkshï i|yfkka nqoaOf>dIhkaf.a
wjÈfha ksielfhkau th m%lg isÿùula nj fmfka'
we;eï NsCIQka jykafia,d wßhjxi NdKljrekahhs m%lgùfuka fuh

;jÿrg;a ;yjqre jk w;r we;eïúg Wkajykafia,d O¾ufha wêm;shka
f,i y÷kajk ,È'26
fuu ckm%sh jeo.;a ßhjxYh l=ula o @ hkak wÞ< fhduqlsÍu mÍCId

lsÍfuka ;SrKh l< yelsh'
idudkHfhka iq;a; wßhjxih f,i m%N+kaf.a ^wdßh& zzfm<m; fyda

iïm%Þh fyda Wreuh ^jxY& f,i yd iuyrúg uydwßhjxi iq;a; f,io
ioyka flf¾'27 kuq;a wjia:d lSmhl § iq;a; ú.%y lrk yd úia;r lrk
È. kula wmg yuqfõ'
zzp;=mÉph ikaf;dai Ndjkdrdu máuKaä;ïZZ
uyd wßhjxi28 ^fojrla& fuhska woyia lrkafka i;r wjYH;djkays

ika;=IaÀh yd Ndjkdfõ ±ä leue;a; meyeÈ,s lrk uyd wßhjxihhs'
fjk;a ;ekl fuu §¾>kduh iq¿ fjkia lsÍula iys;j olajd we;'
400 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
zzp;=mÉph ikaf;dai Ndjkdrdu máuKaä;ï uyd wßhjxi mámoïZZ29
úiqoaêu.a.fhys th
zzp;= m Éph ika f ;da i - Ndjkdrdu máuKa ä ;ï - uyd wßhjxi
mámoïZZ30
úiqoaêu.a.fhys WÞkhl meyeÈ,sju iQ;% wka;¾.;fha ú.%yhla we;=<;a

fjhs' msßisÿ pß;h yd fodaIrys; ioa.=Kh we;s NsCIqjla W;=ï mer‚ Wreuhka
;=fkys msysgqùfuka i;rjk W;=ï Wreuh ,eîug iqÿiq fõ' fmdrdK
wßhjxiÜGdh m;sÜÀ;dh p;=;a:iai Ndjkd - ru;d iÙl,iai wßhjxiiaiZZ31
uÊCêu wgqjdfõ ±lafjk Nd;r.u kd. f;rekaf.a l:dj iQ;%h

m%;sia:dmkh lsÍug wmg wdOdr fõ'32 jÜg.dñŒ ^l%s' mQ' 29-17& rdcH
ld,fha pKavd,;Sh id.;h mej;s ld,h ;=< NsCIq‚hl jQ f;rekaf.a
fidhqßh wef.a msKavmd;fhka fldgila Tyqg ÿkakdh' ;ud ±ka NsCIq‚hf.a
wdydrj,ska kv;a;= ù kï id.;fhka miq wßhjxi foaYkd lrkúg
^wßhjxiï l:dhudfkd& ;udg yDohfhka iykhla fkd,efn;eZhs
Wkajykafia th m%;sfCIm lf<ah'33 fuh ksielfhkau wdydr ,nd .ekSfï
fkdfydìkd nj ;ykï flfrk wßhjxi iQ;%fha mdGhg fhduq lrhs'
zzkp msKavmd; fya;= wfkaikï wmamárEmï wdmÊc;sZZ fuys§ fkdfydìkd
nj hkq NsCIq‚hlf.ka wdydr ms<s.ekSuhs'
cd;l wgqjdfjys iQ;%hg Wmydid;aul i|yka folla we;'34 tu i|yka

lsÍï folu lEorlug yd NdKav ieÕùug m%isoaO Wmkkao idlsh kï
f;r kulgh' yeu ;eklu fok ;Hd.j,ska fldgila ,nd.ekSu i|yd
tlu R;=fõ ia:dk lSmhl jiajeiSu lrk njg ^Tyq& Wkajykafia fndre
fmkaùula lf<ah' tfy;a Wkajykafia wjYH;dj, ika;=Iaáh myÞ fok
W;=ï Wreufha udj; ^wßhjxih& fiiq NsCIQkag foYkd lr;s ^mÉph
ikaf;dai§mlï wßhjxi mámoï lf:;s&'
wßhjxi iQ;%fha wka;¾.;h yd fn§ï fláfhka yd meyeÈ,sj ú.%y

lr we;s ^l,ska i|yka lrk ,o& wx.=;a;r wgqjdfõ b;d is;a.kakd l:djla
wjidkfha wmg olakg ,efí'35 W,a,N fld, l¾‚ldys ldka;djla ;u
w;orejd ;u ,eu fydjdf.k §>NdKl uyd wNh f;reka wßhjxi -
mámÞ foaYkh lrkq weiSug fhdÿka myla ÿr .shdh' m<uq wjYH;d y;r
iïNdId 401
^Öjr wdÈh& .ek l;d lsÍfuka miq uy f;r ke.sàug iQÞkï fj;au
ldka;dj fufia lSjdh' zz;uka wßhjxi foaYkd lrk nj;a m%Œ; wdydr
ñysß mdkh" .; mqnqok je,a ó Tiq .sf;,a .kakd nj;a W;=udKka lshk
kuq;a th meyeÈ,s l<hq;= fõ,dfõ Tjqyq ke.sg h;s' túg uy f;r zzb;d
fyd|hs ke.‚h" b;d fyd|hZhs lshñka Ndjkdfõ ±ä m%S;sh - Ndjkdrdu
.ek idlÉPd lrkakg úh'
wßhjxi foaYkdj idudkH ldka;djka mjd fyd¢ka okakd ;rug

ckm%sh nj fuu l:dfjka fmkakqï lrhs'
wjYH;djkays ika;=Iaáh .ek lshfjk fldgia ;=kla yd Ndjkdfõ

±ä m%S;sh .ek lshk y;rjk fldgilao jYfhka wßhjxi iQ;%hg m%Odk
fldgia y;rla wka;¾.; nj fulS WÞyrKj,ska meyeÈ,sh'
fulS wjYH;d iïmQ¾K lrk tlu iQ;%h36 jkafka ^we;eï fjkia

lsÍu we;sj wfma wßhjxi iQ;%h uq¿ukskau - uyd ksoafoifhys Wmqgd olajd
we;' wdrïNl fþoh yd uq,amsgm;a weu;=ï iïnJO zNslaLfjZ fldgi
w;yer we;'
Ndjkdrdu ms<sn| wjidk fldgia bj;alr tA fjkqjg zb;Í;r -

.s,dkmÉph fNaiÊc mßlaLdr - ika;=ÜÀZ we;=<;a lr we;' pq,a, ksoafoaifhys
o hï fjkia lsÍï iys;j wßhjxi iQ;%h Wmqgd olajd we;' fuys NslaLq
fjkqjg mÉfpl iïnqoaO o Ndjkdrdu fjkqjg .s,dmÉpho fhdÞ we;'
wx.=;a;r ksldfha p;=lal ksmd;fha Wrefj, j.a.fha we;s iQ;%hls'37 th
wßhjxi y;r .ek l;dlrk w;r kï lSmhlska y÷kajk ,o nj fmfka'
wßhjxi" uyd wßhjxi jxi iQ;% hkqfjks'
iQ;%fha fldgia y;r my; mßÈ fõ'
1' ;udg ,efnk ljr isjqre .eko NsCIqjla iEySulg m;a fõ' ;ud
,nd.kakd ljr isjqre .eko ,nk ika;=Iaáh w.h lrhs' isjqre
,nd.ekSug fkdfydìkd foa fkdlrhs' Tyq thska WvÕ=jkafka o
;ud ,nk ika;=Iaáfha ;;aFjh ksid wka whg .rykafka o ke;'
;udg ,efnk my; i|yka foa ms<sn|jo Tyq tfiauh'
402 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
2' ;udg ,efnk ljr fyda wdydr iy"
3' Tyqg ,efnk ljr fyda kjd;eka ^fikiqka&38
4' Ndjkdj yd w;ayeÍu .ek NsCIqj ±ä i;=gg m;a fõ'
zzNdjkdrdfud fyd;s Ndjkdrf;d mydkrdfud fyd;s mydkrf;dZZ
kuq;a fï ;;aFjh .ek Tyq WvÕ= fkdjk w;r wka whg .rykafkao
ke;' 39
fuh fldáka lshf;d;a wßhjxi iQ;%hhs' Ydikfha ia:dhS nj r|d

mj;ajk NsCIQkaf.a Ôú;fha yrh tys wka;¾.; fõ' tksid th wgqjdjkays
by<ska j¾Kkd lrkq ,eîu;a NsCIQka yd .syshka úiska iïudkkSh f,i
i,lkq ,eîu;a mqÿuhg lreKla fkdfõ'
m<uq wßhjxY ;=fkka uq¿ úkh msglhuo i;r jekafkka wksla

msgl folo úia;r flfrk nj nqoaOf>daIhkaf.a iQ;% ms<sn|40 wgqjdfjys
lshhs' tA wkqj foaYlhd fuu iQ;%fhka msgl ;=ku ;u foaYkdjg f.k ths'
jvdu jeo.;ajk y;rjekak - zzNdjkdrdu wßhjxihZZ úia;drKh l<hq;=
whq r e ms < s n | wgq j dj jeäÿrg;a Wmfoia fohs ' th fkla L ïu md<s h
^máiïNsÞu.a.& §>fha oiq;a;r iQ;%h uÊCêu ksldfha i;smÜGdk iQ;%h"
wNsO¾ufha ksoafoaih - wkqj úia;r l< hq;=hzhs wgqjdpdÍ lshhs'41
foaYlhkg fufia iúia;r Wmfoia§ug fya;= ù we;af;a iuyr úg

wßhjxi iQ;%h ix>hd jykafia yd .syshka w;r b;d ckm%sh foaYkdjla
ùu;a l,ska i|yka l< mßÈ fuu iQ;% foaYkdjg úfYaIfhka m%isoaO foaYlhka
mka;shla isàu;ah'42
l,ska i|yka l< Nd;r.u kd. f;reka id.;hl§ mjd ;u ifydaoßh

jQ kd. f;r‚hf.ka lEu m%;sfCIm lf<ah' fuu iQ;%h ms<sn| u;lh
tfia ms<s.ekSu j<lajk ,È'
uÊCêu ksldh wgqjdj lshkafka nqÿrcdKka jykafia wßhjxi iQ;%h

wNsOdkhka kjhla u.skao ^kjdys mfoys& pplal iQ;%h wgla yd uyd
i;smÜGdk iQ;%h wNsOdk y;la u.ska j¾Kkd l< njhs'43
iïNdId 403
nqoaOf>dIhka ;u úiqoaê u.a.fhys44 wßhjxih w,afmaÉP NsCIq Ôú;fha

WÞrdx.hla f,i olajk wkqfõokSh l:djla olajd we;' ;reK msßñ <ufhla
uyKlug we;=,aj wOHdmkh i|yd ol=Kq m<d;g hhs' È.=l,lg miq fuu
idufKar NsCIqj ;u .fï wimqjg f.dia j¾Id R;=fõ tys ;u fouõmshka
bÈl< l=áfha fouõmshkaf.a i;aldr ,nñka udi ;=kla jdih lrhs' kuq;a
Wkajykafia ;ukaf.a mq;%hd neõ fouõmshka fkdo;a w;r Wkajykafia ;u
wkkH;dj Tjqkg fy<slf<a o ke;' Wka jykafia reyqKg hdug tA .fuka
msg;a jQ miq muKla Tjqka tA nj ±k.;a w;r Wkajykafiaf.a uj ±ä wd.ï
Nla;sfhka yd Bg uqiq jQ ore fifkyiska ;u W;=ï mq;d mshke.+ foig yeÍ
fow;a uqÿka foñka lshkakS
nqÿka jykafia" zzr:úkS;" kd,l ;=jgl yd p;=mÉph ikaf;di

Ndjkdrdu;d §mlï uyd wßhjxi mámoïZZ
foik úg isf;ys ;snqfKa uf.a mq;d jeks NsCIqjleZhs uu is;ñZZ

hkqfjka nqÿrcdKka jykafia pkafodamu mámÞ yd wßhjxi mámÞ foaYkd
lrk úg m%Odk jYfhka ;u ukfiys isáfha uyd - liaim hhs m%ldY l<
nj Oïumo wgqjdfjys ±lafõ'45
kshu NsCIqjlf.a WÞyrKh f,i ±ka ie,flkafka uyd liaimh'

uÊCêu wgqjdj46 wßhjxi iQ;%fha úia;r lr we;s i;a .=Khka uyd liaim
ysñhkaf.a fYa%IaGFjh úia;r lrk úg uyd wßhjxi iQ;%h .ek i|yka
lrhs ' tu wgq j dfõ fjk;a ;ekl nq ÿ ka jyka f ia 47 ;u wOHdYfhka o
î;a;ÊCOih& foaYkd l< iQ;% lSmfhka tlla f,i wßhjxi iQ;%h i|yka
lrhs'
iQ;%h fl;rï jeo.;afldg ie,l+fha o h;a l,ska i|yka l< mßÈ tA

iu. W;aijhlao meje;ajqKs' tfy;a j¾Ifha úfYaI ld,hl wßhjxi
W;aijh meje;ajQfhao @ tfia kï ljr ld,hl o hkak meyeÈ,s ke;'
uyd.dufha uydjdms úydrfha jd¾Islj wßhjxih foaYkd l< nj;a th
weiSug ÿr neyer m<d;aj,ska mjd NsCIQka yd .syshka o meñ‚ nj;a rijdysksh
lshhs'48 W;=re ueo m<df;a ^,nq weg ne¢.,& foaj.sß úydrfha th jd¾Islj
mej;s nj;a ^wkNjcrk& fï i|yd rdcH wud;Hf.a mq;%hd jk49 Y%Skl yd
kl,úáh isjkï ;j;a jeo.;a mqoa.,fhl= ms<sfj<ska zzlyjkq 100 yd
20la mß;Hd. l< nj lshfõ' tA wjêfha th iq¿ uqo,la fkdùh' Wÿïnr
uyd úydrfha th yh udihlg jrla meje;aùhZz'
404 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
wßhjxih meje;aùu i|yd wud;H uKav, - idudðlfhl= jQ isjhdf.a

mq;d jk zzfoajhd keue;af;l= úiska uQ,sl uqo, jeh fkdlr ;ndf.k
fmd,sh ^fndfydaÿrg j;auk jjqkshdj iómfha f;da‚., ìfuys msysá&
zzhysimjgZZ wimqfõ NsCIQkag wdydr iemhSug fhdÞ.; hq;=h hk fldkafoais
iu. ks¾f,daNS m%Þkhla l< nj f;daks., fi,a,smsh wkdjrKh lrhs'
yeu j¾Id ld,fhau kslsks udifha §ma;su;a w¾Ofha 12 jk Èk th
meje;aúh hq;= nj fi,a,smsh ksYaÑ;j lshhs'
zzjkh j^k&h wf;djiys ksluksh - po mqKui fÞ<i - m; - ÈjiZZ
jeisld,fha zz.jrjd, - wx.kfha jiajeiSu wdrïN l< NsCIQka ;siakula

foi;shlg jrla Wfmdi: Èkhkays wßhjxih foiSu mqreÿj isáhy'51
/já,sldr idlH Wmkkao mjd jia ld,fha wßhjxih foiñka tfyfufy
.sfhah'52
wo mjd idïm%Þhsl mqreoao wkqj jia jiakd ld,fha NsCIQka jvd wd.ñl
yeÕSug keUqrejk w;r Wfmdi: W;aijh jvd ksr;=rej mj;ajk w;r
.sys ne;su;=kg ksrka;rfhka foaYkd lr;sh hk lreK i<ld n,k úg
jiaidk iufha ksrka;rj wßhjxih W;aijdldrfhka meje;ajQ nj ks.ukh
lsÍu ksjerÈh' W;aijh mj;ajk whf.a wfmaCIdj wkqj j¾Ifha wksla
ld,hkays th mj;ajkakg we;eZhs hkak fuhska neyer lrkafka ke;'
rcjreka" weu;sjreka yd fiiq Okj;a wh wßhjxih isoaO lsÍug

;Hd.YS,S f,i iïudoï lsÍfuka fmfkkafka th ie,lsh hq;= úhoï
m%udKhla wjYH W;aijhla njhs' ÿr m%foaYhkaf.ka meñK k;rjk NsCIQkag
iuyrúg lEu yd kjd;eka iemhsh hq;=h' ;jo iuyrúg foaYkdj weiSug
meñfKk uyckhd i|yd ;djld,sl uvq bÈl< hq;=fõ'
Y%S ,xldfõ iïm%Þh wfYdal rcqf.a ld,fha tu Èjhsfka mej;s bkaÈhdkq

iïm%Þhfha mj;ajdf.k hdula hhs is;Sug fya;= ;sfí' fï iïnkaOfhka
wfYdalf.a Ndn%E wd×fõ we;s zzw,shjidksZZ hkak .ek i|yka lsÍu jeo.;ah'
ix>hd wu;d we;s fuu fi,a,smsfha zzw,shjidksZZ we;=<;a md,s .%J:dj,sfhka
f;dard.;a .%J: y;la ks;r lshjk f,i yd tAjd wkqj Ndjkd lrk f,i
o Ydikfha ifydaorhkg yd ifydaoßhkag yd .eyeKq msßñ .syshkago
wfYdal rc ks¾foaY lrhs' i;HjYfhkau zzw,shjidksZZ hkq l=ula o @
hkak .ek úúO u; we;'53
iïNdId 405
mrKú;dk lshkafka" E. Z. III msg 183- Íia fâúâia" fuh §>ksldfha

ix.S;s iQ;%fha fldgila f,io ã' wd¾' NdKavd¾l¾ th wx.=;a;r II-28
f,io y÷kdf.k we;' kuq;a rijdysksfha l,ska lS l;dj zztys ksÞk
l:djla ;snQ nj lshfjk fyhska ,xldfõ lD;Skays lshfjk wßhjxih
fulS folgu jvd fjkia nj fmfka' wfYdalf.a wßhjxih f,i y÷kd.;a
.%J: fofla tn÷ fldgila olakg ke;'
yeu md,s iQ;%hlu zzksÞk l:djlaZZ ljÞ" fld;ekl" ljfrl= úiska

ldyg iQ;%h foik ,o±Zhs lshfjk wdrïNl fþohla we;' rijdyskS
l;dfõ ±lafjk ksÞk l;dj th foõru ieje;akqjr wfkams~qisgqyqf.a
wdrdufha§ nqÿka jykafia úiska foaYkd lrk ,o nj lshk wßhjxi iQ;%fha
olakg we;s ye¢kaùug jvd lsisjla úh hq;= fkdfõ' wx.=;a;r ksldfha
we;eï uqøs; ixialrKhkays fuu ye¢kaùu we;=<;a fkdfõ' iQ;% fm<l
m<uq iQ;%fha ye¢kaùu tu ia:dkfhau foaYkdl< miq iQ;%hl ksÞk l:djla
njg m;a jQ neúks' kuq;a fuys miqj i|yka lrk wßhjxi iQ;% 1"898
uqøKfha ksÞk l:d iïmQ¾Kfhka we;=<;a fkdfõ' idudkHfhka jeo.;a
wjia:djl foaYkdjla lrk úg zzcd;lÜG l:dZZ jeks wgqjdj,ska .kakd
úia;r iu. foaYlhd fuu ye¢kaùu úia;r lrhs'
th by;ska i|yka l< wßhjxih hZhs fldaiïì" ,elauka yd NKavd¾l¾

orK u;hg uu tlÕfjñ'54 fufia Y;j¾I .Kkdjla id¾:lj mej;s
bkaÈhdfjka wßhjxi W;aij iïm%Þh ,xldjg meñ‚hd úh yelsh'55
wßhjxi W;aijh wNdjhg .sfha wehso hkak yd ljÞo hkak ;ju

okafka ke;' kuq;a th Y%S ,xldfõ iïmQ¾Kfhka wu;lj ke;' wßhjxi
iQ ; % h g is x y, ika k hla ix>rdc irKxlr ys ñ hka f .a Ys I Hfhl= jQ
neñ‚j;af;a Wkakdkafia úiska ,shk ,o nj lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy ^1747-1780&
rdcH iufha uykqjr úiQ zzwhs;a;d,shoafoa uqykaÈrïZZ úiska ,shk ,o
zzix>rdcidOq pßhdjZZ i|yka lrhs'55
1808 fld<U § uqøKh lrk ,o mer‚ isxy, ikakhla iu. wßhjxi

iQ;%fha uqøKhla yd tys md,s wgqjdjla we;' NdIdj wkqj n,kúg fuh
l,ska i|yka l< neñ‚hj;af;a Wkakdkafiaf.a lD;sh jeksh' fuu uqøKfha
miqmi we;s ±kaùulska lshkafka .d,a, úchdkkao msßfjfka úÿy,am;s
mQcHmhd., isß iquk ;siai f;reka úiska fuu iQ;%h YsIHhkg b.ekajQ
nj;a th Tjqka ,jd Èkm;d foaYkd l< nj;a h'
406 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
b;d uE;§ ,xldfõ miaÿka fldar<fha .sß;,dfõ w¨f;ka fidhd.;a

.,a.=yd mkai,l ^j¾Id ld,fha& jia W;aijh w;r;=r § Èk y;la wßhjxi
iQ;%h foaYkd lrk ,§' fun÷ wjia:djkaf.ka fmfkkafka mqrdK W;aijfha
u;lh ,xldfõ ;ju;a mj;sk njh'
wfOda ,sms
01' E. Z. III p. 177-178.

02' E. Z. III p. 182.
03' zzwßhZZ jpkh fkdue;sj zzjiaZZ hk jpkh isLj<fòyso fh§ we;'
04' E. Z. III p. 190.
05' E. Z. III p. 183.
06' M. A. fld<U ^1987& p. 546.
07' V. S. M. P. T. S. p. 66.
08' CUL NIL P. T. S. p. 106.
09' A. A. III P. T. S. p. 51.
10' l%s'j' 4 ishjfia fi,a,smshl fhÿï idOdrŒlrKh''''''''
11' E. Z. III p. 250-257.
12' Anusamvaccharam ariyavamsa dhammadesana pavattati R. S. V. II B. E. 24
(4.p.4).
13' E. Z. III p. 182.
14' Mhv. xxxvi. 38.
15' tkï fjdydr ;siai rcq l%s' j' 269 -291'
16' Mhv mßj¾;kh - 258 - N. 6 -
17' mrKú;dk E. Z. III p. 182 u,,fialr Dictionary of Pali Proper Names 1. P. 181.
18' C. V. xxxviii. 59.
19' jxYh b;sydih hk f;arefuka f.k'
20' The paraso ariyavamsa - katha occurs also J. A. II. S. H. B. (1928) p. 310
Ariyavamsa Katham Kathetva and V. S. M. P. T. S. p. 626 "Ariyavamsa -
Kathayam".
21' A. A. I. S. H. B. (1923) p. 386.
22' Ibid.
23' R. S. V. II Col B. E. 2464 p. 84-183-190.
24' ;siaiuydrdu - lsßkao ud¾.fha fhdaOjej jeõ neïfï - kd.uyd úydrh j;auka
kd.uyd úydrh jerÈ jgyd.ekSula nj;a th rijdysksfha tk mer‚ uydjdms
úydrh nj;a ;siai uydrdufha kdhl ysñ .fka.u bkaoidr kdhl ysñfhda
mji;s' th mer‚ kd. uyd úydrh hhs jrojd jgydf.k úydrhg j;auka
kduh ud.ïm;a;=fõ ysgmq uqo,s w;s.re wurfialr úiska § we;s nj fmfka'
iïNdId 407
fhdaO ^md,s-fhdaO& isxyf,ka fhdÞ we;s mßÈ w¾: folla ;sfí' 1' rKúrejd 2'
úYd, tys úYd, hhs woyia jk ;ek uy hk jpkh iu. udrelr fhÈh yelsh'
tA wkqj j;auka fhdaOjej úydrhg ku § we;s mer‚ uydjdms fmr uyjej úh
yelsh'
25' V. S. M. P. T. S. p. 66.
26' E. G. VSM. P. T. S. p. 66.
27' E. G. AAII S. H. B. (1931) p. 487.
28' E. G. AA1 S. H. B. 1923, p. 385-386.
29' AA1. P. T. S. p. 192.
30' VSM P. T. S. p. 93
31' Ibid.
32' M. A. LOL (1917) p. 546.
33' fuh ksielfhkau wdydr ,nd.ekSfï fkdfydìkd nj ;ykï flfrk wßhjxi
iQ;f% ha mdGhg fhduq lrk zzkdu msKv a md; fya;= wfkaikï wmamárEmï wdmÊc;sZZ
fuys§ fkdfydìkd nj hkq NsCIq‚hlf.ka wdydr ms<s.ekSuhs'
34' J. A. II - S. H. B. (1928) p. 310.
35' AA S. H. B. (1923) p. 386.
36' we;eï fjkia lsÍï we;sj wfma wßhjxi iQ;%h uq¿ukskau uyd ksoafoi ^fj¿u 1
P. T. S. p. 497& fhys Wmqgd olajd we;' wdrïNl fþoh yd uq,amsgmf;a weu;=ï
iïnJO zNslaLfjZ fldgi w;yer we;'
37' A LOL (1929) p. 204.
38' wgqjdj wkqj msKavmd;fhys .s,dk mÉph we;=<;a lr we;'
AA II S. H. B. (1931) p. 493.
39' by; lS foaYkdj, fyda wgqjdj, mydkrdu;d .ek i|ykaj ke;' tfiau uyd
iy pQ, ksoafoai Ndjkd rdu;d iy mydkrdu;dZZ hk folu w;ayer we;'
40' AAII S. H. B. (1931) p. 494.
41' Ibid.
42' S. A. II, S. H. B. (1930) p. 151.
43' M. A. I. P. T. S. p. 236.
44' VSM P. T. S. p. 93.
45' Dph A II P. T. S. p. 169 ff.
46' M. A. II P. T. S. p. 246.
47' M. A. LOL (1917) p. 13.
48' R. S. V. II LOL BE p. 2464 p. 4.
49' E. Z. III p. 250-251.
50' E. Z. III p. 172 ff.
51' AA1 S. H. B. 1923 p. 385.
408 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
52' J. A. II S. H. B. (1928) p. 310.

J. A. III S. H. B. (1931) p. 233.
53' wd¾' uqL¾ðf.a wfYdal - p. 118 - p. 4 th §>ksldfha ix.S;s iQ;%fha we;s nj Íia
fâúâia is;hs' Oïudkkao fldiïì yd ,elauka A II p. 27 - yÜIa tu lshukska
wßhjïidks woyia fj;ehs lshhs'
54' p;a;dfrd wßhjxid jeks mqreI ,sx.fhka idudkHfhka olakg ,efí'
55' ix>rdc idÿ pßhdj ^1916& ms' 34'
uydpd¾h j,afmd, rdyq, ysñ úiska

"The Significance of Ariyavamsa" hkqfjka wßhjxi iQ;% foaYkdj .ek
University of Ceylon Review April - 1943, Vol. I, No. One
ix.%yhg ,shk ,o ,smf s ha isxy, mßj¾;khhs' fuh isxy,g mßj¾;kh lf<a" uyr.u"
Y%S m%×kkao uy msßfjfKa lD;Hdêldß" Ydia;%m;s" jgf.or úu, nqoaê ysñ
úisk's
iïNdId 409
VI fldgi
b;sydih yd mqrdúoHdj
410 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
iïNdId 411
merKs ,laÈj foaYmd,k lsh% dj,sh ;=<

prmqreIhdf.a odhl;ajh ms<n s | úu¾Ykhla
^wkqrdOmqr" fmdf<dkakre hq. weiqfrka&
ví,sõ' ta' ysrKHd ch;s,l
iyldr lÓldpd¾h" b;sydi wOHhk wxYh" le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h
ixfCIamh
Ymd,k kHdh O¾u we;=<;a .%ka:j,g wkqj

foa rdcH md,kfhaoS fhdod.kakd ,o úúO Wml%u
hgf;a prmqreI fiajdj w;HjYH wx.hla f,i
fmkajd § we;' rdcHhl meje;au flfrys rch
úiska l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk prmqreI fiajh fndfyda
ÿrg n,mdkq ,nhs' ,xld b;sydifhys wkqrdOmqr
yd fmdf<dka k re hq . weiq ß ka rdcH md,k
lghq ; = j ,oS prmq r eI fia j h Wmfhda . S lr.;a
wdldrh ms<sn| úu¾Ykh lssÍu fuys§ wfmaCId flf¾'
prmqreI fiajdfõ wdrïNh ms<sn| mÍlaId lsÍfï§ bkaÈhdkq foaYmd,kh

;=<ska fuu fiajdj id¾:lj md,k ;ka;%hla ;=< mej;sh hq;= nj o
wkdjrKh fjhs' foaYmd,k fCIa;%h ;=< wfkl=;a rdcH ;dka;%sl ks,OdÍkag
ysñ fkdjQ ksoyila fiau oeä j.lSula prmqreIhd i;= úh' tfuka u fuh
412 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
rcq yd prmqreIhd w;r mej;s wfkHdkH úYajdih u; /÷K rdcH fiajdjla

nj o lsj yels h'
prmqreIhka úúOdldrfha fjiaf.k úúO N=ñld ksrEmKfha fhfoñka

ryia f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSug Wml%u fhdoñka odhl;ajh imhd ;sfí' ta
wkqj prmqreIhdf.a wruqK ryiH f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSu jqj o Bg fhdod
.kakd l%%ufõo tlsfklg fjkia fõ' rdcH wkq.%yh ,nñka b;d úêu;a
wdldrfhka mj;ajdf.k hkq ,enQ prmqreI fiajh" rdcHh" rcq yd ckhd
iqrlaIs; lr,Su msKsi uy;a msájy,la ù we;'
m%uqL mo ( prmqreIhd" foaYmd,kh" N+ñld" rcq
ye¢kaùu
zprz hkqfjka yeisfrk o zmqreIZ hkqfjka mqoa.,hd o wre;a .kajk

prmqreIhd T;a;=ldrfhl= jYfhka Y%S iqux., Yío fldaIh olajhs' ^fidar;
ysñ" je,súáfha" ms'362& zprmqreIZ hkafkys kdu m%fNaoh f,i T;a;=ldrhd"
ryia mKsjqv f.khkakd hk w¾: újrKhl .=Kfiak uyd isxy, Yío
fldaIfhys fh§ we;' ^úch;=x." yßiapkaø" 730 ms'& tfuka u ixialD;
isxy, Yío fldaIfhys Zprlz hkqfjka T;a;=lrejd hk w¾:h ksrEmKh
lrhs' ^w,.shjkak" mqji;s" 311ms'& prmqreI ixúOdkh rdcHhl wdrlaIdj
Wfoid w;HjYH jQ fiajdjls' j¾;udk rch uÕska md,kh lrkq ,nk
zryia fmd,sSishZ kï jQ wdh;kh prmqreI ixúOdkfha j¾;udk iajrEmhhs'
wka;¾ rdcH iïnkaO;djla Wfoid msysgqjd we;s ;dkdm;s fiajd o zks;Hkql+,
kïnqldrZ prmqreI ixúOdkhla f,i ye¢kaúh yels h' Êncylopeadia
Britanica" Vol 8" p.713& prmqreIhd (spy) i|yd fhdod we;s wkaj¾: kdu
w;r .+V.;s" .+V¥;" .=ma;pr" .=ma;.;s" .=ma;¥;" uka;%.+V" iQpl" foaYdfmaCI"
m%;SIalY" iamY" fyaßl" wksreoaO yd jk.=ma; i|yka l< yels h'
prmqreI ixúOdkhla uÕska o< jYfhka rdcHhla Wfoid fohdldrhl

fiajhla bgq lrkq ,nhs' ta rdcHh ;=<u mj;akd ixúOdkh yd Ôj;ajk
mqoa.,hka ms<sn| f;dr;=re iemhSula jYfhks' fï ixúOdkj, b;sydih
rdcHj, m%Njfha b;sydih ;rï u §¾> jQjla f,i o ie,lsh yels h'
idudkHfhka ;rÕldÍ fyda i;=re rgl fyda we;eï úg ñ;=re rgl fyda
uOHia: rgl hqoaO lghq;=" l¾udka;" fjf<|du" foaYmd,k ;;a;ajh
hkdÈh ms<sn| ryia ,nd .ekSug fhdod .kq ,nk ls%hdud¾. T;a;= fiajh
iïNdId 413
hkqfjka .efka' ta iuÕu ;u rfÜ ryiH lreKq t<sorõ ùug fkd§

wdrlaId lr .ekSu o tysu ix.Dys; fõ' T;a;= fiajh m%Odk fldgu hqoaO
lghq;=j,ska iduh mj;soa§ wdrlaIl lghq;=j,g wod< jqj;a idudkH
rdfcHda;aij lghq;=" wd¾Ól lghq;= yd ld¾ñl lghq;= ms<sn| f;dr;=re
talrdYS lr .ekSu;a wdrlaId lr .ekSu;a tys ld¾hhls' T;a;= fiajh hkq
ryia imhd .ekSu muKla fkdfõ' tajd l%udkql+,j tla/ia lsÍu" tajdfha
jákdlu yd úYajdikSh;ajh ;lafiare lsÍu yd tajd weiqfrka ks.ukj,g
t<öu o Bg wh;a fõ'
foa Y md,k lghq ; = iïnka O fhka T;a ; = fia j fha we;s jeo.;a l u
ft;sydisl hq.fha wdrïNfha mgka u ta;a;= .ekaù ;snQ lreKls' T;a;=
fiajh .=ma; úoHdjla jYfhka ie,l+ ñir foaYjdiSka w;r wjqreÿ 5000 g
wêl ld,hlg fmr mjd ixúOdkh lrk ,o prmqreI fiajhla ;snqKs'
fydau¾f.a b,shâ kï uyd ldjHfha o nhsn,fha mrK .súiqfï o T;a;=lrejka
.ek i|yka fjhs' ^Y='n'"48"195"240-241msgq& tys tla wjia:djl iñ\dKka
jykafia fudafiiag mjid we;af;a zud bYardfh,a ckhdg fokakg hk
ldkdka foaYhg prmqreIhka hjkak' kqU,df.a msh f.da;% iEu tllska u
tlaflkd ne.ska Tjqka w;r uQ,slhka jk wh hjkakehsZ hkqfjks' fï
ldkdka rgg hejQ prmqreIhkaf.a kdudj,shla o oelafõ' fudafiia fï
prmqreIhka wu;d" l=uk wdldrfha rgla o Tjqka mÈxÑ ù isákafka l+vdrïj,
o n,fldgqj, o ta rg ire o ksire o uQl,dka tys weoao keoao hk j.
fidhd ne,Sug Wmfoia § ;sfí' ^Y='n'"162-163& nhsn,fha i|yka fuu isoaê
oduh ;=<ska meyeÈ,s jkafka rdcHhla ck;d whs;shg mejÍfï § mjd
Wmfoia ud,djla Tiafia tl, prmqreI fiajh úêu;aj mj;ajdf.k hdug
lghq;= lr we;s njhs' tfuka u R.afõofhka ksrEms; foajuKav,h w;r
jreK foúhd úYaj jHdma; prmqreI fiajhl fhÿfKls' i;a;ajhkaf.a
wdpdr .fõIKh i|yd fhdod.;a ld¾h uKav,h y÷kajd we;af;a ziamYZ
hk kñks' R.afõofha jreK iqla;fha iamYjreka ms<sn| my; ksoiqk
fuys,d oelaúh yels h'
—fm%dafrda¾ ñ;% jreKd mDÓúHd

m%Èj RIajdoanDy;# iqodkq
iamfYda oOdf:a ÍëIq õlaIaõ
RO.ahf;da wksñIx rCIuK˜
^R.a'"VI, 61-03,p.169-170)
29 - CM23766
414 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
tfuka u fuys i|yka Í§Iq hk jpkh fh§fuka T;a;=lrejka

ñksiqkaf.a ksjyka ;=< muKla fkdj bka msg;;a ieÕù isáfha hehs úia;r
fjhs' zøe.#Z hkqfjka o jreKf.a T;a;=lrefjda y÷kajd ;sfí'^R.a'"VI, 61-
05,p.172-173)
fldai, ixhqla;fhys i;a; cá, iQ;%fha tk l:d mqj;l nqÿka jykafia

fldfid,a rcqg lreKq myod foñka lr we;s m%ldYhlska ;dmi fõYh
prmqreIhdf.a wdrlaIdj msKsi Wmfhda.S lr.;a nj fmfka' hqêIaÁr rcq
ÿ¾fhdaOk rcqf.a f;dr;=re fiùu msKsi wfhdaOHdmqrhg jkjeisfhl=
;jqiafjia .kajd hejQ ieá uyd Ndr;fhys i|yka h' ûydNdr;h"110-
114"msgq& tfuka u oUÈj prmqreI fiajh jQ njg idCIs Wïu.a. cd;lfhka
o ,efí' ^Wïu.a. cd;lh" 184-196 msgq&
md,lhkag yd md,s;hkag Wmfoia ,ndÿkakd jQ fn!oaO iys;H .%ka:

yd fjk;a bka§h .%ka:hkays fkdfhla wjia:dj, i|ykaj ;snQ rdcHh yd
wfkl=;a prmqreI fiajdj ms<sn|j Tjqkag fyd| wjfndaOhla ,eî ;sfnkakg
we;s nj is;sh yels h' rcqka úiska wd;audrlaIdj;a" rdcHdrlaIdj;a Wfoid
prmqreI ixúOdkhla we;s lr.; hq;= h' fl!á,H" ukq wd§ yskaÿ kS;s
.%ka: iïmdolfhda;a foaYmd,k úoHd{fhda;a Wmfoia ÿkay' ukq prmqreI
fiajh ¥; fufyjrg iïnkaO lr ;sfí' ûkqiauD;sh" 7(153-154"299ms'&
fï ms<sn|j jvd;a wjOdkh fhduq l< fl!á,H w¾:Ydia;%h kï jQ

iajlSh lD;sfhys mßÉfþo y;rla u prmqreI ixúOdkh ms<sn|j Wmfoia
§u i|yd fjka lrhs' fu!¾h wêrdcHh jeks iqúYd, rdcH ixúOdkhl
wjYH;d flfrys Tyq ±ä ie,ls,a,la ±la jQ ksid t;rï ixlS¾K úia;rhla
bÈßm;a lsÍug isÿ jQ njg wkqudkhla ke;' ,xldfõ foaYmd,k wdh;ksl
ixúOdkfhys ,d bkaÈhdkq n,mEu úfYaIfhka u fl!á,Hf.a wdNdih
fkduoj ,o nj fmfkk ksid fuys§ w¾:Ydia;%fhys prmqreI fiajh
ms<sn| úia;rh flfrys o ;rul wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍu úIhdkqrEmhehs
yefÕa'
w¾: Ydia;%h ;=<ska ksrEms; prmqreI fiajdj ia:djr yd cx.u hk

m%Odk fiajd fCIa;% folla Tiafia f.dkq jQjla nj fmfka' kshñ; ia:dkhl
/f|ñka ia:djrj o foaYSh yd úfoaYSh jYfhka ta ta ;ekays ießirñka
cx.uj o prmqreIhd fiajfhys ksr;j ;sfí' fï wkqj w¾:Ydia;%h iuia;
iïNdId 415
prmqreI fiajdj ixia:d yd ixpdr hkqfjka m%fNao oaú;ajhla f,i olajd

we;' úkhdêldßlh kï mßÉfþofha§ úia;r jkafka prmqreIhka m;alsÍu
yd ia:djr prmqreIhka ms<sn|j h' rdcHfha wNHka;rfhys ta ta wdh;k
weiqre fldg f.k f;dr;=re imhd ;sfí' ia:djr fiajhg wh;a prmqreI
j¾. m%Odk jYfhka fldgia mylg fnod ;sfí' tkï"
1. ldmál ^lmá mqoa.,hka&
2. WodiaÓ; ^mQclhka&
3. .Dym;s jHCoack ^ks¾Ok f.dúhka&
4. ffjoyl ^fjf<kaoka&
5. ;dmi jHCoack ^cgdOdÍka&
hkqfjks' wk;=rej ta ta fldgig wh;a jkakjqka ;=< msysáh hq;=

.=Kdx. yd Tjqka fj; mejßh hq;= lghq;= ms<sn|j úia;r lr we;' tfiau
;u ch.%yKh ksh; kï fyda i;=rdg úm;la isÿù we;akï fyda fjk;a
ld,hl hqoaO i|yd msg;aj hdfï jrola fkdue;s nj;a tfia hd hq;af;a ;u
rdcOdks lghq;= ish,a, uekúka ixúOdkh fldg ;nd .uk iïnkaO
lghq;= iQodkï fldg f.k l,a;nd prmqreIhka hjd w;a;sjdru ilid
f.k nj i|yka lr ;sfí' ûkqiauD;sh"7(183-184"295ms'& tfia u cx.u
fiajh i|yd o prmqreI j¾. y;rla ms<sn|j olajhs' tkï"
1. i;a;%S ^ryia ksfhdað;hd&
2. ;SCIK ôdußlhd fyj;a pKaähd&
3. rio ^úI §ug mqreÿ ;eke;a;d&
4. NslaIqlS îsÕufkys fhfok msßjeðksh&
hkqfjks' fï tla tla wxYhka flfrys ia:djr yd cx.u hk m%fNaohkag

wkqj prmqreIhka fhdojd ;sîfuka md,lhdg iajlSh md,k ;ka;%fhys
yiqfkdjk ;ekla fkdue;s ;rï h' ;udg yd rchg we;s mCImd;lu yd
rdcH ;=< isÿjk ryia l=uka;%K" ¥IK" wl%ñl;d wd§ ish¨ f;dr;=re
md,lhdg oekSug by; prmqreI fiajh úêúOdk ie,eiaúh hq;= nj fmkajhs'
miqj úia;r flfrkafka rdcHfha ta ta ;ek weúÈñka f;dr;=re imhk
ixpdrl prmqreIhka îxpdr& .ek h' fï i|yd wx. úoHdOrfhda" udhd
Ydia;Dyq" cdïnl úoHdOrfhdaa" ^weia neka÷ïldrfhda& ksñ;s lshkafkda" ixi¾.
úoHdOrfhda" rioEfhda" ^úI fidaokafkda& mßn%dðldfjdaa" uqKav ldka;dfjda
416 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
^flia nQ .d meúÈ fjia .;a& wd§ kdkd iajrEmfhka hq;a mqoa.,fhda f;dard
.kakd ,oy' Tjqka flfrys mejreK úfYaI hq;=lula jQfha ta ta ;eka weiqre
lrñka rcqf.a foaYfhys u uka;S%ka" mQclhka fiakdm;Ska NdKavd.dßlhka
yd hqjrcqka we;=¿ Wiia fmf<a mqoa.,hka ms<sn|j jQ ryia f;dr;=re rcqg
iemhSu h' Tjqka tlsfkld mjd fkdiÕjñka rcqg f;dr;=re imhk njg
rcq úiska j. n,d.; hq;= njg fl!á,Hfhda Wmfoia fo;s'^fl!á,H w¾:
Ydia;%h 1- 2 wêldr" ms' 62-65& ish rfÜ idudkH jeishka ms<sn| f;dr;=re
jd¾;d imhk prmqreIhka ms<sn|j o i|yka fõ'^fl!á,H w¾: Ydia;%h 1-
2 wêldr"68-70msgq&
fï prmqreIhka i;= msßi isáh hq;= ia:dk ta ta ia:dkhkays§ f;dr;=re

,nd.kakka ms<sfj, wd§ lreKq ms<sn| ukd úia;rhla o fuys ths' úfoaYhka
ys f;dr;=re imhk prmqreIhka ms<sn| úia;rhla lrk fl!á,H Tjqkaf.a
olaI;djhka wkqj ta ta j¾.hkag we;=<;a lrk whqre yd Tjqka imhk
f;dr;=re wkqj rcq i;=re ñ;=re rcqka flfrys wjia:dkqrEmj lghq;= l<
whqre meyeÈ,s lrhs'^fl!á,H w¾: Ydia;%h 1- 2 wêldr"73-75msgq& wêrdcHhla
jeks úfYaI rdcHhl meje;au i|yd prmqreI ixúOdkhla w;HjYH nj
fmkS hhs'
tfuka u prmqreIfhl= i;= úh hq;= ,CIK rdYshla w¾: Ydia;%fhka

bosßm;a fjhs' fuysoS iEu prmqreIfhl= flfrys u mej;sh hq;= fmdÿ
,CIK fuka u ta ta prmqreIhkag muKla n,mdk úfYaI ,CIK;a úiaa;r
fõ' ta w;r wka whf.a ryia f;dr;=re oekSu" ks¾NS;lu" nqoaêfhka yd
pß;j;a núka hq l a ; ùu" wd;a u drCIdj yd wd;a u iq L úyrKh ms < s n |
fkdis;kafkl= ùu wdosh lemS fmfka'^fl!á,H w¾: Ydia;%h 1- 2 wêldr"57-
58msgq& ixia:d ixpdr hk m%fNaoj,g wh;a jQ ish¨ u prmqreIhka foaYfhka"
fõIfhka" Ys,amfhka" NdIdfjka yd O¾ufhka weoysh fkdyels f,i fjiaj<d
.;a;jqka úh hq;= h' fï wkqj rdcHhl meje;au i|yd úfYaIfhka u
prmqreIhdf.a odhl;ajh fnfyúka u w.h l< nj jegfya'
merKs ,laÈj foaYmd,k fCIa;%fhys m%Njh yd úldYh flfrys o

fndfyda úg bka§h wdNdih ,efnkakg we;' wfma m%Odk;u ft;sydisl
uQ,dY%h jk uydjxih foaYmd,k b;sydih flfrys oeä ie,ls,a,la olajd
we;;a foaYmd,k wdh;k ixúOdkh jQ wdldrh fjk fjku úia;r lsÍug
W;aidy ord ke;' tksid prmqreI fiajh ms<sn|j jqj o lreKq bÈßm;a l<
iïNdId 417
yelafla iaj,am jYfhks' tfiau fndfydaÿrg wkqudkfhks' foaYmd,k

l%shdj,sfhys mq¿,a ùu;a iuÕ prmqreI fiajh yqfola hqo lghq;= yd jvd;a
iïñY%Kh ùula olakg ,efí'
wkqrdOmqr hq.h
wkqrdOmqrh rdcOdkshla f,i f.dvk.d .;a mKavqldNh rcq iajlSh

prmqreIhka jYfhka fhdod .;af;a hlaIhka îajfoaYlhska& nj Tyqf.a
<ud ld,h yd ududjreka iuÕ l< hq o a O ms < s n |j úia ; rfhka
fmfka' û'j'"10(1-72& fudjqka w;=ßka Ñ;a;rdc yd ld,fõ, lemS fmfka'
Tjqka iajlSh lghq;= f.k.sh wdldrh ms<sn|j läka lv ,efnk f;dr;=re
yer meyeÈ,s úia;rhla tys o i|yka fkdfõ' úydruydfoaúhf.a fod<
ikais|jkq i|yd wjYH oE ,eîug wkqrdOmqr n,d .sh fõ¿iquk ls%hd lf<a
ola I prmq r eIfhl= ú,difhks ' û'j'"22(57-58& fï ms < s n | úia ; r lrk
ioaO¾ud,xldrh fufia i|yka lrhs'
zztl, fj¿iq u k fhda O hd ;udf.a f.g f.dia kdúifhl=

^lrKjEñfhl=& f.kajd f.k l=vqïìh muKla ;nd ysiflia ndjd rcqyqf.ka
f.ä ÿkakd fldg msg jehsß olajd r;a ms<s folla ye| WoEikaysu f.ka
msg;a j'''''''''''''''' ZZ
îoaO¾u'"432ms'&
fõ¿iquk fhdaOhd wjia:djg wkql+, jk mßÈ ;u fõYh udre

lr.kakg lghq;= l< wdldrh ñka meyeÈ,s h' tfuka u uyje,s .Õ wi<
/lj,a , d is á oyila fou< ms ß ia tla j le|jñka is á h§ u fuf.dv
/lj,a,d isá øúv iuQyh iómhg f.dia Tjqka yd tlaj t<dr rcq uqK.eiSug
fõ¿iquk iu¾:fhla úh' bkamiqj isÿ jQ lghq;= ish,a, ;=<ska ms<sìUq
jkqfha prmqreIfhl=f.a fiajd odhl;ajh Wmßuhla lrd f.k .sh wdldrhhs'
flfia o h;a"
—''''''''ldjka;siai rÊcqrefjda tldjka j kqUjykafiaf.a w.=K ;ukaf.a

wud;Hjrekag lshd wdfl%dI mßNj fnfK;s¦ uu ta wid iajdókS tfia
fkdìKaj uekj" t<d, rÊcqrejka jykafiah¦ ;uka jykafia;a hqO l%shdfhys
oCI fhdaOhdKka jykafia h" fkdfhla oyia .Kka fhdaOhka úiska msßjrk
,o fial" wiqrNghka msßjrk ,o fjmÑ;a;s kï wiqf¾Johd jeks fialeZhs
hkd§ka kqUjykafiaf.a fY!rù¾h .=Khka j¾Kkd fldg lSñ' udf.a
418 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
fumuK j/oaola is;e ;ndf.k f;ms udf.a ,xldoaùmrdcHhg i;=re j

bkakd jQ fou< rcqf.a .=K j¾Kkd lf<aoehs lshd udf.a ysie flia lmajd
urd ;,d ÿ¾j, fldg lidfrÈ w|jd m,d hj" fld," ;df.a t<d,rcq
iómfhys ys| iem fia jijhs lshd ud t ráka fkrmQy' tfia fyhska uu
kqUjykafia <Õg wdñ lSy'''˜
îoaO¾u'"432-433msgq&
fï wdldrhg t<dr rcqf.a is;a.kakd ú,difhka jyis nia mejiSu

ksid miqj rcqf.a wiay,akdhl ;k;=rg o m;a jQ fõ¿iquk wdmiq ud.u
n,d .sfha ;uka wd rcqf.a fm!oa.,sl lghq;a; ukd fia bgqlr f.k h'
tmuKla fkdj ldjka;siai rcq .x.d kÈfhys m%Odk f;dgqmf<ys wdrlaIdj
i|yd keje;a jQ §>dNh l=ure iqrksu, ksßlaikq i|yd ñyska;,h iómfhys
fodru~,dj úiQ l=Kav, n%dyauKhd fj; msg;alr heù h'û'j'"23(17-30"
ioaO¾u'"510-522ms'& ñyska;,d fmfoia wkqrdOmqr rdcOdkshg wh;a jQ ksid
t<dr rcqf.a lghq;= ms<sn| ryia f;dr;=re iemhSu o Tjqkaf.ka bgq jQ nj
is;sh yels h' ioaO¾ud,xldrfha uydfka,j;a:qfjys i|yka jkafka óg
iudk l;d jia;=jls' fï f;dr;=rej,ska wjfndaO jkafka fndfyda fihska
fjf<| fjiska isá nuqKka úiska wkqrdOmqrfha f;dr;=re ud.u rcqg
imhk ,o nj h'
ldjka;siai rcqf.a urKska miqj ioaOd;siai l=ure uEKshka yd

lfvd,a we;= o f.k È.djejg .sfha h' fï m%jD;a;sh ±k.;a .euqKq l=ure
nq;a;,g wjq;a prmqreIhka ^prhka& hjd f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfuka miq ud.ug
meñK ;sfí'
—;x mj;;sx ksfjfo;=x" ÿÜG.duKs ik;slx

f,Lx o;jd úifcciqx" ifnnuppd iud.;d
fid .=;;yd,ud.k;jd" ;F: pdfr úicðh

uyd.duuqm.k;jd" ihx rfccZNsfiphs˜
û'j'"24(16-17&
uydjxiàldj olajkafka o" ;udf.a ys;j;a mqreIhska ud.ug hjd

ud.u f;dr;=re ±kf.k miqj ud.ug f.dia rdcHdNsfIalh ,enQ njhs'
ûydjxiàldj" 366ms'& we;eï úfgl" fï mqreIhska ys;j;a prmqreIhka
iïNdId 419
f,i ryiH rdcH ;dka;%sl fiajdjl fhfokakg we;s nj;a fudjqka u

t<dr rcq yd l< ix.%duj,§ Wmfhda.S lr.;a nj;a is;sh yels h' tfy;a
ta ms<sn| meyeÈ,s úia;rhla uydjxifhka olakg fkd,efí'
fjdaydr;siai rcqf.a fidfydhqre wNhkd. rcq yd fufyish w;r

mej;s wh:d iïnkaOhla ksid ráka m,dhdug isÿ úh' ta hk .ufka§ Tyq
iajlSh uhs,Kqjkag lsmqKq njg jHdc ú,dihla olajd w;a md wdÈh lemamù
h'û'j'"36(42-49& uhs,a iqN foaj f;fï rcq fj; meñK ys;jf;l= fia
jdih lrñka rcq flfrys rgjeis ckhd fNao lf<a h' tuÕska rcqg mlaImd;
ck;d n,h wys ñ ls Í ug mjd lghq ; = l< nj fmfka ' fï ms < s n | j
uydjxiàldj olajkafka"
zzududf.a w;a md is÷jd '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ol= fï n,a,d fuka ug

ñksiqkag iqkL Wmudjla olajd ;ukag b;du ys;j;a ñksiqka ^hy¿ mqreIhka&
f.k N,a,;s;a:h n,d.sfhah' ''''''''''''''' is;+ ck;dj rcq flfrys l<lsrjk
úÈfha nÿ .ekSï wdÈfhka Tjqka fm<S h' rcq flfrys l<lsrù h' ksis f,i
lghq;= lf<aoehs oek.kq msKsi ¥;fhl= tù h' fï ¥; fjiska meñKs
prmqreIhd ÿgq iqNfoaj Tyq oel mqjla .ila jfÜ lerlefjñka ñglska tu
.fia uq,a ;,d ÿ¾j,fldg w;skau ìu fy<d ¥;hdg ;¾ckh fldg m,jd
yeßfhah' prmqreIhd o lreKq wid wNhkd.g ie,lf<ah''''˜
ûydjxiàldj" 535-536ms'&
hkqfjks' fufia okajk ,o mqj; kï fjdydr;sii a rcqf.a rdcHn,h

yeu;skua ÿ¾j, fldg we;s nj;a iq¿ m%ydrhlska ì| fy<sh yels nj;a h'
foaYmd,kfha § b;d ishqï f,i ilia lrk ,o prmqreI fiajhla ms<sn|
f;dr;=re bka wkdjrKh fõ'
ck;djf.a ikSmdrCIdj ms<sn|j o Wkkaÿfjka lghq;= l< nqoaOodi

rcq tla wjia:djl l=Iag frda.sfhl= ms<sn| ksYaph lr.ekSu i|yd mqoa.,fhl=
,jd f;dr;=re ,ndf.k we;' fudyq prmqreIfhl= olajk iqyoNdjfhka
hq;=j rcqg Wmldr jQ wdldrh fmkS hhs' ta wkqj rcq foaYmd,kh ;=< §
wfmaCId l< ck;d iqNidOkh u; fi!LH yd iajia:;dfjys hym;
Wfoid o prmqreI odhl;ajh ,ndf.k ;sfnk nj meyeÈ,s h'
420 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
—mqreIfhla hj wij,a l==IaG frda.S yqf.a Ñ;a;dpdrh okqj˜ hs wK

lf<ah' fya f;fï f.dia l=IaG we;a;yqf.a hy¨jl= fihska fj; ys|f.k
—hy¨ f;ms l=ula msKsi lsmsfhda oe˜hs úpdf<a h'˜
û'j'"37(156-171&
iS.sß n,fldgqj ;ekQ ldYHm rcq bkaÈhdfõ isá fud.a.,a,dk ûq.,ka&

l=ure urdoeóu msKsi ;u wrlaleñhd yd wiaf.dõjd prmqreI fiajdjl
fhdojd we;s uq;a tu ld¾h Tjqkg bgqlr.; fkdyels jQ nj uydjxih
i|yka lrhs'û'j'"39(1& fl!á,H w¾: Ydia;%fha olajk prmqreI ixúOdkhg
o wrlaleñhka wh;a lrf.k ;sfí'^fl!á,H w¾: Ydia;%h 1- 2 wêldr"63ms'&
wkqrdOmqr hq.h wjidk ld,h isxydikh ms<sn| wr., iys; iuhls'

isxydikhg ysñlï bÈßm;a fldg ol=Kq bkaÈhdjg m,d .sh rdcjxYslhkaf.ka
wdrlaId ùug lghq;= ie,iSu fï hq.fha rcqkag uqyqK mdkakg jQ nrm;,
.eg¨jla úh' fï i|yd ±rE W;aidyhl m%;sM,hla ms<sn| m<uq jk fiak
ld,fha § wika k g ,efí' ta prmq r eIhka ,jd uys k a o l= u re urjk
wjia:djhs'û'j'"50(4&
wkqrdOmqr wjidk ld,h ms<sn|j wjq,a iy.; ;;a;ajh fpda< rcqg

mejiqfõ o furg isg .sh wYaj fjf<ÿka úisks'û'j'"55(13& fujeks wjia:d
prmqreI ld¾hka f,i uydjxih i|yka fkdl< o fj<|dug wu;rj
prmqreI fiajfhys fhÿfKa hehs o wkqudk l< yels h'
fmdf<dkakre hq.h
fojeks rdcOdksh yd w.k.rh jQ fmdf<dkakrej fm!rdKsl;ajfhka

o wkqrdOmqrhg miqj fndfyda ld,hla rdcOdksh jYfhka mej;s ia:dkh
jYfhka o jeo.;a fõ' wkqrdOmqrh w.kqjr j mej;s ld,h ;=< ol=Kq yd
W;=re m%foaY w;r we;s jQ ;rÕldÍ isú,a hqoj,oS n,fiakd l|jqre n|sk ,o
fmdf<dkakrej wdrCIl n,fldgqjla jQ w;r k.rh wi,ska .,d nisk
uyje,s kosh wdl%uKsl yuqodj, n,h ySk lrk ndOlhla úh' fujeks
iajNdúl hqoafOdaml%uj,g wu;rj foaYmd,kh Wfoid prmqreI fiajh o
nyq,j fhdod .eksK'
iïNdId 421
úchndyq rcqf.a md,k iufhys prmqreI fiajh ms<sn|j meyeÈ,s

f;dr;=rla fkd;snqK o wkqudk l< yels wjia:d ;sfí' øúv n,fhka rg
uqojd .ekSug l< igfka§ Tyqf.a rúfoaj yd p, hk fiakdm;Ska fofokd
fid<Skag tla ù we;' û'j'"56(16-17& kuq;A fid<Ska fkrmSfï ;SrKd;aul
igk flfrk wjia:dfõ fï fiakdm;Ska fofokd mjqre fldgqjg we;=¨ ù
fndfyda fou< msßia >d;kh lr ;sfí' fï isoaêh foi úuiqïj ne¨jfyd;a
fuu n,fldgq wëCIKhg prmqreIhka f,i rúfoaj yd p, meñKshd úh
yels h' tfia u fpda < hka f .a wdrla I l lghq ; = j , ÿ¾j, ;eka ms < s n |
wjfndaOhla mjd Tjqkg mj;skakg we;'
miqj t<fUk wjêh prmqreI ixúOdkhl w;HjYH iuhla jQ nj

fmfka' ,xld rdcHh fojk .cndyq" udkdNrK" lS¾;s Y%S fï>" isßj,a,N
hk rdclSh msßi w;frys /£ ;snqKs' fojk .cndyqg fmr fmdf<dkakrefõ
rc jQ úl%undyqg;a Tyq wejEfuka .cndyqg;a úreoaOj udhd rfgys udkdNrK
yd reyqfKa lS¾;s Y%S fï> yd isßj,a,N hk fidfydhqfrda ;sfok lsysmjrla
u igka l<y' úl%undyqg úreoaOj l< uq,a igkska mrdch ,en l,la ksy~j
isá fidfydhqfrda wNsfIal fkd,enQ úl%undyq jekakl= flfia rcrg rclï
lrkafka ±hs Woyiaj h<s;a Tyqg úreoaOj fiakd ixúOdkh lf<da h'
fï nj iajlSh prmqreIhkaf.ka ±k.;a úl%undyq i;=rka ;udg myr§ug
fmr Tjqkg myr§u i|yd lghq;= lf<a h' fufia rcjre wksla rcjreka
ms<sn|j yd ;u rg ms<sn|j f;dr;=re ±k.ekSug muKla fkdj wksla
rcjrekaf.a m%foaY úkdY lr,Su i|yd o prmqreIhka fhojQy' û'j'"61(64-
68& fojk .cndyq rcq fmdf<dkakrefõ wdêm;Hh ,nd .ekSu ls;aisßfï>f.a
iy isßj,a,Nf.a m%idohg fya;= fkdù h' tksid fojk .cndyq ish rdcHfhys
;yjqre ùug fmr Tyq mrdch l<hq;= hezhs is;d ;E.s fnda. w,a,ia oSfuka
fõff<laldr Nghka fojk .cndyq flfrys ì|jQy' t;=udf.a iómfha jQ
lSmfofkl= yefrkakg fiiq rgjeisfhda o fojk .cnd rcqf.ka ÿria: jQy'
fï msßfika we;efula fmdf<dkakre rdcHh w;am;alr fok njg Wmldr
jYfhka ls;aisßfï>g;a isßj,a,Ng;a ¥;hka hejQy'û'j'"63(20-26& fuu
isoaëka foi ne¨j o foaYmd,k fCIa;%fha § prmqreIhdf.a odhl;ajh ,nd
.kakg rcjre Wkkaÿ jQ wdldrh fmfka'
prmqreI fiajh ms<sn|j wmg ±k.ekSug ,efnk meyeÈ,s u úia;rh

yuqjkqfha uyd mrdl%undyq rcH iufhks' uydjxih óg mßÉfþohla u
fjka lr we;'^65( 11-57& olaÅK foaYfha ;u iq¿ mshd <Õ isá ;reK
422 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
mrdl%undyq l=ure rc rgg m,df.dia .cndyq fj; isá ld,iSudj ;=< § Tyq
úiska kqjr iEu ;ekgu prmqreIhka fhdodf.k we;' bka meyeÈ,s jkafka
fojk .cndyq rcqf.a wd.ka;=lfhl=j isáñka wkd.; rdcHfha ld¾h
idOkh i|yd ixúê; prmqreI fiajhla l%shd;aul l< njhs' tys § .cndyq
rcqf.a neyer uKav, jeis ck;dj w;ßka rcq flfrys l<lsreK ck;dj;a
rcqg mCImd; wo/;s ck;dj;a fjkaj y÷kd.ekSu i|yd úúO Wmdh
okakd NdIdjkays ksmqK b;d úYajdi iy.; mCImd;S mqoa.,hka fjia
.ka j d prmq r eIhka jYfhka yiq r ejd we;' fuu fia j dfõ ks h e,S is á
prmqreIhdf.a odhl;ajh úúOdldrfhka ,o njg f;dr;=re fuf,i oelaúh
yels h'
 úI fjolfuys oCI mqoa.,hska khs kgjkakka f,i
 iduqøsldÈ fkdfhla ,CIK okakd mqoa.,hka fjK jhk iefvd,a
nuqKq wd§ka f,i
 fou< wd§ fkdfhla ck;dj kegqï .ehqïys oCIjQjka iï rE
wd§ fl<s olajkakjqka f,i
 lod uqÿ j<¨ wd§ nvq f.k .ñka .u hk fjf<kaoka f,i
 l=v ierhá wd§ msßlr f.k .ñka .u ffp;H jkaokdfõ hk
ieoeyewe;s ;dmihka f,i
 fjolï okakjqka .ï kshï.ïys fjolï lrñka yeisfrkakjqka
f,i
 wCIr úoHdj yd wdhqO úoHdj mqyqKq lrkakg yels wh f,i
 ri ls%hd okakjqka
 N+; úoHd okakjqka
 rkalï wdÈfha ksmqK fkdfhla Ys,amSka
 b;sydih mqrdKd§ fkdfhla l:d okakjqka û'j'" 66(129-145&
fl!á,Hf.a w¾: Ydia ; % f ha o uydjxifha o i|yka mrdl% u ndyq

rc;=udf.a prmqreI fiajh ms<sn| úia;rh w;r hï m%udKhl iudk;ajhla
olakg ,efnhs' mrdl%undyq rc;=ud fkdfhl=;a Wmdh okakd úúO NdId
okakd mCImd;S úYajdi wh prmqreIhka f,i f;dard .kakg;a prmqreI
fiajhla ks¾udKlrKh i|yd;a w¾: Ydia;%h .=re fldg .;a;dg ielhla
ke;' û'j'"64(3"70(56-58&
iïNdId 423
—''''''''' ^merl=ïnd l=ure& úÿre n÷ uy;a m%×d n,fhka .=reka fj;

fkdfhla Ys,am cd;h jyd fnfyda fldg W.kañka nqoaOd.ufhys o fldg,a,d
§ fkdfhla kS;sfhys o Yíofhys o '''''''' mrf;rg meñKs'''''''˜
û'j'"64(1-5&
Wla; i|yka wdldrhg úúO ;rd;srï ksfhdackh flfrk whqßka

fhdok ,o prmqreI fiajh u.ska m%;Hka; m%foaY jeishkaf.a is;=ï me;=ï"
wdl,am wjfndaO lr.ekSug mrdl%undyq l=ure lghq;= lsÍu u.ska meiqKq
úpdr nqoaêhlska hqq;=j lghqq;= l< ÿro¾YS md,lfhl= f,i y÷kd.ekSug
yels h' mrdl%undyq jeks md,lhka Wïu.a. cd;lh yeoErE nj olakg
,efí'û'j'"64(42-47& t;=ud o ;u prmqreIhka i;=rkA fj; heùfï §
Wïu.a. cd;lhg wkqj i;=rdf.a n,fldgqjla ;=< isá prmqreIhd ;u
iajdñhdg mKsjqv heùfïoS ;,hl m;la ne| úoSu o merKs Wml%uhla f,i
fhdod .kakg we;'
ish¨ jeishkaf.a f;dr;=re oek.ekSu Wfoid Wla; whqßka prmqreIhka

fho jQ mrdl%undyq l=ure k.rh wdY%s; m%foaY ms<sn|j ;ud úiskau fidhd
n,k ,oafoa fojk .cndyq rcqf.a wvqmdvq olsñka Tyqf.au ckhd iuÕ
fudavfhl= fuka lghq;= lrk mßoafoks' b;sydih mqrdKd§ fkdfhla l:d
okakjqka meúÈ fjia.kajñka m%N+jrekaf.a ksfjiaj,g f.dia oka wdÈh
mss<s.ksñka Tjqka yd úYajdifhka nef|ñka Tjqfkdjqkaf.a iajNdjh y÷kd
.kakg lghq;= lr ;sfí' tmuKla fkdj fï msßia rcqflfrys ì|ùug;a
mrdl%undyq l=ure fj; úYajdih f.dvk.d .kakd f,ig;a lghq;= lr
we;'û'j'"64(140-145& fï Tia f ia ;uka g wúks Y a Ñ ; wjia : djl
wNHka;rfhkau úYd, wkq.dñl msßila we;s lr .ekSug fmdf<dkakre
ld,iSudj ;=< § mrdl%undyq l=ure lghq;= fh§u úYsIag h' fojk .cndyq
rcqg iel fkdisf;kd mßÈ fujeks mq¿,a prmqreI fiajdjla úêu;aj
l% s h d;a u l jk w;r;= r jv jvd;a is ; A Èkd.ekS f ï wNs , difhka is h
fidfydhqßh jQ Noaoj;S l=ußh .cndyq fj; irK mdjd foñka odhdo
jYfhka fndfyda jia;= §ug o mrdl%undyq l=ure lghq;= lf<a h' ñka
fkdkej;S fojk .cndyq rcqf.a wd¾Ól fukau yuqod Yla;sh flfrys o
ks Í CIKfhys fhfoñka ,s h ka k ka " k.rdrCIlhka " fifkúhka jeks
ks,OdÍka ms<sn| f;dr;=re o ;uka u ta ta ;ekays yeisfrñka nd, orefjl=f.a
l%Svd iajrEmfhka oekSug ;rï mrdl%undyq l=ureu o iQCIu whqßka prmqreI
fiajh l%shdjg kxjd ;sfí' tfiau fmdf<dkakrej wdY%s; m%foaYfhys ud¾.
424 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
yd w;=re ud¾. ms<sn|j prmqreIhkaf.ka ukd wjfndaOhla o ,ndf.k

;sfí'
.cndyq rcq mrdchg m;a lsÍfuka miqj ls;aisßfujka kï iq¿ msh rcq
fmdf<dkakrefjys wNsfIal lsÍug mrdl%undyq l=ure is;a ;=< ;snqK o
ls;aisßfujka rcqf.a wNdjh;a iuÕ olaÅK foaifhys uydÈmdo moúhg
m;aùug wjia:dj ie,isK' th wkd.; ld¾h idOkhg iqnjd§ mshjrla jQ
nj ksiel h'
tfia u ksYaYxlu,a, rcq ;u md,k iufha § md,kfha ia:djr;ajh

i|yd isß,l ;=karfgys u isÿùï prmqreIhka ,jd fidhd.;a nj Tyqf.a
.,afmd; fi,a,smsfhys i|yka fõ'
—iajuKav, mruKav, pdrplaIqiska i;;fhka ol=;=ÿ ''''''''''''''''''''''''˜

ÊZ.,II,No.17,p.106)
fuh jxil;d.; mqj;la fkdj fï fiajdj l%shd;aul l< mqoa.,hd

úiska u m%ldY lrk ,oaolaùu jvd jeo.;a h' úfoaYslfhl= jQ ksYaYxlu,a,
rcqf.a n,hg úreoaOj ke.S wd úúO rdcH Wreulrejka ksid we;s jQ
foaYmd,k w¾nqohg uqyqK§fï § t;=ud úiska l%shd;aul l< iQlaIu Wml%u
w;r prmqreI fiajh o fhdod.;a;dg lsis÷ ielhla ke;' flfia jqj o
ksYaYxlu,a, rcq fuu prmqreI fiajdfjka ,nd.;a f;dr;=rej,ska muKla
iEySulg m;afkdù f;fïu rfÜ úúO m%foaYj, ixpdrh lrñka lghq;=
fidhd neÆ nj t;=udf.a fi,a,sms /ilu olajd we;'
—isß,l meol=
Kqfldge isidrd
.ï kshï.ï m
gqka.ï rd
cOdkS
o fojq
kqjr le
,eKs o
Tq¨ w
kqrdO
iïNdId 425
mqr kq
jr we
;=¿jQ
;=ka r
cfh
ys fkd
tla m%
is~ i:dk ô& c,
ÿ¾. .sßÿ¾.
jkÿ¾. mxlÿ
¾. w;Tq¨m
;lafia ksYafYaI
fldge n,d jÞrd r''''''''''˜
ÊZ.,II, No.23" p.138, No.17" p.106, No.24,p.143&
hk i|ykska fï nj uekúka m%lg lrjhs' fï wkqj rcq prmqreIhka

fh§fuka fkdie,S ;uka u rfÜ f;dr;=re fiùfuys kshq;= nj;a weu;sjre
fuka u we;eï úg prmqreIhka úiska o ;uka bÈßfha ujd mE jHdc f,dalh
ms<sn| h:d;;a;ajh ±k.ekSug fuf,i .sh prmqreI .uka ìuka rcqg
WmldÍ jQ nj;a is;sh yels h' tfia isÿlsÍug we;eï úg mshjr .kakg
we;af;a úYajdiodhS f,i m%udKj;a prmqreI ld¾hNdrhla fkd,enqK ksid
o úh yels h' uyd mrdl%undyq rcqf.a prmqreI fiajdj ;rï Yla;su;a
prmqreI fiajdjla ksYaYxlu,a, rcqg ;snqfKa oehs ieliys; nj m%ldY lrk
uydpd¾h frdayK§r uy;df.a woyi o fuys,d i|yka lsÍu WÑ; hehs
yefÕa ' ^frda y K§r"ueka È ia a " ms ' 85& úfoa Y s l fhl= jQ ks Y a Y xlu,a , rc;= u d
iajfoaYslfhl= f,i jir kjhla jeks md,k ld,hla f.k hdug yelsjQfha
rdcH;dka;%sl m%;sm;a;s ;=< prmqreI fiajhla o l%shd;aul l< ksidfjka
hehs o lsj yels h'
ks.ukh
wkqrdOmqr yd fmdf<dkakre hq. weiqßka fuu fiajh ii|d ne,Sfï§

wkqrdOmqr md,lhka prmqreI fiajh Ndú; l< o fmdf<dkakre hq.fha
md,lhka fndfyda fofkla ck;dj bÈßfha rg tlafiai;a l< oejeka;hka
njg m;a jQfha md,lhka msgqmiska issá prmqreIhdf.a odhl;ajh ,nd .;a
426 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
ksid nj lsj yels h' prmqreI fiajdj ;=<ska hqoaO yd md,k lghq;=j,§
m%fhdack ,nd .;a nj wkdjrKh fõ' wLKav hqoaO mej;Su" úfoaYSh
i;=rka me,mÈhï ù isàu" isyiqk i|yd Wreulrejkaf.a wr., yd rdcH
l=uka;%K" wNHka;r foaYmd,k wjq,a úhjq,a hkd§ ÿ¾Nd.H ;;a;ajhkaf.ka
ñ§u i|yd o n, j¾Okh i|yd o ck;djf.a iqNfi; i|yd o w;súYd,
ld¾hNdrhla rcq yd iómj isá prmqreIhd fj; mejreK nj fmfka' ta
wkqj prmqreIhdf.a odhl;ajh Wmßu f,i ,nd.kakg merKs rcjreka
foaYmd,kh ;=<§ W;aidy fkdl<d hehs lsisfia;au lsjfkdyels h' tfuka
u furg mej;s prmqreI fiajdj ;=<ska úúO jD;a;slhka ms<sn|j o lreKq
fy<sorõ lr.ekSug o wjldYh ,efí' merKs ,laosj prmqreIhd foaYmd,k
fËa;%h ;=< by< odhl;ajhla ,nd ÿka nj fuuÕska ks.ukh l< yels h'
wdY%s; .%ka:
m%d:ñl
R.afõo.S;dj,S" ^1997&" mß( meáßla" kdrdú," f.dvf.aa iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U'

fl!á,H w¾: Ydia;%h" wêldr 1 2" ^2003&" wkq( m[a[ls;a;s ysñ" ysßmsáfha" f.dvf.aa
iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U'
iïNdId 427
fl!á,H w¾: Ydia;%h" wêldr 3 4 5 6 7" ^2003&" wkq( m[a[ls;a;s ysñ" ysßmsáfha"
f.dvf.aa iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U'
uydNdr;h" Ydka;s m¾jh -1 fodf<dia jeks fldgi" ^2006&" m[a[ls;a;s ysñ" ysßmsáfha"
f.dvf.aa iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U'
uydjxiàldj^jxi;a:mamldisk&S " ^1994&" îsx(wkq(& wurjxi kdysñ" wl=/áfha" osidkdhl"
fyaupkaø" f.dvf.aa iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U'
uydjxih" m%:u Nd.h" ^1996& isxy,dkqjdoh" yslalvqfõ YS% iqux., udysñ iy
ngqjka;=vdfõ foajrCIs; mç;=ud" tia' f.dvf.a ifydaorfhda" fld<U'
uydjxih" fojk Nd.h" ^1996& isxy,dkqjdoh" yslalvqfõ YS% iqux., udysñ iy
ngqjka;=vdfõ foajrCIs; mç;=ud" tia' f.dvf.a ifydaorfhda" fld<U'
uydjxfid ^wkqrdOmqr rcchq.x&" ^2008&" ixia( b,x.isxy" ux.," weia' f.dvf.a iy
ifydaorfhda" fld<U'
Y=oaO nhsn,h" ^2006&" Y%S ,xld nhsn,a ix.ufha m%ldYkhls'
ioaO¾u,xldrh" ^2000&" ixia( Y%S ,xld m%dÖk NdfIdmldr iud.u" wOHdmk m%ldYk
fomd¾;fïka;j=
oaú;Shl
s
w,.shjkak" mqji;s" ^2004&" ixialD; isxy, Yío fldaIh" iQßh m%ldYk" fld<U'
t,a,dj," fyau" ^1962&" mqrd;k ,xldfõ iudc b;sydih" ixialD;sl lghq;=
fomd¾;fïka;j = '
lygmsáh" ,CIauka" ^2008&" Wïu.a. cd;lh" f.dvf.aa iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U'
l=,;=x." à'Ô" ^2000&" uOHld,Sk Y%S ,xldfõ wdrCIl ixúOdkh" l¾;D m%ldYk
pd,aia" tÉ' Ô'"^1999&" fl!á,H w¾: Ydia;% idrh" f.dvf.aa iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U'
m[a[df,dal ysñ" óf.dv" ^2001&" mqrd;k ,xldj" i§m m%ldYk" fld<U'
fmaudkkao ysñ" udj;.u" ^2001&" fl!á,H ÿgq prmqreIhd" jkaks m%ldYk" wkqrdOmqr'
frdayK§r" uekaÈia" ^1998&" ksYaYxlu,a, - fmdf<dkakrej" ;rxð m%skaÜia" uyr.u'
,xld úYajúoHd,fha ,xld b;sydih" I ldKavh" I Nd.h" ^1964& m¾fhaIKdxYfha
isxy, mßj¾;kh" úoHd,xldr úYajúoHd,h" le,Ksh'
,xld úYajúoHd,fha ,xld b;sydih" I ldKavh" II Nd.h" ^1972& isxy, mßj¾;kh"
úoHd,xldr úYajúoHd,h" le,Ksh'
428 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
úch;=x." yßiapkaø" ^2005&" .=Kfiak uyd isxy, Yío fldaIh" .=Kfiak iy iud.u"
fld<T'
fifkúr;ak" wdßhodi" ^2001&" ukqiauD;sh yd udkj YsIagdpdrh" f.dvf.a iy
ifydaorfhda" fld<U'
fidar; ysñ" je,súáfha" ^1999&" Y%S iqux., Yío fldaIh" m%:u Nd.h" f.dvf.a iy
ifydaorfhda" fld<U'
yßYapkaø" wnhr;ak" ^2012& fmdf<dkakrej ûydjxih mokï lr.;a úu¾Ykhla&"
weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U'
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol.8, (1768), Encyclopaedia Britannica LTD, Chicago,
London-Tronto.
Epigrphia Zeylanica, Vol.II, (1912) Ed: Wickramasinha, Zilva, Archaeological Survey
of Ceylon, Oxford University Press, London.
flá fhÿï
R.a' - R.afõo.S;dj,S
u'j' - uydjxih"
ioaO¾u' - ioaO¾u, xldrh
Y='n'" - Y=oaO nhsn,h
EZ. - Epigrphia Zeylanica
iïNdId 429
fi,a,sms ikaksfõok udOHhla jQfha flfiao@

lms;ka mqIaml=udr ú;dkf.a
Ydia;%m;s ^fld<U&" wOHdmkfõ§" úoHd$.Ks; mqyqKq ^cd'w'wd'&
.=re mqia;ld,hdêm;s;ajh ms<snò mYapd;a Wmdê ämaf,daud ^fld<U&"
l<ukdlrK ämaf,daud û,hdishdj&" Y%S ,xld wOHdmk mßmd,k fiajh
ndysr lÓldpd¾h ^fld<U úYaj úoHd,h&" ysgmq úÿy,am;s ^bism;k úoHd,h&
iyldr wOHdmk wOHlaI ^wOHdmk .%ka: m%ldYk WmfoaYl uKav,h&
1' ye`Èkaùu
ls'% mQ,dxfla
' ;= k a j eka f kys is ÿ jQ uys k a o d.ukh
h ixialD;sh yd w;Hka;fhka ne÷kls'
uyskaod.ukh isxy, NdId YdiA;%dosfhys l%ñl
ixj¾Okh úIhfhys uy;a ms á jy,la iemhS h '
uyskaod.ukh;a iu. u f,ka mQcd lsÍu wd§ lreKq
uQ,sl lr .ksñka fi,a,sms rpkd jkakg úh' ,laÈj
wdÈu fi,a,sms l%s'mQ' ;=ka jk ishji ;rï w;S;hg
Èfjk nj nyqiïNdú; u;hhs'1 tfy;a uE;§ wkqrdOmqr we;=,a k.rfha
lrk ,o leKSïj,ska ls%' mQ' ;=kajk ishjig mQ¾j fia wkqudk flfrk
f,aLkuh idOl o yuqù we;' isxy, NdIdj ms<snò merKs;u f,aLk l%s' mQ'
;=kajk ishjfia isg l%s'j' m<uqjk Y;j¾Ih f;la jQ ld,mßÉfPaohg
wh;a h'2
30 - CM23766
430 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
tiufhys mgka isxy, NdIdfõ iajNdjh" m%j¾Okh ms<snò oek.ekSfï

§ fuu f,aLkj,ska ,efnk msájy, iqúfYaIs fjhs' uq,ald,Sk f,aLk
m%udKd;aulj b;d flá úh' fndfyda úg l%s' mQ' ;=kajk ishjfia isg ls%' mQ'
m<uqjk ishji muK jk;=re wmg yuqjk Ys,df,aLk flá tla jdlHhlg
fyda follg muKla iSud fjhs' ;;a wjêfha f,aLk b;d ixCIsma; ùu
flfrys lreKq ls y s m hla n,mEfõh' ta w;r 1' f,a L kuh ÿIa l r;d"
2' m<l< woyia b;d ixCIsma;j oelaùu" 3' f,aLkuh WmlrKhkays fkdÈhqKq
nj" 4' ishü f,aLkhka mdfya f,ka wd§ mQcd lsÍu ms<snò ,shd ;eîu jeks
tlu úIhlg iSud ùu hk lreKq uQ,sl jYfhka oelaúh yelsh'
tfia jqjo l%ñl úldYkh;a iu. tu hq.fha Ys,d f,aLkhka o l%ufhka

ixj¾Okh jQ nj fmfka' uq,a wjêfhys m%ldYs; iSñ; woyiaj,g jvd jeä
hula f,aLk.; lsÍug fm<öu fukau f,aLkuh WmlrKhka l%ufhka
ÈhqKqùu jeks fya;=ka u; ;;a hq.fha Ys,d f,aLk l%ufhka §¾> jkakg
úh' tfyhska hf:dala; wjêfha l%ñl j¾Okh;a iu. we;s jQ Ys,d f,aLk
o uq,a wjêfha mej;s ir, taldldß iajrEmfhka ñ§ l%ufhka ixlS¾K
jkakg úh'
wo Ndú;fha fhfok isxy, wlaIr j¾;udk yevh .;af;a l%s' j' wgjk
Y;j¾Ifhka miqjh" hkak jeäfokdf.a u;hhs' tfy;a ls%ia;= mQ¾jfhys
Ndú;hg .ekqKq n%dyañ wlaIr tu yevfhka fjkia j y;rjk Y;j¾Ifhka
we/ô yhjk Y;j¾Ifha isg YS>%jk wdldrh" wlaIr úkHdih ms<snòj
ishqïj lreKq úuikafkl=g fmkS hkq we;'
tfia jqjo ,xldfõ f,aLk lghq;= ms<snòj wNsf,aLkuh idlaIs wmg

,efnkafka uyskaod.ukfhka miqjh' tkï foajdkïmsh;siai uy rcqf.a
ld,fha isg h' l%sia;= mQ¾j ;=kajk Y;j¾Ihg wh;a fi,a,smsj,g wkqj wmg
toji Ndú; jQ wlaIr" NdIdj ms<sn|j lreKq wOHhkh l< yels h' tfy;a
thska fmr jQ f,aLk l%uhla .ek lsishï woyila we;s lr .ekSug ;=vqfok
lsisÿ idOlhla fkd,efí'
foajdkïmsh;siai uy rcqka wjêfhys Ndú;fha fhÿKq wlaIr l%uh wmg

,enqfka bkaÈhdfjks hkak ms<s.kakg isÿfõ' ,xldfõ fï wjêfha rc l<
foAjdkïmsh;siai uy rcqg iuld,Skj bkaÈhdfõ rc lf<a wfYdal uy
wêrdchd h' fn!oaOd.u je,ò .ekSfuka miqj O¾udfYdal uy wêrdchd
iïNdId 431
úiska Ndr; foaYfhys fkdfhla m%foaYj, fi,a,sms msysgjQ nj fidhd f.k

we;s w;r tajdfhys Ndú; jQ wlaIr" n%dyaóh wlaIr nj wkdjrKh fldg
f.k we;' fï wjêfha ,xldfõ úúO m%foaYj, ;sfnk fi,a,sms o ,sheù
we;af;a n%dyaóh wlaIr fj;sks' fï iudk;ajh i,lk mqrdúoHd{hskaf.a
woyi tu f,aLk l%uh fn!oaO O¾u¥;hka úiska fuys f.k tk ,o njh'3
wfYdal fi,a,smsj, olakg ,efnk n%dyaó wl=re w;ßka 37 la ,xldfõ
fi,a,sms ,sùu iòyd fhdod f.k we;s nj uydpd¾h fikr;a mrKú;dk
iQÍyq mji;s'4
flfkla n%dyaóh wlaIr" bkaÿ ñáhdjf;a wlaIr yd ;=,kh fldg olaj;s'

tfia we;s iudklï o fmkajd § we;' ta flfia jqjo n%dyaóh wlaIr wkqj
,shejqKq ,xldfõ l%sia;= mQ¾j wjêfha fi,a,sms" bkaÈhdfõ wfYdal ,sms yd
;=,kh lsÍfï§ wlaIr l%ufhys iudklï fukau wiudklï o oelsh
yelsh' fn!oaO O¾u¥;hkaf.a meñKSu;a iu. ,xldfõ olakg ,efnk
n%dyaóh wlaIr Ndú;h wmg wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yels jkafka tu ld,hg
wh;a f,ka ,smsj,sks' fy< wgqjd jeks ,sÅ; idys;Hhla .ek lreKq lshfj;;a
fï ms<sn|j wNsf,aLk idlaIs lsisjla fkdue;s fyhska ;=kajk Y;j¾Ifha
isg fi,a,sms ikaksfõok udOHhla jQ nj oelsh yelsh'
by; lS ld,mßÉfÊoh ;=< ,shk ,o fi,a,sms rdYshls' oykjjk ishjfia

ueo Nd.fha muK isg fïjd mqrdúoHd{hkaf.a;a" mqrdúoHd .fõIlhkaf.a;a
wjOdkhg ,laúh'5 úúO Ydia;%Sh f,aLkj, w¾:l:k o iys;j tajd m<lrkq
,eìK' fï fi,a,sms we;=<;a ix.%yhla uydpd¾h fikr;a mrKú;dk
uy;df.a ixialdrl;ajfhka z,xldfõ Ys,df,aLk - m<uqjk ldKavhZ hk
kñka 1970 § t<sÿgqfõh'6 bx.%Sis niska m<jqKq fï lD;sfha n%dyaó f,ka ,sms
1234 la we;=<;a fõ' bka 1105 la hg lS ld,mßÉfPaofha uq,a hq.hg tkï
l%sia;= mQ¾j ;=kajk ishjfia muK isg l%sia;= j¾IdrïNh muK jQ ld,iSudjg
wh;a f,i j¾. flf¾' b;sß ,sms 109 l%s' j' m<uqjk ishjig wh;a fia
ie,fla'7
.Kkska úYd, jqjo fï ,sms u.ska bÈßm;ajk mKsjqvh tys ikaksfõok

lafIa;%h iSñ;h' ,sms fldgd we;s f,k fyda ta wdY%s; lsishï foam,la i`.
i;= fldg mQcd l< nj tajdhska mejfia' odhlhdf.a ku we;eï úg Tyqf.a
fm,m; yd tjl úiQ md,lhdf.a fyda m%dfoaYSh md,lhdf.a ku o tajdfhys
we;=<;ah' fï yereKq úg mQcd lrk ,o .,af,kg ;enqKq ix{d kduhla
432 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
o we;eï fi,a,smshl fjhs' fi,a,smsj, we;=<;a .%dukdu" ix{dkdu wdÈh

fjkafldg .;a l, ie,lsh hq;= ;rfï jdlafldaIhla ;efkhs' tfy;a
tajdfhys fhÿKq jdlH rgdj, úúO;ajhla olakg fkd,efí' NslaIQka jykafia
o tu ,sms u.ska n;" nr;" f;r" wpßh" tl W;ßl nkl" Yhq; nkl" ulsu
nkl wd§ jYfhka ;u ;ukaf.a ;;a;ajh meyeÈ,s fldg we;'8 .,af,ka
mQcdl< jqka úiska fufia wmg ,nd § we;s f;dr;=re tl, mej;s rdcH
md,k l%uh" wd.ñl ixúOdk" iudc ;;a;ajh yd wd¾Ól ;;a;ajh ms<snò
f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh fõ'
ft;sydisl f;dr;=re ms<snò wOHhkfha § Ys,d ,smsj,g ysñjkafka

m%uqLia:dkhls' Ys,d ,sms u.ska ld,Sk b;sydi .%ka:j, we;=<;a f;dr;=rej,
ksjerÈ;dj uek ne,sh yels jk w;r b;sydi.; f;dr;=re fiùfï§ uQ,sl
jk uydjxih" pQ,jxYh m%uqL wksl=;a idys;H uQ,dY%j, we;=<;a fkdjk
we;eï f;dr;=re ikaksfõokfhys,d jeo.;a fõ'
wkqrdOmqr hq.fha § fukau fmdf<dkakre hq.fha o nqoaOd.u fjkqfjka

rc m% u q L rgjeis h d lemù l% s h d l< w;r fjfyr úydr ;kjñka "
m%;sixialrKh lrñka" NslaIQka jykafia,dg isjqmih m%odkh lrñka wd.ñl
lghq;=j, Tjqyq ksr; jQy' jxil;dj, fï ms<sn|j §¾> úia;r we;=<;aj
;snqk o we;eï wjia:djkays ksldhka yd fm!oa.,sl;ajh u; i;H;dj
.s,syS f.dia we;s nj fmfka' tfy;a fi,a,smsj,ska fndfyda ÿrg ksjerÈ
f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh jQ wdldrh fy<sorõ lr.; yelsh'
l%sia;= mQ¾j ;=kajk Y;j¾Ifha isg fi,a,sms rdYshla ta ta Y;j¾Ij,g

wkql+,j f.dkq lr .; yels ùu ksid fi,a,sms ikaksfõok udOHhla f,i
tl, ikaksfõokh jQ f;dr;=re" ,xldfõ yuqjk fm<m;a" jxY wdosh
ikaksfõokh lsÍug oerE wdldrh" fi,a,smsj, ixfla;j,ska oelajQ foa yd
ta u.ska m%ldY lsÍug ;e;a l< foa fudkjdo hkak úuiSu fuys,d wfmalaIs;h'
02' ikaksfõokh hkq l=ulao@
ikaksfõokh hkak miq.sh oYl lsysmhlg fmr isxy, NdIdjg tlajQ

fhÿuls' th bx.%Sis NdIdfõ zfldñhqksflaIkaZ hk jpkhg fhdok isxy,
mßj¾;k fhÿu h' ir, f,i ikaksfõokh hkafkys f;areu" woyia"
ye`.Sï m%ldY lsÍu" yqjudre lr .ekSu hkakh'9
iïNdId 433
ikaksfõokh hkq uQ,sl udkj yd iudc l%shdj,shls' ikaksfõokh hkq

iudchla we;sùug fya;=ldrl jk fuj,uls' ikaksfõokfhka f;dr udkj
iudchla we;súh fkdyel' udkj ixj¾Okhg fukau udkj meje;aug o
ikaksfõokh w;HjYH fjhs' udkj iudchlska f;drj ikaksfõokhla
we;súh fkdyel'
udkj ikaksfõokfha iqúfYaIs ,laIK fya;=fldg f.k tajd fjkia

udkj fkdjk iudchkaf.ka meyeÈ,s fjkila úoydmdhs' iudc úoHd{
Charles Cooley ika k s f õokh ye`Èka j Q f ha udkj inò;d úoydmEu o
ld,dkqrEmj tajd wdrlaId lsÍu ikaksfõokh njhs'10
ika k s f õokhg NdIdj jeo.;a fõ' NdIdj fhdodf.k lrkq ,nk

ikaksfõokfha § wruqKq fkdl< m%;sM, we;súh yelsh' ikaksfõokfha
uQ,sl ld¾hNdrh jkqfha ck iudcfha ñksiqka tlsfkld iu. fyda lKavdhï
iu. fyda iïnkaO;d we;slr .ekSug ux ie,iSuhs' ikaksfõokh jQl,s
ck iudcfhys Ôj reêrhhs' ikaksfõokfhka f;dr iudc ixúOdkhla
we;s ú h fkdyels h ' ika k s f õokh yd udkj Ys I a g dpdrh w;r mj;a k d
iïnkaOh we;eï úoaj;=kaf.a ishqï ksÍlaIKhg yiqj we;' fuu úoaj;=ka
w;r lefkaähdkq cd;sl yer,aâ bksia uy;dg ysñjkafka m%uqLia:dkhls'
Tyqf.a m%h;akh jQfha udkj YsIagdpdrfhys j¾Okh flfrys ikaksfõok
l%u n,md we;s whqre úYo lsÍuh'11
03' ikaksfõokh ms<snò úúO ks¾jpk
ikaksfõokh iïnkaO ks¾jpkj,ska ikaksfõokh yd wod< idys;H msÍ

mj;S' 1930 oYlfha isg wo olajd fndfyda ikaksfõok úfYaI{fhda ;ukAf.Au
ks¾jpkhla bÈßm;a lsÍug uykais f.k we;a;dy' fï nj wod< idys;H
úu¾Ykh lsrSfuka meyeÈ,s fjhs' ikaksfõokh ms<sn|j f.kyer olajd
we;s úúO ks¾jpk foi neÆúg meyeÈ,sjk lreKq lSmhla we;' m%Odk
lreK ks¾jpkh iòyd fhdod .kq ,nk kHdhd;aul mokuhs' fojekak
ks¾jpkfhka wjOdrKh flfrkafka iuia; ikaksfõok l%shdj,shu o
fkdtfia kï tu l%shdj,sfha l=uk wx.hla o hkakhs'
434 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
kkaok lreKdkdhl mjik mßÈ fndfyda ÿrg ikaksfõok ks¾jpkhl

lreKq myla wka;¾.; jk nj fmkajd Èh yelsh'
1' ikaksfõokfha wdrïNlhd$ikaksfõok uQ,dY%h$ikaksfõol
2' ikaksfõokh ,nkakd
3' ikaksfõok jdylh
4' mKsjqvh
5' ikaksfõokfha M,h
ikaksfõokh iïnkaOj úúO ks¾jpk úuiSfuka miqj *%Ekala vEkaiag

wkqj ikaksfõokh hkq wfklla fkdj hïlsis fla;hlg wkqj hï
mqoa.,hl= úiska wkHhkf.a Ndú;h iòyd W;amdokh lrk ixfla;d;aul
mKsjqvhla fyda ixfoaYhls' mKsjqvh fyda ixfoaYh ksmojk ;eke;a;d ;ud
fhdod.kakd fla;hg yd wruqKqj,g wkql+,j .%dyl iuQyhd úiska o
mKajqvh$ixfoaYh .%yKh lrkq we;ehs úiajdi lrhs'12 zzikaksfõokh hkq
m%jD;a;s yd f;dr;=re" ix{d" mKsjqv fyda o;a; wdosh lKavdhula ;=<"
lKavdhï ;=< fyda mqoa.,dka;rj fyda iïfm%aIKh fyda yqjudre lr.ekSuhs'
fuu iïfma%IKh fyda yqjudrej jdÑlj" ,sÅ;j" mqoa.,dkqnoaOj" ÿrl:khla
u.ska fyda .=jka úÿ,sh u.ska fyda fjk;a pek,hla u.ska fyda isÿúh
yelsh'ZZ13 fï ms<sn|j meyeÈ,s lsÍu iòyd ikaksfõok úfYaI{hskaf.a u;
lsysmhla úuid ne,Su iqÿiqh'
^1& zzikaksfõokh hkq udkj inò;d meje;aùfï yd j¾Okh ùfï

ud¾.hhs' ikaksfõokhg ukfia ishü ixfla;hka o tajd wjldYh
;=<ska m;=rejd,Sfï l%u o" ld,hg wkqj tajd ixrlaIKh lsÍu o
we;=<;a fjhsZZ14
^2& zzikaksfõokh hkq wfkHdkH jYfhka jgyd.;a ixfla; yqjudre

lr.ekSfï l%shdoduhhsZZ15
^3& zzjdÑlj fyda ,sÅ;j fyda i,l=Kq u.ska fyda woyia" oekqï" f;dr;=re
m<lsÍu" fnodyeÍu iy jHdma;sh ikaksfõokh kï fjhs'ZZ16
^4& zzikaksfõokh hkq iudÔh Èúfha woyia yqjudre lr.ekSfï l%uhhs'

iudc Èúfha yrh ms<snò ñkqï oKav o thhs'ZZ17
iïNdId 435
^5& zzikaksfõokh hkq wm iudch;a wka ish,q ixialD;Skq;a tlg neò

;nk udkj noduhhs' ikaksfõokh u.ska wm wka lKavdhï iu.
o wka wdh;k iu. o Ndjd;aulj o" nqoaêu;aj o iïnkaO lrkq
,nhs' ikaksfõokh ixialD;sl úOdkhls' ikaksfõokh kue;s
ixialD;sl úOdkh fya;=fldg f.k iudchkaf.a meje;au iy
j¾Okh we;súh'ZZ18
fï ish,q u;j,ska m%ldY flfrk woyia wkqj meñKsh yels fmdÿ

ks.ukhla jkafka ikaksfõokh hkq uQ,sl udkj l%shdj,shla hkakh' ta
wkqj ikaksfõokh hkq iudchla we;sùug fya;=N+;jk fuj,ula fia
ie,fla' ikaksfõokfhka f;dr iudchla we;s fkdfõ' udkj meje;aug
fukau udkj ixj¾Okhg o ikaksfõokh w;HjYH wx.hls' fï wkqj
udkj iudchlska f;drj ikaksfõokhla we;súh fkdyelsh'19
04' fi,a,sms ikaksfõok udOHhla jQfha wehs@
ikaksfõokh yd iudch w;r we;af;a tlska tl fjka l<fkdyels

inò;djhls' wd.u uq,afldg .;a merKs iudch ;=< idudkH ckhd muKla
fkdj rdcrdc uydud;Hd§ka mjd wd.ñl ia:dkj, meje;au iòyd wkq.%yh
oelaùfï§ ta nj ck;djg ikaksfõokh lsÍu msKsi Ys,d ,sms msysgqjk ,o
nj meyeÈ,s fõ' fï wkqj merKs ,xldfõ Ys,d ,sms m%n, ikaksfõok
udOHhla f,i mej;s nj lsj yelsh' úchf.ka mejf;k ,dxflah isxy,hka
l;d lrk ni;a" W;=re bka§h ñksiqka úiska jHjydr lrkq ,nk bkaÿ
wd¾h NdId;a w;r {d;s;ajhla mj;S' wd¾hhkaf.a meñKSfuka ishjia fol
;=kla we;=<; tu ni ,sÅ;j u jHjydrhg m;ajQ whqre n%dyaó wlaIrfhka
,sheù we;s wdÈu isxy, fi,a,smsj,ska fmfka'20
Ys,d ,sms ikaksfõokfha § uq,aù we;af;a f,aLkhhs' tkï NdIdj yd oDYH

rEmh' ÿrd;S;fha isá mqoa.,hska ,shQfoa iu. o wmg ikaksfõokfhys fhÈh
yelafla fuu ,sÅ; NdIdj ksidh' ta wkqj Ys,d ,sms u.ska flfrkafkao
NdIdj udOH lrf.k flfrk ikAksfõokhls' iEu Ys,d f,ALkhlskau
lsishï ikaksfõokhla isÿ lr we;'21 mQcH n,kaf.dv wdkkao ysñhka
436 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
mjik mßÈ o iEu fi,a,smshlau lrjd we;af;a lreKq lsysmhla uq,a

lrf.kh'22 tkï"
^w& mQcd l< nj uyckhdg ksfõokh lsÍu'
^wd& tu ia:dkh ;u wkd.; mrïmrdfõ wëlaIKhg fhduq lsÍu'
^we& fof,da iqj m%d¾:kd lsÍu'
nqÿ oyu ,eîfuka miq ,xldfõ rdcH md,kfhys we;sjQfha úiauhckl

fmr<shls' fojkmE;sia rc fn!oaOhl= f,i wNsfIal ,eîu;A" nqÿ iuh
,xldfõ rdcH wd.u njg m;aùu;a ksid ,xldfõ rc fn!oaOfhl= úh hq;=
h hk ixl,amh o we;súh' y;rjk ñysÿ rcqf.a wNh.sß mqjre ,smsfha
zzisß,lays fkdfndi;ayq fkdrcjkayZZ23 hkqfjka ,la rc fndaêi;ajfhl=
úh hq;=h hk ixl,amh we;s úh'
ñksidf.a Ñka;k udOHh jk NdIdj ñksia m%cdj úiska ixj¾Okh

flfrñka wdrlaId flfrk ixialD;sl fuj,uls' tfiau th m%n, jQ
ikaksfõok l%uhls'24 isxy, NdIdj uOH bkaÿ wdhH_ NdIdjka jQ ud.ê"
m%dlD;" md,s wdÈh iu`. iïnkaO;djla olakg we;' th l%s' mQ' ;=kajk
ishjfia muK isg we;s Ys,d f,aLkj,ska Tmamq l< yelsh' ñyska;,h"
fjiai.sßh" lsßkao wdÈ ia:dkj, NslaIQka jykafia,dg jev isàu iòyd
ilialr ÿka .,af,kaj, lgdrï fldgd tajdg háka n%dyaó wlaIrj,ska ,shd
we;s ,sms l%s' mQ' ;=kajk Y;j¾Ifha isgu we;' ñyska;f,a wxl 2 ork f,ka
,smsh fufiah'
zzfoajkmsh uyrcy nßh nlaksh WmYsljreka o;h f,fK'''''ZZ fuys md,s

mßj¾;kh fufiah'
zzfojdkïmsh uydrdciai Nßhdh N.skshd Wmdisldh jreK o;a;;dh
f,Kx'''''''''ZZ
zzfojk mshrCO wnhY fYkm;s mreul ñ;Y f,fK' w.; wk.;

p;=ÈY i.Y''''ZZ fuys md,s mßj¾;kh fufiah' zzfojdkïmsh rdc wNhiai
fikdm;s iuQlñ;a;ii f,fKx' w.;dkd.;iai pd;= oÈiiai ix>ii''''ZZ
^ls%' mQ' ;=kajk Y' j' ñyska;,d fi,a,sms&
isxy, m%dlD; wjêfha ^ls%' mQ' ;=kajk Y' j'& § isxy, NdIdfjka rÑ; by;
iòyka ,sms fol yd tajdfha md,s mßj¾;k w;r we;s ióm iïnkaOfhka
iïNdId 437
meyeÈ,s jkafka ta NdId fol w;r we;s NdId {d;S;ajhhs'25 ,xldfõ b;d
merKs Ys,d ,sms wkqj ks.ukh l< yelafla W;=re bkaoshdkq m%dlD;hka
iu. merKs isxy,h jeä jYfhka .e,mqKq njh' Tjqkf.a NdIdj;a furg
ck;dj Ndú; l< NdIdj;a w;r iïñY%Khla we;sùu je,elaúh fkdyelsh'26
tla tla ld,jljdkqj, fi,a,sms ;=<ska .uH jkafka NdIdj iïñY%Kh
ùfuka ixj¾Okh ùuhs' ke;akï NdId;aul ikaksfõokuh ld¾hh mq¿,a
ùuhs' kQ;k wjêfha fuka ikaksfõok udOH j, jHdma;shla fkdmej;s ta
iufhys Ys,d ,smshla msysgqùfï ld¾hh jqjo m%n,;u ikAksfõokhls'27
05' tl, ikaksfõokh jQ f;dr;=re
´kEu iudchl ikaksfõok l%u tu iudcfha uQ,sl mokï wkqj ielfia'

iudchSh Wjukdj yd woyia wfmalaIK wdÈh fudfyd;ska fudfyd; fjkia
jk neúka ikaksfõok l%shdj,shg taldldßj mej;sh fkdyel' l,ska l,
fjkiaùfï wjYH;djla mj;S' ovhï hq.fha mej;s ikaksfõok l%ufõoh
f.dú hq.hg m%udKj;a fkdùh' ñksid ld¾ñl hq.hg wj;S¾K ùu;A iu.
tf;la wkq.ukh l< ikaksfõok l%u zzYs,am h,a mek .sh tajd njg
m;aúh' ta fjkqjg kj;u Ys,amSh l%u fidhd .eksKs' l,ska l, fjkia jk
fN!;sl jYfhka kùk fuj,ï fidhd .ksñka bÈß iudchg WÑ;jk
f,ig ish ikaksfõok udOH yeisrúh hq;=h'
nK lSu ienúkau ikaksfõokhls' m<uq O¾u ¥; msßi wu;d nqÿrÿka

l< m%ldYfhka ta nj jvd;a ;yjqre fõ' zzpr: NslaLfj pdßlx nyqck
ys;dh nyqck iqLdh f,dldkqlïmdh w;a:dh ys;dh foj ukqiaidkx''''ZZ nqÿ
rÿka l< fuu m%ldYh ;=<ska lreKq lSmhla .uHudk fõ' md.ukska f.dia
láka lg lKska lK oyï mKsjqvh /f.k hdhq;=j ;snqKs' wo fuka tod
ikaksfõokh iòyd kj ;dlaIK fuj,ï fkdjqKs'28
foajdkïmsh;siai rcqg miqj uydjxifha oelafjk rdcdj,sh w;sYhskau

ksjerÈ nj fi,a,sms idlaIH ;=<ska ikd: ù we;' fiak" .=;a;sl" t<dr" mxp
øúv iy ima; øúv md,lhska yer wka fndfyda rcjrekaf.a fi,a,sms
Èjhsfka úúO m%foaYj,ska yuqù we;' fï yer úúO rcqka úiska lrjk ,o
njg jxYl;dj, iòyka od.eí" jeõ" we< ud¾." iS.sßh jeks k.r ms<sn|j
f;dr;=re hkdÈh mqrdúoHd idlaIH u.ska ;yjqre ù we;' ÿÜG.dñKS rcqf.a
438 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
oiuyd fhdaOhskaf.ka iuyrl= jk kkaÈñ;%" Mqiaifoaj" fõ¿iquk i;H

ft;sydisl mqoa.,hska nj fi,a,sms rdYshlskau ikd: ù we;'29
,xldfõ nqÿ oyu rdcHd.u njg m;aùu ksrka;rfhka Ydiksl wNsjDêh

iòyd lemjQ msßila nj tl, ,laÈj isá NslaIq iudch Wfoid wjYH wdrdu
ms<sfh, lsÍu fjkqfjka msysgqjk ,o úYd, fi,a,sms rdYshla idlaIs orhs'
wdrdu kv;a;= fldg mj;ajd f.k hdu msKsi Okh ,efnk udj;la ilia
lsÍu iòyd .ïìï" foam," wdrdu i`.i;= lrkakg rcqg isÿúh' uq,a hq.fha§
zzw.;" wk.;" p;=ÈY Y.;ZZ30 hkqfjka i;r È.ska jäkd uyd ix>hdg
mQcd l< fuu .ïìï miqld,Skj fm!oa.,sl mQcd f,i ta ta úydr ix>hd
i;= lrkakg rcjre fm<Uqky' WodyrKhla jYfhka is;=,amõfõ .,af,kl
fldgd we;s ,smshla fuys Wmqgd olajuq'
zzms; uyrCOy nv.ßl mreul Y=uk mq; mreul fjuYf,K rCO

;sYN rCOhYs kshf;w.; wk.; p;=ÈY Y.YZZ ^;siai rcqf.a rdcH
ld,fha§ ms; uyrcqf.a NdKavd.dßl m%OdkS iqukf.a mq;a m%Odks
fjuYf.a f,k Tyq úiska isjq È.ska meñKs yd fkdmeñ‚ ix>hd
jykafiag mQcd lrk ,§&'
my; iòyka ,sms w;r wNh.sß ,smsh;a mq<shkal=,u ,smsh;a yer fiiq
iEu ,smshlau rcl=f.a fufyhùfuka mkjd we;'31 we;eï rcjreka úiska
;u;ukaf.a kñka msysgjkq ,en we;s fi,a,sms úYd, ixLHdjla Èjhsfka
úúO m%foaY j,ska yuqù we;' l%s' j' 67-111 w;r ld,fha wkqrdOmqrfha rcl<
jiN rcqf.a kñka ksl=;a lrkq ,en we;s fi,a,sms oyhla muK wkqrdOmqr
Èia;%slalfha fmßhkal=,u" wkaorjej" w¨;a y,añ,a,Ej hk m%foaY j,skao
l= r eKE., uvj," yïnka f ;dg iò.s ß od.en" ú,a m ;a ; = wNh N+ ñ fha
iskdähd., yd hdmkfha j,a,smqrï wdÈ ia:dk j,ska yuqù we;'32 thska tla
,smshla jk rka ;yvqjl ,shd we;s j,a,smqrï ,smsfhys iòykaj we;af;a
jiN rcqf.a weu;shl=jQ bis.sßh úiska kd.§mh hk kñka ye`Èkajqkq hdmkh
m%foaYh md,kh lrñka isá wjêfha tys nolr w;k kï ia:dkhl msh.=l
;si kï úydrhla lrjk ,o njh' fuu fi,a,sms msysgqjd ;snq ia:dk
ie,ls,a,g .ekSfuka jiN rcqf.a wdêm;Hh ta wjêfha uq¨ Èjhsk mqrdu
mej;sKehs ks.ukh lsÍug yelsh'
iïNdId 439
.sß ,sms yd mqjre ,sms iEfyk m%udKhla o< jYfhka wh;a jkafka
m<uqjk yd isõjk ishjia w;r ld, mßÉfÊohgh' tkï wkqrdOmqrfha rc
l< l=glKaK ;siai rcqf.a ^ls%' mQ' 41-19& rdcH ld,fha isg uydfiak rcqf.a
^274-301& rdcH ld,h wjidkh olajdh' fuu .Khg wh;a fi,A,sms foiShlg
wdikak m%udKhla fikr;a mrKú;dkhka úiska Y%S ,xldfõ Ys,df,aLk
kï lD;sfha fojk fj¨fï m,lrkq ,en we;' fï ,sms fndfyduhl
iòykaj we;af;a ta ta rcjreka hqj rcjreka yd rc mjq,aj, fjk;a
idudðlhska úiska yd uydud;Hhka jeks rcfha ks,Odßka úiska Èjhsfka
úúO fjfyr úydrj,g mQcd lereKq .ïìï" jeõ" we< wuqKq" l=Uqre wdÈh
yd tajdhska ,enqKq OdkH yd nÿ yd Èhnÿ jeks wdodhï ud¾. ms<sn|jh'
tfy;a we;eï ,smshla hï hï rcjreka yd weu;sjreka wd§ka úiska bÈlrjkq
,enq fjfyr úydr ms<sn|j yd mj;ajk ,o odkudkdÈh ms<sn|j o fjfyr
úydr j, wjYH;d iòyd mQcd lereKq úúO NdKav yd ñ, uqo,a ms<sn|j o
iòykaj we;'
uydkd. rcqf.a ld,hg wh;a fidaudj;S od.en mqjre ,smsfhys iòykaj

we;af;a ta rcqf.a mq;%hl= jQ wdÈmdo kfl, kï l=udrhl= úiska tys we;s
mðk klmj; kï úydrh lrjk ,o nj;a ;u mq;%hdf.a uQ,sl;ajfhka yd
odhl;ajfhka lereKq tu úydrfha meje;au iòyd jm i;a lsßhl l=Uqrla
ta rcq úiska tys NslaIQka jykafiag mQcd flreKq nkj;h' ûykl rcy mq;
wh kfl, kfu mðks kl wrn úyr lßf;a uykl rc ;==uy mq;y úrys
Wmoßks úyry fl;kys lßys i;l i, nl Èks'&33
fmd<dkakre fhdaO we< wi,ska yuqù we;s Ys,d f,aLkfhys wka;¾.;h

jkafka ld,sx. foaYfha isg ,xldjg meñKs isxyndyq rcqf.a mq;a úch rcq
ms<sn|j;a" úch rcq ,xldfõ hlaIhska úkdYhg m;afldg ukqIH jdihla
lsÍu ms<snòj;a" úch rcqf.a jxY mrïmrdfjka mej; wd mrdl%undyq rcq
,xldj tlafiai;a lsÍu yd mrdl%undyq rcq ;udf.ka miq ;u jxY mrïmrdj
u;= iq/flkq iòyd ld,sx. foaYfhka ;u nEkkqjka f.kaùu ms<sn|j;a"
úchndyq rcqg úreoaOj weu;sjreka we;s l< le/,a,la ms<sn|j;ah'34
06' fm<m;a" jxY wdÈh ikaksfõokh lsÍug oerE wdldrh
NslaIQka jykafiag f,ka mQcd fldg we;s ish,a,kau mdfya ;ukaf.a

;rd;sru" ks,kduh fyda iudc ;;a;ajh wdÈh isß;la jYfhka tajdfha
440 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
iòyka fldg we;' fufia f,ka mQcd l<jqka w;r rcjreka" Wm rcjreka
jeks rdcH kdhlfhda o fNdðl" rál" .ñl jeks m%dfoaYsl md,lfhdao
uydud;H" fiakdm;s" NdKavd.dßl" .Kl" wfol ^wOHlaI& jeks rdcH
ks,Odßyqo NslaIQka jykafiao fufyKska jykafia yd Wmdil Wmdisldfjdao
lnr ^lïu,alre& l=n,$l=nlr ^j,ka ld¾ñl& f;däl ^f;dáhd&" oál
^we;ao< ld¾ñlhd& fmfylre ^frÈ úhkakd& jdKsc ^fj<ò& wd§ /lshdj,
kshqla; jQfjdao jmsyñl ^jeõ ysñhd& jeks Okj;=kao fj;s'35
NslaIQka jykafiag f,ka mQcd fldg we;s ish,a,ka u mdfya ;ukaf.a

;rd;sru" ks, kduh fyda iudc ;;a;ajh wdÈh isß;la jYfhka tajdfha
iòyka fldg we;s nj lsheúKs' NslaIQka jykafiao tu ,sms u.ska n;" nr;"
f;r" wpßh" tl W;ßl nKl" uCêu nKl wd§ jYfhka ;u;ukaf.a
;;a;ajh meyeÈ,s fldg we;' .,af,ka mQcd l<jqka úiska fufia wmg ,nd§
we;s f;dr;=re tl, mej;s rdcH md,k l%uh" wd.ñl ixúOdk" iudc
;;a;ajh yd wd¾Ól ;;a;ajh ms<sn|j ikaksfõokh fõ' fuu Ys,d,sms
iuia:hla jYfhka .;a l, uq,a ishjia ;=kg wh;a fi,a,sms /ilau ix>hdg
f,ka ms § u ms < s n ò jk w;r l% s i a ; = j¾Ifhka miq ,s m s fndfyduhla u
úydria:dkhg lrk ,o bvï iy wdodhï ud¾. mQcdjkaf.ka iukaú;h'36
Ys,d ,smshla msysgqùfï ld¾hh u ikaksfõokhla jkafkah' fmdÿ ck;djg
lsishï oekqï §ula thska isÿflfrk fyhsks'
wdh;kj,g yd mqoa.,hkag wh;a .ïìïj,g mßydr m%odkh lsÍfï

n,h m%Odk jYfhka mejÍ ;snqfka uyrc;=udg jqjo uydÈmdo yd wdÈmdo
;k;= r e oerE l= u drjreka g o ;u;uka f .a md,k m% f oa Y j, ms y s g d ;s n q
wdh;kj,g yd tajdfha Ôj;ajQ mqoa.,hkag wh;a .ïìï iòyd jrm%ido
m%odkh lsÍfï n,h mejÍ ;snQ nj fi,a,sms j,ska fy,sfõ' fuu jrm%ido
m%odkhka fï u.ska ikaksfõokh lsÍu b;d jeo.;a ld¾hhla jkafkah' fï
wkqj meyeÈ,s jk lreKla kï rgl iudc" wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,k rduqj
fukau ixialD;sl miqìuo ikaksfõokh yd ne`§ mj;sk wdldrhhs'
fuu ld,mßÉfÊofha wkqrdOmqf¾ rcl< rdcH ld, ms<sn|j jxil;dfõ

iòykaj we;s f;dr;=re fndfyduhla fi,a,smsj, wka;¾.; f;dr;=re
u.ska ikd: jk w;r fuu hq.fha rdcH mßmd,kfhys kshqla;j isá
fifkúroa" uyf,a wrlaiuk" fuldmam¾" jeoErwï" fu,d;ais" fou< wêldß"
l=vi,d" fld,amdÜá wdÈ jQ ks,Odßka rdYshl kï Tjqkaf.a ks,kdu iys;j
fuu ,smsj, iòyka fõ'
iïNdId 441
07' rdcH md,kh ms<snò rgjeishka oekqj;a lsÍug oerE W;aidyhka
l%s' mQ' f;jk - m<uqjk ishjia j,g wh;a f,ka ,smsj, iòyka .uKs"
fojkmsh" rc" uyrc" wh yd wì hk md,k yd md,l mjq,aj,g iïnkaO
jQjka Ndú;dl< úreo kdu" mqrd;k Y%S ,xldfõ md,k kdhl;ajh yd md,k
ieleiau ms<snò f;dr;=re fy,s lrhs' ;s,la fyÜáwdrÉÑ uy;d mjik
mßÈ zzuyrcZZ hkak wkqrdOmqr md,lhka muKla Ndú;d l< nj .uKs
hkak wkqrdOmqr md,lhka muKla fkdj m%dfoaYSh md,l msßia úiska o
fhdodf.k we;s nj fmkajd fohs' tfiau md,lhka ye`Èkaùu iòyd fhdod
f.k we;s wdÈ;u jHjydrh zz.uKsZZ f,iska y`ÿkd.; yelsh'37 md,s yd
ixialD; idys;H ;=< o kdhl;ajh wrNhd zz.uKsZZ hkak fh§ we;s w;r
tn`ÿ wjia:d Y%S ,dxflah wNsf,aLkj, i|yka zz.uKsZZ hkak y`ÿkd.ekSug
yd Tjqkaf.a ;;ajh yd ld¾hh fldgi úuid ne,Sugo odhl;ajh ,nd foa'
zwhZ hkak fou< idys;H .; f;dr;=re j,g wkqj md,lhka iòyd o

fhÈh yels úreohla f,iska .=Kj¾Okhka fmkajd § we;'38 zzwhZZ hkak
fi,a,sms j, fh§ we;s wdldrh n,k úg md,lhd fukau l=urd hk w¾:h
§u iòyd fuu úreOh Ndú;d lr ;sfí' zzwNsZZ hkq l=ußh hk w¾:h ,nd
foa'
7'1 fjiai.sß f,ka ,smsh
mreul m,slo mq; Wmil - yreui f,fKa p;= Èi .i
woyi
m%uqLfhl= jQ m,slòf.a mq;% yreui Wmdilhdf.a f,k isõ È.ska meñKs

ix>hdg mQcd lrk ,§' fuu f,ka ,smsfhka flfrk ikaksfõokh isõ
È.ska jäk NslaIQka jykafia,d fj; flfrkakls' th ix>hd jykafia,dg
mQcd lrk ,o f,kla nj idudkH ck;dj o oek.kakjd we;' uq,a n%dyañ
wlaIr j,ska ,shk ,o tu f,ka ,smsh u.ska fmdÿ ck;djg tod lrk ,o
ikaksfõokhla f,iska ie<lsh yels h'
7'2 fõje,aleáh fi,a ,smsh
mxpYS, m%;sm;a;sh Y%S ,dxlsl ck;djf.a m%;sm;a;sh njg m;ajQfhao nqÿoyfï

wdNdIfhks' ñys`ÿ udysñhka jev jik hq.fhys úfkdaoh msKsi mjd i;=ka
442 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
ovhfuys fhÿkq rcjrekaf.a is;a ;=<g i;aj ohdj fl;rï we;=<;a lf<ao
h;a wuKav .dñKs jeks rcjreka úiska i;aj >d;kh kS;sfhka ;ykï
lrkq ,eîh' i;aj >d;kfhka je,lS i;aj ohdj we;sj ish¨ i;=kag
ys;dkqldój úiSug nqÿ oyñka lrk ,o u. fmkaùu Y%S ,dxlsl iudcfhys
l%shd;aul úh' 11 jk ishjfia§ IV ñysÿ rc;=uka úiska msysgqjk ,o
fõje,aleáh fi,a,smsfhys zzóuqka .sßf.dka t¿jka urd mgjkq fldáZZ
hkqfjka óyrl=ka .jhka yd t¿jka uerE ckhdg urKSh o`vqju kshu lr
;sîfuka o m<uqjk ishji Nd;sh rcq oji f.ß uia lEjqka kSp l=,j,g
m;aflreKq fyhskao i;aj >d;kh flfrys rch oelajQ wdl,amh meyeÈ,s
fõ'
fõje,a leáh mqjre ,smsfhys wkq msgm;a iys; .,a mqjre Èjhsfka iEu
oi.ulu msysgqjk ,o nj tu ,sms j,ska ye`.fõ' oekg ,smsfha wkqmsgm;a
oy;=kla muK úúO m%foaY j,ska fidhd f.k we;'39
7'3 rc., yd ñyska;f,a fi,a,sms
O¾udfYdal wêrdchdf.a mq;a uyskao ia:úrhkaf.a kdhl;ajfhka NslaIQka

jykafia miakula W;=re bkaÈhdfõ isg furgg jevul< nj uyjxYfha
iòykafõ'40 tu O¾u¥; lKavdhug bÜÀh" W;a;sh" iïn, yd Noaoid,
hk ia:úrhka jykafiao wh;ajQ nj tys oelafõ' fuu O¾u¥;hka jykafia
w;=ßka i;r kulf.a kï uvl,mqj Èia;%slalfha rc., yd ñyska;f,a
we;s fi,a,sms foll iòykaj we;'41
7'4 nÿ¨ geï ,smsh
noq¨ geï ,smsh u.ska rcjrekaf.a fufyjr ms<snò rdc iNdfõ§ iïu;h
mßÈ ta ta ;eka j,§ fok ,o úfYaI jrm%ido yd rc weu;s wd§kaf.a
kduhkao ksfhda.o fï ,smsj, olakg ,efí' fïjd ful, olakg ,efnk
rcfha ksfõok fyda .eiÜ ksfõok f,iska ie<lsh yelsh' fuu geï ,smsh
msysgqùug meñKs rcfha ks,OdÍka ms<sn|j o iòykaù we;'
uydpd¾h fikr;a mrKú;dk úiska y`ÿkajdfok mßÈ fuu geï,smsh

msysgqùug rdcH iNdfõ ;lakre Wodys yd uq,jid fika hk idudðlfhda;a
wdrlaIl ks,Odß uks;s,dls,s iy l=vi,d jkaleñ foaõ keu;s m%Odk
f,alï o meñKs nj m%ldYlr we;'
iïNdId 443
fuu geï ,smsh u.ska ft;sydisl mqrdjD;a;hla imhk w;r tu.ska

l<hq;= foa;a fkdl<hq;= foa;a kS;sÍ;s jYfhka lghq;= l<hq;= nj wjOdrKh
lr ;sîuo fuys§ ikaksfõok ld¾fhys b;d jeo.;a wx.hla f,i ie,fla'
08' fi,a,smsj, wvx.= ixfla;
NdIdj yerekq úg ñksid fjk;a úúO udOH u.ska woyia yqjudre lr

.kshs' fi,a,smsj, olakg ,efnk ;j;a ikaksfõokh l%uhla jkqfha m%ldY
l<hq;= woyi rEm u.ska m%ldYhg m;alr ;sîuh' fujeks NdIdj wdOdrhg
fkdf.k lrkq ,nk ikaksfõokh wjdÑl ikaksfõokh f,i;a ye`Èkafõ'42
jpk rdYshlska m%ldY l< hq;= woyia fujeks ixfla; u.ska bÈßm;a lr
we;s nj fi,a,smsj, olakg ,efí' mqjre yd m¾j; ,smsj, br iy i| olakg
,efnk w;r bka m%ldY lrk woyi jkafka br i| mj;akd ;dla l,a
,smsj, i|yka úia;r mj;akd njhs' ck;djf.a iyfhda.h ,nd .ekSu
mrud¾: lr.;a fuu ixfla ; iS . s ß h" we,a f ,a jej" w;= r efmd,hd.u"
b`.sksñáh yd l,a,ïm;a;=j hk geï,sms j, igyka lr we;s nj oelsh
yelsh'43
we;eï ,sms j, n,af,l= yd lmqfgl=f.a rejla fhdodf.k we;s w;r" ,sms

j, iòyka kshuhka W,a,x>kh lrk ljfrl= jqjo u;= wd;auhkays§
tjeks if;l= f,i bmfok nj m%ldY lsÍu tu ikaksfõokfhka wfmalaIs;h'
je,añ,a," fudrf.dv" kE.u" ueÈß.sßh" ì,snEj yd rUEj hk geï ,sms j,
fujeks rEmigyka oelsh yelsh'44
iuyrla ,sms j, rdc iNdj rdcH n,h ixfla;j;a lrK rEm igykla
f,i jgdm; fhdodf.k we;s nj oelsh yelsh' ia:qmh" iajia;slh" pl%h
iy fk¿ï u,o fi,a,sms j, oelsh yelsh' fï wkqj n,k úg b;d ir,
ikaksfõokd;aul i,l=Kla msgqmiska jqjo ixlS¾K l%shdj,shla oelal yelsh'
tfiau úúO f;dr;=re b;d ielúka ksrEmkh lsÍug fuu ixfla; u.ska
bvm%ia:dj ie,fia' ñksid f,aLk l%uhla ksmojd .ekSug fmr mjd woyia
m%ldYkh ioyd Ñ;% yd rEm u.ska wjdÑl ikaksfõokh lr we;s nj merKs
.=yd Ñ;% j,ska fidhdf.k we;'
444 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
09' iudf,dapkh
ls%' mQ' 03 jk ishjfia isÿjQ uyskaod.ukh wm ixialD;sfhys iqúfYaIs

wjia:djla f,i ie,lSu hqla;s hqla;h' th furg foaYmd,ksl" wd¾Ól"
iudÔh wxYhkays u;= fkdj NdId Ydia;%dÈfhyso Wkak;sh úIfhys uy;a
msájy,la iemhqjls' ls%' mQ' 03 jk ishjig wh;a fia oelafjk úoHdudk
f,aLk ms<snò uq,a fi,a,smsfhys mgka l%ufhka j¾Okh fjñka wd Ys,d
f,aLkhkaf.ka l=uk wkaofï fi,a,smshla jqjo ikaksfõokh ioyd lrk
,o f,aLkhla nj hf:dala; wOHhkfhka wkdjrKh fõ'
kQ;kfha § mjd foaYmd,k w¾: m%ldY lsÍu iòyd ldgqka Ñ;% n,

iïmkak ikaksfõok udOHhla f,i fhdod f.k we;s w;r tl, msysgjQ
fi,a,sms ;=<ska rdcH ks,OdÍkaf.a;a idudkH ck;djf.a;a wjOdkh yd
ms<s.ekSu we;sjk whqßka f,aLk.; lr ;sîu ;j;a ikaksfõok ld¾hhla
fõ'
iuia;hla jYfhka n,k l,ays fi,a,sms ;=ka wdldrhl m%fhdack oelsh

yelsh' tkï isxy, NdIdfõ úldYkh yd mßKduh wOHhkh lsÍfï
uQ,dY%hla f,i yd isxy, wlaIr ud,dfõ mßKduh;a ,laìu yd iïnkaO
ft;sydisl uQ,dY%hla jYfhkao Ys,df,aLk yeoEßh yelsfõ' fuu iqúi,a
f,aLk iuQyfhys uqLH mrud¾:h ù we;af;a uyck;djg ikaksfõokh
lsÍuhs' fï wkqj tl, ,dxlsl iudch ;=< fuu fi,a,sms j,ska iqúfYaIsjQ
ikaksfõokhla isÿ ù we;s nj wkdjrKh fõ' ta wkqj wNsf,aLk hkq
merKs hq.fha fydòu ikaksfõok udOHhla f,iska tl, iudch ;=<
m%p,s;j mej;s nj i|yka l< yels h'
mdol igyka
1' ñkqjka.uqj uydkdu ysñ" iïNdId - 17 l,dmh ûyr.u ( wOHdmk wud;HdxYh"

2009$2010& 447 ms'
2' Sadhamangala Karunaratna, Epigraphia zeylanica. Vol. vii, Special Volume
(Colombo : Archaeological Survey of Ceylon, 1984) 2 p.
3' nkaÿfiak .=Kfialr" wl=re Wm; ^fld<U ( f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 1997&
10 ms'
4' S. Paranavithana, Inscriptions of Ceylon Vol.1 (Colombo: Archaeological Survey
of Ceylon 1970) xxiii p.
iïNdId 445
5' D.M. de Z. Wickramasinghe,Epigraphia Zeylanica. Vol. 1 (Colombo :

Archaeological Survey of Ceylon 1904) 1 p.
6' S. Paranavithana, Inscriptions of Ceylon Vol. 1 (Colombo: Archaeological Survey
of Ceylon 1970 xxiii p.
7' –do-
8' S.Paranavithana, Inscriptions of Ceylon Vol. 1 (Colombo: Archaeological Survey
of Ceylon, 1970) No. 1,43,112,207
9' kkaok lreKdkdhl" ikakf s õok úu¾Yk ^fld<U ( udOH yd ixj¾Okh ms<n s ò
flakaøh" 1998&" 21 ms'
10' kkaok lreKdkdhl" ikaksfõokh ûqÿkaf.dv ( ;rx. m%ldYlfhda" 2007& 9 ms'
11' isßiuka úfÊ;=x." Ys,d ,sms ikaksfõokh ^jrldfmd, ( wdßh m%ldYlfhda -
fmrjok" 2006&'
12' kkaok lreKdkdhl" ikaksfõokh ûqÿkaf.dv ;rx. m%ldYlfhdA" 2007&' 115 ms'
13' Webster’s New World Dictionary of Media and Communication – 1990
14' Horton Charles Cooley, Human Nature and the Social Order. (New York :
Schocken Books).1964
15' Thomas M. SteinFatt, Human Communication. (Indianapolis: Bobbs – Merrill
Educational Publishing) 1977
16' Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition, Vol. 111 – 1989
17' kkaok lreKdkdhl" ikaksfõokh" m%Njh yd jHdma;sh ^kqf.af.dv( udOH
m%ldYlfhda" 1994&' 98 ms'
18' - tu - 100 ms'
19' úu,a Èidkdhl" udkj ikakf s õokh" ^fld<U( f,aly a jqia bkafjiaÜukaÜ iud.u&
2 ms'
20' uydjxih" 46-47 ms'
21' isßiuka úfÊ;=x." Ys,d ,sms ikaksfõokh' ^jrldfmd,( wdßh m%ldYlfhda" 2006&'
20 ms'
22' mQcH n,kaf.dv wdkkao ysñ" fn!oAOdrdu ixúOdkh ^fld<U( tia' f.dvf.a iy
ifydaorfhda 1992& 105 ms'
23' ta'ù' iqrùr" isxy, l;sldj;a yd NslaIq iudch" fojk uqøKh ^1985& 73 ms'
24' mQcH fldaka.ia;ekafk wdkkao ysñ" iïNdId -17 l,dmh ^fld<U ( wOHdmk
wud;HdxYh 2009$2010& 775 ms'
25' -tu- 779 ms'
26' ueoWhkaf.dv úu,lS¾;s" lvjeoaÿj iqux.," isxy, NdIdfõ b;sydih ^fld<U(
weï' ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u 1965& 04 ms'
27' isßiuka úfÊ;=x." Ys,d ,sms ikaksfõokh ^jrldfmd, ( wdßh m%ldYlfhda 2006&
20 ms'
28' mQcH fk¿jlkafoa [Kdkkao" ,xld ixialD;sfha wurKSh odhdo - fj¿u 111
îxialD;sl lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=j 2000& 56 ms'
31 - CM23766
446 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
29' S.Paranavithana, Inscriptions of Ceylon Vol. 1 (Colombo: Archaeological Survey

of Ceylon, 1970).Nos.166, 327, 620, 647, 724.
30' S.Paranavithana, Inscriptions of Ceylon Vol.1 (Colombo: Archaeological Survey
of Ceylon, 1970).No.621
31' lÓldpd¾h w.,lvisßiquk ysñ" iïNdId 7 l,dmh ^wOHdmk wud;HdxYh 1996&
50 ms'
of Ceylon, 1970). No. 53
of Ceylon, 1970). No.25
34' bkaÈld Èjdlr" Y%S ,xld m%dÖk NdfIdamldr iud.u" Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh ^fld<U(
wOHdmk wud;HdxYh" 2004& 338 ms'
35' uydpd¾h bkaølS¾;s isßùr" Y%S ,dxflah b;sydih - fj¿u 1 ^fld<U( iS$i weï'
ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u" 2012& 106 ms'
36' kka o foa j úfÊfia l r" wNs f ,a L k" is h jia m% l dYk 1 fj¿u ^mq r dúoHd
fomd¾;fïka;=j 1990& 89 ms'
37' Hettiarachchy, T. (History of Kingship in Ceylon to the Fourth Century, A.D.
Cmb, 1971) p.36
38' Gunawardana, R.A.H.L.(“Total Power or shared Power? A Study of the Hudraulic
State and its Transformations in Sri Lanka from the Third to Ninth Century
A.D.”, 1982) p.7
39' uydpd¾h bkaølS¾;s isßùr" Y%S ,dxflah b;sydih - fjü 1 ^fld<U iSudiys;
weï' ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u" 2012& 114 ms'
40' uydjxYh isxy," Y%S iqux.," ngqjka;=vdfõ mßj¾;kh ^1967& 12-7"8 ms'
41' S.Paranavithana, Inscriptions of Ceylon Vol. 1 (Colombo; Archaeological Survey
of Ceylon) No. 468;1C.11,No.12
42' úu,a Èidkdhl' udkj ikAkf s õokh" fld<U" f,aly a jqia bkafjiaÜukaÜ iud.u"
1977& 39 ms'
43' isß iuka úfÊ;=x." Ys,d ,sms ikaksfõokh ^2006& 61 ms'
44' fld;auf,a wurjxY ysñ' ,laÈj fi,a,m s "s ^fld<U" weï' ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u"
1969& 336 ms'
iïNdId 447
mqrdK Y%S ,xldj úfoaY rgj,a iuÕ meje;a jQ

cd;Hka;r in|;d ms<sn| ft;sydisl wOHhkhla
^wkqrdOmqr hq.fha isg l%s'j' 15 jk ishjfia wjidkh olajd&
WfmalaId .uf.a
fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h ^mqrdúoHdj&" b;sydi iy mqrdúoHd wOHhkdxYh" reyqKq úYajúoHd,h
upeksha gamage@yahoo.com
ye¢kaùu
,xldj wE; w;S;fha isg u fndfyda úfoaYSh

Y%S rgj,a iuÕ úúO iajrEmfha in|;d meje;a jQ
nj i|yka fõ' Y% S ,xldj úfoa Y rgj,a iuÕ
meje;a jQ in|;d j¾Okh ùu flfrys Y%S ,xldfõ
N+f.da,Sh msysàu fnfyúka u n,mdkakg we;ehs
is;sh yels h'
bkaÈhka id.rfha uq;= wegh hk úreÞj,sh,;a Y%S ,xldj bkaÈhka

id.rfha uOH.;j msysàu" fmr wmrÈ. iïnkaO lrk uqyqÿ fjf<| ud¾.fha
flakaøia:dkhl Y%S ,xldj msysgd ;sîu fujeks úfoaY in|;dj,g n,mE
m%Odk fya;+ka h' fmr wmrÈ. wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dfï § Y%S ,xldj yqjudre
uOHia:dkhla jYfhka lghq;= lr we;' Ökh we;=¿ fmrÈ. rgj,a u,lald
448 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
iuqø ikaêh w;ßka fjf<| NdKav /f.k Y%S ,xldfõ jrdh yd f;dgqm,j,g
meñK we;' tfia u hqfrdamSh rgj, isg r;= uqyqo yd m¾ishka fndlal
Tiafia o bkaÈhdkq jrdhj,g keõ uÕska fjf<| øjH f.k tkakg we;'
tu øjH /.;a keõ bkaÈhka id.rh yryd Y%S ,xldfõ f;dgqm<j,g meñK
we;' fï ksid fmr wmrÈ. fjf<| NdKav yqjudre uOHia:dkh jQfha Y%S
,xldfõ f;dgqm,j,a h' tA wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ jrdhka yd f;dgqm, cHd;Hka;r
fjf<| uOHia:dk f,i mej;=Ks'
Y%S ,xldj bkaÈhdkq w¾Ooaùmfha ol=Kq fl<jf¾ bkaÈhdjg wdikakj

bkaÈhdfjka fjka j msysgd we;' tfia bkaÈhdjg wdikakj msysgd ;sîu o
úfoaY in|;d we;sùug fya;=jla jkakg we;' fï ksid bkaÈhdfõ jßka jr
we;s jQ foaYmd,k yd ixialD;sl m%jdy Y%S ,xldjg o n,mdkakg úh' tfy;a
fuu foaYmd,k m%jdyhka f.a wdNdih Y%S ,xldfõ iajdëk uqyqKqjrla f.k
j¾Okh jQ nj fmfka' WÞyrKhla jYfhka W;=re bkaÈhdfjka Y%S ,xldjg
meñ‚ f:arjdo fn!oaO ixialD;sh Y%S ,xldfõ wo olajd j¾Okh fjñka
mej;=k;a th bkaÈhdfjka ;=rka ù f.dia we;' fï ksid bkaÈhdfjka fjka
j bkaÈhdjg wdikakj msysgd ;sîu o úfoaY in|;d flfrys n,mdkakg
we;'
tfia u Y%S ,xldj jgd iajdNdúl jrdh yd f;dgqm, rdYshla msysgd

;sîu o úfoaY in|;d we;sùug fya;= jQ ;j;a idOlhls' fuu iajdNdúl
jrdhka keõ kj;d ;eîu i|yd f;dgqm, f,i Ndú; l< yels úh' tA
w;ßka udf;dg-udka;dhs ûkakdru&" f.dalKaK ^;%sl=Kdu,h&" oUfld<mgqk
^lkalika;=f¾& jeo.;a jrdhhka h' úch rcqg ìß| ùug m~q rfgka fuys
meñ‚ l= u ßh f.dvng keõ f;dg udf;dghs 1' Noa o lÉpdhkd l= u ßh
f.dvneiafia f.dalKaK jrdfhks2' foajdkïmsh;siai rcqf.a nEkd jQ wßÜG
l= u re we;= ¿ ms ß i wfida l rc;= u dg ;= g q m ~q r e /f.k ms g ;a jQ f ha
oUfld<mgqfkks3' tfiau ix>ñ;a;d f;r‚h Y%S ,xldjg f.dvneiafia o
oUfld<mgqfkks4'
bkaÈhdjg muKla fkdj wksl=;a fmr wmrÈ. rgj,a iuÕ úúOdldr

jQ úfoaY iïnkaO;d we;sùu flfrys fuu iajdNdúl jrdhj, msysàu
jeo.;a úh' W!rdf;dg ^lhsÜia&" l,Hd‚ ^le,‚h&" f.daGmín; ^f.dvjdh&
hkd § jrdhka wdY%s; j úfoaY fjf<| in|;d mj;ajd we;' bkaÿ Y%S ,xld
fjf<| in|;d jeä jYfhka isÿù we;af;a fuu jrdhka wdY%s;j h' tfiau
ngysr rgj, isg meñ‚ keõ o fuu jrdhkaj,g fiakaÿ jkakg we;'
iïNdId 449
w;S;fha f,dalfha tl u foaYdka;r uyd ud¾.h jQfha W;=re w¾Ooaùmfha

msysá fiao udj; hs' hqfrdamhg w;HjYH jQ Ökfha ksIamdÈ; fiaoms<s fï
ud¾.h Tiafia m%jdykh l< fyhska fuu udj; fiao udj; ^Silk Route/
Silk Road& kñka ye¢kaúh' id.rfha iq<x rgdj fidhd .ekSu;a" úYd,
rej,a keõ ksYamdokh lsÍu olajd;a f,dalfha tlu f.dvìï ud¾.h jQfha
fuu fiao udj;hs' Ökh" bkaÈhdj" .%Slh" frdauh jeks YsIagdpdr mej;s
rgj,a tlg iïnkaO lrñka fuu f.dvìï fiao ud¾.h wdrïN ù ;snq‚'
fuu fiao udj; wdrïN ù wjqreÿ .Kkdjla .;jqj o Y%S ,xldj bkaÈhka
id.rfha yqol,dj msysáfha h' kj hq.hla WÞlrñka iq<x rgdj fidhd
.ekSu iy id.rfha hd;%d l< yels rej,a iys; úYd, keõ ksmoùu;a iuÕ
uqyqÿ .ukd.ukh wdrïN úh' fuys m%Odk ud¾.h jQfha fmrÈ. Ökfha isg
wmrÈ. r;= uqyqo Tiafia hqfrdamh olajd we§ .sh kdjql ud¾.hhs' fï
ud¾.fha weröu;a iuÕ fuf;la bkaÈhka id.rfha yqol,dj msysá Y%S
,xldj f,dalhg újD; jkakg úh' f.dvìï fiao udjf;a isÿ flreKq øjH
m%jdykfha § i;=ka úYd, m%udKhla fhoùug isÿ jQ w;r tA i|yd úYd,
ld,hla jeh lsÍug o isÿ úh' tfia u fuh b;d fjfyilr ;;ajhla
f.kÿka w;r nvq m%jdykfha § o úúO wmyiq;djkg uqyqK fokakg we;'
fï ksid fjf<kaoka jvd;a úYajdiÞhS" wdrlaIdldÍ fukau ,dNÞhS jQ id.r
.ukd.ukh f;dard .kakg we;' fuu id.r .ukd.ukfha wdrïNh Y%S
,xldjg cHd;Hka;r fjf<|dug msúiSug;a tA yryd c;Hka;r in|;d
f.dvk.d .ekSug;a ;j;a tla fya;=jla jkakg we;ehs is;sh yels h'
YS% ,xldj yd úfoaY rgj,a w;r in|;d we;sùu flfrys by; i|yka
l< N+f.da,Sh idOl ;rula fyda mokï jkakg we;' fuu idOl mokï
lrf.k we;s jQ úfoaY in|;d f,i foaYmd,k" wd.ñl" iudÔh" ixialD;sl
iy fjf<| in|;d y÷kd.; yels h'
wOHhk l%ufõoh
Y%S ,xldj úfoia rgj,a iuÕ meje;a jQ c;Hka;r iïnkaO;d ms<sn|

wjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,nkafka ft;sydisl uQ,dY%h mokï lr.ksñks' tu
ksid fuu wOHhkh fCIa;% fkdjk l%ufõoh Tiafia ,sÅ; uQ,dY%h mokï
lr .ksñka isÿ lrkq ,eîh' ft;sydisl f;dr;=re ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq
lsÍfï§ idys;Huh uQ,dY%h flfrys uQ,sl wjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,eîh'
m%d:ñl uQ,dY% f,i jxil;d iy úfoaYSh jd¾;d flfrys m%Odk jYfhka
450 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
wjOdkh fhduq lrk ,§' oaú;Sl uQ,dY%h f,i mer‚ jrdhka iy f;dgqm,"
Y%S ,xldj iy c;Hka;r iïnkaO;d yd ne¢ fmd;am;a" m¾fhaIK ,sms" iÕrd
,sms ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lrk ,§' Y%S ,xldj úfoia rgj,a iu. meje;a
jQ in|;d ms<sn| ft;sydisl uQ,dY%h mokï lr .ksñka fuu wOHhkh isÿ
lrkq ,nkafka wkqrdOmqr hq.fha uq,a wjêfha isg l%s' j' 15 jk Y; j¾Ifha
wjidkh f;la mu‚'
Y%S ,xldj úfoia rgj,a iu. meje;a jQ cd;Hka;r in|;d ms<sn|

wOHhkh lsÍfï § tu in|;d úúOdldr jQ nj meyeÈ,s úh' tkï foaYmd,k
in|;d" wd.ñl in|;d" iudÔh iy ixialD;sl in|;d iy fjf<| in|;d
hkqfjka fjka fjka jYfhka y÷kd.; yels h'
foaYmd,k in|;d
Y%S ,xldj yd úfoaYhka w;r meje;a jQ in|;dj, § foaYmd,kuh

jYfhka in|;d we;s lr.;a m%Odk rg jkafka bkaÈhdjhs' fuu in|;d
ixl%uK" wdl%uK" wka;¾ újdy in|;d iy rdcH;ajh i|yd ,nd.;a
iydh hkqfjka fldgia lsysmhlg fnÞ idlÉPd l< yels h'
foaYmd,k in|;dj, § ixl%uK f,i úch rcqf.a isg we;s jQ ish¨ u

wd¾hh lKavdhïj, meñŒu i|yka l< yels h' úch yd msßjr" m~qjiafoõ
yd msßjr" NoaolÉpdhkd yd msßjr" §>.dñŒ yd msßi" ñysÿ ysñ we;=¿
O¾u¥; lKavdhu" ix>ñ;a;d f;r‚h we;=¿ lKavdhu ixl%uK lKavdhï
jYfhka i|yka l< yels h' fuu ishü lKavdhï furg ckdjdi we;s
lrf.k Tjqkaf.a uõrg iuÕ foaYmd,kuh in|;d meje;ajQy'
ixl%uK yereKqúg Y%S ,xldjg jßkajr we;s jQ wdl%uK o foaYmd,kuh

w;ska jeo.;a fjhs' bkaÈhdkq wdl%uK ms<sn| Y%S ,xldfõ ft;sydisl jd¾;dj,
m<uqfjka u i|yka jkafka fiak yd .=;a;sl ^l%s'mQ'177-15& kï øúv wia
fjf<ka|l= iïnkaOfhks5' iQr;siai rdcH ld,fha fuu fjf<÷ka furg
wdl%uKh lr jir 22 la rdcH md,kh lr we;' wfia, rcq ^l%s'mQ'155-145&
úiska kej; rdcH ,nd.kakd f;la u fuu øúv md,lhka fofokd úiska
rg md,kh lr we;s nj uydjxifha i|yka fjhs6'
bkaÈhdfõ isg Y%S ,xldj wdl%uKh l< n,j;a u i;=rd jkafka t<dr
kï øúv md,lhd h' fudyq wfia, rcq hg;a fldg rclu meyerf.k
iïNdId 451
wjqreÿ .Kkdjla rcrg w;a lr f.k Od¾ñl yd hqla;s .rel f,i rg

md,kh lr we;7' Bg miqj ÿgq.euqKq rcq ^l%s'mQ'161-137& t<dr rcqf.ka rg
uqojd f.k rdcH w;am;a lr .;ay'
kej; j,.ïnd rdcH iufha § ^l%s'mQ'103-102& mq<y;a: we;=¿ oñ<hka

y;afofkla uyd;s;a:fhka f.dv nei rdcH meyer .;ay8' thska oñ<hka
fofofkla m<d .sh w;r b;sß miafokd ^mq<y;a:" ndysh" mKhudr" ms<shudr
ÞÀh& ,xldoaùmfhys rc l< nj i|yka fjhs9'
jxlkdisl;siai rdcH iufha § ^l%s'j'109-112& lßld,a kï fid<S rc

furg wdl%uKh lf<ah' Tyq jia;=j fld,a, ld 12000la muK isrlrejka
o /f.k bkaÈhdjg .shy10' jxlkdisl;siai rcqf.a mq;a .cndyq fid<S rgg
f.dia isxy, isrlrejka 12000 iy tfuka fo.=Khla fid<S isrlrejka o
/f.k fuys meñ‚fha h' tfia meñ‚ ckhd Y%S ,xldfõ úúO ia:dkj,
mÈxÑ lr ùh' fuh ,laÈj rcl= Ndr;h wdl%uKh l< wjia:djls'
ñ;a;fiak rdcH ld,fha § ^ls%'j'432-433& m~q kï oñ<fhla ,xldoaùmhg

meñK hqO fldg ñ;a;fiak rcq urd rc úh11' øúv l=udrjre i;afofkla
^mKavq" mdßKav" Lqoao" mdßKaO" ;sr;r" ÞÀh" mSÀh& m~q kï oñ< rcqg miq Y%S
,xldj wdl%uKh lr wjqreÿ úis yhl muK ld,hla md,kh l< w;r
Od;=fiak l=ure úiska hqO fldg Tjqka mrojd we;12'
I jk ldYHm rdcH ld,fha § ^l%s'j'477-495& uq.,ka l=ure bkaÈhdjg

f.dia fiakd /ialr kej; Y%S ,xldjg meñK ish ifydaor ldYHm yd igka
lr rdcH n,h ,ndf.k we;13'
I jk fiak rdcH ld,fha § ^l%s' j' 833-853& Y%S udr j,a,N kï mdKavH
wêrdcHhd Y%S ,xldj wdl%uKh lf<a h14' V jk ñysÿ rdcH ld,fha §
^l%s' j' 982-1029& rdc rdc kï fpda, wêrdcHhd Y%S ,xldfõ rcrg m%foaYh
wdl%uKh lr we;' Tyq ;u n,h wkqrdOmqrfha ia:dms; lrk ,§'
mdKavH jxYsl mrdl%u mKavq ^l%s'j'1212-1215& fmdf<dkakrej rdcH

lrk ld,fha § ld,sx.ud> úiska Y%S ,xldj wdl%uKh lrk ,§' flar< l=,S
fin¿kaf.ka ieÿKq fiakdjla wdOdrfhka Y%S ,xldfõ rcrg m%foaY hg;a
452 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
lrf.k fmdf<dkakrej w.kqjr fldgf.k tys md,lhd njg ld,sx.

ud> m;aúh15'
u,h w¾Ooaùmfha md,lhl= jQ pkaøndyq kï rcl= úiska cdjl yuqÞjla

iuÕ meñK Y%S ,xldj wdl%uKh lrk ,§16' II jk mrdl%undyq rdcH
ld,fha § ^l%s'j'1247& isÿ jQ fuu wdl%uKh w.aksÈ. wdishd;sl rgl md,lhl=
úiska Y%S ,xldj wdl%uKh l< m<uq wjia:dj úh'
fuu wdl%u‚lhka Y%S ,xldfõ rdcH n,h w;am;a lr .ekSug is;a

fhduq lrka k g we;a f ;a tl, Y% S ,xldj fmr wmrÈ. fjf<`Þfuys
uOHia:dkhla jYfhka m%isoaOj mej;Su ksid úh hq;= h' tfia u Y%S ,xldj
we;ao;a" uq;=" ue‚la" l=¿nvq jeks jákd fjf<| øjH ksmojk m%foaYhla
jYfhka ,nd ;snQ m%isoaêh;a thg fya;= jkakg we;'
fï yer foaYmd,kuh in|;d hgf;a Y%S ,xldfõ rcjre Tjqkaf.a

rdcH;ajh ,nd.ekSu i|yd úfoaY rgj,ska Woõ ,ndf.k we;' m%Odk
jYfhka u Woõ ,ndf.k we;af;a bkaÈhdfjks'
l%s' j' 3 jk ishjfia § wNhkd. rcq ^l%s' j' 236-244& øúv md,lhkaf.ka
Woõ ,ndf.k we;s nj uydjxih i|yka lrhs17' I jk uq.,ka l=ure ;u
fidfydhqre ldYHm rcq iu. igka lr rclu ,nd.ekSu i|yd Woõ
,nd.;af;a o ol=Kq bkaÈhdfjks18'
I jk isßkd. rc;=ud ^l%s' j' 195-214& yd III jk w.afnda rcq ^l%s' j' 632&
øúv md,lhkaf.a iydh ,ndf.k we;' udkjïu rcq ^l%s' j' 684-718& o
m,a,j rdcHfhka Woõ ,ndf.k we;'19 iuyr rcjre ;u ia:djrh i|yd
úfoaY rgj,ska l=,S yuqÞ f.kajd f.k fuys mÈxÑ lrjQy'
wkqrdOmqr hq.fha § isxy,hka i;=j b;d ÈhqKq uÜgul kdúl n,hla

mej;s nj uQ,dY% idOlj,ska meyeÈ,s fjhs' I jk uq.,ka rcq ^l%s' j' 495-512&
fjr< iq/lSu ms‚i kdúl yuqÞ fho jQ w;r II jk fiak rcq ^l%s' j' 853-
887& oCIsK Ndr;Sh rcqkag kdúl yuqÞ wdOdr mjd imhd we;'20
Y%S ,xldj meje;a jQ úfoaY in|;d hgf;a újdy in|;dj,g o m%Odk

;ekla ysñ fõ' w;S; rdcH md,ljre újdy in|;d we;s lr .ekSfï §
iïNdId 453
foaYmd,kuh in|;d f.dvk.d .ekSug o wjia:dj i,idf.k we;' uq,skau

úfoaYhla iu. újdy in|;djla we;s jQfha úch rcq uOqrd mqrfhka ìijla
f.kajd .ekSfuks' m~qjiafoõ rcq YdlH jxYsl NoaolÉpdhkd l=ußh f.kajd
újdy lr .ekSu o IV jk uyskao rcq ^l%s' j' 956-972& ld,sx. l=ußhl yd
újdyùu o foaYmd,kuh jYfhka isÿ jQ in|;djka h'21 fmdf<dkakre
hq.fha rdcH l< I jk úchndyq rcq ^l%s' j' 1055-1110& újdy jQfha o ld,sx.
l=ußhla iu. h' tfia u I jk úchndyq rcq bkaÈhdj iu. ;snQ foaYmd,k
in|;d ;jÿrg;a ÈhqKqlr .ekSu i|yd ish ifydaoßhla mdKavH rc mjq,lg
újdy lr §ug o lghq;= lr we;'22 I jk mrdl%undyq rcqf.a ^l%s' j' 1153-
1186& fufyish jQ ,S,dj;S /ðK o mdKavH jxYsl l=udßldjls'23 ksYaYxlu,a,
rcq ^l%s' j' 1187-1196& o l¾Kdg" fk,aÆ¾" f.!v" ;s,sÕ=" .=¾c¾ hkd§ foaYhkays
rcjre iuÕ ñ;% .súiqï we;s lr.;a w;r tfia .súiqï we;s lr .ekSug
wlue;sjQjka NS;shg m;alr Tyqf.a wka;#mqrhg l=udßldjka yd mqo m~qre
f.kajd .;a nj i|yka fõ'24 fuf,i isÿ jQ wdjdy újdy fya;=fjka we;s
jQ ×;s in|;dj,ska o foaYmd,kuh in|;d ;jÿrg;a j¾Okh ùu isÿúh'
tfia u ixl%uK yd wdl%uKj, iyh i|yd Y%S ,xldjg meñ‚ l=,S yuqÞ
lKavdhïj,ska iuyr msßia újdy in|;d we;s lrf.k furg ck;djg
tla úh'
Y%S ,xldj úfoaY rgj,a iuÕ úúO lreKq mdol lr .ksñka foaYmd,k
in|;d f.dvk.d f.k we;s nj ft;sydisl uQ,dY% wOHkfha § meyeÈ,s
fjhs'
wd.ñl in|;d
foajdkïmsh;siai rdcH ld,fha § ^l%s'mQ'250-210& bkaÈhdfõ wfidal

wêrdcHhd iuÕ foaYmd,kuh jYfhka in|;d f.dvk.d f.k ;snq‚'
fuu in|;d o Tjq f kdjq k a fkd±l we;s jQ fmdÿ ñ;% in|;djls '
foajdkïmsh;siai rcq jákd mqo m~qre wdÈh § ¥;hka msßila bkaÈhdj n,d
msg;a l< w;r tys § wfidal wêrdcHhd Tjqkag o mqo m~qre wdÈh ,nd §
wdmiq tùh' miqj wfidal wêrdcHhd úiska foajdkïmsh;siai rcqg nqoaOd.u
je<| .kakd f,i wdrdOkd lf<ah' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka ñysÿysñ we;=¿
msßila O¾u¥; lghq;= i|yd furgg tjkq ,eîh' ñysÿ ysñ Y%S ,xldjg
meñŒu wdrïN lf<a Ndr;fha m%isoaO fjf<| uOHia:dkh jQ úÈidfjks25'
ñysÿysñ Y%S ,xldjg meñŒfuka miq foajdkïmsh;siai rcq we;=¿ msßi ñiail
454 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
mõj wi, § nqÿiiqk je<| .;af;a h' miqj uq¿ rg mqrd u nqÿoyu me;srùug
yd th ia:dms; lsÍug foajdkïmsh;siai rc Wkkaÿ úh'
fuhska miqj ix>ñ;a;d f;r‚h ch Y%S uyd fndaêfha YdLdjla iuÕ

Y%S ,xldjg jevu lrù h' ix>ñ;a;d f;r‚hf.a meñŒfuka miqj Y%S
,xldfõ fufy‚ iiak wdrïN lrkq ,eîh' Y%S ,xldj mqrd fn!oaOd.ñl
miqìula we;s lsÍug miqìu ieliqfka bkaÈhdj iuÕ mej;s in|;dj,
m%;sM,hla jYfhks'
ñkamiqj Y%S ,xldj bkaÈhdj iuÕ wd.ñl jYfhka iïnkaO jkafka

Y%S fï>jKaK rdcH ^l%s'j'303-331& ld,fha § h' fï ld,h jk úg Y%S ,xldfõ
nqoaOd.u yd iïnkaO fjfyr úydr úYd, m%udKhla bÈ ù ;snq‚' tfia u
fuu rdcH ld,fha § isÿ jQ ;j;a jeo.;a isÿùula jQfha oka; l=ure úiska
nqÿka jykafiaf.a oka; Od;+ka Y%S ,xldjg jevu lrùu hs26' oka; Od;+ka
jykafia uq,a fldgf.k úúO W;aij o wdrïN úh' fï>jKAK rdcH
iufha nqoaO.hdjg .sh jkaokdldr NslaIQka fokulg tys kej;Sug myiqlï
fkdjQfhka úúO lrorj,g uqyqK fokakg isÿ úh' fuh ±k.;a fï>jKaK
rcq Y%S ,dxlsl jkaokdlrejkag kej;Su i|yd úfõld.drhla yd wdrduhla
nqoaO.hdfõ ;ekùu i|yd wjir b,a,d iuqø.=ma; wêrdchd fj; ;E.s
fNda. iys;j O¾u¥; msßila hjd we;' ¥; fufyjr id¾:lùu ksid
fï>jKaK rcq úiska nqoaO.hdfõ úfõld.drhla yd wdrduhla bÈ lrk ,o
nj i|yka h27'
j¾I lsysmhla .;jk f;la u Y%S ,dxlsl jeishka fn!oaOd.u flfrys

keUqrej lghq;= lr we;' fï ld,fha § úúO fn!oaO ¥;hska úáka úg Y%S
,xldjg meñK we;' fufia ¥;hskaf.a meñŒu;a iuÕ uydhdk O¾uh o
Y%S ,xldjg meñ‚fha h' uydúydr yd f:arjd§ NslaIQka fuu O¾u;djkag
úreoaO jQ w;r wNh.sß úydrjdiSyQ tu O¾u;djka ms<s.;ay' tA ksid uydhdk
O¾ufha meñŒu;a iuÕ uydúydr yd wNh.sß úydr w;r u;fNao we;s
jkakg úh'
fjdaydßl ;siai rdcH ld,fha § ^l%s'j'214-236& ffj;=,Hjd§ka Y%S ,xldjg

meñ‚h y' kuq;a uydúydr NslaIQka úiska tu O¾uh hgm;a lrk ,§'
tfuka u f.daGdNh rdcH ld,fha § ^l%s'j'253-266& ix>ñ;% m%uqL ffj;=,Hjd§ka
Y%S ,xldj ;=< wd.ñl jYfhka lror we;s l< w;r I jk fcÜG;siai
iïNdId 455
^l%s'j'266-276& rc jQ miqj Tjqyq Y%S ,xldj w;yer .sfhdah28' tfy;a uyfika

rdcH ld,fha § ^l%s'j'276-303& kej; ffj;=,Hjd§ka Y%S ,xldjg meñ‚fha
h' uydhdkh ÈhqKq jQ ld, mßÉfþoh f,i Od;=fiak rdcH ld,h ^l%s'j'459-
477& y÷kajdÈh yels h' fï ld,fha § uydúydrh o uydhdkslhka w;g
m;aúh'
fmdf<dkakre hq.fha § ;dhs,ka;h" ñhkaudrh" ldïfndach hk rgj,a

iuÕ o wd.ñl jYfhka in|;d mj;ajd we;' I jk úchndyq rdcH ld,fha
Y%S ,xldfõ WmiïmÞj lsÍu i|yd wjYH NslaIQka fkdisá neúka tl<
rdu[a[ foaYfha rc l< wkqrdO kï rc fj; m~qre hjd wjYH NsCIQka
Y%S ,xldjg f.kajd f.k WmiïmÞj mj;ajd we;29' I jk úchndyq rc
oUÈj" l¾Kdgh yd fid<S rgj,a iuÕ o in|;d f.dvk.d .;ay' I jk
úchndyq" I jk mrdl%undyq" ksYaYxlu,a, iy II jk úchndyq ^l%s'j'1186-
1187& hk rcjre hgf;a Y%S ,xldj" nqreuh iuÕ b;d lsÜgqfjka wd.ñl
in|;d mj;ajd we;s nj ft;sydisl uQ,dY% i|yka lrhs'
idudÔh iy ixialD;sl in|;d
Y%S ,xldjg meñ‚ úch we;=¿ lKavdhug ldka;djka we;=<;a fkdjQfhka

Tjqka tl, isá Y%S ,dxlsl hCI f.da;%sl iudch;a iuÕ ksoyfia yeisfrkakg
we;' úch l=ure l=fõ‚ kï hCI f.da;%sl ldka;dj irKmdjd .;af;a h'
kuq;a miqj úch we;=¿ msßi bkaÈhdfjka ;u ×;Ska Y%S ,xldjg f.kajd
.ekSug lghq;= lrk ,§' fuhska meyeÈ,s jkafka l%s'mQ' Y;j¾Ij, isg u Y%S
,xldj yd W;a;r Ndr;h w;r .ukd.uk myiqlï mejf;kakg we;s
njhs' fuh idudÔh yd ixialD;sl in|;d we;sjkakg tla fya;=jla úh'
úchf.ka miq rcùu i|yd mKavqldNh l=ure o bkamiqj NoaolÉpdhkd
l=ußh tA rcqf.a ìij jYfhka o Y%S ,xldjg meñ‚fha h' weh iuÕ ;j;a
msßjr fuys meñ‚ w;r fudjqka Y%S ,xldfõ isá ckhd iuÕ iïñY% jQy'
mKavqldNh rdcH ld,fha § Y%S ,xldj ÈhqKq ;;a;ajhlg m;a ù ;snq‚' ÈhqKq
jQ ixialD;shla" ixúOdkh jQ iudchla" ÈhqKq jQ l,d;aul úkaokhla yd
foaYmd,kuh ±kqula tl, ck;djg ;snqKq nj jxil;d wkqj meyeÈ,s
fjhs' nqÿ iiqk furg msysgqùug fmr o iudc yd ixialD;sh ;rul ÈhqKq
uÜgulska mej;s nj wm ms<s.; hq;= lreKls'
nqÿ iiqk fuys msysgqùu;a iuÕ Y%S ,xldj iudc ixialD;sl jYfhka
ÈhqKq jkakg úh' nqÿ iuh;a iuÕ úúO fY%a‚ yd l=,j,g wh;a msßia
456 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
Y%S ,xldjg meñŒu fuu ÈhqKqjg ;j;a fya;=jla jkakg we;' l,d yd
l¾udka; ÈhqKq jkakg úh' .Dyks¾udK Ys,amh iuÕ iïñY%Kh ù iajdëk
.Dyks¾udK l%uhla Y%S ,xldj ;=< ia:dms; úh' tl< mej;s fjf<|du"
wd.u yd l,d l¾udka;j, o ÈhqKq ;;a;ajhla we;s úh' m%Odk jYfhka u
fjf<| jHdmdr yd iïnkaO mqoa.,hska wd.ñl wxYh i|yd kdhl;ajh
,nd § we;' fï ld,h jk úg wksl=;a rgj,a iuÕ ÈhqKq ;;a;ajhl
fjf<|dula mej;s w;r Y%S ,xldj wd¾Ól w;ska o ÈhqKq úh' bkaÈhdj iuÕ
mej;s ixialD;sl yd iudc in|;d fya;=fjka fn!oaO idys;Hfha msì§ula o
we;s úh'
miq ld,fha § Y%S ,xldj wdl%uKh l< fid<Ska yd mdKavjhska isxy,

iudchg úúO wdldrfha n,mEï we;s lf<a h' fï ksid kj iudc in|;d
f.dvke.=‚'
fjf<| in|;d
w;S;fha § Y%S ,xldj úfoaY rgj,a iuÕ meje;a jQ fjf<| in|;d

ms<sn| úuiSfï § ksrka;rfhka u in|;d mj;ajd we;af;a bkaÈhdj iuÕ
nj meyeÈ,s fjhs' thg fya;=j jkakg we;af;a Y%S ,xldj bkaÈhdkq w¾Ooaùmhg
b;d kqÿrej msysàu hs' Y%S ,xldjg wd¾hhka meñfKk úg fuys isá hlaI
yd kd. f.da;%sl iajfoaYslhka msgrgj,ska meñfKk fjf<÷ka iuÕ NdKav
yqjudre lr.;a nj jxil;d i|yka lrhs' uQ,dY% .%ka:j, i|yka jk mßÈ
úch rcqf.a ld,fha mgka Y%S ,xldj yd bkaÈhdj w;r fjf<| in|;d
j¾Okh ù we;' tfia u úch W;=re bkaÈhka fjf<| kdhlfhl=f.a mq;l=
nj o uQ,dY% i|yka lrhs30'
ñysÿ ix>ñ;a;d fokuf.a wd.ukfhka isÿ jQ wd.ñl fufyjrg

wu;rj fï iuÕ meñ‚ jd‚c fyj;a fjf<| fY%A‚ o Y%S ,xldfõ fjf<|
lghq;= i|yd yjq,a jkakg we;' Y%S ,xldj yd bkaÈhdj w;r fjf<|
in|;d ia:djr uÜgulg f.k tAu i|yd fuu msßi l%shd lrkakg we;ehs
úYajdi l< yels h' ful, foajdkïmsh;siai rcq úiska wfidal rcq fj;
hjk ,o ¥; msßi w;r —.Kl˜ hkqfjka fjf<| kdhlfhla isá nj o
fu!¾h wêrdcHhd tu ¥; msßig —fiÜÀ˜ hk Wmdê kduh msßkeuQ nj o
uydjxifhys i|yka fjhs31' fuhska meyeÈ,s jkafka fï ld,h jk úg;a
forg w;r lsÜgq fjf<| in|;d mej;s njls'
iïNdId 457
;j o l%s'mQ' 6 jk ishjfia § muK ;miaiq N,a¨l kï fjf<÷ka

fofofkl= bkaÈhdfõ isg ;%sl=Kdu,hg wdikak ;sßhdhg meñK we;' tA
wjia:dfõ § Tjqka nqÿka jykafiaf.a flaYOd;= ksOka fldg ;sßhdh m%foaYfha
.sßy~q iEh kñka ia;+mhla lrù h'
iQr;siai rdcH ld,fha § Y%S ,xldj wdl%uKh l< fiak yd .=;a;sl hk

fofokd wYaj fjf<÷ka nj uydjxih i|yka lrhs32'
uq,ska u Y%S ,xldj ms<sn| j hqfrdamShkag wikakg ,efnkafka l%s'mQ' 4

jk ishjfia uyd wef,laiekav¾ .%Sl wêrdcHhdf.a kdúl yuqÞfõ wKfok
ks , Odßfhl= yd lms ; dka j rfhl= jQ Tfkis l % s g ia f .ks (Onecicritus of
Astypaleia - 4BC)' fudyq i|yka lrkafka Y%S ,xldj l=¿nvq yd yevrej
we;s yia;Ska fjf<|dug m%isoaO j ;snQ njhs33' tfia u fudyq i|yka lrk
f;dr;=re wkqj Y%S ,xldj yd jhUÈ. bkaÈhdj w;r jdKsc in|;d mej;s
nj o fy<sfjhs' fjf<Þfuys fhÿKq keõ iúYla;sfhka f;dr jQ neúka
bkaÈhdj yd Y%S ,xldj w;r .ukd.ukhg Èk úiaila .; jQ nj;a Tyq
i|yka lrhs 34' kuq ; a brfgdia ; s f kia (Eratosthenes-249-196BC) kï
N+f.da, úoHd{hd mjikafka fjf<|du i|yd jvd fyd| keõ Y%S ,xldfõ
;snQ nj;a bkaÈhdj yd Y%S ,xldj w;r .ukd.ukh jvd YS>%fhka flreKq
nj;a tA i|yd Èk y;la .; jQ nj;a h35'
l%s' mQ' 4 jk ishjfia pkaø.=ma; fu!¾h rc;=udf.a rdc iNdfõ isá

fu.ia ; s k S i a (Megasthenes-4BC) .% S l ;dkdm;s j rhdf.a jd¾;dj, Y% S
,xldfjka bkaÈhdjg we;=ka hejQ nj i|yka lr we;36' úúO l=,j,g wh;a
iqúYd, we;a rxpq Y%S ,xldfõ isá nj o Èjhsfka le,Ej,ska ,efnk ±jj,ska
;kd.;a Trej, kxjd tu we;=ka ld,sx.fha rcqg úl=KQ nj o fu.ia;skSia
jeäÿrg;a i|yka lr we;'37 fuhska meyeÈ,s jkafka Y%S ,xldj úfoia rgj,a
iuÕ meje;ajQ iïnkaO;d l%s'mQ' hq.fha isgu mej;s njls'
.%Sl ls%ia;shdks mQcljrfhl= jQ fldiauia bkaäfldma,shqiagia (Cosmas

Indicopeustes) l%s'j' 6 fjks ishjfia ,shk ,o zl%sia;shdks jHdma;shZ (Christian
Topography) kï .%ka:fha Y%S ,xldj ms<sn| úia;rhla we;=<;a lr we;38'
fldiauia Y%S ,xldj ms<sn| f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lrkafka Y%S ,xldj iuÕ
ksrka;r .kqfokq yd jdKsc in|;d meje;a jQ fidmdg%eia (Sopatrus) kï
fjf<kaol= ud¾.fhka ,nd.;a f;dr;=re uÕsks39' bkaÈhka id.rfha úYd,
458 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
Èjhskla jk fuh .%Slhka ;fm%dfíka (Taprobane) hkqfjka o bkaÈhdkqjka

isf,Èn (Selediba) hkqfjka o y÷kajkq ,nk w;r tA jgd ¥m;a /ila o we;s
nj fldiauia úia;rfha ±lafjhs40' Ökh" bkaÈhdj" m¾ishdj" b;sfhdamshdj
jeks rgj, keõ Y%S ,xldfõ jrdh yd f;dgqm,j,g tu rgj, nvq f.k wd
nj;a tAjd Y%S ,xldfjka fjk;a rgj,g hejQ nj;a fldiauia jeäÿrg;a
i|yka lr we;41' tfia u Tyq i|yka lrk mßÈ .%Sish yd frdauh we;=¿
uOHOrŒ rgj,a o Y%S ,xldj iuÕ jdKsc in|;d mj;ajd we;' tA wkqj Y%S
,xldj fjf<| NdKav fnÞyßk cHd;Hka;r fjf<| uOHia:dkhla jYfhka
o mej;S we;' fldiauiaf.a úia;rj,g wkqj furáka msgrgj,g hjkq ,nk
ie,lsh hq;= ks¾hd;h jQfha we;=ka h42' fudyq i|yka lrkafka Y%S ,xldfõ
we;=ka bkaÈhdfõ we;=kag jvd hqoaO ld¾hh i|yd m%udKfhka úYd, jQjd
fuka u kqj‚ka o jeä nj hs43' Y%S ,xldfjka úfoaY rgj,g NdKav wmkhkh
l<d fia u tu rgj,ska Y%S ,xldjg o NdKav wdkhkh lr we;' wdkhksl
fjf<|dfï§ Ndú;d l< øjH w;r fiao frÈ" lrdnqkeá" i`ÿka wdÈh m%Odk
úh44' jrdhka wdY%s;j f¾.= ks,OdÍka m;a lr isá nj o Tyqf.a úia;rhg
wkqj meyeÈ,s fjhs45' tA nj ;jÿrg;a ;yjqre lr.; yels fi,a,sms lsysmhla
Y%S ,xldfõ jrdh iy f;dgqm, wdY%s; j yuq ù we;'
Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaYSh fjf<|du m%Odk jYfhka u rch i;= úh' tksid
th Ndrj m%Odk fmf<a ks<OdÍka m;a lr isákakg we;' wdkhkh iy
wmkhkh lrk ,o iEu NdKavhlska u nÿ wh lrk ,§' iEu keõ f;dgl
u iy jrdhl u nÿ wh lsÍu i|yd ks,Odßhl= m;a lr isákakg o we;'
iuyr wjia:dj,§ keõ f;dgqj,ska wh lrk ,o nÿ úydrdrdu kv;a;=
lsÍu i|yd ÿka nj i|ykajk Ys,d f,aLk o yuq ù we;'
j<fõ .x fuda f hys f.dvjdh úydrh wi, ms y s á fi,a , s m s f hys

f.dvmj; kï zkeõZ f;dgla .ek;a th cd;Hka;rj m%isoaOj mej;=k
nj;a i|yka fõ46' tu Ys,d f,aLkhg wkqj l%s'j'2 jk Y;j¾Ifha mgka u
tu jrdh úfoaYSh fj<|dug iïnkaOj ;sî we;' tfukau I jk .cndyq
rc;=ud ^l%s'j'112-134& úiska f.dvmj; jrdfhka ,enqKq noao îql& tys msysá
úydrhg mQcd lrk ,o nj tu fi,a,smsfha47 i|yka lr we;48' fuhska
meyeÈ,s jkafka jrdhka wdY%s;j ;Sre nÿ wh lsÍula mej;s njls' wd¾Ól
jeo.;alu i,ld jrdhka md,k tAllhka jYfhka .ekqKq nj;a tAjdfha
;Sre nÿ whlsÍu i|yd úfYaI ks,OdÍka isá nj;a fuhska meyeÈ,s fjhs'
fldiauia i|yka lrkafka keõ f;dfgys isá rdcH ks,Odßhl= úfoaYSh
fj<÷ka ms<sn| lghq;= fidhd neÆ nj;a rchg wh úh hq;= nÿ uqo,a
iïNdId 459
Tjqkaf.ka whlr.;a nj;a h49' wd¾Ól jeo.;alu i,ld jrdh" md,k

tAll jYfhka .ekqKq nj;a tAjdfha ;Sre nÿ wh lsÍu i|yd úfYaI ks,OdÍka
isá nj;a fuhska meyeÈ,s fjhs'
II jk mrdl%undyq rcqf.a ^l%s'j' 1236-1270& foúkqjr mqjre ,smshg50

wkqj oUfo‚ hq.fha foúkqjr o f¾.= ld¾hd,hla úh51' fuu ld¾hd,h
msysgqjkakg we;af;a furgg meñ‚ fjf<÷kaf.ka ;Sre nÿ whlr .ekSug
muKla fkdj furáka fjf<|du i|yd úfoia rgj,g .sh fjf<÷kaf.ka
o nÿ whlr .ekSu i|yd úh hq;= h' foúkqjr úIaKq foajd,fha we;s fuu
fi,a,smsfha foajk.¾ fyj;a fojqkaor (Dondar) jrdh md,kh ms<sn|j o
i|yka fjhs' tfiau fuu f;dgqm,ska ,efnk ;Sre nÿ wdÞhu foúkqjr
úydrhg ,ndÿka nj o tys ;jÿrg;a úia;r lr we;52' fï wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ
jrdhka wdY%s;j ÈhqKq fjf<|dula mej;s nj;a fjf<| NdKavj,ska whlr.;a
;Sre nÿj,ska ,laosj md,kh l< rcjrekag úYd, wdodhula ,nd.ekSug
wjia:dj we;s jQ nj;a meyeÈ,s lr.; yelsh' fujeks jQ ;Srenÿ wdÞhula
,nd.ekSug kï fuu jrdh wdY%s; m%udKj;a cd;Hka;r fjf<| in|;d
cd,hla l%shd;aul ù we;s njg by; idOl idCIs imhhs'
fm%dfldamshia (Procopius) jd¾;d lrkafka fmrÈ.ska is,ala frÈ we;=¿

fjf<| NdKav f.k tkf;la m¾ishdkq yd b;sfhdamshdkq fjf<| keõ
lsßkao yd f.dvmj; jrdhj, kex.=rï ,d kj;d ;snQ njhs53' rg wNHka;rfha
isg .,d tk j<fõ .Õ wdY%s; j úfoaYSh iïnkaO;d f.dvk.d .ekSu;a rg
wNHka;rfha ckdjdi msysgqùu;a ksid fuu jrdh reyqfKa wks;a jrdhkag
jvd jeo.;a úh'
.%Sl cd;slhkag miqj Y%S ,xldj .ek i|yka lrkafka frdaujreka h'
frdaufha úiQ b;sydi{hka" N+ úoHd{hka" f,aLlhka Y%S ,xldj ms<sn|
lreKq wid úia;r ,shkakg we;'
b;d,s cd;sl ma,sks ^l%s'j'1& kï b;sydi{hd Y%S ,xldfjka frdauhg .sh

Y%S ,xxlsl ¥; msßi iuÕ idlÉPd lr fj¿ï 37 lska hq;a ziajNdúl b;sydihZ
(Natural History) kï .%ka:fha 6 jk mßÉfþofha Y%S ,xldj ms<sn| i|yka
lr we;54' Tyq Y%S ,xldj ms<sn| jeo.;a f;dr;=re rdYshla we;=<;a lr
we;af;a .%Sl yd frdau fjf<÷ka Y%S ,xldj bkaÈhka id.rfha ;u fjf<|
uOHia:dkh lr.;a ksid úh hq;= h' Tyqf.a tu jd¾;dj,g wkqj Y%S ,xldj
460 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
yd frdauh w;r jdKsc in|;d ls%'j'1 ishjfia isg mej; we;' tfia u
ma,sksf.a igyka wkqj frdaufha rc l< laf,daähia iSi¾ (Claudius Caeser)
rdcH ld,fha wrdìh wi, hd;% d l< tA k s h ia ma f ,dflduia (Annius
Plocamus) kdúlhd l=Kdgqjlg yiq ù Y%S ,xld fjr<g <Õd ù we;55' tl<
rc l< Nd;sldNh rcq ^l%s'mQ'19-l%s'j'9& Tyq w.kqjrg leòjd Tyqg .re
ie,ls,s ±laù h' Tyq wdmiq hdfï § Tyq iuÕ isxy, fjf<| ¥; msßila
frdau rcq fj;g hjd we;' laf,daähia rdcH iufha frdauhg .sh fuu ¥;
msßi Y%S ,xldjg meñfKk úg mn¿ f;d.hla f.k wd nj;a tAjdhska
rejkaje,siEh w,xldr l< nj;a uydjxi àldj i|yka lrhs56' Nd;sldNh
rcq fuu kdúlhd iuÕ Y%S ,xld ¥; msßila frdauh lrd hjd we;af;a
frdauh iuÕ jdKsc in|;d f.dvk.d .ekSfï mrud¾:fhka úh hq;= h'
fï lreKq f.kyer ±laùfï§ meyeÈ,s jkafka frdaujrekaf.a bka§h id.rfha
fjf<| uOHia:dkh jQfha Y%S ,xldj njhs' ma,sksf.a i|ykg wkqj we;ao<"
leianE f,,s iy fjk;a NdKav Y%S ,xldfjka bkaÈhdkq fjf<|m,g heú‚'
ñirfha úiQ N+f.da, úoHd{hl= fuka u kCI;% úoHd{hl= jQ laf,daÈhia

fgd,ñ (Claudius Ptolemy–2AD) uq,ska f,dal is;shu we`§fï§ Y%S ,xldj o
thg we;=<;a lr we;' Y%S ,xld is;shu w¢ñka tys l`ÿ" .x.d" f;dgqm, yd
m%Odk k.r wdÈh o ,l=Kq lr we;57' tfia u Y%S ,xldj ms<sn| úia;rhla o
i|yka lr ;sfí' fgd,ñ ;u is;shug Y%S ,xldj we;=<;a lsÍfuka l%s'j' 2
muK ld,h jk úg úfoaYslhkaf.ka Y%S ,xldj .ek ±k isá nj meyeÈ,s
fjhs' Tyq úiska w¢k ,o m<uq jk f,dal is;shfï Y%S ,xldj bkaÈhdjg;a
jvd úYd,j we| ;sîfuka tÞ ol=Kq wdishdfõ bkaÈhka id.rfha Y%S ,xldjg
,eî ;snQ m%isoaêh yd m%uqLia:dkh fl;rï o hkak meyeÈ,s fjhs'
frdau cd;sl hd;%slhl= jQ udIshkaf.a (Marcien) úia;rfha i|yka

jkafka Y%S ,xldfõ jeo.;a k.r yd fjf<| uOHia:dk 22 la o keõ f;dgq
y;rla .x.d myla o m%Odk fndl= folla o ;snqK nj hs58'
b;sydi{hl= iy N=f.da, úoHd{hl= jk iag%dfnda (Strabo) úiska

zN+f.da, úoHdjZ (Geography) kñka rpkd lrk ,o .%ka:fhys Y%S ,xldj
ms<sn| úia;rhla i|yka fjhs59' Tyq i|yka lrkafka Y%S ,xldfjka uq;= yd
ue‚la o leianE lgq iy we;ao;a Ndr;Sh fjf<|m,g hejQ njls60'
.%Sl frdau jeks wmrÈ. rgj,a fuka u Ökh jeks fmrÈ. rgj,a o
w;S;fha§ Y%S ,xldj .ek Wkkaÿ jQy' ft;sydisl hq.fha isg u Y%S ,xldj yd
iïNdId 461
Ökh w;r jdKsc in|;d f.dvke.=Kq nj Ök ft;sydisl uQ,dY%h .%ka:j,ska

o meyeÈ,s lrf.k we;'
.=jx fÞx (Guangdong) Ökfha m%lg jrdh k.rhls' tu jrdh iuÕ

fjf<| .kqfokq meje;a jQ rgla f,i Y%S ,xldj i|yka lr we;' mer‚;u
Ök jd¾;djla f,i i,lk ngysr yka rc fm<mf;a ks, jxYl;dj jk
zyka mqia;lfha Z61 (Book of Han - 206BC-23AD) Y%S ,xldj ms<sn| iòyka
lr we;62' fuhska meyeos,s jkafka Y%S ,xldj l%s'mQ' hq.fha isg u Ökh iuÕ
jdKsc in|;d meje;a jQ njls'
*d YswEka kï NslaIqj úiska rÑ; zfn!oaO rdcOdksZ (Record of Bud-

dhist Kingdoms) kï .%ka:fha t;=ud Y%S ,xldfõ .; l< ld,fha úia;r
i|yka lr we;63' l%s'j' 5 jk Y;j¾Ifha § muK Ök cd;sl fn!oaO
NslaIqjla jQ *d YswEka ysñ Y%S ,xldjg meñK we;af;a bkaÈhdfõ ;dï,sma;s
kï jQ keõ f;dáks64' fuu Ök foaYdglhd fuys .; fldg wdmiq .uka
lsÍfï § Y%S ,xldfõ jrdhlska msg;a jQ nj;a tu iuqø .ufka§ úkdYhg m;a
jQ nj;a i|yka lrhs' Ökh we;=¿ rgj,a iuÕ Y%S ,xldj meje;ajQ jdksc
in|;d ksid kej; Ökhg <Õdùug yels jQ nj t;=ud ;jÿrg;a i|yka lr
;sfí65' Ökfha idok ,o jgdm;la wkqrdOmqr nqoaO m%;sudjlg fjf<ka|l=
úiska mQcd lr ;sfnkq ;uka ÿgq nj *d YswEka ysñ i|yka lr we;66' fï
wkqj meyeÈ,s jkafka l%s'j' 5 jk ishjfia § Ökh yd Y%S ,xldj w;r jdKsc
in|;d mej;S we;s njls'
l%s'j' 7 jk ishjfia úiQ Ök cd;sl foaYdgk NslaIqjla jQ yshqxidx o Y%S

,xldj ms<sn| lreKq i|yka lr we;' t;=ud bkaÈhdfõ § Y%S ,xldfjka .sh
msßilf.ka Y%S ,xldj .ek lreKq wid úia;r bÈßm;a lr we;' fuu
f,aLlhkaf.a jd¾;d Ökh yd Y%S ,xldj w;r mej;s jdKsc in|;dj m%;HlaI
lrhs'
mqrdKfha isg Y%S ,xldj iy Ökh w;r ÈhqKq fjf<|dula mej;s nj

i|yka lrk fm%dfldamshia (Procopius) kue;s .;alrejd mjikafka Ök
fiao frÈ m¾ishdkq fj<÷kaf.ka frdauhg ,enqKq nj;a m¾ishdkq cd;slhka
tu Ök fiao frÈ ,nd.;af;a Y%S ,xldfjka nj;a h67' tfia kï Ök fiao frÈ
yd Ökfha ksIamdÈ; w,xldr msÕka NdKav fuka u iqud;%d" cdjd" u,h wd§
rgj,ska tl;= lr.;a l=¿ nvq o .%Sl yd frdau fj<÷kag úl=Kd .ekSug Y%S
,xldj jeo.;a fjf<| uOHia:dkhla jYfhka mej;S we;'
32 - CM23766
462 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
.%Sl" frdau iy Ök cd;slhka fukau ueofmrÈ. rgj, úiQ fjf<ka|ka

o Y%S ,xldj iuÕ jdKsc in|;d mj;ajd we;s nj tu rgj, úiQ f,aLlhka
úiska ,shk ,o jd¾;dj,ska meyeÈ,s lrf.k we;' 10 jk ishjfia m¾ishdkq
kdúlhl= jQ nqi¾.a bnka Yd¾id¾ (Buzurg Iban Shahryr) "w,a fnrEks (Al
Beruni) " 11 jk ishjfia uyuqoa .¾§is (Mahamud Garuizi) wd§ f,aLlhka
úiska firkaäí Èjhsk ms<sn| jd¾;d lr we;68' Y%S ,xldj uq;=" ue‚la"
lrdnqkeá wd§ fj<| NdKav i|yd m%isoaOj ;snQ nj tu jd¾;d i|yka lrhs'
fuuÕska meyeÈ,s jkafka Y%S ,xldj ueofmrÈ. rgj,a w;r o fjf<|
in|;d i|yd m%lgj mej;s njls'
l%s'j' 2 jk yd 3 jk ishjiaj, isg Y%S ,xldj f,dalfha fkdfhla rgj,a

iu. fjf<| .kqfokq l< nj ft;sydisl f;dr;=re i|yka lrhs69' uqyqÿ
.uka ud¾.fha m%Odk uOHia:dkhla jQ Y%S ,xldjg r;= uqyqo Tiafia o
m¾ishdj" b;sfhdamshdj fuka u bkaÈhdfõ úúO m%foaYj,ska o keõ meñ‚
w;r Y%S ,xldfõ keõ Ökh" bkaÈhdj wd§ rgj,g hd;%d l< nj o i|yka
fjhs70' l%s'j' 5 jk ishji jk úg Y%S ,xldj bkaÈhka id.rfha m%Odk
fjf<| uOHia:dkh njg m;a úh' fï wjêfha ol=Kq wrdì fjrf<a m¾ishdkq"
b;sfhdamshdkq iy bkaÈhdkq fjf<kafoda o ish fjf<| lghq;=j,g wj;S¾K
ù isáhy' uqyqÿ .ukd.ukfha wdrïNl ia:dkh jQ r;= uqyqo iy wrdì
uqyqfoa isg wmrÈ. olajd jQ .uka ud¾.fha § f,fyisfhka u Y%S ,xldj fj;
.uka l< yels úh' Y%S ,xldj iu. m¾ishdj fjf<| in|;d wdrïN lr
we;af;a l%s'j' 512 § nj;a m¾ishkajre Y%S ,xldfõ ckdjdi msysgqjd .;a nj;a
fldiauia i|yka lrhs71' tfia u l%s'j' 7-9 w;r ld,h jkúg bkaÈhka
id.rh f,dj iEu foiskau keõ meñŒug yels wdrlaIdldÍ m%foaYhla njg
m;a úh' Ökh" m¾ishdj" b;sfhdamshdj" cdjd" iqud;%d" frdau iy wdrdì hkd§
rgj, fjf<kaoka Tjqkaf.a rgj, nvq Tjqfkdjqka w;r yqjudre lr .ekSfï"
úlsŒfï iy ñ,hg .ekSfï fjf<| uOHia:dkhla f,i Y%S ,xldfõ jrdhhka
Ndú;d lrkakg we;'
Y%S ,xldj yd Ökh w;r o jdKsc in|;d ÈhqKq ;;a;ajhl mej;s‚'

l%s'j' 7 jk ishjfia § muK Ökh iy ueofmrÈ. w;r mej;s fjf<|du
j¾Okh ùu;a iu. Ök fjf<kafoda o Èjhsk iu. fjf<| in|;d we;s
lr .;ay' tA wkqj l%s'j' 8 jk ishji jk úg Y%S ,xldj iy Ökh w;r
fjf<| in|;d we;s jkakg úh' gEka.a rdcjxYh (Tang Dynasty -618-907
AD) Ökfha n,h ;yjqre lr .ekSu fmrÈ. yd wmrÈ. w;r mq¿,a fjf<|dula
iïNdId 463
we;sùug uÕ mEÈ‚' l%s'j' 8 jk ishji jk úg Ökh msÕka NdKav wmkhkh

lsÍug mgka .ekSu;a iu. tf;la l,a m%Odk wmkhk NdKavh jQ fiao
ms<sj,g ;enQ ;ek wysñ úh' fidka.a rdcjxYh (Song Dynasty -960-1127
AD) hgf;a Ökfha m%Odk wmkhk NdKavh jQfha msÕka NdKav h' Ökh Y%S
,xldj iu. l%s'j' 8 jk ishjfia isg f.dvk.d .;a fjf<| iïnkaO;dj,§
msÕka NdKav m%Odk wdkhkslh úh' Ökh Y%S ,xldj iu. mq¿,a fjf<|
in|;d f.dvk.d .kafka l%s'j' 11 jk ishjfia isg h72'
ol=Kq bka§h wdêm;H úiska fjf<| uOHia:dkj, msysàu fjkia

lsÍu;a iu. w.kqjrla f,i mej;s wkqrdOmqrfha meje;au wjika úh'
ol=Kq bka§h wdl%uK ksid wkqrdOmqrfha meje;au wjika úh' tu wdl%uK
ksid wkqrdOmqrfha meje;au wjika ùu;a iu. fjf<| uOHia:dkj,
msysàu fjkia úh' tA wkqj kef.kysr iy ngysr f;;a l,dmfha jrdhkag
jeo.;a ;ekla ysñ úh' thska meyeÈ,s jkafka Ökh" Y%S ,xldfõ kef.kysr"
ngysr iy ol=Kq jrdhka iu. fjf<| in|;d f.dvk.df.k we;s njls'
15 jk ishji jkúg Y%S ,xldj iy Ökh w;r fjf<| lghq;= msßySug
m;aùu;a mD;=.SiSka bkaÈhka id.rh lrd meñŒu;a isÿ jQfha tlu ld,
jljdkqjl h73'
tfiau Y%S ,xldj iy Ökh w;r mej;s iïnkaO;d ms<sn|j olakg

,efnk lÈu idlaIshla f,i ;%sNdId fi,a,smsh74 ye¢kaúh yels h' th Y%S
,xld Ök È.= iïnkaO;djg idlaIshls' ;%sNdId fi,a,smsh ms<sn| úu¾IKh
lsÍfï § 15 jk ishjfia uq,a Nd.fha § Ök .kqfokqj, lemS fmfkk
ÈhqKqjla ±lsh yels h' hqx f,da (Un Lo) kï Ök wêrdchdf.a wjêfhys
Tyqf.a weu;sjrfhl= fuka u hqO fikam;shl= jQ Ñx fjda WÑx pqÑx (Chin Wo
Uchin Chuchin) fifkú wE; rgj,a iu. fjf<| in|;d we;s lr .ekSu
hqx f,da wêrdchd Ñx fjda WÑx pqÑx fikam;sjrhd keõ iuQyhla iu. msg;a
lr we;' hqx f,da wêrdchdf.a f;jk rdcH j¾Ifha § tkï l%s'j' 1405 § Ñx
fjda WÑx pqÑx fifkúhd mQcd NdKav iy mqjre ,smsh o iys;j Y%S ,xldjg
meñK we;' Ök" fou< iy m¾ishka niska ,shejqKq fuu mqjre ,smsfha Ök
f,aLkhg wkqj Ök wêrdchd úiska nqÿka jykafiag msßkuk ,o §ukdjla
ms<sn| i|yka h' m¾ishdkq jd¾;d wkqj tys i|yka ù we;af;a w,a,d
foúhkag fyda uqia,sï Ydka;=jrhl=g fyda lrk ,o mQcdjla ms<sn|j h'
fou< f,aLkh wkqj foúkqjr foúhl=g lrk ,o mQcd ms<sn| olajd we;75'
464 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
fmdf<dkakre hq.h jk úg nqreuh" ishu" uef,aishdj" bkaÿkSishdj

wd§ rgj,a iuÕ o Y%S ,xldj jdKsc in|;d mj;ajd we;' I jk mrdl%undyq
rdcH ld,fha § ^l%s'j' 1153-1186& hjkhka rcqg m~qre /f.k wd nj;a rcq
b;d fyd¢ka Tjqkag ix.%y l< nj;a ,sÅ; uQ,dY% i|yka lrhs76' tfia u
l%s'j' 12 yd 13 jk ishjiaj,§ Y%S ,xldj ldïfndach" nqreuh" iqud;%dj hk
rgj,a w;r fjf<| .kqfokq meje;ajQ nj o uydjxifha i|yka fjhs77' I
jk nqjfklndyq rcq ^ls%'j'1272-1284& forg w;r fj<|du mq¿,a lr .ekSu
i|yd Bðma;=fõ iq,a;dka rcq fj; ;dkdm;Ska msßila hjd we;'78
l%s' j' 13 jk ishjfia isg Y%S ,xldfõ rcjrekaf.a m%Odk wdÞhï

ud¾.h ù we;af;a úfoaYSh fjf<|duhs' uyd mrdl%undyq rdcH ld,fha§
úfoaYSh fjf<|du úYd, jYfhka mej;s‚' fï ld,h jk úg l=re÷ fjf<|
øjHhla njg m;a ù ;snq‚' hqfrdamhg fuh jákd fjf<| øjHhla jQ w;r
tAjd fidhd Tjqka wdishd;sl rgj,g meñfKkakg we;' fmrÈ. fjf<|
øjH fidhdf.k bkaÈhdj iy Y%S ,xldjg mD;=.Siskaf.a meñŒfuka miq
úúO cd;Ska úiska fuf;la mj;ajdf.k .sh fj<|du wêrdcHjdohlg
yerefKah' wrdì" m¾ishka" .%Sl" frdau" Bðma;=j" Ök" øúv wd§ úúO cd;slhka
fuka fkdj mD;=.SiSyq fjf<|du ms<sn| ;ks whs;Ska m;d l%shdlrkakg jQ
w;r Tjqka tu m%foaY hg;a lr .ekSugo l%shd l<y' Bg miq jßkajr Y;
j¾I y;rla muK mD;=.SiSka" ,kafoaiSka iy bx.%SiSka úiska úfoaY fjf<|
wdêm;H f.k hk ,§' wmkhk fnda. ixj¾Okh jeäfj;au ksoyfia
jrdhj,g we;=¿ùug iy fjf<| lghq;= lrf.k hdug Tjqkag yels jQ
w;r b;d ÈhqKq mq¿,a fjf<| tAldêldßhla fmrÈ. mj;ajdf.k hdug
yelshdj ,enqKq njo meyeÈ,sh'
ks.ukh
l%s'mQ' 4 jk ishjfia § wef,laiekav¾ wêrdcHhd jhUÈ. bkaÈhdjg

meñŒfuka miq .%Sish yd frdauh we;=¿ rgj,a Y%S ,xldj iuÕ iïnkaO;d
we;s lr .kakg we;ehs is;sh yelsh' fuu fmr wmrÈ. rgj,a iuÕ
in|;d f.dvke.=fka Y%S ,xldj fmr wmrÈ. fjf<| ud¾.fha yqjudre
uOHia:dkhla f,i m%isoaOj ;snQ ksidfjks' Y%S ,xldfõ f;dgqm, yd ol=Kq
bkaÈhdfõ f;dgqm, yqjudre uOHia:dk f,i mejf;kakg we;' mer‚
cd;Hka ; r fjf<| jHdmdrfha fmdÿ udmlh jQ f ha øjH yq j udrejhs '
iïNdId 465
Y%S ,xldfõ isg bkaÈhdfõ f;dgqm,j,go bkaÈhdfõ isg Y%S ,xldfõ

f;dgqm,j,go ksrka;rfhka fjf<| yqjudre jkakg we;' fmr wmrÈ.
fjf<÷ka meñK yuq jQ m%Odk fjf<| uOHia:dkhla f,i Y%S ,xldj
mj;skakg we;' Y%S ,xldfõ uyd;s;a:h;a ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ ldfõß mgqk;a
fjf<÷ka uqK .eiqkq m%Odk fjf<| uOHia:dk f,i ie,lsh yelsh' Y%S
,xldfõ uyd;s;a: yd oUfld<mgqk m%Odk jrdhka yd f;dgqm, úh' óg
wu;rj Y%S ,xldj jgd u jrdh yd f;dgqm, rdYshla u msysgd ;snq‚'
W!rdf;dg" f.dalKaK" f.dvjdh" fojqkaor" .d,a, jeks keõ f;dgqm,j,ska
fï nj meyeÈ,s fjhs' wka lsisu rglg jvd Y%S ,xldj ,enQ fï jrm%ido
ÈhqKq fjf<`Þul j¾Okhg bjy,a úh'
uq , a hq . fha uq y q ÿ fjf<`Þfï n,h m;= r ejdf.k is á .% S l frda u

fjf<ka|kaf.ka uqyqÿ fjf<|dfï n,h wrdîka w;g m;ajQfha l%s'j' 7 jk
ishji muK jk úg h79' tA ksid .%Sl frdau fjf<ka|kag ;rÕldÍ;ajhlg
uqyqK §ug isÿ úh' fuu ;rÕldÍ;ajh;a frdau wêrdcHfha n,h msßySu;a
fya;= fldg f.k frdau fjf<|du miq.dó ;;a;ajhlg m;a úh80' frdau Y%S
,xld fjf<| jHdmdrfha tla m%Odk idOlhla jQfha Y%S ,xldfjka f.k hk
øjH i|yd rka ldis ,nd .ekSuhs' tfuka u frdau ldis wkqlrKh lrñka
ksmojk ,o wkqlrK ;U ldis Y%S ,xldfõ uQ,Huh lghq;= i|yd fhdÞ
.ekSu o fuys tla m%;sM,hls' fuu ldis j¾. Y%S ,xldfõ jrdh iy m%Odk
k.r uOHia:dk wdY%s;j yuqùu u; ÈhqKq fjf<|dula mej;s njg idOl
imhhs' frdauh yd Y%S ,xldj w;r l%s'j' 5-8 ishjiaj, ÈhqKq fjf<|dula
mej;s nj fmfkhs' fuf,i w;S;fha isg úfoaY rgj,a iuÕ mej;s fjf<|du
fya;= fldg f.k furg yqjudre fjf<|du muKla fkdj uqo,a Ndú;h o
ÈhqKq úh'
fuu wjêfha§ m¾ishka fjf<kafoda o uqyqÿ fjf<`Þu i|yd msúi

isáhy' Tjqka o .%Sl yd frdaujreka iuÕ ;rÕ lrñka Y%S ,xldfõ fjf<|
uOHia:dk msysgqjd .;ay' fufia frdaujreka iy m¾ishkajreka úiska Y%S
,xldj ish fjf<| uOHia:dkh lr .kakd ,oafoa Y%S ,xldfõ fjf<| øjHh
i|yd muKla u fkdfõ' Ökh jeks wmrÈ. rgj,aj,ska Y%S ,xldjg f.k
tk ,o fjf<| øjH o Y%S ,xldfõ fjf<|m<j,§ u ñ,§ .ekSug Tjqkag
yels úh' fï ksid fï ld,h jk úg Y%S ,xldj bkaÈhka id.rfha m%Odk
fjf<| uOHia:dkh njg m;a ù ;snq‚'
466 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
wE; w;S;fha § fmrÈ. yd wmrÈ.rgj, fjf<| hdka;%slhkag uqK

.eiSug yd fjf<| NdKAv yqjudre lr .ekSug Y%S ,xldj b;d fhda.H
uOHia:dkhla jQfha Y%S ,xldfõ N+f.da,Sh msysàu wkqj h'
by; i|yka lrk ,o lreKqj,ska ;yjqre jkafka Y%S ,xldj l%s'mQ'

hq.fha isg u fmr wmrÈ. fjf<÷kaf.a m%Odk fjf<| uOHia:dkhla jQ
nj;a tu fjf<| uOHia:dkh yryd ÈhqKq úfoaY fjf<|dula mej;s nj;a
h' Y%S ,xldj úúO jQ cHd;Hka;r in|;d f.dvk.d .ekSug fuu fjf<|du
m%Odk fya;=jla jkakg we;' foaYSh w¾: l%uhg jvd jeä wdÞhï ,efnk
ud¾.hla jQ neúka Y%S ,dxlslfhda úfoaY fjf<|dug msúi tA yryd foaYmd,ksl"
wd.ñl" iudÔh yd ixialD;sl in|;d f.dvk.d .kakg we;'
wdY%;
s .%k:
a
wurjxY ysñ" fld;auf,a' 1969' ,laÈj fi,a,sms' fld<U ( weï'ã' .=Kfiak iy

iud.u'
W!ref.dvj;a;" î'" 2012' fmr wmrÈ. hd lrk Y%S ,xldj' Y%S ,dxflah b;sydih"
ví' tï' fla' úfÊ;=x. îxia'&' II fj¿u' fld<U( weï' ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.uh'
ërdkkao l,HdKjxY ysñ" l=vdje,af,a" 1967" ,xldfõ ft;sydisl N+ñ is;=jï"
fld<U ( iSudiys; weï' ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.uh'
f,ia,s .dñŒ" Ô'tA'" 2007' mqrdK ,xldfõ jrdhhka" fld<U 10 ( iQßh m%ldYlfhda'
fmdkakïfmreu" ã' mS'" 1961' úfoaYSka ÿgq mqrdK ,xldj" uykqjr ( wd¾h uqøKd,h'
n,.,af,a" ú' mS'" 1999' fn!oaO rdcOdks ms<sn| f;dr;=re kï jQ mdyshkaf.a foaYdgk
jd¾;dj" fndr,eia.uqj ( úisÿKq m%ldYk'
fndafmawdrÉÑ" T'" 1997' Y%S ,xldfõ mqrdK ldis wd¾Ól úuiqu" ^Tla$fkdje&" 23
fjü" 07 l,dmh" msms'21-28'
uydjxih" m%:u Nd.h' 1996' Y%S iqux., kdhl ud ysñ iy ngqjka;=vdfõ foajrlaIs;
mç;=uka' fld<U 10 ( f.dvf.a ifydaorfhda'
uydjxih' oaú;Sh Nd.h' 1996' Y%S iqux., kdhl ud ysñ iy ngqjka;v
= dfõ foajrlaI;
s
mç;=uka' fld<U 10 ( f.dvf.a ifydaorfhda'
,shk.uf.a" tA' iy .=Kj¾Ok" wd¾'" 1987' wkqrdOmqr hq.h" fld<U ( Y%S ,xld cd;sl
mqia;ld, fiajd uKav,h'
iïNdId 467
,shk.uf.a" tA'" 1989" uOH ld,Sk ,xld b;sydih' fmdf<dkakre rdcOdksfha mßydksh
iy oUfoks rdcOdksfha keÕSu ^ls%'j' 1180 isg 1270 olajd&" fld<U ( wOHdmk
m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;j = '
jkr;k ysñ" lUqremsáfha'" 1994' ud;r mqrdúoHd;aul b;sydih' l¾;D m%ldYkhls'
jxiF:mldisksh" uydjxi àldj' 1994' isxy, wkq ( wl=reáfha wurjxi kdysñ iy
fyaupkaø Èidkdhl' le<‚h úYajúoHd,h( md,s yd fn!oaO wOHhk mYapd;a
Wmdê wdh;kh'
isßùr" ví,sõ' whs'" 2001" rcrg YsIagdpdrh iy ksß;È. rdcOdks" fld<U ( ohdjxY
chfldä'
yq¿.,a," tÉ'tA'ã'" 2002' mer‚ ixpdrlhska ÿgq ,xldj" mß ( Y%S ,d,a o is,ajd'
fld<U ( w¾cqk yq¿.,a, ÆlaIk¾ia'
Bandarayake, S., et al. (eds.) 2003. Sri Lanka and the Silk Road of the Sea. Colombo:
Central Cultural Fund.
Bopearachchi, O., 1997/1998. The Maritime Silk Roads: Trade Relations between
Central Asia and Sri Lanka from the Evidence of Recent Excavations. Silk Road.
Art and Archaeology. Kamakura: Journal of the Institute of Silk Road Studies.
Bopearachchi, O. 2004. Ancient Sri Lanka and the Tamil Nadu: Maritime Trade.
Jean-Luk Chevillard. South Indian Horizons. Pondicherry. 539-551pp.
Codrington, H.W. 1994(Reprint). Ceylon Coins and Currency, Colombo: Government
Press.
Origin, Evolution and circulation of coins in the Indian Ocean. 1998.
O. Bopearachchi; D.P.M. Weerakkody.(eds.) New Delhi: Manohar Publishers.
Paranavitana, S., 1970. Inscriptions of Ceylon. Containing Cave Inscription from
3rd Century B.C. to 1st Century A.D. and other Inscriptions in the Early Brahmi
Script, Vol. I. Ceylon: Department of Archaelogy.
Paranavithana, S.,1970. Inscriptions of Ceylon. Containing Rock and other
Inscriptions. ed. Malini Dias. Vol. II, Part II, Sri Lanka : Archaeological Survey
Department.
Paranavitana, S., 1983, Inscriptions of Ceylon, Late Brahmi Inscriptions, ed. Malini
Dias, Vol. II, Part I. Sri Lanka: Sri Lanka: Department of Archaeology.
Siriweera, W.I. 2002. History of Sri Lanka: From Earliest Times up to the Sixteenth
Century. Colombo: Dayawansa Jayakody & Company.
468 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
Thierry, F., 1998. The Origins and Development of Chinese Coins. In: O. Bopearachchi
& D.P.M. Weerakkody eds. Origin, Evolution & Circulation of foreign Coins in
the Indian Ocean. New Delhi: Manorar Publishers and Distributors. pp.191-197.
Weerakkody, D.P.M. 1997. Taprobane. Ancient Sri Lanka as known to Greeks and
Romans, Indicopleustoi Archaeologies of the Indian Ocean. Vol. I Brepols:
Turahout.
mdol igyka
1' uydjxih" m%:u Nd.h 1996 ( 41

2' uydjxih" m%:u Nd.h 1996 ( 44
3' uydjxih" m%:u Nd.h 1996 ( 54
4' uydjxih" m%:u Nd.h 1996 ( 91
5' uydjxih" m%:u Nd.h 1996 ( 97
6' uydjxih" m%:u Nd.h 1996 ( 97
7' uydjxih" m%:u Nd.h 1996 ( 97
8' uydjxih" m%:u Nd.h 1996 ( 153
9' uydjxih" m%:u Nd.h 1996 ( 154
10' ,shk.uf.a" .=Kj¾Ok 1987 ( 117
11' uydjxih" oaú;Sh Nd.h 1996 ( 14
15' uydjxih" oaú;Sh Nd.h 1996 ( 294-295
20' uydjxih" oaú;Sh Nd.h 1996 ( 24" 84
22' uydjxih" oaú;Sh Nd.h 1996 ( 118-119
23' ,shk.uf.a 1989 ( 77
24' ,shk.uf.a 1989 ( 77
25' uydjxih" m%:u Nd.h 1996 ( 59
27' ,shk.uf.a" .=Kj¾Ok 1987 ( 28
28' uydjxih" oaú;Sh Nd.h 1996 ( 175" 177
30' ,shk.uf.a" .=Kj¾Ok 1987 ( 252
iïNdId 469
31' uydjxih" m%:u Nd.h 1996 ( 54

32' uydjxih" m%:u Nd.h 1996 ( 97
33' fmdkakïfmreu" 1961 ( ms' 29
34' Weerakkody, 1997 : p. 29
35' Weerakkody, 1997 : p. 223
38' Wref.dvj;a;" 2012 ( ms 172
39' Wref.dvj;a;" 2012 ( ms 172
40' Weerakkody, 1997 : p. 244
41' Weerakkody, 1997 : p. 244-245
44' Weerakkody, 1997 : p. 145
45' yq¨.,a," 2002 ( ms' 24
46' Paranavitana, 1983 : Inscription No. 586, 587
47' l%s' j' 1 jk fyda 2 jk ishjig wh;a I jk .cndyq rdcH ld,fha§ lrjk ,o
fuu fi,a,smsh uq,ajrg fidhdf.k we;af;a B' wd¾' wh¾gka Ê. R. Ayrton& úisks'
tu fi,a,smsfha i|yka jkafka zisoaOï" f.dvmj;-m;kys iq^l& iq^ß&hs rc .u‚
wNh úyrg ÈksZ ^Paranavitana, 1983: Inscription Nos. 586, 587& hkqfjks' tys
f;areu jkafka hym;la fõjd! f.dvmj; mgqfkys iql iqßh .dñ‚ wNh rcq
úydrhg ÿkafkah hkakhs' fuys iql iqßh hkqfjka i|yka lr we;af;a ;Sre nÿ
whlsÍu ms<sn|j nj mrKú;dk woyi hs'
48' Paranavitana, 1983 : Inscription Nos. 586, 587
49' Bopearachchi, 1997/1998 : pp. 273-274
50' II jk mrdl%undyq rcqf.a kshufhka foajm;srdc weu;s úiska l%s' j' 1236 § fuu
mqjre ,smsh lrjk ,§' foúkqjr úIaKq foajd,h bÈßfha we;s fuu mqjre ,smsh
1914 § wh¾gka úiska fidhd.kakd ,§' fuu ,smsfha fm< uelS f.dia we;' mqjre
,smshg wkqj foúkqjr k.rdikakfhys zf;çrZ kï cd;Hka;r ;;a;ajfha mej;s
f;dguqKla ms<sn| i|yka fjhs' th ixia:djla jYfhka md,kh jQ nj;a tys
m%Odk ks,Odßhd zuymçf;Z kñka jHjydr jQ nj;a tys i|yka fjhs' fuu
f;dguqfKys mj;ajdf.k .sh jHjia:d ud,djla ms<sn|jo tys úia;r lr we;' tu
kS;s ix.%yh wkqj fuu ia:dkfha mej;s jrdh cd;Hka;r ;;a;ajfha mej;s m%Odk
jrdhla jYfhka ms<s.; yelsh ^jkr;k ysñ" 1994 ( msms' 119-121" msms' 268-271&'
51' jkr;k ysñ" 1994 ( ms' 119-121
52' jkr;k ysñ" 1994 ( msms' 119-121" msms' 268-271
53' ,shk.uf.a iy .=Kj¾Ok" 1987" ms' 236" ms' 286
54' Weerakkody, 1997 : p. 79 and Siriweera, 2002: p. 219
55' Weerakkody, 1997 : p. 80
56' jxiF:mldiskS" 1994 ( msms' 506-507
470 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
57' fgd,ñ Y%S ,xldfõ is;shfuys .xÕd fudah" fndl=" k.r iy l÷ ,l=Kq fldg we;'
^fmdkakïfmreu" 1961 ( msms' 50-53&' tu ia:dk w;r u¾.k-udkaf;dg ^Margana
city&" m%shmsia-ó.uqj ^Priapios harbor&" Tfvdald-yslalvqj Ôdoca city&" ´ksfhdka-
.d,a, ^Cape Orneon&" o.k-foõkaor ^Dagana&" Èfhdaki s a ;=vj
q -yïnkaf;dg ^Cape
of Dionysus&" wkqfrda.d% uka-wkqrdOmqrh Ânuorogrammon& hk ia:dk fuu wOHhk
iïnkaOj jeo.;a fjhs ^fmdkakïfmreu" 1961( msms' 50-53$Weerakkody, 1997: pp.
230-233&
58' Weerakkody, 1997 : p. 233
59' Wref.dvj;a;" 2012 ( ms' 166
60' Weerakkody, 1997 : p. 234
61' yka mqia;lh hkq ngysr yka fm<m; ms<sn| jd¾;djls ^Wref.dvj;a;" 2012 ( msms'
168-169&
62' Wref.dvj;a;" 2012 ( msms' 168-169
63' Wref.dvj;a;" 2012 ( ms' 169
64' n,.,af,a" 1999 ( ms 11
65' Wref.dvj;a;" 2012 ( msms' 169-170
67' ,shk.uf.a iy .=Kj¾Ok" 1987 ( ms' 236" ms' 286
68' Wref.dvj;a;" 2012 ( ms' 174
69' fmdkakïfmreu" 1961
70' .dñŒ" 2007 ( ms' 56'
71' Bopearachchi, 1999 : p. 52
72' fndafmawdrÉÑ" 1997( ms' 28
73' Bopearachchi, 1999
74' fuu fi,a,smsh .d,af,a l%smaia mdfrys ^Cripps Road& fndalal=jlg iúfldg ;sìh§
ol=Kq m<df;a Èid bxðfkare tï' t*a' f;aud,ska ^H. F. Tomalin& úiska 1911 §
fidhdf.k we;' th j¾;udkfha fld<U cd;sl fl!;=ld.drfhka ±l.; yelsh
^Bandaranayake, 2003: p. 210&
75' jkr;k ysñ" 1994( msms' 121-123
76' Siriweera, 2002 : p. 219
77' uydjxih" oaú;Sh Nd.h" 1996 ( ms' 166
78' Siriweera, 2002: p. 216
79' Bopearachchi, 1997/1998 : p. 286
80' Bopearachchi, 1998 : pp. 158-162
iïNdId 471
ksYY
a xlu,a, rcqf.a reyqfKa .djq; geï ,sms
oñ;a rK.,
iydh lÓldpd¾h" b;sydih yd mqrdúoHd wOHhkdxYh" Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h
ye¢kaùu
ydmrdl%undyq rcqf.a rdcH ld,h wjidkùu;a

u fmdf<dkakre rdcOdksh ì|jeàu;a w;r ld,
mßÉfþofha isyiqk fyn jQ iqúfYAI;u md,lhd
ksYaYxlu,a, ^ls%' j' 1187-1196& rcqh' uydjxYfha
oaú;Sl Nd.h jir kjhla jQ Tyqf.a rdcH ld,h
moH kjhlska újrKh lr we;'1 tfy;a Tyqg
mQ¾jfhka jirla muKla rdcH l< fojk úchndyq
^ls%' j' 1186- 1187& rcq ms<sn|j f;dr;=re úia;r lsÍug moH oyy;rla jeh
fldg ;sfí'2 idys;H uQ,dY%j, ksYaYxlu,a, rcq ms<sn|j tA whqßka wju
úia ; rhla ola j d we;;a " Tyq úis k a ms y s g q j d we;s w;s ú Yd, Ys , df,a L k
m%udKfhka Tyqf.a rdcH ld,h ms<sn|j m%udKj;a lreKq iïNdrhla
wkdjrKh fõ' ±kg fy<s fldg f.k we;s mqrdúoHd;aul idOl wkqj
,xld b;sydifha ;ks rfcl=g wh;a hehs ie,lsh yels úYd,;u ,sms
ixLHdj ,efnkafka o ksYaYxlu,a,f.kah'3
ksYaYxlu,a, rcqf.a tu ,smsj, wka;¾.; lreKq u;== msáka n,d ú.%y

lrkafkl=g tAjd w;sYfhdala;sfhka msß b;sydih f.dvk.d .ekSfï§
m%dud‚lj jeo.;a fkdjk lreKqj,ska hq;= ,sms fuka fmkS .sh o ,smsj,
472 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
wka;¾.; lreKq .eUqßka wOHhkh lrkúg th tfia fkdjk nj fmkS

hhs' fuu ,smsj, ksYaYxlu,a, rcqf.a md,k iufha mej;s ixlS¾K foaYmd,k
;;a;ajh;a" md,lhl= jYfhka Tyqg uqyqK§ug jQ wNsfhda. yd Tyq rdcH
md,lhd jYfhka Bg ±la jQ m%;spdrhka ljf¾o hkak fy<sfõ' fyf;u
uq¿ukskau úcd;slfhl=ùu rcrg ck;dj fukau ljo;a úcd;sl md,khkag
tfrysj ke.S isá frdayKfha ck;djg o fkdßiaikag we;' uyd mrdl%undyq
rcqf.a ^l%s' j' 1153 - 1186& wiuiu fY%aIaG;ajh yd iuùu fyda wNsnjd hEu"
mdKavH jxYslhka yd f.dúl=, ck;dj ;u md,kh flfrys Èkd.ekSu o
Tyqg uqyqK§ug jQ wNsfhda. w;r m%Odk úh'4 fuu wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK§u
i|yd ksYaYxlu,a, rcq wkq.ukh l< m%Odk Wmdh ud¾.sl ie,eiau jQfha
Ys,d,sms msysgqùu u.ska ,laÈj isyiqkg we;s rdcH Wreuh yd ;u m%;sm;a;s
ck;dj w;rg f.khdug m%pdrd;aul jev ms<sfj<la Èh;a lsÍu nj fmfka'
tys§ wkaljr md,lfhl=g;a jvd ikaksfõok udOHhla jYfhka Ys,d,smsj,ska
Wmßu M, m%fhdack ,nd.;a w;r Bg kjdx.hka o tlalrk ,§' jxl.sß
Ys,d,sms yd .djq; geï ,sms tlS kjdx.hka w;r iqúfYaI fõ' fuu ,smsfhka
ksYaYxlu,a, rcq úiska muKla msysgqjd we;s tu rdcH ld,hg muKla
iSudjQ .djq; geï ,sms flfrys iqúfYaI wjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,efí'
.djq; geï ,sms
iEu .djq; ,smshlu wjidkfha fhfok zzl,sÕ pl%j¾;Ska jykafia

;rï l< ksYaYxl .jqjhsZZ hk fhÿu fuu ,sms úfYaIh W.;=ka tkñka
ye¢kaùug Wmia;ïNl ù we;' ksYaYxluq,a, rcq .jqfjka .jqjg ;udf.a
kñka wl=re fldgjd geï ys| jQ nj Tyqf.au fjk;a Ys,df,aLkhkays
i|yka lr we;' fmdf<dkakre o<od p;=ri%fha we;s yegÞf.hs msg; ì;a;sfha
fldgd we;s f,aLkfha zz;=ka rch fkdfhla mßoafoka n,d ^jÞrk l,
f.&jqo ksh; fldge ^ksYaYxl f.d&jqhhs ^geïysJÿjd& wl=re fldgjdZZ hehs
tA nj ±lafõ'5 fuu .djq; ,sms úfYaIh ms<sn|j m%:ujrg wjOdkh fhduq
l< wNs f ,a L k{hd wdpd¾h B' uq , ¾h' wk;= r ej uydpd¾h fikr;a
mrKú;dk" tÉ' ví' fldâßxgka" uydpd¾h isßu,a rKje,a," pkaøsld
kS,uks chisxy hk úoaj;=ka iajlSh m¾fhaIK iy m%ldYkj,ska .djq;
geï ,sms ms<sn| wjOdkhla fhduqlr ;sfí'6 ±kg mqrdK frdayK rdcHhg
wh;a m%foaYfha úúO ia:dkj,ska .djq; geï ,sms 14lg wdikak m%udKhla
fidhdf.k we;'
iïNdId 473
 lgq.y.,af,a .djq; geï ,smsh

 je,s.;a; .djq; geï ,smsh
 ;sôß.iawdr .djq; geï ,smsh
 ;sôßhúydr .djq; geï ,smsh
 fmd;=noaOk rcuyd úydr .djq; geï ,smsh
 hqo.kdj .djq; geï ,smsh
 ueä,a, .djq; geï ,smsh
 b¨laldmqfok .djq; geï ,smsh
 w;f,a .djq; geï ,smsh
 nlsks.yfj, ùÈh .djq; geï ,smsh
 ldkslals., .djq; geï ,smsh
 fõrf.dve,a, .djq; geï ,smsh
 nv,al=Uqr .djq; geï ,smsh
 j;=rejd rcuyd úydr .djq; geï ,smsh
by; .djq; geï ,smsj, ±lsh yels fmdÿ ,laIKh jkqfha wka;¾.;fha
we;s iudk;ajhhs' tfy;a ,smsj, wlaIr fma<s .Kk" tla fma<shl we;s
wlaIr .Kk" gefò ,smsh fldgd we;s me;s .Kk" wlaIrj, m%udKh
,smsfhka ,smshg fjkia fõ' ldkslals., .djq; geï ,smsfha me;s y;f¾u o
hqo.dkdj ,smsfha me;s ;=kl o je,s.;a;" lgq.y.,af.a .djq; geï ,smsj,
me;s foll o fõrf.dve,a, .djq; geï ,smsfha tla me;a;l o jkfia ,smsh
fldgd we;'7
gefò tl iudkj fome;a;l muKla ,smsh fldgd we;s je,s.;a; iy

lgq.y.,af.a ,smsj, wlaIr fldgd we;s fma<s .Kfka fjkialï mj;S' tys
ms<sfj<ska je,s.;a; ,smsfha A me;af;a fma<s 33la o B me;af;a fma<s 30la o
lgq.y.,af,a ,smsfha A me;af;a fma<s 36la o B me;af;a fma<s 22la o jYfhka
fjhs' tla mil muKla ,smsh fldgd we;s fõrf.dve,a, ,smsfha fma<s
ixLHdj 35ls'8 fuhska .uHjk m%Odk lreKla jkqfha w.k.rfha § rcqf.a
wkq±kqu we;sj WmfoaYlhka yd f,aLkNdr rdcH ks,OdÍkaf.a ueÈy;aùfuka
.djq; geï ,smsj, flàu i|yd fmdÿ tla f,aLkhla ilia fldg rcqf.a
ixpdrhg iu.dój geU ilia fldg ,smsh fldgd wÞ< m%foaYhkays ia:dms;
lsÍug m%dfoaYSh ks,OdÍka fj; mjrkakg we;s njhs' tys § gefò l¾udka;
474 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
l< m%dfoaYSh jYfhka jQ Ys,amSkaf.a úúO;ajh ksid ,smsj, ksudfõ by;

±la jQ úiu;djhka we;sjkakg we;'
ixialD; .‚; pl% wkqj .djq;hla wx.=, 96"000ls' wx.=, 96"000 =

yia; 4"000 = Okq^ÿkq& fyj;a oKav 1"000 = .djq; 1" wx.=,hla wÕ,a 3$4
jYfhka f.k wdpd¾h *a,SÜ .Kka n,d we;s mßÈ .djq;hla túg ie;mqï
1'136la nj i|yka lrhs' rejkauf<ys wkq.ukh lr we;s fud.a.,a,dkf.a
pl%h mQ¾j pl%hg jvd fndfyda fihska fjkia fjhs' tys wx.=, 268"000 =
úoJÓ22"400 = r;k 11"200 = hÜÁ 1"600 = WiN 80 = .djq; 1" fuys i|yka
mßÈ .Kka neÆúg .õjlg ie;mqï 3'18la fõ'9 tfy;a uydpd¾h isßu,a
rKje,a , uy;d .õjla kQ ; k ie;mq ï follg iudk nj ola j hs ' 10
fmdf<dkakre wjêfha § .õj furg ud¾.hkays ÿr uekSfï m%Odk tAllhla
jQ nj fmfka' ;jo m%Odk ud¾.hkaj, .ukd .ukfha fhfokakkag .õj
ixfla;d;aulj y÷kd.ekSug yels jQ njg o idOl mj;S' md .ukska"
wiqkamsg fyda f.dkqka ne¢ lr;a; u.ska ud¾.fha .uka l< ck;djf.a
úvdj ixis÷jd,Sug .õfjka .õj úfõlia:dk ^wïn,ï& ilia fldg
;sfnkakg we;' uyd mrdl%undyq rcq .õfjka .õj w,xldr m%;sud.Dy
iys; .djq; úydrh ne.ska lrjQ nj uydjxYfha ±lafõ'11 tu m%;sud.Dy
lrùfï wNs , dYh jka k g we;a f ;a tu ia : dkhka y s úfõlS j k;r jQ
mqoa.,hkaf.a wd.ñl wjYH;d imqrd,Suh' ksYaYxlu,a, rcq o iajlSh ,sms
ud¾.j, .õfjka .õj ÿrg ia:dk.; lsÍu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lf<a
ud¾.fha .uka l< ck;dj tu ia:dkhkays /£ isàug bvlvla mej;Su
;= < ia j lS h ,s m s j ,s k a bÈßm;a lrk woyi ck;dj fj; id¾:lj
ikaksfõokh fj;ehs wfmalaId lsÍuh'
reyqfKa fuu .djq; geï ,smsj, we;eï tAjdfha uq,a msysàu wo fjkia
ù we;' je,s.;a; .djq; geï ,smsh fld<U cd;sl fl!;=ld.drfha ;ekam;a
fldg ;sfí' hqo.kdj ,smsh o úydrh yd jej w;r yßueojdf.a msysá
;ekl ^tkï ±kg we;s ;ekska ol=fKys& isg 1914 § j¾;udkfha msysá
ia:dkhg f.kú;a ;sfí'12 we;eï .djq; geï ,smsj, uq,a msysàu fjkia ù
we;;a .djq; geï ,smsj, jHdma;sh wkqj ud.u rdcOdksfha w.kqjr jQ
uydkd.yq, isg nq;a;, ;ukalvqj" lka;f,a yryd ;%sl=Kdu,h olajd
úysÿKq m%Odk ud¾.fha úys§u .ek hï woyilg t<öug yelshdj ,eî
;sfí'13
iïNdId 475
.djq; geï ,smsj, wka;¾.;h
mQ¾fjdala;fhka o i|yka l< mßÈ ksYaYxlu,a, rcqf.a .djq; geï

,smsj, ksudfõ úiu;djka mej;sh;a wka;¾.; lreKqj, iudk;ajhla
mj;S' tfyhska ksYaYxlu,a, rcqf.a .djq; geï ,smsj,ska jvd;a m%lg yd
fyd¢ka wdrlaId ù we;s ,smsh jk lgq.y.,af.a ,smsfha fm< my;ska ±lafõ'14
A B
1 YS(% 1 f.dia ;=,d
2 reKq rcfha 2 Ndr ke.S
3 ys we;a;jqka 3 mdç rÊcq
4 flfrys lre 4 rejkaf.ka
5 Kdfhka ls- 5 ìfidjre-
6 hïy Ok Od- 6 ka we;=ka w-
7 kH Þis Þi 7 iqka wd§ jQ
8 hka we;s je 8 wh f.ke
9 Ôj;a jkakd 9 fid<S ráka
10 leue;a;ïy 10 m~qre f.-
11 udhd rcfhys 11 ke ,laÈj-
12 we;a;jqka w- 12 g wjq;a ;=-
13 ;ska ksJo m- 13 ka rch jg
14 ßNj fkd w- 14 fldge iufkd-
15 id f,dys je w- 15 < wd§ jq ÿ-
16 kqka .e;a;g 16 ._. n,d j-
17 wdYd fkd fld- 17 Þ< ld,sÕ
18 ge n;a lE nq- 18 pl%j;_;s-
19 ,;a lE u;g W- 19 ka jykafi
20 ~; fkd j rE 20 ;rï l<
21 fKd ksjxpd 21 ksYaYxl.jq-
22 fjdhe iqjdñ 22 j hs
23 mCImd; .e;a
24 f;dhe hs lshj j
25 ukqIH wd;au ,eî-
26 u ÿ,_,N h
27 ÿlska ,;a wd-
476 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
A B
29 ;auh wkdfh
30 ys kik nj
31 Ou–u fkd fjhs
32 iqjfhka Ôj-
33 ;a jkakd leue;a-
34 ;ïy hs fu wj
35 jdo lshd mdç
36 rg fo jfrle
fm< - lgq.y.,af.a .djq; geï ,smsh
fi!Nd.Hhla fõjd! hk m%d¾:kfhka mgka.kakd iEu ,smshlu

m<uqfjkau fuu lreKq frdayKfha ck;dj fj; ldre‚l fÉ;kdfjka
m%ldY lrk nj;a" Ok OdkH" fufylrejka fufyldßhka iys;j Ôj;aùug
wfmalaId lrkafka kï udhd rfÜ iy msysá rfÜ ^rcrg& ck;dj w;ska
kskaÞjkag iy fpdaokdjkag ,la fkdjk wdldrfhka l%shdlrk f,i;a
b,a,d isà' ;jo wkqka i;= jia;+kag f,daN Wmojd fkd.kakd f,i;a" n;ska
nq,;ska ireidr Ôú;hla .; lrk ksid frdayKfha ck;djg bka WvÕ=
fkdjk f,i;a frdayKfha ck;dj o rcqg mlaImd; .e;a;ka njo fmkajd
fohs' ukqIH wd;auhla ,eîu ÿ¾,N fohla nj;a ÿlfia ,nd.;a ukqIH
wd;auh o hï Èkl úkdYhg m;ajk njo nqoaO foaYkdjla ;=<ska Wmqgd
olajñka frdayKfha ck;dj iqjfhka Ôj;ajkq ±lSfï wfmalaIdfjka by;
wjjdo ÿka nj i|yka lr ;sfí' wk;=rej ksYaYxlu,a, rcqf.a fndafyda
fi,a,smsj, i|yka jk mdKavH rdcHhg fojrla f.dia ;=,dNdr ke.
mdKa v H rÊcq r ejka f .ka ìfida j reka " we;= k a " wiq k a wd§ foa o fid<S
rÊcqrejkaf.ka m~qre o ,ndf.k ,laÈjg meñK msysá" udhd iy reyqK
hk ;=ka rdcHfhau ^;%S isxy,fha& ixpdrh lrñka iufkd< wd§ ÿ¾. kerUQ
nj ±lafõ' wjik rcqf.a wkqYdikdfjka ksYaYxl .jqj i,l=Kq l< nj
i|yka jelsfhka ish¨ ,sms wjika fõ'
frdayK rdcHfha foaYmd,ksl N+ñldj yd .djq; geï ,smsj,ska fy<sjk

iuld,Sk foaYmd,k ;;a;ajh
iudk wka;¾.;hla iys; .djq; geï ,sms ksYaYxlu,a, rcq msysgqùfï

wNs , dIh l= u la o hka k úuis h hq ; = lreKls ' Y% S ,xldfõ foa Y md,k
iïNdId 477
b;sydifhys,d reyqKq m%foaYh úfYaI;ajhla .kS' w;S;fha ,laÈj w.k.rh

ljr m%foaYhl ia:dk.; jqjo uOH md,kfhka ñ§ iajdëk jkakg ;e;a
±Íu reyqfKa jeishka ±rE W;aidyh wkqrdOmqr rdcOdks iufha isgu j¾Okh
úh' miajk ñys÷ ^l%s' j' 982-1029& rc oji fpda< wdl%uK yuqfõ wkqrdOmqr
rdcOdksh ì|jeàfuka miq furg m%N+ mka;sfha NslaIQka jykafia,df.a iy
idudkH ck;djf.a lafIau N+ñh njg m;a jQfha frdayK m%foaYhhs' m<uqj
miajk ñys÷ rcqf.a mq;a liaim ^l%s' j' 1029-1040& ^úl%undyq& l=ure uq,afldg
f.k o wk;=re úl%umKavq ^l%s' j' 1042-1043&" c.;smd, ^l%s' j' 1043-1046&"
mrdl%umKavq ^l%s' j' 1046-1048& jeks fpda< úfrdaë úfoaYslhka iu. mjd
tlafjñka o fpda< úfrdaë ix.%duhg frdayKfha ck;dj kdhl;ajh i,id
ÿks'15 wjik nqoaOrdc" úchndyq ^ls;a;s& iqixfhda.fhka frdayKfhka mek
ke.s fpda< úfrdaë jHdmdrh id¾:l m%;sM, w;alr .ksñka l%s' j' 1070 §
furg fpda< wdêm;H w;=.d ±óug iu;a úh' tA iu. m<uqjk úchndyq
^l%s' j' 1055-1110& rcq fmdf<dkakrej iajlSh md,k uOHia:dkh jYfhka
f;dard.;a w;r fpda< úfrdaë ix.%dufha § frdayKfha ck;dj ±lajQ m%n,
Þhl;ajh ksid Tjqkg rfÜ fiiq m%foaYhka yd iei§fï § iqúfYaI f.!rjhla
ysñ jQ nj ksielh' m<uqjk úchndyq rcqg frdayKh uq,alrf.k ck;dj
ixúOdkh lrñka fpda< úfrdaë igka jHdmdrh f.khdug reyqKq m%foaYfha
oKavkdhl ;k;=r fyn jQ nqoaOrdc îs;akre ìï nqo,akdjka& ±lajQ Þhl;ajhg
lD;.=K ie,lSula jYfhka m%Þkh l< rdclSh jrm%ido we;=<;a mkdlvqj
;U m; tlS iqúfYaI f.!rjdorh ukdj mila lrhs'16 ;jo úchndyq rcq
;u fogq u,Kqjka jQ ùrndyq l=ure Wmrdc moúh § olaÅK foaYh mjrd ÿka
w;r" lksgq fidfydhqre chndyq l=ure frdayKfha wdÈmdo ;k;=rg m;a
lf<ah' tfy;a ùrndyq hqj rcq urKhg m;aùu ksid úchndyq rcq úiska nd,
ifydaorhd jQ chndyq wdÈmdohka hqjrc ;k;=rg m;a fldg ;u ld,sx.
ìijf.ka ,o mq;a úl%undyqg wdÈmdo moúh mjrd reyqfKys md,k lghq;=j,g
m;a lf<ah'17 fuu lreKq ;=<ska m<uqjk úchndyq rcq frdayKfha foaYmd,ksl
lghq;=j,g ±la jQ iqúfYaI wjOdkh meyeÈ,s fõ' kuq;a úchndyq rcqf.a
wNdjh;a iu. rfÜ we;s jQ isú,a hqO ;;a;ajh ksid frdayKh wgoyia rg
fÞf<diaoyia rg hkqfjka md,k tAll follg fnÿks'18 miq ld,fha §
mrdl%undyq rcq úiska fmdf<dkakrefõ n,h w,a,d .ksñka ,laÈj tlafiai;a
lsÍug l%shdlroa§" t;=udg o reyqKq jeishka we;sl< fkdikaiqka;djh
uq,skqmqgd ±óug n,j;a m%h;akhla ±Íug isÿúh' oka; Od;=j yd md;%d
Od;=j o w;e;sj iq.,d ìijf.a kdhl;ajh hgf;a ixúOdkh fjñka we;s
33 - CM23766
478 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
l< tu ler<s yd l%s' j' 1161 § muK reyqKq jeishka ;Èka ke.S isá wdldrh
ms<sn|j f;dr;=re /ila uydjxifha oaú;Sl Nd.fhka wkdjrKh jk
w;r" 19 tu ler<s u¾okhg mrdl% u ndyq rcq . ;a W;a i dyfha § frda y K
ck;djf.a w;a md ysiaj,ska fmdf<da;,h jid.;a nj ±lafõ'20
by; i|yka lreKq i,ld ne,Sfuka meyeÈ,sjkafka fmdf<dkakre

wjêhjk úg msysá rg flakaø fldgf.k ia:dms; n,hg reyqfKa jeishka
foaYmd,kuh jYfhka we;s l< úl,am l%shdud¾. n,j;a ;¾ckhla jQ
wdldrhhs' tksid uq¿ukskau úcd;slfhl= jQ ksYaYxlu,a, rcq md,k lghq;=
wdrïNfha isgu reyqfKa jeishka flfrys m%fõiï iy.; jQ l%shdÞuhla
wkq.ukh lrkakg we;'
óg wu;rj ksYaYxlu,a, rcq yuqfõ mekke.S mej;s .eg¨ /ils'

uydjxifha i|yka m<uqjk úchndyq yd uyd mrdl%undyq rcqka l, Tjqkaf.ka
;dka k udka k ,nñka is á uydl= , S k mka ; s f hka rdcH;a j hg t,a , jQ
wNsfhda.h tla .eg¨jls' 21 zzf.dúl=, we;a;ka rdc ,S,djg fkdme;=j
ukdh ( flfia n,j;a jqj;a f.dúl=,fhys we;af;da rdcHhg n,d fkd.;
hq;a;dyZZ hs ksYaYxlu,a, rcq ksr;=re iajlSh f,aLk u.ska wjjdo lrk
f.dúl=, we;a;ka by; rcqkaf.ka iïudk ,en isá rdcH;ajhg wNsfhda.
l< l=,Sk mka;sh neõ is;sh yel'22 ;jo uyd mrdl%undyq rcq úiska foaYSh
úfoaYSh hqoaO lghq;= i|yd mqyqKq lrk ,ÿj Tyqg úúO ch.%yKhka
w;alr ÿka yuqÞm;Syq Tyqf.ka ;dkak udkak jrm%ido ,en tA tA ckmoj,
Tyqf.a wd× úOdkfhys fh§ isáhy' fudjqyq ksYaYxlu,a, hq.h jk úg
mßjdr iïm;a;Skaf.ka wdVHj m%dfoaYSh kdhlhka fia n,j;aj isákakg
we;' zzrcorejkaf.ka ;dkak udkak ,Èka o¾fmdaoaO; fkdúh hq;af;ahZZhs
ksYaYxlu,a, wjjdohla lrkafka Tjqkag úh hq;=hs'23 fï n,iïmkak m%dfoaYSh
wêldÍka flfrys wkq.ukh l< hq;= m%;sm;a;sh ksYaYxlu,a, uqyqK ÿka
;j;a .eg¨jla jkakg we;'
ksYaYxlu,a, rcjkafka m<uqjk mrdl%undyqf.a jir 33la ;rï §¾>

jQ rdcH ld,hl fl<jrh' fojk úchndyqf.a wjqreoaol ;rï ld,fha
mej;s ;;a;ajfha ie,lsh hq;= fjkila isÿúKehs is;sh fkdyelsh' úfoaY
hqoaOj,ska mjd ch ,en" uydmßudK jdßl¾udka; bÈlrñka rgg ,ndÿka
fi!Nd.H ksid uyd mrdl%undyqf.a ùr;ajh ck;djf.a is;ai;ka ;=< ld
je§ ;sfnkakg we;' Tyqf.ka miq t;ekg m;ajkakl= Tyqf.a ùr pß;h yd
iïNdId 479
ii|kakg ck;dj fm<fUkq iajdNdúlh' tfyhska uyd merl=ïndf.a ùr

pß;h yd ieif|k whqßka ;u fm!reIh f.dvk.d .ekSu o ksYaYxlu,a,
rcqg uqyqK§ug isÿjQ .eg¨jls'24
fujeks ixlS¾K .eg¨ yd wNsfhda. /ilg uqyqK foñka rfÜ md,k

lghq ; = fufyhùu ks Y a Y xlu,a , rcq g b;d ne?reï ld¾hhla jQ nj
fkdryils' tneúka frdayKh uq,alrf.k ;u md,khg úreoaOj foaYmd,ksl
ke.s à ula is ÿ jq j fyd;a tlS .eg¨ ;j;a W.% ù fï wjÞku jgyd .;a
ksYaYxlu,a, rcq Bg mQ¾jfhka Wmdh ud¾.hla jYfhka frdayKfha ck;dj
fj; iajlSh wjjdo we;=<;a ,sms ±l.ekSu i|yd msysgqjk ,§' tu.ska Tyq
frdayKfha ck;dj iduldó yd ikaiqka msßila jYfhka ;u md,khg
wjk;j lghq;= lrkq we;ehs wfmalaId lrkakg we;' Tyqf.a rdcH ld,fha
§ frdayK jeishka Rcqj md,khg tfrysj wNsfhda. l< njla fyda wk¾;fha
yeisreKq njla fyda idys;H uQ,dY%hj,ska fyda mqrdúoHd;aul uQ,dY%hj,ska
wkdjrKh fkdjk ksid fuu Wmdhud¾.h m%;sM,Þhs jQ nj meyeÈ,sh' rcq
frdayK m%foaYfha ixpdrh lrñka fjfyr úydr m%;sixialrKh l< nj
i|ykaùu ;=<ska tu lreK ;jÿrg;a ikd: fõ'
reyqKq m%foaYfhka neyerj uyje,s .Õska W;=ßka" msysá rgg wh;a

m%foaYj,ska o ksYaYxlu,a,g wh;a .djq; geï,sms lsysmhla ,eî ;sfí'
;%sl=Kdu, Èia;%slalhg wh;a lka;f,a m%foaYfhka yuq jQ w.afndamqr .djq;
geï ,smsh yd uq,a,sfmd;dk .djq; geï ,smsh Bg ksoiqka fõ'25 tfy;a
tAjdfha iajrEmh yd wka;¾.; lreKq hk ,laIK reyqfKa ,smsj,g jvd
fnfyúka fjkia fõ' tu ,sms foflysu fldgd we;af;a zzY%S ld,sÕ pl%j;_;ska
jykafia ksh; l< ksYaYxl .jqjhsZZ hk mdGh mu‚' tu ,sms fofla
frdayK ck;djg l< wjjdo wvx.= fkdfõ' fï ksid ks.ukh l< yelafla
uydkd.yq, isg nq;a;," ;ukalvqj" fmdf<dkakrej" lka;f,a Tiafia
;%sl=Kdu, jrdh olajd úysÿKq m%Odk ud¾.fha ksYaYxlu,a, rcq .djq; lKq
isgjQ nj;a" frdayK jdiSkag l< wjjdo msysá rfÜ ck;djg jeo.;a fkdjk
fyhska tu m%foaYfha msysg jQ .djq; geï,smsj,ska tu wjjdohka bj;a l<
njhs'
480 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
iam¾Y ,dxPk msgm; - lgq.y.,af.a .djq; geï ,smsh

iïNdId 481
mdol igyka
1 uydjxih" yslalvqfõ iqux.," ngqjka;=vdj" îxia'&" r;akdldr fmd;a iud.u"

fld<U" 1967" 80" 18-26'
2 tu" 80Z 1-14'
3 frdayK§r uekaÈia" ksYaYxlu,a," ;rxð m%skag¾ia" kdúkak" 1998" msg 02'
4 tu" msgq 43-53'
5 Wickremasinghe D. M. Z., Epigraphia Zeylanica, Vol - ii, Oxford University
Press, London, 1928, pp. 91-95.
6 Ranawella G. S., Inscription of Ceylon, Vol -Vi, Department of Archaeology,
Colombo, 2007, pp. 184-185.
7 Ibid, pp. 186-195.
8 Ibid.
9 fldâßxgka tÉ' ví' .djq; lKq" idys;H uKav, ,sms ud,d" Y%S ,xld idys;H
uKav,h" 135" O¾umd, udj;" fld<U" 1967" msgq 287-290'
10 Ranawella G. S., Inscription of Ceylon Vol -Vi, Department of Archaeology,
Colombo 2007, pp. 184-185.
11 uydjxih" yslalvqfõ iqux.," ngqjka;=vdj îxia'&" r;akdldr fmd;a iud.u"
fld<U" 1967" 78Z 91'
zz.djqf; .djqf; pdremáuduJÈfrys p
oajdrfldÜGlmdldrOïuid,dys ixhqf;
fid .djq;úydfr p ldfrdis ukqcdêfmdZZ
12 fldâßxgka tÉ' ví' .djq; lKq" idys;H uKav, ,sms ud,d" Y%S ,xld idys;H
uKav,h" 135" O¾umd, udj;" fld<U" 1967" msg 284'
13 Ranawella G. S., Inscription of Ceylon Vol -VI, Department of Archaeology,
Colombo 2007, pp. 184-185.
14 Ibid, pp. 195-196.
15 rdh fyaï pkaø" ,xld úYajúoHd,fha ,xld b;sydih" I ldKavh II Nd.h"
úoH,xldr úYajúoHd,fha isxy, mß'" 1972" msgq 396-406'
Colombo 2007, pp. 1-5.
17 rdh fyaï pkaø" ,xld úYajúoHd,fha ,xld b;sydih" I ldKavh II Nd.h"
úoH,xldr úYajúoHd,fha isxy, mß'" 1972" msg 408'
18 tu" msgq 416-417'
19 uydjxih" yslalvqfõ iqux.," ngqjka;=vdj îxia'&" r;akldr fmd;a iud.u"
fld<U" 1967" 75Z 1-204'
482 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
20 uydjxih" yslalvqfõ iqux.," ngqjka;=vdj îxia'&" r;akldr fmd;a iud.u"

1967" 75" 177'
zzhqÒlS,x iudrÒx iudfmk;d ;ysx ;Þ
uysx NfF:ys mdfoys uF:flys p fjßkxZZ
21 tu" 68" 1'
22 frdayK§r uekaÈia" ksYaYxlu,a," ;rxð m%skag¾ia" kdúkak" 1998" msgq 46-50'
23 tu" msg 50'
24 tu" msg 44'
Colombo 2007, pp. 184-185.
iïNdId 483
wêufkdaúoHdj
ã' ã' wd¾' o is,ajd
iyldr lÓldpd¾h" le,‚h úYajúoHd,h
fN! ;skuqlÿm%.=mmxphka fj; iDcqju .%yKh fkdjk

a; foaj,a ms<snòj fy<sorõ lr
.ekSu wêufkdaúoHd úIhhkays iajNdjh hs' fuys§
ñ:Hd ud¾.hkag hg;a fkdù tu .=ma; ;;a;ajhka
wjOdrKh lr .ekSu tys§ isÿfjhs' fuys§ fuu
mßÉfþoh ;=<ska wêufkdaúoHdj kue;s úIhhkays
ia j Ndjh" wêufkda ú oHdfõ b;s y dih ;= < s k a
.uHudk lr.; yelsh'
fï wkqj wê iajNdúl n,fõ. ms<snò úYajdihka ;=<ska f.dvke`.s

w;S;h ;=<ska meje;s wêudkisl ;;a;ajhka wêufkdaúoHdj kue;s úIhh
f.dvke`.Sug fmr isgu mej;=Kls' tu w;S;hka iu. ixl%uKh jQ tlS
úIhh ;ka;%h jvd;a mD:q, jQjla úh' fï wkqj zzwêufkdaúoHdjZZ hk
isxy, kduh ilid .kq ,enqfõ Para Psychology hk bx.%Sis jpkhka
weiqfrks' fuu bx.%Sis jpkh Para kï Wmi¾.hg m%Odk w¾: folla
mj;S' tkï"
1' Para Medical Services hk bx.%Sis jpkh ;=< .eíù mj;skafka

ziyhlZ hk w¾:hhs' ffjoHúoHd fiajdjg iyh jk úlsrK
fiajd" mÍlaIK fiajd hkdÈh fuu`.ska woyia flf¾'
484 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
2' Para Military Forces hk bx.%Sis jpkh ;=< .eíù we;af;a by;
wdldrhg jvd uq¿ukskau fjkia zwkshïZ hk w¾:hhs'
idïm%odhsl úoHd;aul ufkdaúoHdfõ wruqK ñksia p¾hdfõ iajNdjh

ú.%y lsÍu kuq;a ufkdaúoHdjg meyeÈ,sj ú.%y l< fkdyels .=ma; me;slv
rdYshla ñksia p¾hdfjys wka;¾.; ù ;sfí'
fuu fkdmeyeos,s .=ma; ñksia p¾hdjka ú.%y lsÍu iòyd úoHd;aul

ufkdaúoHdjg wêufkdaúoHdfõ Wmldrh wjYH fjhs' iqmsß ú{dkh ^Super
Consciousness& hkq wêufkdaúoHdjg iïnkaO b;d jeo.;a ixl,amhls'
wêufkdaúoHdfõ wka;¾.; ixl,am úoHd;aul ufkdaúoHdjg fnfyúka
wd.ka;=lh' fï ixl,am jeä m%udKhla ñksia ukfia iqúfYaI fldgila
jk iqmsß ú{dkhg iïnkaO njg i,lkq ,efí'
fï wdldrhg wêufkdaúoHd úIhfha iajNdjh y`ÿkd.; yelsh' fuys

ish¨ foa iòyd fya;= idOl jkafka ukqIHhd i;= wêudkisl Yla;Ska h'
tys§ fulS wêudkisl Yla;Ska iïnkaO wêufkdaúoHdfõ úIh fCIa;%h Psi
îhs& kñka y`ÿkajkq ,efí'
wêufkdaúoHdfõ b;sydih
wêufkdaúoHdfõ b;sydihg fmr wêiajNdúl ^Super Natural& n,fõ.

ms < s n ò úYa j dihla ñks i d ;= < mej;= K s ' .= m a ; oE ms < s n ò úYa j dihla
wêufkdaúoHd úIhh ìysùug fndfyda l,lg fmr isgu ñksiqka w;r
mej;=Ks' fï ksid ufkdaúoHdfõ b;sydih b;d wE; w;S;hg .uka lrhs'
fmak lSu" N+; úYajdih" wêudkisl ;;a;aj" N+;dfõY" fcHda;sIH" wj;dr"
wyia .ukh ^Levitation& wiqN ,l=Kq hkd§ fkdfhl=;a woaN+; úYajdi
^Supernatural& wdÈ ld,Sk ckhdf.a mgka j¾;udk m%cdj f;la mej;Su
ms<snòj úúO u;su;dka;r bÈßm;a lr we;s úoaj;=ka fndfydah'
fï wdldrhg uOH;ks l hq f rda m fha N+ ; úYa j di rdYs h la ;s n q K s '

wêufkda ú oHdfõ uq , a î c fuu N+ ; úYa j di w;r /`§ mj;s h s ' tfy;a
wêufkdaúoHdj kQ;k w¾:fhka wdrïN jkafka 19 jk Y;j¾Ifha yd 20
jk Y;j¾Ifha uq,a Nd.fha§ N+;hkaf.a yeisÍu iïnkaOfhka o .=ma;
isÿùï iïnkaOfhka o lrkq ,enQ úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK wdY%fhks'
iïNdId 485
1779-1860 olajd hq.h
wêufkdaúoHdfõ uq,a wä;d,u pqïNljd§ka ^Magnetizers& f.a i;a;aj

pqïNl;ajh Ânimal Magnetism& ms<snò u;fhka wdrïN fõ' j¾I 1779 §
ffjoH wekagka fuiau¾ ^1734-1815& úiska ;ud wOHhkh lr ;snQ ;drld
Ydia;%h weiqßka kHdhka bÈßm;a lrñka ;drld" mDÓúh yd Ôj i;a;ajhka
hk ;%sidOkh flfrys wfkHdkH jYfhka n,mEï we;s nj;a th øjHhla
^Fluid& f,is k a ia k dhq yd tl;= ùfuka " pq ï Nlfha ^Magnet& úoHq ; a
l%shdldÍ;ajh fuka" l%shdlrk nj;a oelaùh' fuh ksYaÑ; l%uhla wkqj
fhduq lsÍfuka iakdhq frda. iqj l< yels nj;a bka wk;=rej yia; iam¾Yfhka
f,vfrda. iqj l< yels l%u ms<snòj;a w;ayod n,kakg úh' fuiau¾f.ka
miqj ffjoH fÊïia fí%f¾â ^1795-1860& iajdmk úoHdj ^Hipnotism& wrUhd
m%fndaOhla f.k ÿka w;r t;=<ska o wê ufkdaúoHdfõ úIh fCIa;%h mD:q,
úh' fí%f¾â 1841 § m< l< ksnkaOkhla u.ska iajdmkh ^fudaykh&
ms<snòj pqïNljd§kaf.a u; ksIam%Nd lrñka th .%dylhdf.a ^Hynotee&
oEia u; we;sjk oeä fjfyilr ksød ;;a;ajhla f,iska úia;r lrkakg
úh' tfy;a pqïNljd§kaf.a u;h jQfha th Tjqka ;=< jQ iqúfYaIS Yla;shla
u.ska we;sjk ;;a;ajhla njhs' ta wkqj fudayk ksødjg m;ajqk flfkl=ka
,jd frda.S mqoa.,fhl=f.a frda. ks¾Khka lrkakg YlH;djla mj;sk nj
Tjqka ;SrKh lrkakg úh'
fí%f¾âf.ka miqj we;sjQ f;jk wjêh 1848 § fvksidâ ßfj,a ^Denizard

Rivail 1804-1869& fyj;a we,ka ldfvla Âllan Kardec& kï m% x Y
uydpd¾hjrhdf.a N+ ; úoHdj ^Spiritualism& wdY% f hka is ÿ jQ w;r
wêufkdaúoHdj ;=< wOHd;añl;ajh kï ixl,am ÈhqKq jkakg úh' ta wkqj
fuu`.ska wêufkdaúoHdfõ m%fndaOhla oDYHudk ùug miqìï jQfha yhsviaú,d
N+; isoaêhhs'
j¾I 1847 § weußldfõ yhsviaú,d ^Hydesville& kï l=vd .ïudkfha

ksfjil N+; isoaêhla fya;=fjka N+; úoHdfõ fukau wêufkdaúoHdfõ
úoHd;aul wOHhkhl uq,a wdrïNh we;súh' fufia wêufkdaúoHdfõ uq,a
hq.hg iïnkaO fulS isÿùu zf*dlaia mjq,Z kñka m%isoaêhg m;ajQ ixisoaêh
hs' ^Fox Family&
486 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
1847 foieïn¾ ui 11 fjks Èk fâúâ f*dlaia uy;d Tyqf.a ìßò;a

11 yeúßÈ flaÜ iy 14 yeúßÈ ud.rÜ kï ÈhKshka iu. frdfjiag¾ kï
k.rfha ie;mqï 20 la muK Tífnys msysá yhsviaú,d kï .ïudkfha l=vd
ksfjil mÈxÑ jQy' Tjqkaf.a mÈxÑfhka l,la .;jQ miqÈkl lsisjl= úiska
fodrg ;Ügq lrkq wikakg ,enqKs' wuq;a;l= hehs is;+ Tjqyq fodr yer
neÆy' kuq;a lsisfjl= tys fkdùh' kej; jrla thu isÿúh' ta wjia:dfõ
§ fodr újD; lr ne¨j o lsisfjl= tys fkdùh' 1848 ud¾;= ui § fuu
;Ügq lsÍfï jdr .Kk jeä jQ w;r th tmuKlska fkdkej;S fodrg
.ikakg;a iuyr wjia:dj,§ f.;=< jQ weò mqgq jeks .Dy NdKav tyd
fuyd p,kh lsÍug;a tfia lsÍfuka Yío we;s lrkakg úh' fuh hï
mqoa.,fhl=f.a l%shdjla hehs is;+ Tjqka tu ;eke;a;d flfia fyda w,a,d
.ekSug W;aidy l< o th jH¾: úh' tys§ isÿjQ wfkla úfYaI ixisoaêhla
kï oyj,a ld,fha § lsis`ÿ úfYaI isÿùula fuu ksjfia isÿfkdùuhs'
1848 ud¾;= 31 jk Èk rd;%sfha § fuu woaN+; l%shd b;d oeä jQ w;r

ta jk úg fuh N+;d;auhlf.a n,mEula u; isÿjkakla nj ish,a,kagu
wjfndaO ù ;snqKs' rd;%sfha fkdfhla oeä Yío we;s ùug mgka .ekSu;a
iu. flaÜ kue;s <oeßh N+;d;auh wu;ñka zzTng ud lshkd foa wefia
kï ud lrk foa lrkakehsZZ wheÈhd h' ta wkqj weh we`.s,s foflka
;=kajrla wiqr .eiqjdh' ta iu. fodrg ;=kajrla ;Ügq lsÍfï Yío weiqKs'
flaÜ kej; N+;d;auh wu;ñka Tng ud fmfkakï ud lrk lrk foh
lrkakehs lshñka Yíoh msg fkdjk fia wiqre .ikakdla fuka we`.s,s
fol fif,õjdh' thg o ms<s;=re jYfhka ;Ügq lsÍï folla we;sjqKs'
fufia N+;d;auh iu. ix{d l%uhla wkqj ikaksfõokh lsÍu;a

N+;d;auh ms<snò iïmQ¾K f;dr;=re oek .ekSug;a ta ms<snòj i;H jYfhka
lreKq yeoEÍug;a fnfyda W.;=kg wjldY ,enqKs' fuu N+; isoaêh;a iu.
weußldfõ fkdfhla m%foaYhkays N+; m%jdyl m%jdysldjka ^Mediums& ms<snòj
f;dr;=re biau;= jkakg úh' weußldkq iudch ;=< jHdma; ù 1852 §
laf,a*S,kaâys meje;s úYd, /iaùula u`.ska fm;aiula ilia lr th uka;%K
iNdjg bÈßm;a flßKs' fuu`.ska N+; isoaê ms<snòj úoHd;aul wOHhkhl
we;s wjYH;dj Tjqyq wjOdrKfhkau fmkajQy'
fï w;r veksfh,a vka.,aia yshqï kï wmQ¾j yelshdjlska hq;a ;reK

N+; m%jdylfhla weußldfõ isg tx.,ka;hg meñKsfhah' Tyq w<,d meje;s
iïNdId 487
N+ ; ieis j drhka ^Seance& ys o N+ ; hka wdú¾Njkh fyj;a øjHuh

iajrEmlrKh ^Spirit Materializatior& lsÍfï yelshdjka fmkaùfuka fndfyda
ckhdf.a wjOdkh ta fj; fhduq úh' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka ri,a fjd,ia
^1823-1913& kï i;a;aj yd WoaNso úoHd{hd o fuu N+;fõ§ m%mxp ms<snòj
úoHd;aul yeoEÍula werUQ w;r N+;fõofha m%.ukhg Tyq úYd, lemùula
lf<ah' Tyq ;u m¾fhaIK jd¾;d rdclSh iudchg bÈßm;a l< o ;u
ifydaor W.;=kaf.a wkq.%yhla Tyqg fkd,enqfKa N+;fõoh úoaj;=ka w;r
Wmydid;aul úIhhla jQ ksidfjks' tfy;a ,kavka ohsf,la;sljd§ iudcfha
^London Dialectical Society& iNdm;sOQrh oerE vdjkajdÈ Ôj yd i;a;aj
úoHd{fhl= jQ fcdaka ¨fndla ^1834-1913& fhduqlr .ekSfuka N+;fõoh
úoHdkql+,j wOHhkh lsÍfï wjia:dj fuu iudchg ,enqKs'
fuys§ rdclSh iudcfha ;sia jirl idudðl;ajhla oerE bx.%Sis iajNdúl

úoHd{hska w;r lS¾;su;a fN!;sl yd ridhk úoHd{hl= jQ ú,shï lDDlaia
^1832-1919& N+;fõoh" úoHd;aulj wOHhkh lrkakg úh' tfukau ta
iòyd m%uqL;ajh o ÿkafkah' 1869 § ,kavka ohf,al;sljd§ iudch N+;
wOHhkh iòyd lñgqjla weröh' fï w;r 1870 isg 1873 j¾Ih w;r
N+;m%mxp ^Spirit Phenomena& ms<snò m¾fhaIK rdYshla l< lDDlaia tu
ld¾hhkaf.a úoHdkql+,;ajh iòyd ;dCIKh o Wmfhda.S lr .;af;ah'
fN!;sl yd hdka;%sl WmlrK .Kkdjla" ÿkq" frÈ" negß wdÈh ks¾udKh
l< Tyq N=; m%jdyl yshqï w<,d mÍlaIK rdYshla isÿ lf<ah' Tyq N+;fõofha
ixisoaëka wkqmx;Ska jYfhka fldgia lsysmhlg j¾. lf<ah' ta wkqj úYd,
jia;+ka lsisjl iïnkaOhlska f;drj p,kh ùu" N+; ;Ügq lsÍï yd tn`ÿ
hï hï Yíohla we;s ùu" fN!;sl jia;+ka yd wøjHuh iajrEmslrKh
^Dematerialization of Matter& fyj;a w;=reoyka ùu" ñksia wjhjhka foiska
fyda §ma;su;a j<dl=¿ wldrfhka N+;d;au u;= ùu" wdjrKh lrk ,o
jia;+ka ;=< we;sfoa lshùu yd lsisfjl=f.a wdOdrfhka f;drj iajhxl%Shj
mEfkka ,sùu Âutomatic Writing& wd§ jYfhka j¾. lf<ah' tfiAu fï
ish,a,gu W;amdol jk idOlh ufkda Yla;sh ^Psychic force& hkqfjka
lDDlaia ye`Èkaùh'
lDDlaia bÈßm;a l< jd¾;d úoHd;aul f,dalh ;=< uy;a wdkafoda,khla

we;s lsÍug iu;a úh' fï w;r iqm%isoaO fN!;sl úoHd{hl= jQ uydpd¾h
488 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
^Y%Su;a& ú,shï f*f,p¾nerÜ bkaøSh iïnkaO;djhkaf.ka f;dr Ñ;a;

ikaksfõokh ^Thought communication& ms<snòj ;u m¾fhaIK jd¾;d w<,d
ksnkaOkhla l< w;r fyf;u úiska w;skaøsh m%mxphka ms<snòj o wOHhkh
lsÍu iòyd ixúOdkhla o f.dvk.kakg fjr oeÍh' th bgqjQfha j¾I
1882 fmnrjdß ui 20 È f,dalfha m%:u wê udkisl úoHd ^Metapsychics&
iudch ,kavkfha § ìysùfuks' fuu hq.h ;=< fuu iudch weröug
Wmldrl jQjka w;r iafghsgka fudaiia msh;=ud" iS' iS' ueis fmâßlauh¾is"
mS' fÊ' frdudksia jekakka iòyka l< yels w;r weia' iagqj¾Ü tâjâ.¾ka
fmdâfu¾" fn,amd¾" uh¾ia" i¾ T,sj¾ f,dÊ" ú,hï uelavq.,a" is,ß wd§
W.;a m¾fhaIlfhda tu iudcfha Wkak;sh fjkqfjka lghq;= l<y'
fuu hq.h jk úg fuu úoHd{hskaf.a iqúfYaIS wjOdkhg ,lajQfha

wkHhkaf.a is;=ú,s oek .ekSu" ^Telepathy& iajdmk weKjqï yd iajdmkh"
Èjeia ^Clairvoyance&" iajhxl%Sh ,sùï Âutomatic Writing&" Ôj;a jkakjqkaf.a
wj;dr oelSu Âpparitions of the Living&" N+; ia:dk wdÈhhs'
j¾I 1884 § tx.,ka; wêudkisl m¾fhaIK wdh;kfha YdLdjla

weußldfõ wrUk ,§' fï jkúg wêudkisl m¾fhaIK ^Phychical Research&
w;r wkHhkaf.a is;=ú,s oek .ekSu ms<snò jd¾;d tx.,ka;h" weußldj"
m%xYh yd c¾uka úoaj;=ka úiska bÈßm;a lr ;snqKs' tys§ uydpd¾h pd,aaia
ßpÜ Ñ;a; ;sfrdayKh ^Thought Transference&" Èjeia u`.ska frda.Skaf.a
wNHka;r frda. ksodkhka y`ÿkd.ekSu" pqïNljd§ka yd Tjqkaf.a .%dylhka
w;r we;sjk wkqikaOdkh ^Rapport& wd§ lreKq ms<snò oelaùh' ta iu. u
mshß fckÜ úiska o iajdmk .%dylhka ÿria:j isg ksødjg Ndckh lsÍfï
isoaëka jd¾;d lf<ah'
j¾I 1884 ,sfhdafkdß mhsm¾ ^Lionore piper& kï weußldkq ldka;djla

;=<ska N+;dfõI ùfï ;;a;ajhka úoHudk ùfuka weußldkq wêudkisl
m¾fhaIlhkaf.a wjOdkh wehfj; fhduq úh' mhsm¾ ue;sKshf.a fN!;sl
isoaëka u`.ska N+;dfõYfha i;H;dj iaMqg lsÍula isÿ fkdjQj o tu`.ska
oeyeka wjia:dfõ ^Trance state& udkisl l%shdldÍ;ajfha iurEm;djka
^Similarity& oelajqKs' th w<,d m¾fhaIK l< weußldkq yd ì%;dkH ufkda
úoHd{fhda;a" od¾Ykslfhda;a úYd, m%udKhla jQy' ta ish,af,dau wehf.a
iïNdId 489
fuu wmQ¾j yelshdfõ i;H;dj ms<s.;ay' i¾ T,sj¾ f,dÊ yd fÊïia

ysiaf,da fuh ksh; jYfhka ñh.sh wfhl=f.a wd;auhla mhsm¾ fj;
wdfõY ùula f,i olajkakg úh'
fï w;r 1890 § m%xYfha ffjoH mS' ðíßh¾ ^Gibier& bhqimshd me,äfkda

Êusapia Palladino& kï N+;dfõY yelshdj i;= ldka;djl ms<snò jd¾;d
lf<ah' m%:u m¾fhaIKfha § u weh wi< jQ fïihla ysia wjldYfha by<g
tiùfuka uydpd¾hjrhd úYauhg m;a lf<ah' ta iu. u fodrg ;Ügq lrk
fõ.j;a y`vla yd iSkq y`vla o weiqKs' uydpd¾h f,dï fn%dfida" me,äfkdaf.a
w; ;Èka iam¾Y l< úg weh ysòf.k isá wiqk lsisfjl= ;,a¨ lrk neõ
Tyqg oekqK w;r woDYHudk we`.s,s lsysmhla o Tyqf.a uqyqK iam¾Y l<y'
me,äfkda w<,d flreKq fofjks mÍlaIKh ;=< tu wjia:dfõ zl=vq

øjHhlaZ msreKq mSßishla Wvq w;g yeÍ wyfia .uka lrkakg jQfha l=vq
ìòl=ÿ fkdyef,ñks' fuu N+; ieisjdrhkaf.ka buy;a úiauhg m;a
uydpd¾h pd,aia f,dï fn%dfida" ^Clarls Lonbrose& yd uydpd¾h Ñhd fmr§
N+; úYajdihka m%;slafIam l< o fuu isoaëka i;H neõ ms<s.;ay'
me,äfkdaf.ka wk;=rej wmQ¾j N+; w;rueÈfhda ^m%jdylfhda& rdYshla

úoaj;=kaf.a wjOdkhg ,lajQy' Tjqka w;r fN!;sl NdKav p,kh lsÍfï
yelshdfjka hq;a N+; m%jdysldjka muKla fkdj iÔj f,i øjHh iajrEmS
jk ^Life Like Materializations& N+;d;auhka ms<snò m¾fhaIKhkag Ndckh
jQ m%jdyl m%jdysldfjda isáhy' fuu m¾fhaIKhka w;r cq,shia Tlafrdúia
^Julius Ochorovicz&" fIÍg fkdÜis k a m% u q L ;a j fhys , d ie,ls h yels h '
N+;d;auhka fufia m¾fhaIlhka weia bÈßmsg fmkS isáñka Tjqka iam¾Y
ùug Wmldr jkafka lsishï uQ,øjHhla nj;a tu øjHh N+; w;rueÈhkaf.a
YÍrfhka u Wlyd .ka k d øjHhla jYfhka ola j ka k g úh' tu øjHh
ke;fyd;a mod¾:h" uelaia fõ,a zøjHZ ^Substance& kñka o pd,aia ßpÜ
znysIma ,
a diauhZ Êctoplasm& kñka o fIÍg fkdÜiska zÿ¾ma,diauhZ ^Teleplasm&
hkqfjkao ye`Èkaúh'
ffjoH .=iagdõ .af,ahs f.a ^Gustav Geley& u`.fmkaùfuka 1918 §

meÍisfha§ wdrïN jQ cd;Hka;r wêudkisl úoHdh;kh Înternational
490 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
Metaphysics Institute& úiska úfYaI{hska fuu N+; øjH iurEmS ùu ms<snò

wOHhkh lrk ,§' j¾I 1922 § m%:u wêudkisl úoHd iïuka;%Khla
fldamkafya.ka ys§ ld,afõÜ ^Carl Vett& kue;s m¾fhaIlhdf.a m%uqL;ajfhka
werôK' fuys fojk iïuka;%Kfha § úfYaIfhka wêudkisl m¾fhaIK
^Phychical Research& yd N+;fõoh ^Spiritism& ms<snò meyeÈ,s j¾. lsÍul
wjYH;djh wjOdrKh flßKs'
fojk f,dal uyd ix.%dufhka miqj kej; jrla cd;Hka;r wêudkisl

úoHd iïuka ; % K werôfha 1953 ks õ fhda l a wêufkda ú oHd moku
^Parapsychology foundation of Newyork& u`.ska uydpd¾h .dâk¾ u¾*sf.a
m%Odk;ajfhka fko¾,ka;fha w¾:ßÉ Ûtrecht& ys meje;aúKs'
tfukau wêufkdaúoHdj ;=< hym;a ld,hla we;s jQfha o uydpd¾h

ú,shï uelavq.,a ydjâ úYajúoHd,fha isg ähqla úYajúoHd,fha ;k;=rla
fj; ixl%uKh ùu fya;=fjks' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka 1935 § wêudkisl
úoHd.drhla ähqla úYajúoHd,fha wdrïN lrk ,o w;r fuys wOHlaIjrhd
jYfhka ufkda úoHd{ fÊ' î' rhska m;aúh'
1934 § fÊ' î' rhska w;skaøsh ixcdkkh ÊSP& ms<snòj mÍlaIK úê

ms<sfh< lrkakg úh' fï ;=<ska Èjei ms<snò lreKq o ;jÿrg;a wkdjrKh
jkakg úh' fuu olaIlï j,g fya;=N+; jkafka ukqIHd ;=< mj;sk
wêudkisl Yla;Ska nj fmr<d idlaId;a jkakg úh' ähqla úYajúoHd,fha
m¾fhaIlhka fuu wêudkisl Yla;Ska mj;akd njg iaÒr ks.ukhkag
t<Uqfka j¾I 1933 msh¾ia - ma¾Ü ^Pearce Pratt& mÍlaIK ud,dfjka miqjh'
wêufkdaúoHdj ms<snòj fuu .eUqre yd ixlS¾K úIh uQ,sl ixl,am

lssysmhla weiqßka úu¾Ykh l< yels fõ' tkï"
l¾uh ^Karma&
mqkre;am;a;sh ^Rebirth&
urKska u;= meje;au ^Life After Death&
wê udkisl Yla;Ska ^Para Psychic Powers&
foúhka ^God&
N+;d;au ^Spirits&
iïNdId 491
.fõIK wjêh
^wêufkdaúoHdj ;=< isÿjQ wêufkdaúoHd;aul .fõIKhkaf.a l%udkql+,

j¾Okhg 1880-1930 ld,h ;=< ngysr rgj,ska isÿjQ m¾fhaIK ud,djka
jeo.;a úh'& tlS .fõIKhka tla tla rgj,a ys jHdma; jQ wdldrh my;
oelafjk mßÈ y`ÿkd.; yelsh'
1' tx.,ka;h
widudkH yd wêudkisl isÿùï .fõIKh iòyd úêu;a ixúOdkhl

wjYH;djh fuu wjêfha .fõIlhskag mila úh' ta wkqj f,dj uq,ajrg
1882 § fidihsá f*da ihslsl,a ßi¾É ^Society for Psychical Research&
kñka ix.uhla iïNdjkSh úoaj;=ka lsysm fofkl=f.a iyNd.S;ajfhka
tx.,ka;fha§ msysgqjd .kq ,eîh' fla%ïì%Êys úh;=ka jQ Tjqkaf.a mrud¾:h
jQ f ha wia j Ndúl yd wê udkis l is ÿ ùï ñ:Hd ud¾.j,g yiq fkdù
úoHdkql+,j újrKh lr .ekSugh' tu uQ,drïNlfhda kï o¾Ykjd§
fykaß isâúla ^Henry Sidgwick& iS' ã' fn%daâ ^C. D. Broad& fykaß n¾.aika
^Henri Bergson& iy tÉ' tÉ' m%hsia ^H. H. Price& w.ue;s ta' à' n,afmda
Â. T. Balfour& ufkda úoHd{ ú,shï fÊïia ^William James& iy t*a' ví'
tÉ' ñh¾ia ^F. W. H. Myers& fN!;sl úoHd{ Y%Su;a ú,shï lDDlaia ^Sir
Willam Crooks& Y%Su;a T,sj¾ f,dÊ ^Sir Oliver Loadge& iy f,daâ /f,a
^Lord Rayleigh& ldhsl úoHd{ iy fkdfn,a ;Hd.,dNS pd,aia ßpÜ ^Charles
Richet& iïNdjkSh .s,anÜ uqf¾ ^Gillbert Murray& i;aj úoHd{ Y%Su;a we,siag¾
yd¾ä ^Sir Alister Hardy& iy wêudkisl úoHd{ fÊ' î' rhska h' ^Rhine&
fuu ix.uh úiska wêudkisl isoaëka .fõIKh lrñka jd¾;d.;

lrkakg úh' wêudkisl úoHd;aul i`.rdjla ksl=;a lrñka úYd, f;dr;=re
iïNdrhla f,dalhd fj; m%odkh lrkakg Tjqyq iu;a jQy' jir 20la
.;ùug fmr uqøs; msgq 7"000l f;dr;=re imhkakg jQy' tu ix.ufha
idudðlhska fj; jirla mdid uqøs; msgq 550 ne.ska úia;r imhkakg
Tjqkg yelshdj ,eìK'
tx.,ka;fha fkdfhl=;a ia:dkj, wêudkisl úoHd wdh;k ìys

jkakg jQfhka fï ms<snò uyck;dj ;=< Wkkaÿj jeä jQy' tâkan¾.ays
ufkda úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=fõ wêudkisl wxYh" ,kavka kqjr wêudkisl
492 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
úoHd,h" fõ,aiays cd;Hka;r wêudkisl wdh;kh" ú,aih¾ys wêudkisl

úoHd.drh ksoiqka lsysmhls' ñksiqkaf.a l=;=y,h jeiS f.dia wod< úIhhka
ms<snò yeoEÍug úúO wdh;k ìysúh' flkaÜj, fcHda;sIH úoHd wdh;kh"
wOHd;añl yd fcHda;sIH úoHd ix.uh ^,kavka& zvjqi¾Z ms<snò ì%;dkH
ix.uh ^flkaÜ& ^merKs Ydia;% l%uhlska N+.; øjHh fiùu" WodyrK (-
f;,a" f,day j¾." ñksrka" c,h" wegiels,s yd fjk;a merKs oE&
.fõIK l%shdj,sh b;d YS>%fhka jHdma; úh' ;reK .fõIlhka b;d

Wkkaÿfjka fï ld¾hhkays ksr; jQ ksid úYd, m%.;shla olakg ,eìK'
is;lska is;lg mKsúv yqjudrej ^Thought Transference Telepathy&

ms<snò fndfyda mÍlaId flßKs' fï iòyd ldâ m;a yd >k jia;+ka fhdod
.eksK' tla ldurhl tla wfhl= ys`ÿjd wfkla ldurhl isg ;j;a wfhl=
úiska tla tla ldâm;a foi n,d zis;skaZ heùu th igyka lsÍu fuu
fg,sm;s uekSfï tla l%uhls'
2' hqfrdamh
ueiau¾ úiska i;a;aj pqïNl;ajh Ânimal Magnetism& kñka y`ÿkajd

ÿka wmQ¾j l%shdldÍ;ajhla ksid hqfrdamd rgj, wêudkisl úoHdj ms<snòj
uQ,sl moku we;súh' m¾fhaIlfhda ta Tiafia hñka ;j ÿrg;a fuh wOHhkh
fldg fudayk ksødjg ^Hypnotism& flfkl= m;a lrk wdldrh mÍlaId
l<y' fuu ksød wjia:dfõ § flfkl=g wê udkisl Yla;Ska ÊSP& ,efnk
nj TjqyQ ksÍlaIKh l<y' iaùvkfha iqN idOk .fõIK ix.uh ^Swedish
Society for Exegesis and Philanthropy& úiska ueiau¾f.a kHdh .fõIKhg
,lalrñka frda.Ska mÍlaId lsÍug" fudayk ksødjg m;ajQ wfhl=f.a iyfhda.h
frda. ks¾Kh iòyd ufydamldÍ jk nj ks¾foaY lrkq ,eîh'
fuiau¾f.a fï fidhd.ekSu kQ;k N+; úoHdfõ ixj¾Okh Wfoid

uQ,sl moku we;s lf<ah' oykj jeks Y;j¾Ifha ueo Nd.h jk úg
zlkmamq heùuZ jeks wmQ¾j l%shdldrlï fya;=fjka kkafoi me;sÍ .sfhah'
m%xYfha t,a' ta' ldkÜ ^L. A. Cahagent& iy tÉ' ßfõ,a ^H. Rivaoil& N+;
úoHdj ms<snò wdrïNlfhda jQy' Tjqka fuu woyia f.dkqfldg .%ka: iïmdokh
lrkakg úh'
iïNdId 493
b;d,sh" c¾uksh" m%xYh 1990 § muK wêudkisl l%shdldÍ;ajh ms<snò

jeo.;a isoaëka wOHhkhg;a ta ms<snò kHdhka f.dvkexùug;a úYd,
mßY%uhla .;ay' à' maf,dafkdhs f.a ^T. Flournoy& iajhx udOH l%uh Âutomatic
and Mediumstic Phenomena& m%p,s; úh' th iajhx f,aLkh Âutomatic
Writing& kñka jHjydr fõ' fuh isf;a md,khlska f;drj mekai,lska hï
hï f;dr;=re ,shd .ekSfï wmQ¾j l%uhls' wkqkaf.a is;a lsheùug;a ke;sjQ
NdKa v wdÈh fidhd .ekS u iòyd;a fuu l% u h Ndú;d l< yels nj
mÍlaIK j,ska fy<sù ;sfí'
3' reishdj
oykujeks Y;j¾Ifha § reis h dkq f jda wêudkis l úoHdj ms < s n ò
Wkkaÿjla oelajQy' ã' ã' fydaïf.a ^D. D. Home& wmQ¾j isoaëka ksÍlaIKh
l< reishdkq úoHd{fhda wêudkisl úIhh ms<snò úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq
l<y' 1875 § Ydka; mSg¾ian¾.a úYajúoHd,fha Ûniversity of St. Petersburg&
ys fN!;sl úoHd ix.uh ^Physical Society& ã' fukav,Sõ f.a ^D. Mendeleev&
u`.fmkaùu u; wêudkisl isoaëka .fõIKh lrkakg wdrïN lf<ah'
Ínia ^Rebus& kï i`.rdjla u`.ska fudjqyq wêudkisl isÿùï úYd,

ixLHdjl f;dr;=re m%pdrhg m;a lf<dah'
ta' tï' nqgfrdaõ Â. M. Butterov& iy tka' mS' je.ak¾ ^N. P. Wagner&
fg,sm;s ØKh yd Èjeia ms<snò mÍCIK isÿ l<y' gïfnda ^Tambo& frdayf,a
udkisl frda.Ska iu. mÍCIKhla ta' tka' fkdõßka Â. N. Knovrin& úiska
isÿ lrk ,§' yhsm¾ weis;Sishd ^Hyperaesthesia& kï wêixfõ§ udkisl
frda.fhka fm¿k tla ldka;djla iemhQ f;dr;=re ksjerÈ nj ikd:
lr.kakg Tyqg yels úh'
fuu jljdkqfõ § reishdkq m¾fhaIlfhda ngysr m¾fhaIlhka iu.

Tjqfkdjqkaf.a oekqu yqjudre lr.;ay' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka 1889 §
meßiaj, § cd;Hka;r uÜgñka wêudkisl úoHd iuq¿jla meje;aùug
yels ú h' fuh ufkda úoHdj ^Phychology&" ia k dhq fN!;s l fõoh
^Neurophysiology& iy wêudkisl úoHdj ^Para Psychology& úfYaI jYfhka
fjka fldg y`ÿkd .ekSug msájy,la úh' ish,a,gu fuu úIh ms<snòj
b;d jeo.;ajQ;a wjfndaOd;aul jQ;a w;aoelSula úh' fuu iïuka;%Kfha§
fudaykh ^Hoypnotism& ms<snòj WmkHdh folla .ek wjOdkh fhduqúK'
34 - CM23766
494 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
f,kska .%Eâ úYajúoHd,fha fud<h ms<snò m¾fhaIK wdh;kfha

^Leningrad Institute for Brain Research& 1927 § m¾fhaIlhka úoHq;a pqïNl
WmlrK ^;sr& Êlectromagnetic Screen& ;=,ska fg,sm;s ^Telepathy& j,
l%shdldÍjh úoHq;a pqïNl ;rx. j,ska isÿjkafka oehs fidhd ne,Sug úfYaI
mßY%uhla oeÍh' kuq;a tu WmlrKhkag o yiq fkdjk l%shdj,shla fuu
isoaêh ;=< isÿjk nj Tjqyq ksÍlaIKh lr .;ay' th b;d jeo.;a jQ fidhd
.ekSula úh'
4' weußldj
19 jk Y;j¾Ifha w. Nd.fha§ weußldkqjka ;=< N+;d;au ms<snò

.fõIKj,g Wkkaÿjla we;súh' tx.,ka;fha wêudkisl úoHd ix.ufha
^Society for Psychical Research& YdLdjla jYfhka 1986 weußldfõ m¾fhaIK
ix.uhla ìys úh' iq¿ l,lg miq Âmerican Society for Psychical Research
- ASPR& kñka fjku ixúOdkhla ìysúh' tfy;a fndfyda ÿrg fN!;sl
úoHdjg keUqre jQ m¾fhaIlfhda úfõpkd;aul ú.%yhkag wkl+,j lghq;=
lrkakg fm<UQy' fldf<dïìhd úYajúoHd,fha o¾Ykh ms<snò uydpd¾h
fÊ' tÉ' yhsiaf,dma ^J. H. Hyslop& wêudkisl úIhh ms<snòj n,j;a
Wkkaÿjla oelajQ wfhls' 20 fjks Y; j¾I uq,a oYl j, § iagekafmdaâ
úYajúoHd,fha B' l=j¾ Ê. Coower& fg,sm;s ^Telepathy& iy m%fõyl
^Mediums& ms<snò m¾fhaIKd;aul f;dr;=re /ila m%isoaêhg m;a lf<ah'
kuq;a th t;rï id¾:l jQ njla fkdfmfka' ydjâ úYajúoHd,fha Ûniversity
of Harward& wd¾' yâika ^R. Hudgson& hgf;a t,a' à' fgda,kaâ ^L. T.
Troland& jeo.;a m¾fhaIK rdYshla isÿ lf<ah' kuqÿ uydpd¾h ú,shï
ue.avq.,a ^William Megdugall& fuu úYaj úoHd,hg ^1920& m;aùu;a iu`.
wêudkisl úoHdj ms<snò úYd, m%fndaOhla we;súh' Tyq tx.,ka;fha
wêudkisl ix.ufha ^S. P. R& iNdm;s jYfhka o lghq;= l< flfkls'
fudyq ÂSPR& j,o iNdm;s jYfhka m;aúh'
1972 § ue.avq.,a" ähqla úYajúoHd,fha mSGdêm;s jYfhka m;aúh' Tyq

úiska kj;u ufkda úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=jla wdrïN lf<ah' fkdfnda
l,l § YdL ldhsl úoHd{fhl= jQ ^Plant physiologists& fÊ' î' rhska ^J. B.
Rhine& iy t,a' B' rhska ^L. E. Rhine& ähqla úYajúoHd,hg udre úh' wd.ï"
o¾Yk yd úoHdj tlg fj<d.;a zo¾YkZ nj rhska l,amkd lf<ah' tneúka
Tyq oeäj úoHd;aul .fõIKhg t;rï Wkkaÿjla fkdoelaùh' tneúka
iïNdId 495
Tyq ;k;=ßka bj;a ù ue.avq.,a hgf;a wêudkisl úoHd .fõIKj, ksr;

úh'
1930 § rhskag ähqla ys lÒldpd¾h moúhla ,eîfuka miq B' tia' mS
ÊSP& ldâm;a mÍCIK kñka b;d is;a.kakdiq¨ mÍCIK l%uhla ksmoùh'
th wo olajdu wêudkisl ;;a;aj mÍCId lsÍu i|yd udyeÕs mÍCIK
l%uhla jkafkah' Tyq úiska Êxtrasensory Perception& kñka 1984 § jákd
lD;shla lf<ah' Tyq úiska wêudkisl n, îhsfldlsksisia& ^Psychokinesis&
mÍCId lsÍu i|yd ir, WmlrKhla o ksmoùh' tu ldâm;aj,ska iy fuu
WmlrKh weiqßka fudyq iy fudyqf.a wkq.dñlhska mÍCIK oyia .Kkla
isÿ lf<ah' wêudkisl úoHdj ms<sn|j úêu;a m¾fhaIK ìysjkakg jQfha
thska wk;=rejh'
wêudkisl,dNSka ^The Psychics&
wêufkdaúoHdj ;=< wêudkisl,dNSkaf.a wêudkisl yelshdjka yuqfõ

úoHudk jkakdjQ fN!;sl jQo udkisl jQo ixisoaëka" wjia:djka iy w;a±lSï
ys j¾.SlrKh wkqj wêudkisl,dNSka j¾. flf¾' fuu j¾.SlrKhg
wh;a wêufkdaúoHd;aul ;;a;ajhka lsysmhla fn!oaO o¾Ykh u.ska o
olajhs' th wêufkdaúoHd fCIa;%h ;=< mj;sk wêufkdaúoHd;aul ;;a;aj
j¾.SlrKhka lsysmhla y÷kd.; yelsh'
1' ñksia iy i;a;aj fldÜGdYhkays fN!;sl YÍrh wdY%s;j mj;sk

iQCIu foayh fN!;sl YÍrfhka bj;a lr .ekSfï yelshdj -
oaú;aj foay m%lafIamKh Âstral Projection&'
2' lk fyda ixfõ§h bkaøsh Wmldrhlska f;drj ÿria: isoaëka
Y%jKh lsÍfï yelshdj - wêfY%da; ixfõokh ^Clairaudience&'
3' mqoa.,fhl= iajdmkh ^fudaykh& lrñka by; wd;au f;drj

wka mqoa.,fhl=f.a fyda i;a;aj fldÜGdYhlf.a is;=ú,s fõokh
lsÍfï yelshdj - ÿr Ñ;a; fõokh ^Telepathy&
fï wkqj wêufkdaúoHd;aul jYfhka wêudkisl yelshdjka §¾>ld,Sk

wNHdi m%.=K lsÍfuka tlS miqìu iam¾Y lrkq ,nk wêudkisl,dNSka
lsysm fofkla ms<sn| w¾: újrKhka wêufkdaúoHdfõ b;sydifhka oDYHudk
fõ'
496 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
,shfkdard mhsm¾ ( N+; m%jdysldj

^Leonore Piper : The Medium&
,shfkdard mhsm¾ 1959 weußldfõ fndiagka kqjr Wmka w;r wehf.a

m%:u wêudkisl iy N+; w;a±lSu ,nk úg wehf.a jhi wjqreÿ 8ls' Èkla
weh msáhl fi,a,ï lrñka isáh § wehf.a ol=Kq lkg ±ä fõ.j;a iq<x
myrla jeÿ‚' tA iu. l=vd wehg l=ula foda Yíohlska zzfiard kekaÞ
uerefKa keye weh ;du Tn <ÕZZ hkqfjka y~la weiq‚' weh jyd uE‚hka
fj; tlS wmQ¾j w;a±lSu m%ldYhg m;al< w;r wehf.a uj tu wjia:dj"
isoaêh jQ Èkh iy fõ,dj igyka lr.;a;dh' Èk lsysmhla .;jQ miq
mhsm¾ uE‚hka fj; ,enqKq m‚úvhlska fiard kekaÞ ñh .sh mqj; ±k
.kakg ,enq‚' fiard kekaÞ ñheÿKq fõ,dj iy Èkh mhsm¾f.a uE‚hka
igyka lr.;a Èkh iy fõ,dj mCIùfuka mhsm¾f.a uj úu;shg m;ajQjdh'
fuu w;a ± lS f uka ál Èklg miq l= v d mhs m ¾ ks k a o fkdhdfï

wmyiq;djhlska fmf<kakg úh' Èkla weh ysu l%Svdfõ fh§ isáh § iq¿
wk;=rlg Ndckh jQjdh' thg m%;sl¾uhla jYfhka foaj jrñka frda.
iqjlrk foaj.e;sfhl= fj; .uka l< weh foajia:dkfha § N+;dfõYhg
m;ajQjdh' tmuKla fkdj tys§ weh meñ‚ isá fkdfhla fokdf.ka ;ukaf.a
u<.sh ×;Ska ms<sn| f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSug WmldÍ jk f,i wdrdOkdjla
o ,enqjdh'
uydpd¾h fÊïia yhsiaf,dma ^James Hyslop& mhsm¾ ue;s‚h w<,d

N+; ieisjdr ^Seances& myf<djla meje;ajQ w;r tys§ mÍCIK lreKq
oyilg wêl ixLHdjla wehg fhduq lf<ah' tu lreKqj,g wkqj weh ÿka
f;dr;=re 77]la ksjerÈ nj;a 5]la muK idjoH nj;a ±k.kakg ,enq‚'
weh ÿka iuyr m% l dY wehf.a ñh.s h ms h df.ka ,o f;dr;= r e nj o
mÍCIlhkag fmkS .sfhah'
jrla i¾ T,sj¾ f,dÊ Ôliver Lodge& úis jirlg fmr ñh .sh ;u

udud flfkl=ka i;= jQ w;a Trf,daiqjla mhsm¾ ue;s‚h w; ;nd Trf,daiqfõ
ysñldß;ajh ms<sn| úia;r lrk fuka b,a,d isáfhah' weh lsishï fyda
±yekhlg ^Trance& iu fkdje§ Trf,daiqj whs;slref.a <ud ld,fha Tyq
tla;rd jejla yryd msyskQ wdldrh fukau n<¨ka uerE wdldrh;a wd§
jYfhka úia;r rdYshla bÈßm;a l<dh' tu úia;r i;H neõ f,dÊ wkqu;
lf<a ;ud o tu f;dr;re ±k isá ksidh'
iïNdId 497
mhsm¾ ue;s‚hf.a ±yeka wjia:d fyj;a N+;dfõYhg fhda.H udkisl

wjia:dj ms<sn| mÍCIK isâks w,arEÜia ^Sydney Alrutz& kue;s iaúia cd;sl
uydpd¾hjrhd úiska mj;ajk ,§' tu jd¾;djkag wkqj mhsm¾ ue;s‚h
±yekg iu je§ug fmr N+; ieisjdrhg iyNd.sjkafkl=f.a w;la w,a,d
.ksñka úkdä 10la muK Ñ;a; iudê.;j isák w;r bkamiq ir, wmiaudr
frda.sfhl= fuka iq¿ .eiaula we;sfõ' tA iu.u wehf.a W.=r ;=<ska lsishï
Yíohla ksl=;aj weh ±ä ksødjlg m;afõ' fu;eka isg wehf.a lgy~
wehg wdfõY jk N+;d;auhg wkqj fjkia fõ' wehf.a N+;dfõY wjia:dfõ
§ wehg wdfõYjk N+;d;auh wehf.a oE;a iy iajr ;ka;% md,kh lrk
nj;a m¾fhaIlhka úoHudk lr.kakg úh'
j¾I 1950 § weh ñh .sh w;r" weußldkq wêufkdaúoHd ix.uh ;u

m%ldYk u.ska weh ms<sn| jd¾;d rdYshla imhd ;snq‚' uydpd¾h B' fÊ'
äx.aj,a ^Dingwall& yd ffjoH fâúia ^Langdon Davis& úiska ,shk ,o zzThe
Unknown : It is NearerZZ kue;s .%ka:fhka o weh ms<sn| f;dr;=re ,nd.;
yelsh'
fk,ahd ñLhsf,dajd ( ufkda n, pd,sld ^kSkd l=,.Skd&

^Nelya Mikhailova : The Psychokinesee&
fk,ahd ñLhsf,dajd kñka ueh m;< jqjo wehf.a fhda.H;u kduh

kï ksfk,a i¾ðfhúkd l=,.Skd ^Ninel Sergeyevna Kulagina& h' weh 1929
j¾Ifha reis h dfõ f,kka . % E â k.rfha § bmÿkdh' oyy;r jk úh
blaujkakg fmr k.rh wdl%uKh l< c¾udkq kdis yuqodjg tfrysj hqO
ìug msúis weh à34 hqO gexls yuqÞfõ f¾äfhda l%shdlrjkakshla f,i
fiajh l<dh' hqO iufha ld,;=jlal= m%ydrl wjia:djl § we;sjQ ±ä
frda.Sùula ksid ksfk,a frday,a.; l<dh' Èkla frdayf,a fyÈhka úúO
j¾Khkaf.ka hq;a kQ,a nE.hla ;=<g w; oud ;udg wjYH j¾Khkaf.ka
hq;a kQ,a iam¾Y l< úg tu kQ,aj, j¾Kh wehg ±kq‚' weh fulS wmQ¾j
yelshdj Êyeless Sight, Bio-introscopy Skin vision& y÷kd.;a;dh'
fk,ahd i;= jQ fuu yelshdj ÿr p,kh ^Telekinesis& hkqfjka y÷kajkq

,nk w;r udkisl n,fhka fN!;sl NdKav p,kh lsÍfï YlH;djh
ufkda p,kh ^Psychokinesis& f,i wêufkda úoHdfõ y÷kajkq ,nhs'
498 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
jrla f,kska.%Eâ ys fN!;sl úoHd mÍCIKd.drhla ;=< fud<fha

uia;sIal ;rx. ukskq ,nk B' B' Ô' hka;%h nÿ B' B' Ô' l=áhla ;kd
Ê. E. G. Chamber& th jgd úÿ,sh fhdojd t;=<g fk,ahd we;=¿ lrkakg
úh' wehf.a ysig úoHq;a w.%hka Êlectrodes& f.ka hq;a ysiajeiqula me<|úh'
wehf.a yDo iamkaokh" ffcj lafIa;%fha ^Biological field& lïmk ixLHd;h
uekSu i|yd Wlaf;dïiays YdÍßl úoHd wdh;kfha wdpd¾h fckä i¾.sfhjq
^Genady Sergeyev& úiska isÿ lrk ,§' tA i|yd Tyq úiskau idok ,o
i¾.sfhjQ igyka hka;%h ^Sergeyev Detector& fk,ahdg wä 12la wE;ska
;nk ,§' fk,ahd ÿr isg fN!;sl NdKav p,kh lrk l,ays wehf.a
fud<fha oDIaá md,k ia:dkfha ±ä l%shdldß;ajhla fukau wehf.a Ñ;a;
iudê.; ùu ;=< yDo iamkaok fõ.h úkdählg 240 olajd wêl úh'
fuys§ weh hï jia;=jla foi neÆ l,ays weh jgd ;sfnk iamkaok n,
lafIa;%h ^Pulsing Force Field& tA foig fhduqjk nj;a tuÕska weh fN!;sl
jia;+ka p,kh lrk nj;a wkdjrKh úh'
fk,ahd i;= jQ fuu wmQ¾j Yla;sh ms<sn|j lreKq wOHhkh l<

wdpd¾h fckø i¾.sfhõ wiucd;sh ma,diau lafIa;%h Ûnhomogeneous
Plasma Field& kï jQ fN!;sl YÍrh jgd ;sfnk ;j;a Ôj n, lafIa;%hla
u.ska fuu fN!;sl NdKav p,kh ùu isÿjk nj ±laùh' fidaúhÜ reishdfõ
w;s oCI iakdhq úoHd{fhl= jQ i¾.sfhjQ m%ldY lrkakg jQfha fuu n,
fCIa;%h fk,ahd jgd widudkH f,i msysgd we;s njhs'
fk,ahd ms<sn|j fuu ;;= ,sùug wjYH jQ "Sheila Ostrander" yd

"Lyan Schroeder", "Psi-Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain" kue;s
.%ka:fha i|yka lr we;s wkaoug Tjqka 1969 § tlS .%ka:h ilia lrk
ld,h ;=< 40 yeúßÈj isá fk,ahd ms<sn| jd¾;d fidaúhÜ foaYfhka ,eî
;snQ njhs'
iS weßf.da ( ufkda Y,H ffjoH

(Ze Arigo : The Psychic Surgeon)
weßf.da kñka jQ kQ . ;a .eñfhl= fj; wdfõY jQ ñh.s h Y,H

ffjoHjrfhl=f.a N+;d;auhla úiska frda.Skg T!IO kshu lrñka" m%;sldr
iy Y,Hl¾u lrñka uy;a lS¾;shla n%iS,h mqrd we;s lf<ah' idudkHfhka
Èklg frda.Ska 300la muK fkdñ,fha mÍCId lrñka fkdfhl=;a ufkda
iïNdId 499
úoHd{hkaf.a" ffjoHjrekaf.a iy wêufkdaúoHd{jrekaf.a wjOdkhg

Tyqf.a fuu wmQ¾j yelshdj ,lajQfha th yqfola neyer l< yels fohla
fkdjqKq ksidfjks' fun÷ Y,Hl¾u ufkda Y,Hfõoh ^Psychic Surgery&
kñka o m%;sldr" ufkda iqj lsÍu ^Psychic Healing& hkqfjka o wêufkdaúoHdj
y÷kaj;s'
weßf.da ;u Ñls;aid.drh mj;ajdf.k .sfha mrK m,a,shl h' weßf.da

1918 j¾Ifha n%iS,fha Wm; ,enQ w;r Tyqf.a ienE kduh fcdaia ã *%Sgdia
^Jose de fretas& h' wjqreÿ 14 jk úfha § muK rjqï È,sfik wdf,dalhla
jßkajr oDYHudk jkakg úh' tfukau oEia wkaO lsÍug ;rï §ma;su;a jQ
th hï wuq;= NdIdjlska ljqfoda ;ud wu;k nj ksrka;rfhka Y%jKh úh'
bkamiq weßf.daf.a újdyùfuka wk;=rej o l=vd ld,fha weiqKd jQ wmyeÈ,s
y~ kej; Tyqg wefikakg úh' Èkla weßf.da Y,Hd.drhla isysfkka ÿgq
w;r ffjoHjreka lKavdhula fyÈhka iu. lsishï frda.shl= jgd isák
nj fmksK' tu ia:dkfhys isá ;Üg ysila iys; ffjoHjrhdf.a y~
weßf.dag úáka úg Y%jKh jQ fkdmeyeÈ,s y~ yd iÈis úh' Èkla isyskh
ienE lrñka ;Üg ysila iys; tu ffjoHjrhd weßf.da bÈßfha N%dka;suh
f,iska fmkS isáñka ;ud fÞia;r wefvd,afmda *SÜia Âdolopho Fritz& nj;a
m<uqjk f,dal hqO iufha § ñh.sh nj;a tfy;a ;u lghq;= wjika
fkdue;s nj;a Tyq ±laùh'
weßf.da ;u ys;j;=kag ±lajQ fifkyi ;uka ±k isá nj;a tfyhska

;u wiïmQ¾K ld¾hhka wLKavj lrf.khdu iòyd ukqIHh f,dalfha
iqÿiq ksfhdað;fhl= jYfhka weßf.da f;dard.;a nj o Tyq ;jÿrg;a ±laùh'
jir 16lg fmr isg weßf.daf.a lghq;= ;uka n,disá nj ±lajQ *SÜia
N+;d;auh N+; ffjoHjrekaf.a lKavdhula ;ukaf.a lghq;= i|yd Woõ
jk nj o ienE f,iskau weßf.da bÈßfha fmkS isáñka mejiSh' tfukau
weßf.da *SÜia N+;d;aufha wdfõYhg hg;a jQ w;r tA wkqj weßf.da u.ska
Y,Hl¾u lsÍug;a T!IO m%;sldr kshu lsÍug;a mgka .;af;ah' fuu
lghq;= ys m%dfhda.l
s iy m%;HCI idCIs fya;= fldgf.k n%i,
S h
s dkq ffjoHjreka
iy ffjoH ix.ï 1956 wf.daia;= 1 Èk kS;s úfrdaë f,i fjolï lsÍu
iïnkaOfhka weßf.dag úreoaOj kvq mjrk ,§'
weßf.da Y,Hl¾uhg fmr" w;ruÕ§ iy miqj frda.Ska mÍCId lrñka

yDo l%shdldß;ajh" reêr mSvkh" yDo iamkaok wkqmd;h iy Y,Hl¾uh
500 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
flfrys ufkdapd,l m%;sl%shd igyka lr.kakd ,§' b;d jeo.;a isoaê

jdplh jQfha weßf.da úiska kshu l< frda. úksYaphkaf.a ksjerÈNdjhhs'
frda.sfhl=f.a weiaj, hï fodaIhla mj;sk nj weußldkq ffjoHjrfhl=g
fukau idudkH wfhl=g jqjo meyeÈ,s jqjo weßf.da wefia fodaI ms<sn|
frda. úksYaphg jvd jeä fohla lrhs' Tyq frda.fha iajNdjh b;d ishqïj
y÷kd.kS' th ksjerÈ iy meyeÈ,s úh' Tyq ;sñr" jdhq f.ä" iafkauh
fldaIaG" weia ±ú,a, wdÈh iïnkaOfhka iïmQ¾K frda. ksjdrK lsysmhla
lr fmkaùh'
iïNdId 501
VII fldgi
wOHdmk yd ufkdaúoHdj
502 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
iïNdId 503
wdl,am ( wdl,am idOkh yd wdl,am fjkia lsÍu ms<n

s |
ufkdaúoHd;aul wOHhkhla
l=Uqlkaok f¾j; ysñ"
(B. A. Pdn, MPhil. Kln) o¾Yk wxYh" le,‚h úYajúoHd,h
ye¢kaùu
mq oayd.,udkis
Ôú;fhys iqúYd, N+ñldjla bÈßm;a lrk
l wka;¾.;hla jYfhka wdl,am
ir,j y÷kd.ekS u g ms < s j k' Ydia ; % S h jYfhka
wdl,am wh;a jkafka" iudc ufkdaúoHdjg h'
tfy;a mq o a . ,hd Ôj;a j k iEu ika o ¾Nhlu
wjOdkh wdl,am flfrys fhduqù we;' tmuKg
mq o a . , Ôú;h flfrys wdl,a m n,mdka f ka h '
wdl,am yd ne÷Kq ud;Dld fndfyda fõ' tA w;r
wdl,am idOkh yd wdl,am fjkia lsÍu w;sYh jeo.;a h' tneúka fuu
,smsfhys wruqK jkafka" wdl,am idOkh yd wdl,am fjkia lsÍu ms<sn|
ufkdaúoHd idys;Huh ±kqu .fõIKh lsÍu h'
tla w;lska Ôú;h hkq o wdl,amh u fõ' wdl,amfhys iajNdjh

Ôú;fhys iajNdjh jkafka h' flfkl=f.a wdl,am úiska wÞ< mqoa.,hd
504 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
ms<sn| mska;+rh ks¾udKh lrhs' úfgl wm wkHhka ms<sn| fndfyda foa

lshoa§ wms wm ms<sn|j o hula m%o¾Ykh lrkafkda fjuq' tkï bka wm
hula foi olsk úÈh lsh fõ' tmuKg wdl,am mqoa., Ôú;hg jeo.;a
jkafka h' ;j;a w;lska" wm olsk f,dalh o wdl,am u; ;SrKh jkafka
h' f,dalh fjkia lsÍug W;aidy fldg wfmdfydi;a jk iEu úfgl u
;u wdl,am fjkia lr.ekSu jvd;a WÑ; jkafka" tneúks' túg f,dalh
fjkia j olakg yels fõ'
wdl,am Wmeia hqj,lg iudk h' wms Wmeia hqj, hfkk iEu ;eklg u
mdfya f.k hkafkuq' th ke;s úg hula ±lSu W.yg h' tfuka u wdl,am
o hfkk iEu ;eklg u f.k hkafkuq' fuys we;s ;j;a iduH;ajh
jkafka" fjkia fjkia Wmeia hqj,j,ska wm mdßißl W;af;aclhka olskafka
fjkia j ùu h' tys j¾Khg wkqj ish¨ mdßißl wka;¾.;hkays j¾Kh
fjkia fõ' wdl,am fjkia jk ;rug f,dalh o fjkia j olS' wmg
fmfkkafka" wm olsk fohhs' tkï wm olsk wdldrhg wmg fmfka'
tneúka wdl,am hkq iuia; f,dalh u fõ'
wdl,am ms<sn| fmdÿ ks¾jpkh jkafka" úúO jia;+ka" isoaëka" wjia:d

yd mqoa.,hska ms<sn| we.hSu wdl,am hkakhs' ;j;a w¾:hlska" isoaëka"
wjia:d" mqoa.,hska fyda jia;+ka olsk wdldrh wdl,am kï fõ' isïndfvda
we;=¨ msßi ^1999& ñksiqka" jia;=ka" isoaëka" l%shdldrlï" woyia fyda mßirfha
´kE u fohla ms<sn| m%;sckkd;aul fyda ksfIaOkd;aul we.hSu wdl,am
hehs w¾: olaj;s' flfkla wdl,am jia;+ka Âttitude object& Okd;aul j
w.h;s" fyj;a Okd;aul j ols;s' túg th Okd;aul wdl,amhlehs ^Positive
attitude& kï flf¾' ;j;a flfkla wdl,am jia;+ka RKd;aul j ols;s'
RKd;aul j w.h;s' th RKd;aul wdl,amhlehs ^Negative attitude& kï
flf¾' fuu wdl,amj,ska l=uk fyda wdldrhlska mqoa.,hd ;ud wjg
iudch" f,dalh foi n,hs' tA wkqj mqoa., p¾hdj fuu wdl,am u;
;SrKh fõ' tneúka mqoa., fyda iudc p¾hdj wOHhkfha § wdl,am
ufkdaúoHd{hskag w;sYh jeo.;a fõ'
wdl,am j¾. ^Types of Attitudes&
wdl,am jia;=j hkak by;ska i|yka flß‚' wdl,amhg b,lal jk

jia;=j" mqoa.,hd fyda isoaêh wdl,am jia;=j kï fõ' hï wdl,am jia;=jla
iïNdId 505
iïnka O wdl,a m hl wka ; ¾.;hka 03la mj;S ' tkï m% c dkkd;a u l"
wdfõokd;aul yd p¾hd;aul wka;¾.;hka h' fuu wka;¾.;hka u;
msysgd iudc ufkdaúoHd{hska úiska lrk ,o wdl,am j¾. 03la ufkdaúoHd
idys;Hfhys ±lafõ'
1' wdfõokd;a u l wdl,a m ' Âffective attitudes& wdl,a m jia ; = j

flfrys Ñ;a;fõ." yeÕSï yd jákdlï u; ielfik wdl,amhka
h' jákdlï hkq wd.ñl fyda iÞpdruh úYajdihka h' .íid
fyda mQ¾jújdyl ,sx.sl iïnkaO;d jeks .eg¨ ms<sn| yeÕSï
r|dmj;skafka" jákdlï u; h' tA wkqj jákdlï fyda iïNdjH
wdfrdamKh yd m%ldrl wdfrdamKh Tiafia wdfõokd;aul wdl,am
ielfia'
2' m%cdkkd;aul wdl,am' ^Cognitive attitudes& wdl,am jia;=fjys

wka;¾.;hka ms<sn| is;=ú,s" úiajdi yd ±kqu u; ielfik
wdl,amhka h' fuu wdl,amhkaf.a wruqK jkafka" hul fyd|
fyda krl fjka l r y÷kd.ekS u hs ' mq o a . ,hd ffoks l j
/ialr.kakd ±kqu u; fuu wdl,am idOkh fõ'
3' p¾hduh wdl,am' ^Behavioral attitudes& wdl,am jia;=jla flfrys

bÈßm;a jk l%shdjka fyda pd¾hdj fyj;a yeisfrk wdldrh
ms<sn| ksÍCIKhkaf.ka we;sjk wdl,amhka h' Daryl Bem úiska
bÈßm;a lrk ,o zzwd;auixcdkk kHdhZZ ^Self-Perception Theory&
u.ska p¾hd ksÍCIKh Tiafia wdl,am f.dvkef.k wdldrh
b.ekafõ' wm fyda wkHhka yeisfrk úúO wdldrhka keröfuka
tA ms<sn| wmf.a wdl,amh ;SrKh lsÍu isÿjk nj ñka lshfõ'
by; mßÈ wdl,am j¾. l< o hï wdl,amhla idOkh lr.ekSu tu

wxY ;=fkys u iyNd.s;ajfhka isÿfõ' fyj;a wdl,amhla fuu wka;¾.;hka
;=k u u; mokï fõ' wdl,amhl by; wka;¾.;hka y÷kd.ekSu i|yd
ksoiqkla i,ld n,uq' fudag¾ r:hla ñ, § .ekSug wfmaCId lrkafkl=g
r:h iïnkaOfhka we;s jk Ñ;a;fõ.hka wdfõokd;aul wka;¾.;h
lshdmdhs' th ;ryj" mqÿuh jekakla úh yels h' r:h iïnkaOfhka we;s
úYajdi jYfhka f;,a Ndú;h myiqùu" jeä ÿrla hEug yelsùu yd mdúÉÑh
myiqùu wdÈ úYajdi m%cdkkd;aul wka;¾.;h fõ' r:h ñ, § .ekSu
506 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
i|yd .Kqfokqlrejka fj; hEu" mojd ne,Su yd ñ, § .ekSu wdÈh

p¾hduh wka;¾.;h fõ' hï wdl,amhla wdfõokd;aul" p¾hd;aul fyda
m%cdkkd;aul hehs kï lsÍu ;SrKh jkafka" wdl,amhl wka;¾.;h ;=<
jeä jYfhka we;=<;a jkafka" l=uk wka;¾.;h o hkak u; h'
wdl,am jYfhka ie,flkafka" wdl,am jia;=j ms<sn| we.hSï h' tu

we.hSu Okd;aul fyda RKd;aul úh yels h' tneúka wdl,amhla Okd;aul
wdl,amhla fyda RKd;aul wdl,amhla jYfhka kï lsÍug yels fõ'
tfy;a hï wdl,am jia;=jla ms<sn| we.hSu ;=< by; me;slvhka fol u
iudkj ksfhdackh jk wjia:d olakg ms<sjk' tkï wdl,am jia;=fjys
tla me;slvla flfrys Okd;aul we.hSula o ;j;a me;slvla flfrys
RKd;aul we.hSula o bÈßm;a jk wjia:djka h' fuu iajNdjh zzwdl,am
WNhfõ.s;djZZ Âttitude ambivalence& f,i kï flf¾' Okd;aul yd
RKd;aul we.hSï iudk jk úg wdl,amhl WNhfõ.s;dj jeä fõ'
ksoiqkla i,ld n,uq' Tn fpdl,Üj,g leu;shs' th Okd;aul

wdl,amh fõ' tfy;a Tn fpdl,Ü lEu YÍrh ;rùug fya;= fõhehs
úYajdi lrhs' th RKd;aul wdl,amh fõ' tlu foh flfrys Okd;aul
yd RKd;aul hk wdl,amhka fol u iudk j mj;S' tneúka leu;s jqj
o fpdl,Ü ñ, § .ekSug fkdfm<fUhs' fuh wdl,am mqoa., p¾hdj
flfrys n,mdk wdldrh o lshdmdhs' wdl,am idOkh jQ úfgl tu wdl,am
fjkia lsÍu W.yg h' ñ;=rka fldmuK b,a,Sï l< o fpdl,Ü lEu
m%;sfCIam lrhs' fuf,ig Yla;su;a wdl,am È.= ld,hla fkdfjkiaj
mj;skafka h'
wdl,am idOkh Âttitude Formation&
wdl,am idOkh hkafkka woyia jkafka" wdl,am j¾Okh jk wdldrh

yd wdl,am j¾Okh jkafka wehs hkak h' wdl,am idOkh jk wdldrhka
lsysmhla fuys § idlÉPd flf¾' wdl,am bf.kSfï § zziudc bf.kquZZg
úYd, N+ñldjla ysñ fõ' tkï wmf.a wdl,amhkaf.ka jeä m%udKhla
Wmd¾ckh fldg we;af;a" wkHhka iu. wka;¾l%shd lrk fyda wkHhkaf.a
p¾hdj ksÍCIKh lrk iudÔh wjia:djkays § h' iudÔh bf.kqu l%shdj,Ska
lsysmhla Tiafia isÿfõ' tu l%shdj,Ska yd wdl,am idOkhg wÞ< fjk;a
ud¾. lsysmhla my;ska úia;r flf¾'
iïNdId 507
01' iïNdjH wdfrdamKh
bf.kqu Tiafia wdl,am idOkh isÿjk tla wdldrhla jkafka" iïNdjH

wdfrdamKh ^Classical conditioning& hs' whsjka meõf,dõ úiska iqkLfhl=
fhdÞ.ksñka isÿlrk ,o iïmÍCIKfhka wkdjrKh lr.;a uQ,O¾uh
fuhska woyia fõ' tys wjOdrKh flfrkafka" zziïnkaO;djZZ Âssociation&
hkakhs' tkï iïnkaO;dj Tiafia Ñ;a;fõ.sl m%;spdrhka fyda m%;Slhka
wdfrdamKh jk wdldrh fyj;a bkaøSh w;a±lSula Ñ;a;fõ.sl m%;sl%shdjla
iu. iïnkaO jk wdldrh b.ekafõ' fuys § wkdfrdams; W;af;aclh
wkdfrdams; m%;spdrh Ûnconditioned stimulus-Unconditioned response& miqj
wdfrdams; W;af;aclh wdfrdams; m%;spdrh ^Conditioned stimulus - Conditioned
response& njg m;aùu isÿfõ' fuu uQ,O¾uh my; mßÈ meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug
yels fõ'
wkdfrdams; W;af;aclh ––– wkdfrdams; m%;spdrh

wkdfrdams; W;af;aclh + wdfrdams; W;af;aclh ––– wkdfrdams; m%;spdrh
wdfrdams; W;af;aclh ––– wdfrdams; m%;spdrh
by; uQ,O¾uhg wkqj wkdfrdams; W;af;aclhg olajk wkdfrdams;

m% ; s p drh tu wkdfrda m s ; W;a f ;a c lh iu. iïnka O jk wdfrda m s ;
W;af;aclhkag o we;s fõ' tu iïnkaO jk wdfrdams; W;af;aclh miqld,Skj
;ksj olakg fyda wikakg" w;a±lSug ,efnk fyda bÈßm;a jk ´kEu
úfgl tu m%;spdrh u we;s lrhs' wdfrdams; W;af;aclh wdl,am ud;Dldj
fyda wdl,am jia;=j fõ'
by; uQ,O¾uh ksoiqka u.ska meyeÈ,s lr .ksuq' Tn flfkl= ms<sn|

ie,ls<su;a jkafkys h' Tyq fyda weh Tng krl úÈhg i,l;ehs is;uq'
túg Tn tu wÞ< mqoa.,hd iu. krl yeÕSï iïnkaO Âssociation&
lr.kS' th wkdfrdams; W;af;aclh wkdfrdams; m%;spdrh iïnkaO;djhs'
Tn ie,ls<su;a jk weh fyda Tyq ks;ru hï iqj| ú,jqka j¾.hla Ndú;d
lrhs' Tn tys iqj| ixcdkkh lrhs' ld,hla iu. Tn ;u krl yeÕSï
iqj| ú,jqkays iqj| iu. iïnkaO lr.kS' tA wkqj iïnkaO;dj Âssociation&
yryd wÞ< iqj| ú,jqka j¾.h flfrys RKd;aul wdl,amhla iïNdjHuh
jYfhka ^Classically& wdfrdamKh lr.kS'
508 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
mshd nÿ jeäùu ms<sn| ;ryfjka lE .ihs' uj wE iyfhda.h olajk

Pkao wfmaCIlfhl= Pkaohg bÈßm;aùu ms<sn| i;=áka ±kqïfohs' fuu
foudmshka m%ldY lrkafka" Tjqkaf.a woyia h' tA;a iu. u Tjqka m%ldY
lrkafka" wjdÑl p¾hdjhs' tu wjdÑl p¾hdj foudmshkaf.a Ñ;a;dfõ.
m%ldY lrhs' foudmshkaj krUk orejdg foudmshkaf.a wdl,am ud;Dld
^nÿ jeäùu yd Pkaoh& yd wjdÑl p¾hdj w;r iïnkaO;dj m%lg fõ'
fuu iïnkaO;dj kej; kej; bÈßm;a jk úg wjdÑl p¾hdj orejd ;=<
Ñ;a;fõ.sl m%;spdr we;slrhs' mshdg ijka§fuka is;a ;ejq, Ûpset& o yd
ujg ijka§fuka i;=g o orejdg ±fka' W;af;acl folla kej; kej;
iïnkaO jk úg iudk Ñ;a;dfõ.sl m%;spdrhlska m%;spdr ±laùug orejd
W.kS' fuys § W;af;acl f,i fmkS isákafka" wdl,am ud;Dldj yd
foudms h ka f .a Ñ;a ; dfõ.hka h ' kej; kej; we;s j k iïnka O ;dj
Âssociation& yryd" uq,ska uOHia: W;af;acl ^wdl,am ud;Dld nÿ yd
foaYmd,k{hska& Ñ;a;dfõ.sl m%;sl%shdjla ^m%;spdrh& wkdjrKh lsÍug
mgka.kS' nÿ jeäjk úg yeuúg u orejdg wm%ikak Ñ;a;dfõ.hla ±fka'
Pkaohlg bÈßm;a jk wfmaCIlhka ms<sn| i|yka jk yeuúglu orejdg
m%ikak Ñ;a;dfõ.hla ±fka'
wfma Ôú;fha wm olajk leue;a;ka yd wleue;a;ka fuf,i wm jgd

isákakkaf.a m%;spdr ±l fyda wid fyj;a ksÍCIKfhka we;s lr.;a tAjd h'
fuh jvd;a fmdÿjkafka" mßirfha we;s øjH fyda isák mqoa.,hska fyda
fjk;a wjia:d" isoaëka wdÈ wdl,am jia;+ka flfrys we;s jk Ñ;a;fõ.sluh
m%;spdrhkag h'
02' m%ldrl wdfrdamKh
iïNdjH wdfrdamKh iïmQ¾K wdl,am idOkh meyeÈ,s lsÍug iu;a

fkdfõ' úfYaIfhka blauka m%;spdrhka meyeÈ,s l< yels jqj o b;d ixlS¾K
wdl,am idOkh meyeÈ,s lsÍug wfmdfydi;a h' tjeks wdl,am idOkh
úh yelafla" m%ldrl wdfrdamKh Tiafia h' tkï hï ksYaÑ; wdl,am ord
isàu fjkqfjka mqoa.,hdg m%;sh;ak ,efnk úg h' wmf.a iudÔh mßirh
úúO mqoa.,hskaf.ka fuka u woyiaj,ska o hqla; fõ' tys iuyr lKavdhï
wmf.a wdl,am yev.iajhs' fuys § jeo.;a jkafka" ks¾foaY lKavdhï
^Reference Groups& h' tkï wm wmj u iei£ï lrkqfha" fuu lKavdhï
iu. h' wm f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSu i|yd fhduqjkafka" fï lKavdhïj,g
h' wms ld,h;a iu. ks¾foaY lKavdhï f;dard.kakd w;r yev.iajd
iïNdId 509
.ksuq' fuys § jeo.;a jkafka" fuu lKavdhï ;=< tlÕfkdùu isÿjkafka"

l,d;=rlska ùu h' tfy;a tjeks tlÕfkdùï isÿfkdjk úg lKavdhï
jHqyhg yd úYajdi moaO;Skag m%n,j n,mdhs'
Okd;aul m%;sM, we;s flfrk p¾hdjka Yla;su;a jk w;r kej;

we;s fõ' tfuka u RKd;aul m%;sM, we;s flfrk p¾hdjka ÿ¾j, fõ' hï
ksjerÈ woyia m%ldY lrk úfgl iskdj" wkque;sh jeks fohska <uqkag
m%;sh;ak iemhSu u.ska foudmshkag orejkag Woõ l< yels fõ' fndfyda
úg úfYaI woyia ;u orejkag iïfm%aIKh lsÍfï wdYdjla o foudmshkag
mj;S'
03' ksÍCIKuh bf.kqu
wkHhkaf.a p¾hdjka ksÍCIKfhka wdl,am bf.kSu fyda idOkh

isÿjk wdldrh ksÍCIKuh bf.kqfuka lshfõ' mqoa.,hd Okd;aul m%;sM,
we;s flfrk p¾hdjka yd RKd;aul m%;sM, we;s flfrk p¾hdjka
ksÍCIKh lrhs' tkï mqoa.,hd ;ud úiska u p¾hdjka w;afkd±l jqj o
ksÍCIKh lsÍu u.ska úúO yeisÍï ms<sn| wdl,am we;slr.kS' fuu
ksÍCIKuh bf.kqu iEu i;ajfhl=gu Wm;ska tkakls'
b;d wdl%uKYS,s mqoa.,fhda wdl%uKYS,s;ajh yd m%pKav;ajh jeks

p¾hdjka jerÈ njg úYajdi fkdlr;s' úfYaIfhka rEmjdysks m%pKav;ajh
^Television violence& keröfuka m%pKav;ajh i|yd m%cdkksl úixfõokhla
^Cognitive desensitization& mq o a . ,hd ;= < we;s l rhs ' ñka ls h fjka f ka "
m%pKav;ajhg ksrdjrKh ùug iu.dój Bg weíneysùu fyda mqreÿùu
jeäjk nj h' kej; kej; rEmjdysks m%pKav;ajhg ksrdjrKhùu ksid
m% c dkks l úixfõokhg wu;rj Ñ;a ; fõ.s l úixfõokh Êmotional
desensitization& o we;s fõ' tkï m%pKav;ajh keröu jeä jkúg Ñ;a;fõ.sl
m%;spdr ±laùu wvqjk nj fyj;a m%pKav;ajh bjid isàuhs'
orefjda ;u foudmshka mjik foaj,a wi;s' foudmshka ksr; jk

l%shdjka ksÍCIKh lr;s' orefjda foudmshka l< lS foaj,a lsÍug bf.k
.ks;s' tu;= o fkdj" orejka fuka u jeäysáhka o ckudOH flfrys
fhduq ù fuka wdl,a m W.ks ' rEmjdys k s h " iÕrd yd Ñ;% m g tjeks
ud¾.hka h'
510 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
04' iudc ikaikaokh
Leon Festinger kue;s ufkdaúoHd{hd úiska 1954 § bÈßm;a lrk ,o

iudc ikaikaok kHdh zziudc ikaikaokhZZ ^Social Comparision Theory&
Tiafia wdl,am f.dvkef.k nj W.kajhs' iudc ikaikaokh hkq wkHhka
iu. wmj ikaikaokh lr.ekSfï keUqre;djhs' tfia ikaikaokh lrkq
,nkafka" wmf.a woyiaj, idjoH;dj fyda ksrjoH;dj ;SrKh lr.ekSug
h' wkHhka m%ldY lrk wdl,am Ndr.ekSu Tiafia isÿjk wdl,am idOkh
ñka woyia fõ' wmf.a woyia wkHhkaf.a woyia iu. tlÕ fõ kï wmf.a
woyia fyda wdl,am ksjerÈ njg ks.ukh lruq' wkHhka o iudk woyia
orkafka kï fuu woyia ksjerÈ úh hq;= h' wm ikaikaokh lrkafka"
wmg iudk fjk;a wh iuÕ h' ;j;a w;lska" flfkl=f.a fhojqï yd
ksmehqï wkqmd;h Înputs and Outputs Ratio& ;fjfll=f.a fhojqï yd
ksmehqï wkqmd;h iu. iei£uh' tA u; wdl,am yÞ.ekSu lruq' wms
fndfyda úg wmf.a újdy fhojqï yd ksmehqï ^Marriage inputs and outputs&
iudk ,sx.sl fjk;a whf.a újdy fhojqï yd ksmehqï iu. o ii|uq' tA
wkqj wdl,am f.dvk.d .ksuq'
05' cdkuh idOl
wdl,am iïnkaOfhka cdkuh idOl o hï N+ñldjla bÈßm;a lrhs'

wkkH ksjqka orejka fhdÞ.ksñka isÿlrk ,o wOHhkhkag wkqj Tjqkaf.a
wdl,amhkaf.a fndfyda iudklï olakg ms<sjk' ix.S;h yd wdydr jeks
foa flfrys wdl,am fï i|yd ksoiqka fõ' fgi¾ ^1993& mjikafka" wdruh
úp,Hhka wdl,a m flfrys n,mE yels kuq ; a tu n,mEu is ÿ jka f ka "
jl%dldrfhka nj h' idudkHfhka tl u mjqf,a idudðlhska w;r tl
iudk mqoa.,hska fk; .efgk wjia:d b|ysg fyda wms w;aolsuq' iuyrúg
tu iudk nj mrïmrd w;r úh yels h' tfy;a fujeks iduH;ajhla
we;sjkafka" mjqf,a tlsfkld iu. ikaikaokh Tiafia úh yels h' tA
Tiafia iudk wdl,am we;sùug ms<sjk'
wdl,am fjkia lsÍu Âttitude Change&
ieuúgu iEu wdl,amhlau ksjerÈ fj;ehs lSu idjoH fõ' mqoa.,

Ôú;h ielfikafka" wdl,am u.sks' Ôú;h olsk wdldrh u; Ôú;h
iïNdId 511
;SrKh fõ' RKd;aul wdl,am iys; mqoa.,hdf.a Ôú;h miq.dó h' hula
flfrys wdl,am RKd;aul jk úg tA flfrys fhduqjkjdg jvd u.yeÍu
isÿfõ' fndfyda idjoH p¾hdjka fyda hymeje;au flfrys bjy,a jk
lreKq iïnkaOfhka wdl,am ksjerÈ fkdjk úg wksjd¾hfhka u mdfya
tu wdl,am fjkia lsÍu isÿúh hq;af;a h' fï iïnkaOfhka
ufkdaúoHd{hskag mejfrk ld¾hNdrh iq¿mgq fkdfõ' Bg fya;=j jkafka"
wdl,am i;= ufkdaúoHd;aul mokuhs' tA wkqj wdl,am fjkia lsÍu i|yd
ufkdaúoHd{hska fhdÞ.kakd l%u Ys,am flfrys fuys§ wjOdkh fhduq
flf¾'
wdl,am fjkia lsÍfï l%uYs,amhkaf.a id¾:l;ajh ;SrKh jkafka"

fjkia lsÍug wfmaCId lrk wdl,amfha iajrEmh u;hs' wdl,am idOkh
isÿjk wdldrh wkqj olakg yelafla" ish¨ wdl,am iudkj ks¾udKh
fkdjk njhs' iuyr wdl,am ^m%cdkk wdl,am& úYajdi u; o iuyr
wdl,am ^wdfõok wdl,am& Ñ;a;fõ. yd jákdlï u; o iEfoa' tneúka
fjkia lsÍug wfmaCIs; wdl,amfhys fyda wdl,amhkaf.a iajrEmh u; l%u
Ys,am Ndú;h ;SrKh úh hq;=h'
01' m%cdkk úiajk kHdh ^Cognitive Dissonance Theory&
m%cdkk úiajk kHdh Leon Festinger kue;s ufkdaúoHd{hd úiska

1957 § bÈßm;a lrk ,oaols ^by;ska olajd we;s iudc ikaikaok kHdh
bÈßm;a lrk ,oafoa o fudyq úisks&' úiajkh ^Dissonance& hkafkka woyia
jkafka" wñysß nj" fkd.e<mSu yd ldxidj jeks w¾:hka h' flfkl=f.a
p¾hdj fjkia lrkafka kï is;=ú,s yd yeÕSï fjkia fõ' tA wñysß nj
wju lsÍug h' iEufokdg u wNHka;r iduh jeo.;a fõ' hï idOl
folla w;r fkd.e<mSu fyda wiu.sh wm ;=< ±fkk úg tu mSvkh
wvqlr .ekSug fjfyfia' tA" wmf.a kshu is;=ú,a, fjkia lr.ekSu fyda
úreoaO is;=ú,a,g Yla;sh §u wdÈ ud¾.j,sks' p¾hdj yd wdl,amh w;r
fkd.e<mSula we;s úfgl wñysß nj ±fka' tu wñysß nj wju lr.ekSug
p¾hdj fjkia lr.ekSu yd wdl,amh fjkia lr.ekSu isÿlrhs' is;=ú,a,la
yd pd¾hdj w;r fkd.e<mSula we;s úfgl o wñysß nj ±fka' tu wñysß
nj wju lr.ka f ka " is ; = ú ,a , fjkia lr.ekS f uks ' úYa j di fjkia
lr.ekSfuks' tÈßjdÈ úYajdihka folla we;súg o ldxidj ±fka' mqoa.,hd
tu ldxidj wju lr.ekSug W;aidy lrhs' tA wkqj zzúiajk W!kkhZZ
512 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
^Dissonance Reduction& wdl,am fjkia lr.ekSfï ud¾.hla jYfhka

y÷kd.efka'
mqoa.,hd hulg W;aidy fldg" ,nd.ekSug wiSre jk úg th úfõpkh

lsÍug fm<fUhs' th m%cdkk úiajk kHdh l%shd;aul ùuls' fuh meyeÈ,s
lr.kq jia ksoiqka lsysmhla úuid n,uq' Bfidmaf.a Âesop& Wmud l;dj,
lshfjk zzkßhd iy ñÈ je,ZZ l;dj ^The Fox and the Grapes& óg lÈu
ksoiqka imhhs'
ñÈ rihs ^úYajdih&
ñÈ lvd.ekSug W;aidy fldg wiu;aùu ^p¾hdj&
by; úYajdih yd p¾hdj w;r we;af;a" wñysß njla fyda fkd.e<mSuls'

th wju lr.kqfha" úYajdi fjkia lr.ekSfuks' tkï ñÈ ;s;a; ri hehs
úYajdih fjkia lr.ekSfuks'
ffoksl Ôú;h ;=< m%cdkk úYajk kHdh l%shd;aul jk wdldrh

y÷kd.ekSu t;rï wmyiq fkdjkafka h' wm is;k wdldrh yd wmf.a
p¾hdj w;r fjkialï ixcdkkh lrk úfgl is;k wdldrh fjkia
lr.ekSu idudkHfhka isÿfõ'
iuka;s wehf.a nqoaê uÜgug iudk msßñfhl= w.hhs' ^úYajdih&

wehf.a nqoaêhg jvd wvq iuka iu. weh in|;djla mj;ajhs ^p¾hdj&
by; kso¾Ykh ;=< o úYajdih yd p¾hdj w;r we;af;a" fkd.e<mSuls'

weh tu fkd.e<mSu wju lr.ekSug fjfyfia' weh Tyqg fjk;a .=Khka
we;s nj is;ñka nqoaêh u; ;nd we;s jákdlu wvqlr.kS'
is;=ú,s yd p¾hdj w;r mj;akd wix.; nj ksid we;sjk úiajkh

wju lr.kakd wdldrh lshdmdk ksoiqka Ôú;fhys wmuK h' ÿïmdkh
fi!LHhg wys;lr nj okakd mqoa.,fhla ks;r ÿïmdkh lrhs' Tyq ÿïmdkh
yd úYajdih w;r fkd.e<mSu wvqlr.kS' tA ÿïmdkh ms<sn| úYajdih
fjkia lr.ekSfuks' tkï ;ud ±kgu;a ksfrda.S flfkls yd tneúka
ÿïmdkh Tyq g krl f,ilg n,fkdmdhs hkq f jka kj úYa j dihla
we;slr.ekSu u.sks' iuyr úfgl ;uka t;rï ÿïmdkh fkdlrk nj
lshñka fya;= ±laùï o lrhs'
iïNdId 513
úYajdihka folla w;r tÈßjdÈ nj ksidfjka we;sjk ldxiduh

;;a;ajh ÿrelr.ekSu tÈfkÞ Ôú;fhys idudkH fohls' flfkla ;u
jdykh w¨;ajeähd lrk wdldrh okS hehs is;uq' kuq;a Tyq hdka;%sl
Ys,amsfhl= <Õg jdykh f.khhs' Tyqg w¨;ajeähdjg wjYH kshu WmlrK
ke;ehs lshd fyda w¨;ajeähd lsÍug m%udKj;a ld,hla ;udg ke;ehs lshd
hdka;%sl Ys,amshd jdykh w¨;ajeähd lsÍu idOdrKh lrhs'
m%cdkk úYajk kHdh jHjydr fldg flfkl=f.a wdl,am fjkia l<

yels jkafka h' wmf.a mqoa., iïnkaO;d ms<sn| is;k úg jvd;a m%lg jk
fohls' tlsfkld w;r wukdmlï we;s lr.ekSu" wm Ôú;fhys tjeks
wx.hka wdl,amhkaf.a m%;sM,hka h' ksoiqkla i<ld n,uq' iqks,a yd iuka
fofokd u udf.a ñ;=frda h' fofokd tlsfkldg wukdmfhka isá;s' uu
iqks,a fmr l, iukag l< Wmldß;ajhka isysle|jñka iqks,a b;d fyd|
flfklehs iuka ud iu. mejiQ nj iqks,ag lshñ' túg iqks,a ;=< .egqïldß
wdl,am fjkiaùug ms<sjk' wukdmlï mj;skafka" ks;ru RKd;aul
wdl,amhka ksid h' wukdmfhka isák flfkl=f.a wm ks;ru olskafka"
jerÈ fyda wvqmdvqlï h' fyd| me;slvhka fmkajd§u Tiafia úYajdihkays
fjkialï we;slsÍug yels fõ'
02' tA;a;=.ekaùfï ikaksfõokh ^Persuasive Communication&
tA;a;=.ekaùu Tiafia wdl,am fjkia lsÍug ms<sjk' tA;a;=.ekaùu

isÿjkafka" ikaksfõokh Tiafia h' tkï ikaksfõokhg m%;spdrhla jYfhks'
tA;a;=.ekaùfï ikaksfõokh hkafkka woyiajkafka" hul me;slvla ms<sn|
l;d lsÍuhs' th .eg¨jl hï me;a;la úh yels h' rEmjdysks fyda hï
l;djla úh yels h' ksoiqka jYfhka ÿïîu ie<l=jfyd;a fmky¨ frda.
±lafjk mska;+r" ffjoHjreka fhdÞ.ekSu wdÈh ±laùug ms<sjk' fuys §
bÈßm;a jk lreKq ;d¾lsl úh hq;= h' iuyre ikaksfõokh lrkq ,nk
lreKq flfrys o iuyre ikaksfõokfha u;=msg ,CIK jYfhka ie<flk
È. m%udKh yd l;dj lrk flkd wdÈh flfrys o wjOdkh fhduq lr;s'
m‚jqvhl wka;¾.; tA;a;=.ekaùfï yelshdj flfrys n,mdk idOl
lsysmhla ufkdaúoHd{hskaf.a wjOdkhg fhduq j we;' tu idOl my;ska
±lafõ'
514 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
01' b,lal ,CIK ^Target Characteristics&
hï mKsjqvhla ,nd.ksñka l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk mqoa.,hd iïnkaO

,CIKhka h' tu ,CIK jYfhka nqoaêh" wd;au iïudkkh" udkisl
rduqj" ufkdaNdjh wdÈh ie<fla' nqoaêu;=ka ;ksme;s m‚jqvhkag Ône-
sided messages& kefukafka" wvqfjks' wd;au iïudkkh wêl mqoa.,fhda
o myiqfjka fkdkefu;s' wd;au iïudkkh wju mqoa.,fhda o tfia u
jkakdy' uOH m%udKfha wd;au iïudkkhla iys; mqoa.,fhda b;d myiqfjka
kefu;s' kefu;s hkafkka lshfjkafka" m‚jqv u.ska tA;a;=.ekaùfï
yelshdj h'
02' iïfm%aIK ud¾.h iïnkaO ,CIK ^Source Characteristics&
fï iïnkaO ,CIK jYfhka m%ùK;ajh Êxpertise&" úYajdiS nj

^Trustworthiness&" wdl¾IŒh;ajh Âttractiveness& jeks ,CIK y÷kd.efka'
fi!LHh ms<sn| hï jd¾;djla lshjk úg th mqj;am;l we;s úfglg jvd
ffjoH iÕrdjl we;s úfgl úYajdih jeä h' Bg n,mdkafka" m‚jqvh
,ndfok ud¾.h flfrys mj;akd úYajdih hs' tneúka hï m‚jqvhla
ikaksfõokh lsÍfï § ksjerÈ u yd úYajdikShu ud¾.h f;dard.ekSu
wjYH flf¾' m‚jq v fhys wka ; ¾.;h ;d¾ls l núka ms r eK o th
ikaksfõokh lrkq ,nk ud¾.fhys ,CIKhkaf.a w;sf¾l n,mEï fya;=fjka
id¾:l fkdùug ms<sjk'
03' mKsjqvfha ,CIK ^Message Characteristics&
hula tA;a;=.ekaùfï § m‚jqvh u jeo.;a h' m‚jqvfha ,CIK i;=

N+ñldj fuhska wjOdrKh fõ' m‚jqvhla ks¾udKfha § hul tla me;a;la
flfrys muKla wjOdrKh fkdlr fyd| krl fyda Ok RK hk me;s
fol u wjOdrKh lsÍu wdl,am fjkia lsÍug jvd;a Wmia:ïNl fõ'
m‚jqvhl ;¾l" újdo wka;¾.;h jeä jk ;rug wdl,am fjkiaùu
isÿjkafka h'
04' m%cdkk ud¾. ^Cognitive Routes&
wdl,amhla fjkia lsÍug kï mqoa., m%cdkk we.hSu flfrys m‚jqvh

fhduq l< hq;= h' m‚jqvhlg wjOdkh flakaø jk wdldrh wkqj ud¾.
iïNdId 515
^Routes& folla olakg yels fõ' tkï uOH ud¾.h ^Central route& yd
m¾hka; ud¾.h ^Peripheral route& jYfhks' uOH ud¾.fha § mqoa.,hd
wjOdkh fhduqlrkafka" m‚jqvfha wka;¾.; ;¾l" újdo flfrys h'
bÈßm;a lrk o;a; we.hSug ,lalr" wdl,am fjkia lr.ekSfï ks.ukhlg
mq o a . ,hd meñfKa ' m¾hka ; ud¾.fha § wjOdkh fhduq f lfrka f ka "
m‚jqvhl wka;¾.;h flfrys fkdj tu m‚jqvh bÈßm;a jk ikaksfõok
ud¾.h ^Source& flfrys h' tkï ikaksfõolhd" l;d ú,dYh" bÈßm;a
lrkq ,nk ld,h iïnkaO È.= nj fyda flá nj jeks ,CIK flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq fõ'
fuu ikaksfõok iajrEmh ms<sn| bÈßm;a j we;s kHdhka folla

olakg yels fõ' tkï my; mßÈ h'
1' tA;a;=.ekaùu ms<sn| iajf;dakafõIK wkql%ñl wdlD;sh ^Heuristic-

systematic model of persuasion&
2' úia;r úNd. NjH;d kHdh Êlaboration likelihood model&
fuu kHdhka folskau fmkajdfokafka l;djl wka;¾.; ;¾lhka

ñksiqkag n,mdkafka" l=uk fj,djgo hkak iy l;dj bÈßm;a lrkakd
fuka u l;dfõ È. m% u dKh jeks ,CIK ñks i q k a g n,mdk wdldrh
ms<sn|jh'
Petty ^1986& úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o zzúia;r úNd. NjH;d kHdhZZ hï

ika k s f õokhl wka ; ¾.; lreKq flfrys mq o a . ,hs k a fm<fUk úúO
;;a;ajhka fmkajdfohs' tu ;;a;ajhka uOHu ud¾.h ^Central Route& yd
m¾hka; ud¾.h ^Peripheral Route& fõ' tu lreKq ;d¾lsl j n,mEï we;s
l< hq;= fõ' ñksiqka ;uka wik foh ms<sn| b;d m%fõYfuka is;ñka
úia;r úNd. olajhs' fuh tA;a;= .ekaùu iïnkaO uOHu ud¾.h fõ' óg
wu;rj m‚jqvhl wka;¾.; lreKq fkd;ld m‚jqvfhys u;=msg ,CIK
^È. m%udKh" l;dj lrk flkd jeks ,CIK& y÷kd.ekSu m¾hka; ud¾.h
fõ' fuu wdlD;sh wdl,am fjkia lsÍu i|yd bjy,a jk wdldr folla
fmkajdfohs' tkï"
1' ikaksfõokfha ;¾l" újdohkag wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu'

2' u;=msg ,CIKhkag wjOdkh fhduqlsÍu jYfhks'
516 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
m‚jqvhl wka;¾.; ;¾l" újdohkag wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu flfrys

n,mdk idOl lsysmhla y÷kd.ekSug ms<sjk' m‚jqvfhys ud;Dldj fyda
.eg¨j .%dylhdg mqoa.,slj wÞ< úh hq;= fõ' tfukau mqoa., fm!reIh
fï i|yd n,mdhs' iuyre is;kakg fndfyda leu;s fj;s' tA Tjqkag m%cdkk
wjYH;d jeä ksid h' fuu wjYH;d wvq mqoa.,hska m¾hka; ix× flfrys
jeä úYajdihla ;nhs' mqoa.,hska ;¾l" újdo úYaf,aIKh lsÍu u.ska fyda
m¾hka; ix× fhdÞ.ekSu u.ska ish wdl,am fjkia lr.kS' fuys we;s
úfYa I ;a j h jka f ka " uOHud¾.h Tia f ia wdl,a m fjkia ù u fyj;a
wdl,amhkaf.a isÿ jQ fjki È.=l,a mej;Suhs'
Chaiken ^1987& úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o iajf;dakafõIK wkql%ñl

wdlD;sh o wdl,am yd wdl,am fjkia lsÍu iïnkaOfhka b;d jeo.;a
N+ñldjla Wiq,hs' iajf;dakafõIKhla ^Heuristic& hkq udkisl flá ud¾.hls
^Short Cut&' ñksid úiska blaukska u fyda hqyqiq¨j yd ld¾hCIuj úksYaphka
lsÍug fhdÞ.kakd udkisl flá ud¾.hka h' mqoa.,hd tA;a;= .ekaùu
iïnkaO m¾hka; ud¾.h l%shd;aul lrk yeuúgu fuu iajf;dakafõIK
Ndú;d lrhs' wdl,am iïnkaOfhka iajf;dakafõIK l%shd;aul jkafka"
;u wdl,amh l=ula±hs hkak ;SrKh lsÍug fhdÞ.kakd ir, Í;shla
jYfhks' fuys § wdl,am jia;=j ms<sn| úia;r úYaf,aIKh lsÍug ld,h
fhdÞ.ekSula isÿfkdfõ' ksoiqka jYfhka zz.=rejrhd ksjerÈ flfklsZZ
hkak iajf;dakafõIKhls'
wdl,a m ;S r Kh ls Í fï § mq o a . , Ñ;a ; fõ. yd ufkda N djhka o

iajf;dakafõIK jYfhka l%shd;aul fõ' tkï hula ms<sn| wmf.a wdl,amh
l=ula±hs ;SrKh lsÍug zzwmg th ±fkk úÈhZZ ^How do I feel about it?&
kue;s iajf;dakafõIKh u; úYajdih ;nhs' fydòla oefka kï Okd;aul
wdl,amhla o krlla oefka kï RK wdl,amhla o we;slr.kS' wms fj<|m<g
f.dia hï NdKavhla ñ< § .ekSfï § fuu iajf;dakafõIKh ks;ru
fhdÞ.ksuq' hula w; .d ne,Su" wd>%dKh lsÍu wdÈh Tiafia fyd| njla
±fka kï th ñ< § .kshs' kuq;a fuu ±fkk úÈh tkafka fld;ekska o
hkak fuu iajf;dakafõIKfhys .eg¨jhs' wÞ< NdKavh ksid o fkdtfia
kï uq,ska isá ufkdaNdjh ksid o wdÈ idOlhkaf.a n,mEu y÷kd.ekSu
wksjd¾h fõ' tfia we;sjk ±kSï ksjerÈ fkdjk úfgl we;sjk wdl,am
blaukska u fjkia fõ'
iïNdId 517
tA;a;=.ekaùfï ikaksfõokh ms<sn| m¾fhaIKh l<jqka w;r Hovland,

Janis iy Kelly ^1953& wd§ka jeo.;a fõ' fuu ikaksfõokh fhdÞ.ksñka
wdl,am fjkia lsÍug Tjqka .;a W;aidyh t<Uqula jYfhka m%lg úh' th
zzfha,a wdl,am fjkia lsÍfï t<UquZZ ^Yale Attitude Change Appraoch&
jYfhka kï lr we;' fuys § wOHhkh jQfha" tA;a;=.ekaùfï m‚jqvj,g
m%;spdr jYfhka mqoa.,hd ish wdl,am fjkia lr.kafka" l=uk ;;a;ajhka
^Conditions& hgf;a ±hs hkak y÷kd.ekSuhs' fuu t<Uqu ikaksfõolhd"
ikaksfõokh lrk foh ^m‚jqvh& yd .%dylhd ^Who said what to whom&
hk uQ,O¾uh u; r|dmj;S' tkï ñka lshefjkafka" ikaksfõok ud¾.h
^Source of communication&" ika k s f õokfha ia j Ndjh ^The nature of
communication& iy m%;s.%dyl iajNdjh ^The nature of the audience& hkakhs'
ikaksfõolhd flfrys úYajdih" wdl¾IŒh;ajh o m‚jqvfhys .=Kd;aul
yd wjxl nj o m‚jqvh ,nkakd iïnkaO wjOdkh" nqoaêh yd jhi jeks
,CIK o by; uQ,O¾uhg wh;a fõ'
William McGuire ^1981& úiska o tA;a;= .ekaùu ms<sn| wdlD;shla bÈßm;a

lrk ,§' fuu wdlD;sh tA;a;= .ekaùfï m‚jqvhla l%shd;aulùu ;=<
wka;¾.; wÈhr 06la fhdackd lrhs' fuys m<uq wÈhrjkafka" bÈßm;a
lsÍu ^Presentation& hs' m‚jqvh bÈßm;a lsÍu ñka woyia fõ' ñksid
fkdi<ld yßk m‚jqvj,ska Tyqj fm<Uúh fkdyels h' tneúka m‚jqvh
bÈßm;a l< miq B<Õ mshjrjkafka" wjOdkh Âttention& hs' f;jkqj
fm%aCIlhd m‚jqvh wjfndaO lr.; ^Comprehension& hq;= h' wjfndaO
lr.ekSu isÿjkafka" m‚jqvh wdl,amj,g n,mEug fmr h' tA wkqj
wjOdkhg miqj wjfndaOh ths' isõjk wÈhr jkafka" wjk;sh ^Yield& hs'
tkï m‚jqvh ms<s.ekSu Âcceptance& h' wdl,am fjkiaùu isÿjkafka"
fuys § h' tA;a;= .ekaùfï m‚jqvh .%dylhdf.a uki ^wdl,am& fjkia
lsÍug iu;a jk úg tu m‚jqvh keó we;s nj lshe fõ' miajk wÈhr
jkafka" OdrKh ^Retension& hs' fuhska woyia jkafka" wdl,am fjki
fldmuK l,la mj;skafka o hkakhs' ú,shïg wkqj wdl,am fjkiaùu
ieuÞg u fkdmj;S' tfia jqj o tA;a;= .ekaùfï m‚jqv u.ska fyda w;a±lSï
Tiafia kej; wdl,am fjkia lsÍug yels fõ' tA;a;= .ekaùu iïnkaO
fudyqf.a idlÉPdfjys wjika wÈhr fyj;a b,lalh jkafka" p¾hdj h'
m‚jqvhlska wfmaCIs; p¾hdjka we;s lsÍu h' wÞ< wfmaCIs; p¾hdjka
bÈßm;a jk úg m‚jqvh id¾:l hehs lsj yels h' tA;a;= .ekaùu tÈfkÞ
Ôú;fhys wmuK l%shd;aul fõ' foaYmd,k m‚jvqj, § flfkl=g Pkaoh
518 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
,ndfok fuka b,a,Su" hy¨jka Ñ;%mghla ne,Su i|yd hEug wdrdOkd

lsÍu" fjf<| ±kaùïys NdKav ñ, § .kak hehs b,a,Su" uyck fiajd
m‚jqvj, § u;ameka mdkh fldg ßh meoùfuka j<lskak hehs b,a,Su wd§
ish¨ tA;a;= .ekaùïj, wjika b,lalhla Ûltimate goal& we;af;a h' ta
wod< p¾hdjka we;s lsÍu h'
03' Ñ;a;fõ. yd wdl,am fjkia lsÍu
wdl,am fjkia lsÍfï § wjOdkh weo.ekSu w;HjYH fõ' wjOdkh

weo.ekSfï § mqoa.,hdf.a Ñ;a;fõ. úfYaIfhka jeo.;a fõ' Ñ;a;fõ. yd
m%cdkk l%shdj,sh îs;k wdldrh& iu.dó j .uka lrhs' fjk;a jpkhlska
lshkafka kï" m%cdkk yd Ñ;a;fõ.sl wka;¾.;hka tlg ne£ we;' wdl,am
fuka u wdl,am jia;= hkq m%cdkk" wdfõok yd p¾hduh wka;¾.;hka h'
È.= ld,Sk u;lfhys Ôj;a jk fuu wdl,am ul=¿fjl= jeks jHqyhkaf.ka
^Spider-like structures& fyj;a wdfõok yd m%cdkk wd§ .KaÀkaf.ka ^Nodes&
hqla; fõ'
wdl,am fjkia lsÍu i|yd w;HjYH idOlhla jkafka" wNsfm%arKhhs'

wdl,am fjkia lr.ekSug mqoa.,hd fm<Uúh hq;= fõ' tys§ ufkdaúoHd{fhda
Ñ;a ; fõ.hka g wduka ; % K h ls Í ug fhduq f j;s ' wdl,a m fjkia ls Í ug
wNsfm%arKh lsÍu ;=< fhda.H Ñ;a;fõ.sl uÜgula Ôptimal Emotional
Level& mj;S' wNsfm%arKh m%udKj;a fkdjk úg wdl,amhla fjkia fkdfõ'
tfuka u b;d wêlj Ñ;a;fõ.hkag wduka;%Kh lsÍu Êmotional Appeal&
isÿjk úg wNsfm%arKfhys n,h ySk fjhs'
Ñ;a;fõ.hkag wduka;%Kh lsÍu flfrys n,mdk idOl lsysmhla

y÷kd.ekSug ms<sjk' tkï iajhx iM,;ajh ^Self-Efficacy&" wdl,amhg
<Õdúh yels nj Âttitude Accessibility&" m‚jqvfha ,CIK ^Message
Features& yd m‚jqvh ikaksfõokh lrkq ,nk ud¾.h iïnkaO ,CIK
^Source Features& wdÈhhs' iajhxiM,;ajh hkafkka woyiajkafka" hï
wjia:djla iu. lghq;= lsÍug we;s yelshdj ms<sn| ixcdkkhhs' hful=f.a
iajhx iM,;ajh ÿ¾j, jkúg wdl,am fjkia lsÍug fyda p¾hdj fjkia
lr.ekSug fkdyels fõ' wdl,amhg <Õdúh yels nj hkafkka woyiajkafka"
u;lfhys mj;akd wdl,amhla l%shd;aul lrùu h'
iïNdId 519
úúO ikaksfõok ud¾. Tiafia mqoa., wdl,am fjkia lsÍu iòyd ìh

we;s lrhs ' ks o iq k a jYfhka ÿïîu k;r ls Í u i|yd fhdÞ.ka k d
ikaksfõokhka ie,lSug ms<sjk' tjeks wjia:dj, frda.S jQ fmky¨ iys;
mska;+r fmkaùu olakg ms<sjk' ;j o ìhckl f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lrhs'
tkï ÿïîu yd fmky¨ ms<sld w;r iïnkaO;dj ms<sn| f;dr;=re biau;=
lrhs'
mqoa., Ñ;a;fõ.hkag wduka;%Kh lsÍu fi!LHh iïnkaO m‚jqvj,

§ fuka u foaYmd,kh iïnkaO m‚jqvj, § o fhdÞ.efka' ÿïîug úreoaOj
isÿlrkq ,nk fi!LH jHdmdrhkays § fuka ;%ia;jdoh ms<sn| ìh wjOdrKh
lrñka foaYmd,k jHdmdr ±kaùï m%pdrh isÿjkq olakg yels fõ'
04' wdl,am wdl%duKh Attitude Inoculation
fuu l%uYs,amh o by;ska iòyka lrk ,o William J. McGuire kue;s

iudc ufkdaúoHd{hd úiska 1961 § y`ÿkajdfok ,§' hï ;¾lhl fyda
;¾lhkaf.a ÿ¾j, ;ekaj,g tfrysj igka lsÍug mqyqKq lsÍu u.ska Yla;su;a
tA;a;= .ekaùfï ;¾lhkag úreoaOùfï l%shdj,sh ñka woyia fõ' hul
úl,am woyiaj,g mqoa.,hska ksrdjrKh lrkafka kï Tjqkag tA;a;= .ekaùfï
ikaksfõokfhka wdrCIdùug myiq h' hï ;¾lhl wfkl=;a me;s lshùfuka
fyda ±k.ekSfuka ;u wdl,am fjkia lsÍug .kakd ´kE u W;aidyhlg
tfrysj igka lsÍug mqoa.,hdg yelshdj ,efí' ñka lshefjkafka" hfula
flfkl=f.a wdl,amhg myrfokakg fmr tu wdl,amhg úreoaO ;¾l
i,ld ne,S u h' tA wkq j fuhs k a miq l d,S k j uq y q K §ug is ÿ jk
ikaksfõokhkaf.a n,mEï i|yd Yla;sh ,efí'
±ka ù ï m% p drK wdh;kj,g fuka u foudms h ka g o ;u orejka

iujhialhskaf.a n,mEïj,ska fírd.ekSug fuu kHdh fhdÞ.ekSug yels
fõ' ksoiqka jYfhka fhdjqka úfha mdi,a <uqkaf.a fm%au iïnkaO;d i,ld
n,uq' fndfyda orejka tA i|yd fhduqjkafka" ;u hy¨jka tfia lrkd
ksid h' ;u hy¨jkag wdorjka;shka isákd ksid h' ;kslv j isák
orejkg ks;ru hy¨jkaf.ka fm%au iïnkaO;d flfrys Wkkaÿlrùï
isÿfõ' ;ud fjkqfjka fjkia jQ fyda ;ukg wdfõ‚l yd .e<fmk ;SrK
.ekSfï ÿ¾j,;d fyda wkHhkaf.a n,mEïj,g tfrysj l%shdlsÍfï yelshdfõ
520 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
ysÕlï h' ;u orejkg fujeks fhdackd fyda n, lsÍï we;sjk nj yd tys

§ m%;spdr ±laúh hq;= wdldrh l,a we;s j b.ekaùu yd mqyqKq lsÍu jvd;a
ldf,daÑ; yd m%dfhda.sl fõ'
05' iujhialhskaf.a n,mEïj,g úreoaOùu
iudk jhfia mqoa.,hska tlg ne£ isà' idudkHfhka iujhialhska

ie,flkafka iudc wkque;sfha jeo.;a ud¾.hla jYfhks' wdl,am idOkfhys
úYd, N+ñldjla iujhia n,mEu i;= fõ' Tjqka ne£ isák mqoa.,hska ÿïîu"
uoHidr Ndú;h yd wkdrCIs; ,sx.sl yeisÍï wdÈ p¾hdjka úfkdaoldó
hehs úYa j di lrk úg iujhia l hs k a tu p¾hdjka flfrys wefohs '
iujhialhskaf.a n,mEu mqoa.,hdf.a jákdlï yd Ñ;a;fõ.j,g iïnkaO
h' tneúka iujhialhskaf.a n,mEïj,g úreoaOùu i|yd Yla;sh j¾Okh
lsÍfï l%uYs,am wjYH flf¾' tkï RKd;aul n,mEï m%;sfCIam lsÍug
mqyqKq l< hq;= fõ' fï i|yd jvd;a fhda.H t<Uqula jYfhka wdl%duK
t<Uqu ie,lSug ms<sjk' fuys § isÿjkafka" iujhialhskaf.a n,mEug
úreoaOùfï yelshdj j¾Okh lsÍu h' ÿïîu i|yd Wkkaÿ lrjk úg Bg
zztmdZZ hehs lshd m%;sfCIam lsÍu h'
06' bf.kqï kHdhka
wdl,am idOkh bf.kqu yryd isÿjk nj by;ska ye¢kaú‚' wdl,am

idOkh zzbf.kquZZ ^Learned& Tiafia isÿjk neúka wdl,am bf.kqfuka
f;dr lsÍug Ûnlearned& o yelsh' tA wkqj iïNdjH wdfrdamKh ^Classical
conditioning&" m%ldrl wdfrdamKh Ôperant conditioning& yd ksÍCIKuh
bf.kqu Ôbservational learning& hk bf.kqï wdldrhka wdl,am fjkia
lsÍug fhdÞ.efka' iïNdjH wdfrdamKh Tiafia wdl,am jia;=j flfrys
Okd;aul Ñ;a;fõ.sl m%;sl%shd we;slsÍug tu wdl,am jia;=j iu. Okd;aul
yeÕSï we;slsÍu u.ska l< yelsfõ' m%ldrl wdfrdamKh Tiafia leu;s
wdl,am Yla;su;a lsÍug yd wleu;s wdl,am ySk lsÍug ms<sjk' ksÍCIKuh
bf.kqu Tiafia wkHhkaf.a p¾hdj ksÍCIKfhka wdl,am fjkia lsÍug
yels fõ'
RKd;aul wdl,am we;sùu fndfydaÿrg zzfkd±kqj;aluZZ u; isÿjk

nj fmfka' tneúka mqoa.,hdg ksjerÈ ±kqfuka ish wdl,am fjkia lr.ekSug
iïNdId 521
ms<sjk' ksoiqkla úuid n,uq' ;u fmïj;sh lsfmk úfgl fmïj;d weh

flfrys RK wdl,amhla we;slr.ekSug ms<sjk' tu wdl,amh weh iu.
l;d fkdlr isàu" uqK fkd.eiSu wdÈ jYfhka p¾hdj Tiafia m%o¾Ykh
flf¾' kuqÿ wehg ;on, frda.S ;;a;ajhla we;ehs úks¾Kh l< úg yd tys
n,mEfuka wêl j ;ry we;sjk nj ±k.;a úg weh flfrys fmïj;df.a
wdl,amh fjkia fõ' tkï tu wdl,amh Okd;aul njg m;afõ' weh
fjkq f jka ffu;% s h we;s f õ' Tyq f .a p¾hdj ldre‚l fõ' wdl,a m
iïnkaOfhka fmdÿfõ lsj yels ;j;a lreKla jkafka" mqoa.,hd ffokslj
/ialr.kakd ±kqu u; wdl,am fjkiaùug Ndckh jk njhs' tkï mqoa.,hd
m%cdkksl wdl,am w¨;ska tl;= jk ±kqu u; ksjerÈ lr.kS fyda fjkia
lr.kS' ±kqu /ialsÍu iudÔh f,dalh" ckudOHh" fmd;am;a" iïuka;%K
wdÈ ´kE u ud¾.hlska isÿúh yels fõ'
ks.ukh
wdl,am idOkh yd wdl,am fjkia lsÍu ms<sn| ufkdaúoHd;aul ±kqu

bÈßm;a lsÍu by;ska isÿúh' Bg wkqj wdl,am idOkfhys jeä N+ñldjla
we;af;a" zzbf.kSuZZ hkakg h' ;j;a w;lska wdl,am idOkh flfrys
mßirh fnfyúka j.lshhs' hï ;ekl § ÔjúoHd;aul idOl o jeo.;a
fõ' wdl,am fjkia lsÍu ;=< m%cdkkh fuka u Ñ;a;fõ. o m%fhdackhg
.kS' tkï mqoa.,hdf.a ysi fuka u yoj; o iam¾Y lrhs' wdl,amhla
ks¾udKh jk wdldr wdl,am fjkia lsÍfï § m%fhdackhg .efka' flfia
jqj o wdl,amhla fjkia lsÍu tla wdldrhlg muKla iSud fkdjk w;r
wÞ< iEu wdldrhla u m%fhdackhg .efka' tfuka u mqoa.,hd ffoksl j
,nk wkqN+;Ska yd Wmd¾ckh lr.kakd ±kqu úiska mqoa.,hd ;=< wdl,am
f.dvke.Su yd fjkia lsÍu lrkq ,efí'
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522 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
5. Feldman, Robert S. (2002), Understanding Psychology (6th edition), New

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iïNdId 523
NdId wOHdmkh" msßfjka yd mdi,a

Idj jQ l,S udkj ixy;sfha woaú;Sh

Ndmßj¾;khla we;s l< udOHhls' wdÈu udkj
j¾.hd is h ika k s f õok ldhH_ h ka iòyd úúO
wdldrfha wNskhka fyda tjeks fjk;a l%u Ndú;
lr we;s nj udkj b;sydifhka meyeÈ,s fõ' fuu
ika k s f õok l% u fha b;du WÉpia : dkh NdIdj
fidhd .ekSuhs'1 NdIdj ñksia j¾.hd fidhd.;a
jákdu iïm;hs' fuh ljod fidhd.;a;d o hkak
iaÓrj lsj fkdyelsh' tfy;a úúO udOHhka rEm
igyka wdÈh" wdÈ udkjhd Ndú; lf<a NdIdj fjkqjgh' ld,Sk mßj¾;kh;a
iu. wl=re f,i wm wo y`ÿkajk ixfla; Ndú;hg m;a úh' wl=re hkafkys
nyq w:_ we;' md,s NdIdfjka —wCLr˜ f,i y`ÿkajd we;' ta —CIh fkdjk˜
hk w:_fhks2' wCIr hkakg wre;a imhk YS% iqu`v., Yío fldaIh iòyka
lrkafka" —fkdkiakd'˜ —CIh fkdjk˜3 hkqfjks' fujka w:_hka imhd
we;af;a ,shd ksu l< fkdyels hk w:_fhka úh hq;=h'
wl=re l=uk whqrlska werUqKs o hkak fiùu t;rï myiq ldhH_hla

fkdfõ' l%s'mQ' 6 jeks ishjfia hï muKl f,aLk l,djla mej;s njg idOl
524 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
ffjÈl yd fn!oaO idys;Hfhka fidhd.; yelsh'4 óg wu;rj Ys,df,aLk

yd fjk;a idOl fidhd .ekSu ;=<skao ;;ald,Sk f,aLk l,dfõ iajNdjh
o; yelsh' wfYdal hq.fhka fumsg NdIdfõ m%j¾Okhla oelsh yelsh' úúO
uQ, NdId weiqre lr.;a ;;ald,Sk ckhd ish ikaksfõok ldhH_hka lrf.k
we;'
,xldjg nqÿiuh ,enqfKa o wfYdal iufhah' ta wkqj ,laÈj m%:u rdcHh

wkqrdOmqrhhs' wkqrmqr rdcOdksh fnfyúka iYS%l jQ w;r tys wdÈu hq.fha
,shejqfKa isxy, fmd;au muKs' md,s fmd;a ,shjqKq njg lsisÿ idOlhla
ke;' isxy, wgqjdl:d" isxy, o<od jxi l:d" isxy, iQ;% O¾u yd isxy,
ffjoH ix.%yh5 tu wdÈu fmd;a h' ñys`ÿ udysñhka oji ;snQ isxy, wgqjd
ms<snò jd¾;d yuq jqj;a fmd;a úoHudk ke;'
uydúydrh" wNh.sßh yd fÊ;jkh w;r we;s jQ úúO fNaohka ksid

idys;H" O¾ulD;s fndfyda ìysjqj o rdcH md,lhka o hï mlaI.%dyS njla
oelaùu ksid fndfyda fmd;m; yd jákd foam, mjd úkdY ù hkakg we;6'
—isLj<òúksi˜ —ishnia,lr˜ jeks .%ka: lSmhla b;sßj we;' tfy;a ta
úYsIag;u jQ wkqrmqr NslaIq msßi ms<snò f;dr;=re ke;' fuu hq.fha uyd
úydr iïm%odfha muKla Ndkl mrïmrd oywgla nj ft;sydisl uQ,dY%
jd¾;d lr we;' ,xldfõ msrsfjka b;sydih wdrïN jkafka wkqrdOmqr uyd
úydrfhks' fuu Ndkl mrmqre oywg óg wdikaku wjia:dj f,i is;sh
yelsh' th ld,Sk úmßKduhka o iu. úúO f,i j¾.SlrKh fjñka §¾>
.ukla f.dia we;' kq;kfha msßfjka tu §¾> .ufka oeä fjfyilr
;;ajh ksidfoda n,j;a mSvdjkag m;aj we;'
NslaIq iudcfha uq,a wjêfha fukau ,xldfõ o .%du yd wrKH jdiS

hkqfjka fofldgila úiQ nj jd¾;d fõ'7 fuys WÉp;u wjia:dj jkafka
wIaGuQ,dh;k ìysùuhs' fuu wdh;k o msßfjkaj, uQ,sl wjia:djla f,i
is;sh yelsh' tu wdh;k wg kï
W;a;ruQ, olaIsKuQ,
lmamruQ, uydfka;%mdidouQ,
fi,dka;ruQ, ifrda.uQ,
jdy§mluQ, fiakdm;srdcuQ,8 hkqfjks'
iïNdId 525
wkqrdOmqr hq.fha ìys jQ fuu wdh;kj, jdih l< h;sjrhka jykafia,d

ìys l< NdId idys;Hh ms<snò úêu;a úia;rhla fuf;la yuq ù ke;' fuu
wdh;kj, .%dujdiS fukau wrKHjdiS hk fomsßiu jdih lr we;s w;r
Wkajykafia,d Wla; úYsIag .Kfha NdId idys;H fiajdjka isÿlr we;s
njg ielhla kï ke;'9
,xldfõ md,s .%ka:lrKh werfUkafka l%s' j' 468 - 490 ld,fha §h'
nqoaOf>dai ysñhka ,xldjg meñK md,s wÜGl:d ,sùu weröu ft;sydisl
ixisoaêhls' Wkajykafia wkqrdOmqr hq.fha úiQ úYsIag;u úfoaYSh NslaIqj
hehs o ms<s.efka' tfukau —úiqoaêu.a.h˜ fuu hq.fha rÑ; Wiiau lD;sh
nj o úpdrl woyihs' uydúydr iïm%odh .relrñka lr we;s fuu rpkdj
md,s wgqjd fmd;a ,sùfï wdÈ;u wjia:djhs' j<.ïnd rdcH iufha lrk ,o
;%smsgl .%ka:drEV lrKfha § o uqkajykafia uy;a fufyhhla isÿ lr we;'
fuys§ ;%smsglh muKla fkdj fy<gqjd o md,shg ke.+ njg o u;hla
we;'10 uqkajykafiaf.ka miq l%ufhka f:rjd§ NslaIQyq md,s .%ka: lrKfhys
kshe¨Ky' tys m%;sM, jYfhka §mjxYh" uyd jxYh wdÈh11 ìys úh'
miajk ishjfia isg tfldf<dia jeks ishji olajd u NslaIQka isxy,

fmd;a ,sùug t;rï WfoHda.hla oelajQ njla fkdfmfka'12 md,s àld idys;Hfha
iaj¾Kuh hq.h jkafka o fmdf<dkakre wjêhhs' kuq;a we;a; jYfhkau
fuu hq.fha udOH NdIdj jQfha ixialD;hhs'13 md,s W.;alu o nyqY%e; nj
m%lg lrkakla úh'
by;ska iòyka l< mßÈ wkqrdOmqr wjidk hq.h jkúg o .%ka: yd

úo¾YkdOQr msrE NslaIQka jykafia,d isáh o fomsßfia t;rï f,dl= fjkila
mej;s njla fkdfmfka'
fmdf<dkakre hq.fha isÿ l< Ydik ixfYdaOkfha uQ,sl;ajh .;af;a o

ÈUq,d., ldYHm f;rKqfjdah' ,xld NslaIq iudcfha lS¾;su;au wdh;kh
jYfhka ÈUq,d., wrKH fiakdikh hehs ye`ÈkajQjdg lsis jrola fkdfmfka'
wkqrdOmqr hq.fha mej;s wIaGuQ,dh;k fuu hq.fha§;a l%shd;aul jqj

o we;a; jYfhka l%shd;aulj mej;sfha W;a;ruQ," .,a;=ruQ," ú,a.ïuQ,"
36 - CM23766
526 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
hk wdh;k ;=khs' W;a;ruQ,fhys úiQ uq.,ka f;rKqfjda rdc.=re moúh

oerE uyd h;sjrhdK flfkls' óg wu;rj fmdf<dkakre hq.fha lS¾;sOr
h;sjrhdKjre jYfhka kkao" [dKmd," fu!oa.,Hdhk wd§ uy f;rjreka
jeo.;a fõ'
jHdlrK .% k a : nyq , jYfhka rÑ; fuu hq . fha —lÉpdhk˜

—fud.a.,a,dhk˜ jeks jHdlrK .%ka: fukau —ksrela;smsgl"˜ —ksrela;s
uxcqid"˜ —pQ,ksrela;s˜ hk úhrK .%ka: o rpkd úh' fuu wjêfha rÑ;
jeo.;au lD;sh jkafka —rEmdj;drh— hs'
by; iòyka l< uQ,dh;k wfgka miqj ìysjk msßfjka wOHdmkh

,dxflah wOHdmk b;sydifha iqúfYaIS ikaêia:dkhls' ñys`ÿ ysñhka ,laÈjg
jevuùu fuys iEu wxYhlu ixj¾OkSh mßj¾;khla we;sùug fya;= jQ
nj ixjd§ woyils' m<uqfjka rcqf.a oekqu Wr.d neÆ ñys`ÿ ysñfhda ,dxflah
ck;djf.a nqoaêuÜgu wjfndaO lrf.k Bg .e,fmk f,i O¾uh foaYkd
lsÍu isÿ l<y'
fuu hq.fhka fmr tkï mQ¾j uyskao hq.fha ,dxflah NdId idys;Hh
ms<snò muKla fkdj f,aLk l,dj ms<snòj o iòykla ke;' oekg ,xldfjka
yuq ù we;s merKsu Ys,df,aLk jk fjiai.sßh" f;daks.," ßá., wdosh mjd
mYapd;a uyskao hq.fha ia:dms; tajd nj m%lgh' ;jo fuu hq.fha Ndú;
wl=re o wfYdal m%dlD; fyj;a wfYdal rdcH iufha Ndú; fi,a,sms wlaIrfhda
nj meyeÈ,sh' tu fydaä W.ekaug tl, ck;dj Wkkaÿjla olajd we;s
whqre miqld,Skj ìysjk f,aLkhkaf.ka meyeÈ,s fõ' jeäl,a hkakg
u;af;ka ñyska;,d mqjre ,smsh jeks §¾> fi,a,sms;a" idys;H fmd;m;;a
ìysúh' nqoaOf>dai ysñ ,xldjg jevujk úg fuys ;snQ fy<gqjd rpkd ù
mej;sfha l=uk fydaählska o hkak úuish hq;=h' j¾;ud; bkaÿ wdhH_
NdId w;=ßka l%s'mQ' 3 ishji ;rï wE; wjêhla olajd Èfjk wLKav b;sydihla
isxy,hg we;'14 fy<gqjd ms<snò uQ,sl iòykla yuqjkafka fmdf<dkakre
hq.fha ,shejqKq idr;a:§mkS kï jQ àld .%ka:fhysh' nqoaOf>dai ysñf.a
wgqjd .%ka: lSmhl o fï ms<snò iòyka fõ' tfy;a lsisÿ ft;sydisl
jd¾;djl fuu .%ka: iòyd Ndú; wlaIrud,dj ms<snò iòykla fkdùu
wvqjls' tlaflda ñys`ÿ ysñg fmr ,xldfõ ÈhqKq NdIdjla ;sfnkakg we;s nj
ms<s.ekSug we;s wlue;a; ksid" ke;skï tjeks ;;ajhla mj;skakg ienúkau
iïNdId 527
bvla fkdùu fï iòyd n,mEjdoehs fkdoksñ' nqoaOf>dai ysñ ,xldjg

tkúg Ndr;Sh wgqjd /f.k wd njla o iòyka fõ' tu wjêfha ,xldfõ
mej;s fy,gqjd 28 la ms<snò jd¾;djla B'ví'wÈldrï uy;d úiska imhd
we;'15 ta ish,a, fjka jYfhka mej;s .%ka: úh fkdyelsh' tl fmd;l
úúO fldgia fjka jYfhka fufia f.k we;s nj meyeÈ,sh' we;a; jYfhkau
iïmQ¾K fmd;a jYfhka mj;skakg we;af;a uyd wÜGl:d" uydmÉpßh
wÜGl:d" l=rekaÈ wÜGl:d hk ;=k muKs' wkaOÜGl:d iy ixfÄmÜGl:d
fol o we;eï fokd fy<gqjd f,i ms<sf.k we;'16 wkaOÜGl:dj wdkaø
foaYfha § iïmdokh jQjlehs o woyila we;' flfia kuq;a fuu .%ka:hka
iïmdÈ; j¾Kud,dj l=ulaoehs ksYaÑ; jYfhka lsj fkdyelafla tajdfha
fYAI jQ lsisjla olakg fkd,efnk ksidh' jdfpda;a.; lr mej;=kdoehs
meyeÈ,s ke;' nqoaOf>dai ysñfhda fïjd fmd;a jYfhka Ndú;hg .;a nj
Wkajykafiaf.a fndfyda wÜGl:dj, iòyka lr we;a;dy'
wkqrdOmqr hq.fha msßfjka
,dxflah wOHdmksl wdh;kj, mqrd;ku wdh;kh jkafka msßfjKh'

ñys`ÿ ysñ jevujd wdrïN l< fndfyda ldhH_hkaf.a wurKShu ;sridru
uq,anei .ekSu jQfha o fuu wOHdmk l%uhhs' rgl m%Odk;u Ôjh mj;skafka
wOHdmkh ;=<h' ñys`ÿ ysñhka tanj fyd`Èkau oekisg we;' ta wkqj ,laÈj
m%:u wOHdmk wdh;kh jk uydúydr msßfjK weröu isÿúh'
uyd úydr msßfjK
ñys`ÿ uydmsßfjK kñka uq,skau ye`ÈkajQ fuu wdh;kh Y;j¾I 12 lg

jeä ld,hla furfÜ O¾u Ydia;% fiajh iòyd uy`.= odhl;ajhla ,ndÿka
wdh;khls' uydúydrh" uydúydr msßfjK wd§ kïj,ska ye`Èka jQ fuu
wdh;kh fojkmE;sia uyrc;=ud úiska ñys`ÿ ysñhkag jevisàu iòyd
lrjd ÿka uyfuõkd Whfka msysá úydr f.dvke.s,s iuQyhhs' yqfola fuh
Èk lSmhlska f.dvke.+jla fkdj Y;j¾I oyhlg;a jeä ld,hla ;siafia
tlska tl f.dv ke.=kq uydúydr moaO;shls' il,dx. iïmQ¾K wdh;k
ixlS¾Khla jQ fuys ;snQ iuyr úydrdx. wo;a ld,fha je,s;,dj,ska jidf.k
ke;ehs flfiakï lsj yels o@ rfÜ b;du ÿ¾oYdmkak wjêfha mjd NslaIQka
jykafia,d ;=kaoyila muK fokd jykafia fuys jevisá nj mdyshka
528 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
mjihs'17 tfia kï fuys ixj¾ê;u wjia:dfõ fld;rï fokd jykafia

jev isákakg we;aoehs is;d.; yelsh'
is;=,amõj jeks wE; úydrhl fodf<dia oyila ry;ka jykafia,d muKla

jev isáhd kï uyd úydrfha fld;rï fokd jykafia kula jev isákakg
weoaoehs is;d.ekSu mjd ÿYalrh' kQ;kfha tl úydrhl lSm kulgj;a
tlg isákakg fkdyels ù ;sîu ;=<ska fmfkkafka ix> iudch t;eka isg
fï olajd meñK we;s .ufka iajNdjhhs'
uydúydr msßfjK tl, mej;s f,dalfhau iqm%lgu f:rjd§ fn!oaO

uOHia:dkh úh' iqm%lg nqoaêuf;l= f,i ms<s.ekSula ;snQ nqoaOf>dai jeks
uyd m%d{hska o fuu ia:dkhg jevu jQfha fuys mej;s f:rjd§ O¾uúkh
ksidu muKla fkdj f,!lslúoHd Ydia;%Sh m¾fhaIK wdh;khla o jk
neúks'
fuu wjêhjk úg ,xldfõ f,a L k l,dj werö we;' uydúydr

mqia;ld,fha mej;s fmd;aj, m%udKh;a wNh.sßh jeks uyd úydrhg
m%;súreoaO wdh;k j, mej;s mqia;ld, ms<snòj;a we;s ft;sydisl jd¾;d
ta nj ikd: lrkq we;' tfy;a b;du wjdikdjka; ;;ajh jkafka tu
fmd;a j¾;udk iudchg olakg fkd,eîuhs'
md,s wÜGl:d iïmdokh iòyd nqoaOf>dai ysñhkag uydúydr mqia;ld,h

újD; lsÍug m<uqfjkau uydúydÍh f;rjre ue,sjQfha ish wkkH;djh
fukau fmd;a m;a ms<snò mej;s oeä wjOdkh yd oekqu úh hq;=h' nqoaOf>dai
ysñf.a oeKqu ms<snò mÍlaIKhlska f;drj fuu mqia;ld, mßyrKhg
wjir fkd,enQ Wkajykafia ish yelshdj fmkajkqjia úiqoaê ud¾.h kï
jQ ;%smsglhg m%ia:djkdjla n`ÿ iqúfYaIS O¾u .%ka:h ilialr msgm;a ;=klska
hq;=j bÈßm;a lsÍfuka wk;=rej uydúydrfha mqia;ld,fha fodr újr úh'
fuhska meyeÈ,s jkafka tjl uydúydÍh NslaIQka i;=j mej;s O¾uh ms<snòj
fukau m¾fhaIK l=i,;djhs' úiqoaêud¾.h jeks by< Ydia;%Sh w.hlska
hq;= fmd;la lshjd tys m%dudKsl;ajh we.hSug uydùydÍh NslaIQka jykafiag
mej;s YlH;dj ;=<ska meyeÈ,sjk wfkla lreK jkafka Wkajykafia,d
i;=j mej;s l=Yd.% nqoaêu;a njhs'
iïNdId 529
ñys`ÿ ysñ oji uyd wßÜG f;rekaf.a m%Odk;ajfhka isxy, NslaIQka

jykafia úiska mj;ajk ,o úkh ix.S;sfhka wdrïN jQ fuu uydúydÍh
Ydia;%Sh yd ks¾u, f:arjd§ nqÿoyu ms<snò fiajh fkdjkakg wojk úg
wmg nqÿiiqk fyda Ys,aml,d wd§ lsisjla b;sß fkdjkq we;' nqoaOf>dai
ysñhka ,xldjg tkúg fuu lS¾;sh f,dj mqrd m;, ù ;snqKs' mdyshka
ysñhka ;%smsglh fidhdf.k ,xldjg wdfõ ta ksiduh'
ÿgq.euqKq rc oji md,s yd f:rjd§ O¾uh b.ekaùu msKsi uydúydrh

flakaø lrf.k ,xldfõ fkdfhla ;kays úydr we;s lr" lrk ,o Ydia;%Sh
fufyh jxYl:d yd wÜGl:dj, jd¾;d ù we;' tajdfha b.ekaùï lghq;=
l< uy f;rjre uydúydr wdpdhH_ u;jdohka fukau ;%smsglh o b.ekajQy'
fuu wjêfha uydúydrfha jdih l<d hehs is;sh yels NslaIQka jykafia,d
ljqrekaoehs ksYaÑ; ke;;a ksldh ix.%yfha iòykaj we;s fuu NslaIQyq
uyd úydrfha jdih l< we;a;ka úh yelshehs is;ñ' —uyskaoh" bÜÀh"
W;a;sh" iïn," Noaoid," wßÜGh" ;siaio;a;h" ld,iqukh" §>iqukh"
uydkd.h" nqoaOrlaÅ;h" ;siaih" foajh" iqukh" ¥,kd.h" Oïumd,s;h"
fÄuh" Wm;siaih" Mqiaifoajh" iqukh" mqmaMkduh" pQ,dNh" ;siaih" pQ<foajh"
isjia:úrh˜18 hk uyf;reka jykafia,dh' óg wu;rj wgqjd .%ka:hkays
ks;r yuqjk kï lSmhla jk ;%smsgl iS,iquk f:r" ;%smsglOr j;a;ínl
ksf.%dO f:r" pQ< iuqoaof:r" p;=ksldhl mKaä; ;siai f:r" uydfidK
f:r" cd;l NdKl uyd mÿu f:r" wdNsOïñl f.dao;a; f;r w§yq o fj;a'
by; mßÈ wkqrdOmqrfha uydúydrh flakaø lrf.k werô wOHdmk

l%uh uq,a wjêfha jvd;a fmdaIKh jQfha wd.ñl wdh;kj,ska yd mQcH
mlaIh u.sks' §¾> ld,Sk mßj¾;kh;a iu. tajd fjkia iajrEmhla .eksks'
fuu mßj¾;kfha jvd;aa úma,ùh fjkila we;s jQfha ,xldj hg;aúð;hla
jQjdg miqjhs' iajNdId" msßfjka yd mdi,a ms<snòj l:dl< yels jkafka
fuu wjëkaf.ka miqjhs' fuys úIhm:h ;;a iSudj ksid fu;eka mgka ta
iòyd fjka fõ'
,xldj iïmQ¾Kfhkau hg;a lr .ekSug wd.ñl wdh;k tkï mkai,

yd ck;dj w;r mj;sk iïnkaOh wêl;r ndOlhla nj f;areï .;a
ixl%uKslhka$wdl%uKslhka fuu fomsßi fjka lsÍug wjYH lrk iEu
l% s h dud¾.hla u .kq ,eìKs ' tys tla m% ; s M ,hla jQ f ha wOHdmk l% u h
iïmQ¾Kfhkau Tjqkag k;= lr.kSuhs' ta wkqj m,a,sh flakaø lr .ksñka
530 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
wdOdr ,nk mdi,a l%uhla we;s lr wOHdmkh l%sia;shdks wd.ug uq,a

;ekla foñka jHdma; lsÍug lghq;= iïmdokh flßKs'
mD;=.SiSka úiska ish hg;a úð;hkays l%sia;shdks wd.u m%p,s; lsÍug

n,j;a Wkkaÿjla oelaùh' Tjqka ta ;=<ska Wolau n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQfha wd.u
m%pdrh;a iu.u ish ckau N+ñfha ixialD;sh o ;u hg;a úð;hkaf.a o
ixialD;sh njg m;a lsÍuhs' ta iòyd ls;=kq ne;su;=ka oelajQ WfoHda.h
Èßu;a lsÍu iòyd mdma;=ud o wkque;sh ,nd§ ;snqKs'19 hg;aúð;j,g
ñIkdÍka heùfï ld¾hh rcq úiskau lrk ,oaols' ta wkqj wdishdjg tjQ
idu ¥;hd jQfha Ydka; m%ekaisia idúh¾ia h' ,xldjg ñIkdÍka meñfKkafka
¹¸¸ nqjfklnd rdcH iufha h' ^1521-1551& cqjka o ú,d o fldkafo kue;s
mQcljrhdf.a kdhl;ajfhka m<uq ñIkdÍ msßi ,xldjg tkafka 1543
jif¾ §h' ta ;=kajk fcdaka rcq iufha§ h'20
,xldfõ ñIkdÍ lghq;= isÿlf<a wkaføhdia Ydka; ußhd kue;s ìfIdma

jrhd h' Tyq úiska 1602 § mD;=.d,fha fojeks ms,sma rcqf.ka ,xldfõ
lghq;= iòyd msysg me;Sh' fuu j¾Ifha§ fciqhsÜjre ,xldjg meñKshy'
fvdñkslkajre ^1605&"21 T.iaáhkajre ^1606&22 Bg miqj meñKshy' fufia
meñKs h jq k a f .a ks , OdÍka wd.ñl m% p drl lghq ; = j ,g yd wOHdmks l
lghq;=j,g wjYH uQ,H m%;smdok rdcH NdKavd.drfhkau fjka lsÍug
wjYH lrk ffk;sl m%;smdok ilia fldg ;snqKs'
uqo,aj,g wu;rj fudjqkag bvï o rcqf.a ueÈy;aùu we;sj ,nd §ug

wjYH lghq;= iïmdokh úh' fn!oaO úydrj,g mß;Hd. l< bvlvï
O¾umd, rcq ^1551-1597& úiska foaYfha <uhska iòyd úoHd, f.dvkexùug
hehs lshñka ñIkdÍkag mejÍh'23 Tjqkaf.a wd.ñl lghq;= jvd;a myiqfjka
lr .ekSug th rel=,la úh' fufia rcq úiska ñIkdÍkag wdOdr Wmldr
lrñka wOHdmkh o Tjqka w; ;eîh' fï ksid wOHdmkh fyda tu wdh;k
kv;a;=j iòyd odhlhka wjYH jQfha ke;' ish¨ wOHdmk lghq;= fkdñ,fha
lsÍug Tjqkag yels úh'
.=re msßi
by; iòyka l< wd.ñl ksldhhka ;=fka mQcljre m<uqfjka u .=rejre

jQy' fojkqj .sys wh o .=rejre f,i m;a jQy' fuu hq.fha isá fndfyda
iïNdId 531
ñIkdÍyq wOHdmksl ;;a;ajh Wiia uÜgulg m;alr.;af;da jQy' meßia

úYajúoHd,h" Tlaia*¾â úYajúoHd,h jeks §ma;su;a wOHdmksl wdh;kj,
lemSfmfkk msßila njg fudjqka m;aúh' Ydka; welajhskdia;=ud jeks
wOHdmk{hka ìyslsÍug o fudjqyq iu;a jQy' ,xldfõ mej;s ls;=kq YdLdjlg
ud¾áka Æ;¾ o wh;a úh'24
by; iòyka ksldhslhkaf.ka fmrÈ.g meñKs ish,af,dau .=rejreka

ùug ;rï iqÿiqlï fkd,enQfjda jqj o wOHdmk lghq;=j, mqfrda.dó fufyhla
lrkakg yels ;;a;ajhl isáhy' fuu ksldhhka wdrïN ù ;=kaish jirla
.sh miq wdrïN jQ fÊiq ksldh fï ishü iïm%odhhkag jvd fjkia
uqyqKqjrla .kq ,eìKs' fÊiq iNdfõ m%Odk;u ldhH_h jQfha wOHdmkhhs'
ta iòyd tys idudðlfhda o fydò wOHdmkhla ,enQfjda jQy'
fÊiq iNdj wdrïN jkafka meßia úYajúoHd,fha l=vd msßila úisks'

fmrÈ.g meñKs m<uqjeks fciqhsÜjrhd jQ m%ekaisia idúh¾ fuu l=vd
lKavdhfï idudðlfh;= jQ w;r Tyq meßia úYajúoHd,fha WmdêOrfhla
o fjhs'
fÊiq iNdj u.ska iajlSh idudðlhkag ukd mqyqKqjla ,nd fok ,§'
Tjqkaf.a iNdfõ by<fmf,a nqoaêu;=ka tla ù §¾> ld,hl w;ayod ne,Sï
yd úúO ixfYdaOkhka o iu. ilia lrk ,o —f¾fYda iagHqäfhdarEï˜
(Ratio Studiorum) ñIkdÍ wOHdmkfha kj ixj¾Okhls' fuu.ska YsIHhkaf.a
wOHdmkh fukau .=rejrekaf.a mqyqKqj iòyd o úia;rd;aul jQ jev ms<sfj<la
úh' fuu fÊiqksldh u.ska hqfrdamh mqrdu wOHdmk wdh;k" úoHdmSG
msysgqùug lghq;= l<y' fuu wdh;kj,ska ìys jQ ñIkdÍ .=rejreka ngysr
wOHdmkfha kQ;k m%Ndj we;s l< mqfrda.dóyq jQy'25
ngysr wOHdmkh úoHdjla njg m;aùug fmr mej;=fka o¾Ykhla f,igh'

o¾Ykh hkq ishü úoHdjkaj, úkakUq ud;djhs' o¾Ykh hkq úoHd;aul
Ñka;kfha W,am;hs'26 hk woyi fuys,d ikd: jkakls' j¾;udkfha
wmrg ;=< fukau f,dalfha fndfyda rgj, mj;skafka hqfrdamd wOHdmk
Ñka;kh uq,alr .;a l%ufõohka h' ienúkau fïjdfha wdrïNh tkï
wOHdmk o¾Yk fndfyduhla ìysjkafka .%Sl od¾Ykslhka fj;sks' Tjqka o
m,a,sfha fijfKys fmdaIKh ,enQfjda h' .%Sisfha Wmka wOHdmk o¾Ykh
f,dj mqrd m%pdrh úh' ta iòyd m%Odk jYfhka fya;= jQfha wêrdcHjdoh;a
iu. we;sjQ hg;aúð; md,khkah'
532 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
wêrdcHjdohg hg;a jQ fndfyda rgj, wOHdmkh ñIkdÍ

ixl,amhkaf.ka iukaú; ngysr wdlD;shla .kq ,enQjls' iajNdIdj fojeks
jQjd muKlaa fkdj th fkd;ld yeÍug;a bx.%Sis wOHdmkh foaj;ajfhka
fuka ms<s.ekSug;a hg;aúð; jeishka fhduq lrùug ñIkdÍyq fndfyda
fihska .;a W;aidyhka id¾:lj we;' tfiau Tjqkaf.a wd.u b.ekaùu o
m%Odk mrud¾:h úh' tl, rcfha ms<s.ekSug ,lajkafka bx.%Sis NdIdj
W.;a wh muKs' rcfha /lshdjla ,efnkafka Tjqkg muKs' tksid rcjre
muKla fkdj Tjqkaf.a orejka mjd ñIkdÍ wOHdmkh iòyd fhduq lsÍug
.;a ;SrK Tjqkaf.a wd.ñl m%pdrhg n,j;a myiqjla úh'
,xldfõ rcjrekaf.a mq;=kag wOHdmkh ,nd §fï wjia:dj ñIkdÍkag

Wodúh' tl, mej;s rdcdKavq l%uh ksid ñIkdÍka o n,j;a wjOdkhla
fhduq lrñka rdc l=udrjre ish wOHdmksl wxYhg fhduq lr .ekSug
Wkkaÿjla o oelaùh' ta ;=<ska Tjqka wfmalaId lf<a wOHdmkh §u;a iu.
u wd.ñl keUqrej o we;s lr rdc l=udrjre ;u wd.ñl Nla;slhka
lrùu;a Tjqyq rc ùfuka miq wd.u m%pdrhg jvd;a myiq jk nj;a fyd`Èkau
f;areï .;a ksidfjks' fufia ñIkdÍka fj;ska wOHdmkh ,enQ rdc l=udrjre
w;r nqjfklndyq rcqf.a uqKqnqre jQ fldaÜfÜ rc lsre< ysñ jQ O¾umd, iy
Tyqf.a fofidfydhqfrda o —cqjka o ú,d o fldkafo˜ foaj.e;sjrhdf.ka
wOHdmkh ,enQy'27 ;jo nqjfklndyq rcqf.a mq;%fhl= jQ fodka ¨úia iy tu
rcqf.au fidfydhqßhlf.a mq;%fhl= jQ fodka cqjkag o f.dafõ Ydka; fmda,a
úoHdmSGfha § fciqhsÜjreka úiska W.kajd we;' tfy;a tu l=udrjre 1546
j¾Ifha f.dafõ§ u<y' nqjfklndyq rcqf.a ìijf.a ifydaoßhg nqjfklndyqg
odj Wmka isjq yeúßÈ orejd 1551 § wemldrfhl= f,iska f.dajg f.khk
,§' fciqhsÜjrekaf.ka f.dafõ§;a" miqj m%ekaisialkajrekaf.ka ,siankays§;a
fudyq Ys,am yodrd we;'
oykjjeks úfha isá huisxy l=urejd lr,a,shoafoa nKavdr rcq úiska

mD;=.Sishg Ndr fok ,§' Tyqj f.dajg f.k f.dia we;s oeä fldg W.kajd
miqlf,l mD;=.SiSka úiskau uykqjr rdcOdksfha ^1592& wNsfIal lrk ,§'
tfy;a tu j¾Ifha §u Tyq uf<ah'28
miqj Tyqf.a mq;a rdcHhg m;a jqj;a fldkmamq nKavdr úiska Tyqj fkrmSh'
tu rcl=ure fld<Ug mek Ydka; wkaf;daks úÿyf,a myf<dia jirla
iïNdId 533
wOHhk lghq;= lr mD;=.d,hg f.dia m%ekaisialka jrekaf.a iydfhka

wOHdmkh ksufldg mQcljrfhl= f,i isg 1642 § wNdjhg m;aúh'
iS;djl rdcisxyf.a f,a kEfhl= jQ kslmsáfha nKavdr l=urejd Ydka;

wkaf;daks úÿyf,a Ys,am Wf.k f.dajg f.k f.dia flhsïn%d úYajúoHd,fhys
Wiia wOHdmkh ,eîug .sh kuq;a 1611 § ñh .sfha h'
1919 § hdmkh mD;=.Siskg hg;a jQjdg miq tjlg rcj isá fykaor
jkisxyhkaf.a i;ayeúßÈ mq;d fld<Tg f.k f.dia wOHhk lghq;= lr
blaì;s f.dajg f.k f.dia rc;=ka lÜgqfõ úÿyf,a jeäÿrg;a Ys,am yodrd
fldkaia;ka;Skq l%sia;= mQcl ;ek hkqfjka m%lg úh' Tyqf.a {d;s ifydaorfhda
jk ms,sma" m%ekaisiaflda" yd fnkd¾§kq hk wh fld<U wOHdmkfhka miq
f.dafõ wOHdmkh ,enQfjdah' bifn,a yd ußhd hk ldka;djka o f.dafõ
wOHdmkh ,nd fudksld lkHdrdufha lkHd fidfydhqßfhda jQy' ußhd
l=ursh 1682 § tu lkHdrdufha m%Odk;ajhg o m;a jQjdh'
1604-1635 uykqjr rc l< fikr;a m%ekaisialka ;u orejkaf.a wOHdmkh

Ndr lf<Ah' wk;=rej rdcisxy mshdf.a wejEfuka 1635 § rc úh' úchmd,
fyj;a ud;f,a l=udrhd m,d f.dia f.dafõ úiSh'29
by; úia;rfhka meyeÈ,s jkafka ,xldfõ isxydikh Ndrj isá rdc

l=udrjre ishüfokd mdfya ñIkdÍ wOHdmkh ,eîug fhduq lsÍug msh
rcjre Wkkaÿjla olajd we;s njhs' tfy;a tys m%;sM,h jQfha fndfyda
l=udrjrekag kej; rclug ;nd uõìugj;a taug fkdyelsj wld,fha
ñh hduhs' fï fÄockl ;;ajh ;=< hï woDYHudk;ajhla ;snqkd oehs
fnfyúkau úuid ne,sh hq;=uh'
ñIkdÍyq rdc l=udrjrekag .=rejre jQjd muKla fkdj ,dxflah wOHdmkh

iïmQ¾Kfhkau mdfya Tjqka k;=lr.kq ,enqKs' ,xldfõ mdi,a wdrïN
lrñka orejkag wOHdmkh §u fudjqkaf.a tla Wml%uhla úh' fld<U
Ydka; wkaf;daks úÿy," fudaor wkd: msßñ <uhska iòyd mdi,la o kj.uqfõ
yd hdmkfha ;j;a mdi,a folla o msysgqjQ w;r ;u óiug wh;a m,a,sj,g
wkqnoaOj mdi,a ilialr ;snqKs' hdmkh w¾Ooaùmfha muKla tjeks mdi,a
úis myla muK ;snqKs'
534 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
fvdksñhkajre i;=j fld<U m,a,shla o .d,af,a m,a,s folla o inr.uqfõ

iy fofldar<fha fod<yla o hdmkfha folla o mej;s w;r T.iaáhkajre
i;=j fld<U yd kdrdfyakamsg m,a,s foll=;a msg m<d;aj, fod<yl=;a
;snqKs' fuu ia:dkj, mdi,a ;snQ njg is;sh yelsh'
fuu ksldhka ;=k i;=j mej;s mdi,a ms<snò meyeÈ,s úia;r igyka
fkdjQj;a fciqhsÜ jrekaf.a jd¾Isl ,s;aj, mdi,a ú;a;s iúia;rj we;'
fciqhsÜ jreka msysgjQ m%Odku úoHd,hla fld<U úh' th mD;=.SiSkaf.a
m%Odk;u wOHdmksl uOHia:dkh o fõ' fudjqka i;=j mej;s fkajdisld.dr
jeä m%udKhla ;snqfka y;afldar<fha h' fld<U yd hdmkfha muKla
fkdj rfÜ úúO m%foaYj, mej;s óiïj, tla fyda mdi,la ;sfnkakg
we;' 30
fn!oaO wOHdmkhg uq,a;ek foñka wOHd;añl YslaIKh;a iu. mej;s

YS% ,dxlsl idïm%odhsl wOHdmkfha mßj¾;kh 1505 ka miq olskakg
,efnkakls' ñIkdÍ wOHdmk l%uh;a iu.u fn!oaO wOHdmkfha miq
nEula isÿjQ w;ru .u yd mkai, w;r mej;s iïnkaOh o l%ufhka ìò
jefgkakg úh'
Tjqka ilia l< úIhud,dj ;=<ska o m%Odk ;ekla § ;snqfka l%sia;shdks

wd.u iòydh' fuu wd.u ,xldjg wd.ka;=l jQjla ksidu tys wkd.;h
;SrKh jkafka nd, mrmqr ;=<ska u ksid wd.u b.ekaùu iòyd Tjqyq jvd;a
wjOdkhla fhduq lrñka ta iòyd uy;a lemùula l<y'
Tjqkaf.a úoHd, wOHhkdxY ;=klska iukaú; úh'
1 m%d:ñl mdGYd,d'
^mD;=.Sis NdIdj lshùu yd ,sùu mqyqKq lsÍu fuys § isÿflßKs'&
2 Wiia mdGYd,d'
^jhiska jeä msßñ <uhska iòyd fukau nqoaêu;a <uhska iòyd
,;ska wOHdmkh o fuys§ isÿ flßks' ;j;aa f,ilska lshkafka kï
fuh fiufkaaßhls' w,.shjkak lsúhdKka o fujka mdi,lska ,;ska
NdIdj W.;a;d úh yelsh'&
3 foajO¾u mdGYd,dj31 ^mQcl YsIHhkag foaj O¾uh b.ekajQ wdh;khhs'
fuys udOH NdIdj jkakg we;af;a o ,;ska úh hq;=h'&
iïNdId 535
wd.ug wu;rj .dhkh" wdpdrO¾u" pß;dNHdih hk wxYhka o b.eka

jQ w;r —f¾fIda iagHqäfhdarEï˜ hkqfjka ye`ÈkajQ wOHdmksl jevigyk
by<u m%ixidjg m;a jQjls'
m%ekaisialka úoHd,j, o foaj kS;sh" fydò isß;a" lshùu" ,sùu" wxl

.Ks;h" .dhkh iy ,;ska hkqfjka m%d:ñl yd oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh ,nd
fokakg we;' .ïno m%foaYj, mej;s wOHdmksl ;;a;ajh ms<snòj meyeÈ,s
jd¾;d ke;;a fuu woyiska th meyeÈ,s fõ' —mdif,ys § <uhskag wl=re
o m,a,sfha § uõ niska îsxy,& fukau mD;=.Sis niska l%sia;shdks wd.u o
W.kajkq ,eîh' y,dj; fkajdisld.drh ms<snòj wmg fï f;dr;=re ,eî
we;' WoEik .eyekq <uhskag o iji msßñ <uhskag o hkqfjka Èkm;du
l%sia;shdks wd.u ms<snò Wmfoia fokq ,efí'˜32 hkqfjks'
ñIkdÍkaf.a m%Odk;u wfmalaIdj jQfha Ydia;S%h wOHdmkhla ,nd§ug

jvd l%sia;shdks wd.u ia;%S mqreI fomd¾Yjhg u b.ekaùuhs' foaj.e;s jiï
fyd`Èka ixúOdkh jk f;la mdi,a mj;ajdf.k .shd ñi úêu;a mdi,a
ixúOdkhla flfrys wjOdkhla fhduq lr ke;' mdi,aj, isá YsIH ixLHd
ms<snò jd¾;d úuiSfuka fï ;;a;ajh jvd;a fydòg ;yjqre lr.; yelsh'33
,dxlsl isiqkaf.a wOHdmksl lghq;= fnfyúka mqfrda.dó ;;a;ajhl

mej;=k ksid ñIkdÍkag ,xldfõ wOHdmk lghq;=j,§ hqfrdamd l%ufhka
wE;aùug isÿúh' úêu;a wOHdmkhla iòyd fmd;a fkdue;sùu" lshùug
we;s wmyiq;djh" foaYSh NdIdj,ska rÑ; fmd;a ys`.ùu ksid;a wd.u jvd
blaukska b.ekaùug we;s wjYH;djh ksid;a lgmdvï lrùug jeäu
wjOdkhla fhduqlr ;sîu ful, olakg ,enqKq iqúfYAIu ,laIKhls'
lgmdvï lsÍfï l%uh ,xldjg wd.ka;=l jQjla fkdfõ' jir oyia .Kkla
;s%msglh jeks iqúYd, úIhm:hla lgmdvñka mj;ajdf.k tafï lS¾;su;a
b;sydihla ,xldjg we;' ñIkdÍyq o ,dxlsl orejkaf.a iaurK Yla;sh
ms<snòj fnfyúka w.hd we;' mdvï jvd;a myiqfjka iaurKfha ;nd
.ekSu iòyd .S;sld l%uh o fudjqka wkq.ukh l< ;j;a l%uhla úh'
l%sia;shdksfha m%Odk m%;sm;a;s fufia .Shg ke.+ wd.ñl wxYfha m%Odk
fldgiah'34
fudjqka ,xldjg wd.ka;=l b.ekaùï l%uhla jYfhka y`ÿkajd fokq

,enqfõ kdgH r`.oelaùuhs' kdgH l,dj ,xldjg y`ÿkajd ÿkafka fudjqka
h" hkq o woyils'35 fï wjêh jk úg ,xldfõ idïm%odhsl rx. l,djla
536 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
fkdmej;shdhehs lSu n,j;a jrols' fudjqkaf.a wOHdmk l%uh;a iu.

y`ÿkajd ÿka fuu rx. l%uh wojk úg ixj¾Okh ù wOHdmk uQ,sldx.hla
jYfhka ms<sf.k ;sfnk Y%jH oDYH l%uh olajd ixj¾Okh ù we;' wd.ñl
wOHdmkhg uq,a;ek foñka wd.ñl m%pdrl udOHhla njg th m;alr
.ksñka l%sia;shdksh foaYShlrKh lsÍug Tjqka .kq ,enQ W;aidyfha ;rug
m%;sM, fkd,enqks' tfia ùug fya;= jQfha È.= l,la fuys /`§isàug fkdyels
ùuhs'
,xldfõ mej;s idïm%odhsl wOHdmk l%ufha mqfrda.dñhd jQfha NslaIQka

jykafia h' wOHdmksl uOHia:dkh jQfha mkai,hs' ta jQ mßoafokau ñIkdÍka
úiska o mQcl mlaIh yd m,a,shu wOHdmkfha uQ,slia:dkfha ;eîh' Tjqkaf.a
wOHdmkfha jvd fõ.j;a ixj¾Okhg fuh fya;= jQjdg iel ke;'
wfma rfÜ j¾;udkfha mjd wOHdmkfha foaYSh W!rejla olakg ,efnkafka

ke;' wksl=;a fndfyda wxYhkaf.a ;;ajh o tfiau h' tu udkisl;ajfhka
ñ§ug W;aidy lrk njla o fkdfmfka' hqfrdamd kS;sh h,amek .shnj lSj
o tys foa Y S h m% ; s i xia l rKhla ls Í ug o W;a i dyhla ;nd woyila j ;a
fmfkkakg ke;' ,xldfõ úYAjúoHd, ;=< o mj;akd ;;a;ajh o thu h'
yqfola Wmdêfha we;s .=Kd;aul Ndjh ms<snòj o m%Yak l< hq;= wjêjlg
wms meñK isákafkuq' wvqu ;rñka iudc .eg¨ wr., ksrdlrKh flfia
fj;;a wju lr.ekSugj;a fuu wOHdmk l%ufhka odhl;ajhla imhd
weoao hkak ms<snòj mq¿,a mfhH_IKhla l< hq;=j we;' j¾;udk wOHdmk
rgdfõ fld;kl fyda jrola isÿj we;' th jyd ksjerÈ úhhq;= uq;a
CIKslj l< yelsjQjla o fkdfõh hkq wmf.a ye`.Suhs'
cd;sl NdId wOHdmkh
mD;=.SiSka Tjqkaf.a wd.u NdIdj yd ixialD;sh b;du Wiia fldg ie<lSh'

ñIkdÍkaf.a wdl,amh jQfha o thuh' fuh yqfola wka;.dó nfõ ,laIKhla
nj nqÿoyfï b.ekaùuhs' f,dj úúO rgj, m%pdrh jQ" m%pdrh jk nqÿoyu
fuu kHdfha msysgd lghq;= l< njla lsisod jd¾;d ù ke;' fuh yqfolau
nqÿoyugu wkkH jQ ,laIKhla ùu tys we;s iqúfYaIS;djh jvd;a m%lg
lrkakls'
mD;=.SiSkaf.a fuu w;a;=lalxik iajNdjh ,kafoaiSka yd ì%;dkHhka ;=<

o hï muKlg olakg ,efí' tfy;a ì%;dkHhka w;r mej;s hy.=Khla
iïNdId 537
jkafka Tjqkaf.a hg;a úð;hka i;= NdId idys;Hh wd.ï yd mqrdjia;=

ms<snò Ydia;%Sh Wkkaÿjla oelaùuhs' Tjqka w;r m%dÖk m`äjre mjd isáhy'
m%dÖk NdId flfrys ngysr Wkkaÿj we;s lf<a o fuu lafIa;%hg úoHd;aul
l%u fh§u o fudjqkaf.ka bgq jQ jeo.;a fufyhhls' tfy;a mD;=.Sis
md,lhka fyda ks,OdÍka w;r tjeks Wkkaÿjlaa mej;s njg lsisÿ idOlhla
fidhd .ekSug ke;' md,k NdIdj jQfha o mD;=.Sishuh' iajfoaYslhka
iu. woyia yqjudrej iòyd f;da,alhka fhdod .ekqks' by< ;k;=rla ,nd
.ekSug fyda Tjqka iu. iDcqj woyia yqjudre lr .ekSu iòyd mD;=.Sis
NdIdju W.; hq;= úh'
mD;=.SiSka iu. újdy ^lidfodaia& jQ ,dxlslhka o nyq, jYfhka mD;=.Sis

NdIdju W.ekaug h;ak oerejd ñi mD;=.SiSyq foaYSh NdId b.kSug t;rï
W;aidy .;a njla fkdfmfka' iajfoaYslhka jvd;au mD;=.Sis bf.kSug
wjOdkh fhduq lf<a fj<òdï lsÍu" iudc iïnkaO;d meje;aùu jeks
lghq;= jvd;a myiqfjka lr .ekSug yelsjk ksidh' tfy;a we;a; jYfhkau
mD;=.SiSyq o isxy, yd fou< NdId hï muKlg W.;ay' mD;=.Sis NdIdj
fnfyúka ixlr jQ ksid iajfoaYSh ckhd w;r §¾> ld,Skj mej;Sug fya;=
jQfha ke;' tfy;a tu NdIdfjka fYAI jQ jpk wo;a isxy, yd fou<
NdIdj, olakg ,efí'36
uq,a wjêfha meñKs ñIkdÍkag foaYSh NdId bf.kSug oeä wjYH;djh

;snqK o th wmyiq jQfha Tjqkf.a NdIdj,ska ,shejqKq fmd;a fkd;sîuhs' ta
ksid uq,skau Tjqka lf<a NdIdjka l:d lsÍug bf.kSuhs' úfYAIfhka wd.u
m%pdrh lsÍug foaYSh NdIdjka oek.ekSfï wjYH;djh fudjqkag fyd`Èkau
jegysk' miq ld,Skj meñKs ñIkdÍkag foaYSh NdId bf.kSug wjYH
mßirh ieÿfjda fudjqyq h' jHdlrK .%ka: yd YíofldaI iïmdokfhys,d
uq, msrefjda fudjqyq h' foaYSh NdId W.ekaug jvd;a Wkkaÿjla oelajQfha
fÊiq ksldhslfhdah' Bg fya;=j jQfha Tjqkf.a wd.u m%pdrh iòyd NdId
fkdoekSu n,j;a ndOlhla nj Tjqka fyd`Èkau f;areï .ekSu h' fmrÈ.
fÊiq ksldfha mqfrda.dñhd jQ idúh¾ ;=ud ñIkdÍka foaYSh NdId W.ekau
wksjdhH_ nj n,lr isáfhah' 1695 mj;ajk ,o fÊiq ksldhsl fojeks uyd
iïfï,kfha § ;SrKh lrkq ,enqfõ fmrÈ. NdId ms<snò wjfndaOhla we;s
wh ksldhg nòjd .;hq;= njhs'37 Tjqkaf.a foaYSh NdId flfrys mej;s
Wkkaÿj fuhska meyeÈ,s fõ'
538 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
isxyf,ka wd.ñl .%ka: mjd ,shQ isxy, ms<snò ukd oekqula we;s
m%ekaisialka ksldhg wh;a ñIkdÍjrfhl= ol=Kq m<df;a isg we;' ,xldjg
w¨f;ka meñfKk yeu ñIkdß jrfhl=u mdfya Tyq fj;g hjd foaYSh
NdId b.ekaùug lghq;= lr we;' isxy, W.;a mQclhka w;r w;a;k.,a,
m%foaYfha isá fmaÿre o tia' n%dia iy ¥k.y óifï isá w.ia;Skq ksldhg
wh;a msh;=ful= ms<snòj o iòyka fõ'38
fÊiq ksldhslhkag foaYSh NdId yd ixialD;Ska W.ekau wksjdhH_ úh'

Tjqka ;=< ta iòyd oeä Wkkaÿjla o mej;s njg idOl we;' 1602 § meñKs
fudjqka m<uqfjkau lf<a tu ldhH_hhs' fudjqka fld<U újD; l< mdi,a
w;r w¨;a ñIkdÍkag NdId mdi,la o úh'39 1616 muK jk úg foaYSh NdId
W.;a fndfyda mQcljre isg we;' ue;sõ fm,skaf.dÜá" fcdaka fufg,a,d;a"
tïudkqfj,a fldia;d" msfha¾ fí¾.Eka wd§yq ta w;r fõ'
ñIkdÍka cd;sl NdId yeoErejd muKla fkdj tu NdIdj,ska fmd;a

,sùu o lr we;' tu fmd;aj, o m%Odk mrud¾:h jQfha wd.u m%pdrh lsÍu
h' fudjqkaf.a isxy, bf.kSu ms<snò m<uq ,shú,a, yuqjkafka 1545 §
nqjfklndyq rcqf.a mq;%hd;a {d;s mq;%hd;a isxy, jxYdêm;Ska o f.dafõ
Ydka; mdjq¿ úoHd,fha bf.k .kakd wjêfhah' th ls%ia;shdks O¾ufha
uQ,sl lreKq b.ekaùu iòyd lrk ,o ksnkaOhls' 1602 § fÊiq ksldhhka
,xldjg meñKs wjia:dfõ mgka foaYSh NdIdj,ska fmd;a m;a iemhSug
Wkkaÿjla olajd we;' 1610 jk úg ue;sõ fm,skaf.dÜá úiska isxy,g
mßj¾;kh lrk ,o fmd;a /ils' wm iajdóka jykafiaf.a Ôú;fha m%Odk
is o a ë ka o hd{d m% Y a f kda ; a ; r ud,dj o ta w;r fõ' ueáh.fka g .s h
ñIkdÍjrfhl= u,ajdfkka jhi wjqreÿ 70 l muK isxy, m`äjrfhl=
leòjdf.k f.dia t;=udf.a iydh we;sj idka;=jrhkaf.a Ôjk l:d úisyhla
o m%YAfkda;a;r ud,djla o iajdóka jykafiaf.a ÿlam%dma;sh o m%ido ksOdk
y; .ek úia;rhla o ;j;a fndfyda oE o mßj¾;kh lrk ,o nj mejfihs'
tïudkqfj,a fldia;d" fykaß fykaßfla frdnÜ o fkdfn,s hk wh o
fufia mßj¾;k ldhH_fha kshe¨k ñIkdÍyqh'
m%ekaisialka ksldhg wh;a fmaÿre o tian%dia isxy, jHdlrK .%ka:hla

iy wldrdÈhla o ilia lr we;' fÊiq ksldhslhka isxy, jHdlrK .%ka:
folla iïmdokh lr we;' ,;ska NdIdfjka jQ tïudkqfj,a fldia;df.a
Ars Chingalensis Linguae hk lD;sh tajdfhka tlls' fuys msgm;la fuf;la
iïNdId 539
fidhdf.k ke;' mD;=.Sis hq.fha ñIkdÍka isxy, NdIdfjka ,shQ tlo

fmd;laj;a oekg úoHudk fkdfõ'40 mD;=.SiSkaf.a hq.fha wOHdmkh o
Tjqkaf.a wNsm%dh hgf;au mej;=ks' fuu wjêfha msysgqjk ,o mdi,aj,
uQ,sl yd oaú;Shsl wOHdmkfha udOH NdIdj jQfha mD;=.Sish' fld<U fÊiq
ksldhsl úoHd,fha foajO¾u Ydia;% wxYfha udOH NdIdj jQfha ,;skah'
foaYSh NdId b.ekaù o hkak ms<snò meyeÈ,s lreKq úoHudk fkdfõ'
,dxlsl .eñ orejkag isxy, NdIdfjka W.kajk ,o njg kï idlaIs we;'
wd.ñl hd{d isxyf,ka lr we;' wjux., fufyhl§ mdi,a isiqka isxyf,ka
hd{d .dhkd l< njg jd¾;d fõ' tfiau fou< NdIdfjka o .S;sld .dhkd
lr we;s nj jd¾;d ù we;'41
mD;=.Sis hq.fha rÑ; isxy, fmd;a lsisjla j¾udkfha úoHudk fkdfõ'

,kafoais hq.fha cd-flda-fï-f.dkaid,afjia msh;=ud úiska isxy, NdIdfjka
rÑ; fndfyda fmd;a we;' ta hq.h jk úg mD;=.Siska iïmdÈ; fmd;a ;snqKd
oehs meyeÈ,s ke;' flfia kuq;a mD;=.Sis NdIdfõ yd isxy,h w;r hï hï
ixl,khka we;sù ;sfnk nj wOHhkhka ;=<ska wkdjrKh jkq we;'
,kafoais hq.h
fuu hq.fha wOHdmkh ms<snò úêu;a wOHhkhlg myiqlï ke;'

ft;sydisl fyda fjk;a ,sÅ; jd¾;d yuq fkdfõ' ì%;dkH hq.fha uq,a
wjêfha § fÊ' ã' mdï úiska ,shk ,o ,smsj,ska muKs hïlsis wdf,dalhla
iemfhkafka'42 hg;a úð;fha md,k m%Odkshdg wd.ñl yd wOHdmksl
wdh;khka flfrys W;a;Í;r n,hla mejÍ ;snqks' ta wkqj Tjqka m<uqfjkau
ish fmdf;ia;ka; wd.u me;srùug hqyqiq¨ úh' frmrudÿ wd.u me;srùug
Ndr jQ msßia j,g jegqma f.ùu isÿ jQ w;r foaYSh NdId W.;=kag jeä jegqma
f.ùula isÿúh' fmd,ala wdKavqldrhd mejiqfõ —uyckhdf.a is;a Èkd
.ekSfï ksiel u. jeà we;af;a Tjqkaf.a NdIdjka u.sks'˜ hkqfjks' fuhska
foaYSh NdId flfrys fudjqka fld;rï Wkkaÿjla olajk ,o oehs meyeÈ,s
fõ'
,kafoais md,kfha ;j;a ,laIKhla jQfha foajia:dkh yd mdi, tlu

;ekl ia:dk.; lsÍuhs' th ,xldfõ msßfjka yd mdi,a fuks' yeu mdi,lau
fl<skau ,kafoais mQclhkaf.a md,khg hg;aj mej;sKs'
540 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
bßod yer i;sfha ish¨ Èkhkays mdi,a meje;ajQ w;r §¾> ksjdvq mej;sfha
ke;' k;a;,a Èkh" w¨;a wjqreÿ Èkh" iaj¾.dfrdayK Èkh" hd{d lsÍfï
yd ia;=;s lsÍfï Èkh jYfhka j¾Ifha fjka flreKq úfYAI Èk lSmhla
muKla ksjdvq jYfhka mej;sks' Wfoa ld,fha 8-11 olajd o miajrefõ 2-5
olajd o mdi,a meje;aúKs'
l%s'j' 1650 jk úg ,xldfõ mdi,a msysgqùu werUQ ,kafoaiSka" mQclhska

m;alsÍu o isÿ flßks' meßia kqjr § isxy, yd fou< cd;slhkag f;da,alhka
u.ska b.ekaùï lghq;= lrk ,§'
,xldfõ § ,kafoaiSka ish <uhskag W.kajkafka flfiao@ hk m%Yakhg

uqyqK fokakg isÿ úh' ta;a iu.u isxy, <uhskaf.a wOHdmkh ms<snò
.eg¨j o u;= úh' ta iòyd fudjqka m<uqfjkau mdi,a msysgqùu wdrïN
flßks' fuu mdi,a ñY% tajd úh' iud.fï yd n¾.¾ jrekaf.a orejka
iòyd fudjqka fko¾,ka;fha o mdi,la újD; flßks' wk;=rej uvïj,
o mdi,a wdrïN lrk ,§' tfukau meßia mdi,a yd fm!oa.,sl mdi,a
msysgqùh' fïjd rcfha wdOdr ,enQ mdi,ah' fjk;a mdi,a msysgqùu iòyd
fldkafoais mekùu iud.u u.ska lrk ,§'43
wkd: orejka iòyd fjku u wdh;k msysg jQ w;r tajdfha wOHdmkh

.eyekq yd msßñ fomsßig fjka fjkaj isÿ lrk ,§' jeäúhg m;a msßñ
<uhska jD;a;Sh mqyqKqjla o .eyekq <uhska ueyqï f.;=ï jeks mqyqKqjla o
,nk ,§' jhi wjq 18$20 muK jkúg mdif,ka wiaùug kshu úh' thska
miq msßñ <uhskag /lshdjla ,nd ÿka w;r .eyekq <uhs we;efula ,kafoais
l=,Skhkaf.a ksfjiaj, fufyhg f.k.sh w;r we;efula újdy úh'44
fIda,d¾yd,fm¾ydoßx kue;s mdi,a uvq,a,
1663 foieïn¾ ms y s g q j k ,o fuu mdi,a uKa v ,h ,ka f oa i s mdi,a

mßmd,kfha uQ,ia:dkh úh' m%Odk wOHdmk uKav,h jk fuhg wu;rj
m%dfoaYSh jYfhka wkq uKav, o m;alr ;snqks' tajdfha ishü idudðlhka
m;a lrkq ,enqfõ wdKavqldrjrhd úisks' f,alï OQrh iòyd m;alrkq
,enqfõ mQcljrfhls' mdi,a mßmd,kh yerekq úg fuu uKav,hg újdy
ms<snò ishü j.lSï o ysñ úh'
iïNdId 541
mdi,a uvq,af,a m%Odk j.lSu jQfha jd¾Isl mdGYd,d mÍlaIKh meje;aùuhs'

iEu mdi,lgu f.dia jd¾;djla iïmdokh lr wdKavqldrhdg bÈßm;a
lsÍu iòyd m;al< lKavdhug mQcl mlaIfha tla wfhl=;a .sys idudðlfhl=
(Scholarchan) o kï flßks' ^fuu uKav,fha idudðl ixLHdj jßka jr
fjkia flßks' 1663 § ;sfofkl= isá w;r 1697 § y;a fofkl= isáhy'&
fudjqka b;d ÿIalr .ukaj,ska miqj fjfyiS ilia lrk jd¾;dj wdKavqldrhd
úiska fko¾,ka;fha ima;oY iajdñjreka fj; hjkq ,efí' iaflda,dlka
^mÍCIljrhd& ish mÍlaIK jd¾;dj jd¾Islj mÍlaIK uKav,h fj;
bÈßm;a lrhs' tu uKav,h tu jd¾;dj wdKavqldrhd fj; bÈßm;a lrhs'
uka;%K iNd.; wdKavqldrhd úiska .=rejreka m;a lsÍu mÍlaId lsÍu lrkq
,nhs' mdi,a uKav,hg úúO n,;, mjrd we;' ta ish,a, wdKvqldrhdf.a
hgf;a l%shd;aul jk w;r wdrïNfha § fuu mdi,a uKav, id¾:lj
mej;s kuq;a miqj wldhH_laIu úh'
,kafoais mdGYd,d
fuu mdi,aj, <uhskag lshùu" ,sùu wxl .Ks;h" wlaIr úkHdih

N+f.da, úoHdj" .dhkh wdÈh W.kajk ,§' .=rejreka jYfhka m;a lr.kakd
,oafoa l;slSiau .=rejreka yd frda.Ska n,kakka (Ziekentrooatera) jekakjqka
w;=ßka h' tfia;a ke;skï iud.fï fiajhg wh;a jQfjdah' msáir m%foaYj,§
hqO Ngfhda o .=rejre f,i lghq;= lr we;'
1737 § fld<U fm!oa.,sl mdi,a y;rla úh' wk;aore uvu" kd.ßl

mdi," wdÿremamq ùÈfha mdi," fldgqfõ mdi, hkq tajdhs' .d¨ k.rfha o
mdi,a folla úh' óg wu;rj ud;r o .d¨ fldgqfõ o ;j;a mdi,a folla
úh' hdmkfha ;j;a mdi,a mej;sh o jd¾;dj, tajd ms<snòj iòyka fkdfõ'45
mdi,aj, mD;=.Sis NdIdj fkdb.ekaúh hq;=jd fukau l:d lsÍu o fkdl<
hq;= nj kshu úh' uq,a hq.fha fuu kS;sh mej;sh o miqj l%ufhka fï
;;a;ajh myj .sfhah'46
,xldj hg;a lr.;a ,kafoaiSyq mD;=.Sis n,mEu f;areï .;a fudjqyq

frmrudÿ wd.u m%pdrh iòyd jvd;a wjOdkh fhduq l<y' wd.ug yrjd
.ekSu Tjqkaf.a m%Odk mrud¾:h úh' 1650 Èjhsfkys fkdfhla m<d;aj,
msysgqjk ,o m%Odk mdi,a yereKq úg iajfoaYSh mdi,a 16lg fkdwvqj
msysgqjQy' fuksid 17 ishjfia w. Nd.fha iy 18 ishjfia uq,a wjêfha
37 - CM23766
542 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
iajNdId yd iajfoaYSh wOHdmkhg fydò ;ekla ,eìks'47 thska uq,a;ek

,enqfka hdmkhg hs' 1679 jk úg fld<U mdi,a fukau YsIH ixLHdfõ o
úYd, j¾Okhla we;s úh' tfy;a frdaudkq lf;da,sl n,mEfuka fjka
fkdjQ fudjqka jvd;a <uhska flfrys wjOdkfhka lghq;= lrkakg úh'
jhi wjqreÿ yh ,enQjka mdi,g we;=<;a lr.ekSu iòyd jevigykla

fukau mdi,g meñfKk ish,a,ka fjkqfjka wkq.ukh l<hq;= jev
igykla 1679 § fcrÜ ä ysh¾ia wdKavqldrhd úiska ksl=;a lrk ,§' orejka
mdi,g fkdtjk foudmshkag ov meñKùu o werUqfKa fuu wjêfha §h'
<ufhl= mdi,g fkdmeñKs tla Èklg ;U ldish ne.ska o breÈk m,a,shg
fkd.sh tla Èklg ;U ldis y;r ne.ska o mdi,ska wia jQ miqj mÍCIKhg
fkdmeñKs jrlg ,eßia nd.h ne.ska o ov .ik ,§'48 wvq iqÿiqlï we;s
.=rejreka iòyd jevuq¿ f,iska fm%älekagkajrhd mj;ajk ,o WmfoaYk
mka;sj,g iyNd.s ùu wksjdhH_ úh' óg wu;rj .=rejrekaf.a oekqu
jeäÈhqKq lr.kqjia mqj;am;a fmd;a wdÈh fkdñ,fha iemhSu o isÿúh'
mdif,a .=Kd;aul ixj¾Okh iòyd ffoksl meñKSu o frmrudÿ wd.u
oekSfï ;;a;ajh o ks;r ks;r mÍlaIdjg ,laflßks'
jdÑl Wmfoia fkdj lshùfuka yd ,sùfuka jvd;a M,odhS;djhla we;s

lr.; yels nj mÍlaIljrekaf.a woyi úh' tksid .=rejrekag kj fmd;
m; lshùug wjYH úh' th b;d myiq jQfha 1737 § iud.fï uqøKd,h
fld<U msysgqùu;a iu. h' fuu uqøKd,fha isxy, fou< fmd;a uqøKh
flßks' .=rejreka fj; mej;s w;a msgm;a o uqøKh lsÍu ksid wOHdmk
wxYfha jvd;a fõ.j;a ÈhqKqjla we;s úh'
mdi,a ixLHdfõ fukau .=rejrekaf.a ixLHdfõ o j¾Okh tkak tkaku

jeä úh' Bg fya;= jYfhka mÍCIljrhd j¾;d lr we;af;a .=rejrekaf.a
jro njhs' Tjqka ryia.; fn!oaOhka fyda fkdyslauqKq úkdYldÍ mqoa.,hka
ùu nj jd¾;dlr we;' .d,a, yd ud;r m%foaYj, mdi,a ixLHd;aulj wvq
jQ w;r ldhH_laIu;djh w;ska o wvq nj jd¾;dlr we;' fn!oaO n,fldgq
jQ fuu m%foaYj, ckhd fïjdfha ÈhqKqjg úúO ndOd" úfrdaO;d olajd we;'
1731 § mÍlaIKh iòyd .sh mÍlaIljrfhl=g myr ÿka mqj;la o jd¾;d ù
we;'49
iïNdId 543
mdi,a ish,a,lau ,kafoais md,kh hgf;a fkdùh' miqj újD; l< mdi,a
o úh' ud;r fldgqj ;=< mej;s Wiia mdi, fyj;a wmamqydñ mdi, kñka
ye`Èkaùh' fuh l=,Sk isxy,hkaf.a <uhs iòyd msysgqjk ,§' tfy;a miq
ld,fha§ tu ;;a;ajfhka ñ§ my;a l=,j, orejkao fuu mdif,a wOHdmkh
,enQ nj 1760 mÍlaIl jd¾;dfõ we;' fuu ;;a;ajh o jeäl,a fkdmej;s
w;r l=, ySkhka iòyd fldgqfjka msg mdi,la msysgqùh'50
,kafoaiSkag hg;ajk úg hdmkfha b;d fydò ;;a;ajfha f.dvke.s,s

;snqks' tu m%foaYfha frdaudkq lf;da,sl foajia:dk 20 la muK úh' Bg
wu;rj yskaÿ foajd, 34 la o úh' 1658 § j,slduï m%foaYfha § m<uqjrg
frmrudÿ wd.u ms,sma nd,aÈfhia úiska y`ÿkajd fok ,§' miq ld,fha jeäu
frmrudÿ Nla;slhka isáfha fuu m%foaYfhah' 1786 jk úg hdmkfha mdi,aj,
YsIH ixLHdj 35963 ls' óg wu;rj uvl,mqfjys 260 la o ;%sl=Kdu,fhys
95 la o jYfhka YsIHhka isg we;' fï m%foaYj, t;rï ÈhqKq wOHdmk
l%uhla mej;s njg idOl ke;'
,kafoais hq.fha .eyekq mdi,a msysgqùu ms<snò f,dl= wjOdkhla fkdmej;sh

o fndfyda whf.a wixjr l%shdj,ska fjkalr Tjqka wdrlaId lsÍug wjOdkh
fhdod we;' .eyqkq orejka yels ;rï mdi,a wOHdmkfhka wE;alr ;eîug
foudmshkag Wmfoia ÿka w;r mdi,a .sh o wjqreÿ oyh jkúg mdi, yer
hd hq;= úh' fuu ;;a;ajh ksid .eyekq <uhskaf.a wOHdmkh wiïmQ¾K
;;a;ajhl mej;=ks'
,kafoaiSka jy¨kag mjd wOHdmkh §u iòyd ux i,id we;' 1681 §

fld<U fï iòyd mej;s wdh;kfha jy¨ka 200 la muK W.;a nj iòyka
fõ' óg wu;rj f.or§ u jy¨kag wOHdmkh §fï jev igykla o
l%shd;aul úh' 1663 § ov l%uh fudjqka úiska o wdrïN l< w;r úúO
ixfYdaOkhkag ,lafjñka th l%shd;aul úh'
1690 § ,xldfõ fiufkaßhka folla msysgqjkq ,eîh' hdmkfha k,aÆ¾ys

tll=;a fld<U tll=;a f,isks' k,aÆ¾ys wdrïNfha § YsIHhka 24 fofkla
úh' fou< NdIdj W.;a úoHd,hdêm;s yd ;j;a iajfoaYslhka fofofkla
fuys fiajfha fh§ we;' wdrïNfha § b;d fydò ;;a;ajhl mej;s fuu
fiufkaß miqj b;du wldhH_laIu úh' 1725 jk úg fuu wdh;k jid
544 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
oeóh' fuh ckiudch flfrys n,j;a n,mEula úh' kej; 1690 wf.da' 24
Èk fld<U fiufkaßh msysgqùh' tys m<uqjeks wêm;sjrhd jQfha isfudkalÜ
mQcl ;=udh' fï iòyd f;dard.kq ,enqfõ b;du iqÿiq <uhska 24 fofkls'
l=, ms<snò úfYaI wjOdkhla fuys ;sî we;'51 fuu fiufkaßj, wOHdmk
l%uh wxY follska hq;= úh' by< yd my< hkqfjks' by< fY%aKsfha §
,kafoais NdIdfjka iajfoaYSh NdIdj,g mßj¾;kh lsÍu o b.ekaùu iajNdId
ixj¾Okhg fya;= idOlhla úh' isxy, NdIdj ms<snò úYdrofhl= jQ fÊ' Ô'
fjÜfia,shia 1737 § werô ,kafoais uqøKd,fhka m<lrk ,o wd.ñl
fmd;a lSmhla b.ekaùï iòyd Ndú;lr we;' ta ksidfjka wOHdmkfha
ixj¾Okh ÈhqKq ;shqKq úh' 1744 § tan%yï kï isxy, isiqfjla f,kavka
úYajúoHd,hg we;=<;alr rcfha úhoñka b.ekaùu lrk ,§' fufia l,ska
l, olaI YsIHfhda f;dard tfia wOHhk lghq;= iòyd ´,kaohg fhduqlr
we;' miq lf,l fuu fiufkaßj, úIhud,dj ixfYdaOkh lr foaYSh
ckhdf.a wjYH;djh jvd;a imsfrk mßÈ ilialrk ,§' fuu fiufkaß
l%uh ,xldjg iïmQ¾Kfhkau id¾:l fkdjQj;a miqld,Sk wOHdmk l%uh
iòyd fuys n,mEu jvd jeo.;a jQ nj meyeÈ,sh'
fiufkaß wid¾:l ùu fidhdne,Sfï § meyeÈ,s jQfha .=rejrekaf.a

kqmqyqKq nj thg m%Odk idOlh jQ njhs' ta wkqj 1747 § .=remqyqKq wdh;khla
fld<U§ werôKs' msgfldgqfõ mdi,a f.dvke.s,a,la fï iòyd fhdod
.ekqKs' fuh o È.= l,la mej;s njg jd¾;d ke;' fld<U m%Odk fiufkaßhg
tl;= jQjd úh yelsh'
fiufka ß j, È.= l d,S k meje;a u fkdue;s jq j o ,xldfõ wOHdmk

lafIa;%fhys,d fïjdfhka ie,lsh hq;= wOHdmksl fufyhla isÿúh' fï
iòyd fya;= jQ m%Odk idOl w;r jeo.;a jkafka wdKavqldrhd fm!oa.,slju
fï iòyd ueÈy;a ùuhs' fndfyda fiufkaß jeiqk o fld<U mej;s fiufkaßh
mej;Sug m%Odk fya;=j jQfha o th úh hq;=h' tfia jqj o miqld,Skj
fld<U fiufkaßh o jeiS .sfhah'
fï jkúg mej;s .=remqyqKq fiufkaß o wl%Sh ;;ajhl mej;=ks' tksid

1747 jk úg .=re mqyqKqj iòyd ;j;a mdi,la fld<T § újD; lsÍug
n;dúfha wdKavqldrhd úiska wkqu; lrk ,§' ,kafoais iud.ug wh;a
msgfldgqfõ ;snQ f.dvke.s,a, kùlrKh fldg fï iòyd fhdod .ekqKs'
fuys wêm;s jQfha ms,sma ä' fu,afhd ;=udh' Tyqf.a iydhg foaYSh .=rejre
iïNdId 545
fofofkla m;a ùu52 iajNdId wOHdmkhg ;j;a wdYs¾jdohla úh' fuh o

flá l,lska wl%Sh úh'
mdi,a .=rejre ms<snò ,kafoaiSka úfYaI Wkkaÿjla olajd we;' iuia:

wOHdmk l% s h j,s f ha id¾:l;a j h mj;s k a f ka .= r ejreka ;= < nj Tjq k a
jgydf.k ;sîu óg fya;=jhs' meßIa mdi,aj, iajNdId .=rejre uy;a
f.!rjhg m;a jQfjdah' .=rejrhd frmrudÿ iNdfõ wksjdhH_ idudðl;ajh
,eìh hq;= w;r wd.ñl úYajdih" pß; j¾Okh" olaI;djh ms<snò lrkq
,nk mÍlaIKhlska miq mÍlaIl jrhdf.a jd¾;dj wkqj wdKavqldrhd;a
m%foaYdêm;s jrhd;a w;aika l< ;,am;l ,shQ m;%sldjla §fuka m;aùu
m%odkh flf¾' fuu meßIa mdi,aj, uq,a .=rejrhd foaYSh l=,jf;l= jk
w;ru mdi,a f;daïnqj fyj;a f,aLk Ndrlre o Tyqu fõ' fjk;a iudc
jrm%ido fndfyduhla o fudyqg ffk;sl jYfhkau ysñ úh'
,kafoais hq.fha mdi,a wOHdmk l%shdj,sfha fndfyda fjkialï we;s úh'

ienúkau tajd fjkialï fkdj úêu;a mßmd,k wxYhkaf.a ixj¾Okhls'
ta wxYhka w;r .=rejegqma ,nd §u .=rejrhdg ks, we`ÿula ,nd §u mdi,a
fmd;a ,nd§u' mdi,a f.dvke.s,s" f.j;= j.dj iòyd YsIHhka yqre lsÍu"
.=re mqgq yd fïi y`ÿkajd§u" wd§ b;d jeo.;a wxY rdYshla fuu wjêfha
wOHdmk lafIA;%hg tlaùu w;sYh m%Yxid;aulh'
mD;=.Sis yd ,kafoais hq.j, § isxy, yd øúv idys;Hhkaf.a o mßj¾;khla

isÿ úh' 1737 § isxyf,ka uqøs; m<uq .%ka:h t,soelSu uqøK b;sydifha
jeo.;a ika ê ia : dkhls ' fï ms < s n ò úia ; rhla fuys , d ls Í ug woyia
fkdlrkafka m%ia;=;fhka msg jQ úIh tallhla jk neúks'
m%:u mrdl%undyq rcqf.a ^l%s'j' 1153-1186& ld,h md,s idys;Hfha mYapd;a

ld,Sk ixj¾Ok hq.hhs' tfia;a ke;skï mYApd;a nqoaOf>dai hq.hhs' ;j;a
wxYhlska lsh;fyd;a àld hq.fha Wodjhs'
Wÿïnr.s ß úydrjdiS Ydßmq ; % f;reka f .a m% O dk;a j fhka m<uq j eks

mrdl%undyq rdcH iufha mej;s iNdfõ m%Odk;ajh biqÆ uqkajykafia tu
ix.ufha uqLHd¾:h jQ wÜGl:d md,s NdIdjg mßj¾;kh lsÍuhs' t;eka
mgka fuu wgqjdj,g àld ,sùfï mrmqr werUqks'
546 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
Ydßmq;% ysñf.a yd YsIH mrmqf¾ àld

wNsOïu;a: ix.yhg - fmdardK àldj"
nd,djfndaOkh - Wÿïnr.sßúydr jdiS uydldYHm ysñ
idr;a:§mkS- iuka;mdidÈld àldj
,Sk;a:mamldiskS Ydßmq;% f;rekaf.ah
mGuidr;a:uxcqid - iqux., ú,disks àldj
ÿ;shidr;a:uxcqid- mm[apiQokS àldj
;;shidr;a:uxcqid - idr;a:mamldiskS àldj
p;=;a:idr;a:uxcqid - ufkdr:mQrKS àldj
mGumru;a:mamldiskS - w;a:id,skS àldj
ÿ;shmru;a:mamldiskS - iïfudy úfkdokS àldj
;;shmru;a:mamldiskS - m[apmamlrK wÜGl:d àldj53
fï ms<snò §¾> wOHhkhla lsÍu fjku ld¾hhls' th .eUqre Ydia;%Sh

wOHhkhls' úoaj;a wjOdkh fï iòyd fhduq jkq ±lSu wfmaCIdjhs'
mdol igyka
1 ksjkau. rcfha uqøKd,h

2 md,s isxy, wldrdÈh
3 YS% iqux., YíofldaIh YS% fidar; kdysñ 8 ms'
4 uÊCêu ksldh 111 nq'c'uq' Od;= úNx. iq;a; 396-510 msgq'
5 isxy, idys;H jxYh ikakia., 46 ms'
6 uydjxYh nqoaOo;a; ysñ 38 mß' 10ms'
9 ,laÈj nqÿiuh b;sydih j,afmd, rdyq, ysñ' 37 ms'
10 ðkjxi§mï fïOdkkao f:r 5-7 ms'
13 isxy, NdIdfõ m%Njh yd m%j¾Okh úu,a ð' n,.,af,a 42-57 msgq'
14 isxy, idys;H,;d - fld;auf,a wurjxY ysñ 10 ms'
15 Early History of Buddhism in Ceylon B'ví'wÈldrï 10 ms'
16 úu;súfkdaokS fudrgqfõ Oïudkkao ysñ ixialrKh m%ia:djkdj ¸¸¸ ms'
17 mdyshka foaYdgk jd¾;dj - n,.,af,a úu,nqoaê ixialrKh 116 ms'
iïNdId 547
18 ksldh ix.%yh 10 ms'

19 ,xldfõ wOHdmkh ishji m%ldYkh 1 ldKavh 265 ms'
20 The Temporl and Spiritïl Conquest of Ceylon 1930 235-236 p
22 tu
23 tu 266 ms'
24 tu 266 ms'
26 o¾Ykh ye`Èkaùula' ta'ä'ms' l,xiQßh 2-3 msgq
28 tu 268 ms
29 Petar W.L.A.Don Studies in Ceylon Church History , 1963 11, 16, 40, 43, 104, 116 p
31 tu 271 ms
32 tu 270 ms
33 tu 271 ms
34 Iqud¾ iy úlS bi' 1 ld' 377-378 ms'
35 mSg¾ Pioneers of the Drama in Ceylon bi in 28-35 ms'
36 A Compreheìive Grammar of the Sinhaleso Languago (Y%S ,xld idys;H uKav,h
1962& 368-375 ms'fmf¾rd tia'ð' Portuguese on Sinhalese on Sinhaleso speech
CALR iiiv ld 45-60 ms
37 yHqia'á' Loyala and the Education System of the Jesuits ^,kavka 1892& 162 ms'
39 tu 279 ms'
40 tu 280 ms'
41 tu 281 ms'
42 The Eduation Eatabliahment of the Duteh in Ceylon. JRASCB (1840) 105MS –
JDBUC 28 ld 4 fld' 142ms' isg 29 ld' 2 fld' 44 ms' isg
44 wkaf;daksia w¾' ms' The Ducth in Ceyion JDBUC 25 ld' wx' 1' 10 ms'
45 1751 fkdje' 05 jeks Èk orK iaflda,¾l¾ jd¾;dj rd'f,a' ,kafoais f,aLk wx'
6236
49 tu 290 ms'
50 tu 291 ms'
51 tu 293" 299 msgq'
52 1746 fkdje 26 ,kafoais foaYmd,k uKav, rd'f,' ,kafoais f,aLk wx' 101
53 md,s idys;H b;sydih - ysrsmsáfha m[a[dls;a;s ysñ
548 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
úIhud,dfõ m%Odk fldgia yd tAjd w;r mj;akd

wka;¾ iïnkaO;dj ms<sn| úuiqula
,dyq., iq.;ØK ysñ
^rdclSh mKaä;" f.!rj Ydia;%fõ§" Ydia;%m;s" mYapd;a Wmdê wOHdmk ämaf,daud&
yerñá., Ydia;%d,xldr uy msßfjka wdpd¾h
mq oai;a.,hd hkq Wiia Ñka ; k Yla ; s h ls k a fyì

;ajfhls' tfy;a Tyq fm!oa.,sl jYfhka fyda
idudðl jYfhka fyda hym;a m%;spdr fkdolajkafka
kï msßmqka ñksil= fkdfõ' tneúka ukqIH;ajhg
wys;lr n,mEï j,ska fjka ùu;a nqoaêu;a nj"
iÞpdrj;a nj" Ñ;a ; fõ.S h md,kh" ldhs l
iunr;dj wd§ .=Kdx. j¾Okh lr .ekSu;a isÿlr
.; hq;= h' tkï mqoa.,hd fm!oa.,sl jYfhka
ia j dNs j Doa ê h i,id .ka k d w;r u iudcfha
Wkak;sh fjkqfjka o lghq;= l< hq;= h' wOHdmkh ;=<ska w¾:j;a ù
we;af;a o th hs' wOHdmk l%shdj,sh id¾:l lr .kq jia úúO ie<iqï
l%ufõo ilia fldg we;' tA wkqj wOHdmk l%shdj,sfha § m%uqL;dj ,efnkafka
úIhud,djg hs' thg fya;=j cd;Hka;r jYfhka fyda cd;sl jYfhka fyda
ilia lr .kakd ,o mrud¾: yd wruqKq lrd YsIHhd .uka lrùfï l%shdj,sh
ielfikafka úIhud,dfjka ksidfjks'
úIhud,djla ilia lr .ekSfï § úúO wOHdmk{hska úiska m¾fhaIK

fldg bÈßm;a lrk ,o wdlD;s Wmldß lr .kq ,efí' à' ví,sõ' /,a*A
iïNdId 549
ghs,¾" fla' ù,¾" fcdaka t*a' l¾" ys,avd ;dnd" fnkacñka íÆï wd§kaf.a
úIhud,d wdlD;s tys § fnfyúka WmldÍ lr .kq ,efí' fufia ilia lr
.kakd úIhud,dfõ m%Odk fldgia y;rla olakg ,efí'
1' wruqKq
2' úIh wka;¾.;h fyda mdvu
3' bf.kqï l%u fyda bf.kqï w;a±lSï
4' we.hSï
úIhud,djla l%shd;aul lrkq ,nkafka YsIHhd flakaø lr f.k mdi,a

mka;s ldurh ;=< § h' tys § YsIHhd hjkafka fld;ekg o@ heúh hq;af;a
flfia o@ tA i|yd l< hq;= l%shdud¾. ljf¾ o@ YsIHhd wjYH ia:dkhg
<Õd ù we;a o@ hk m%Yak u;= fõ' úIhud,djla wjYH jkafka fu;ek § h'
fulS lreKq uQ,sl jYfhka úIhud,djl moku fõ' wruqKq ;SrKh lsÍu"
úIh wka;¾.;h" bf.kqï l%u yd we.hSu hk fldgia úIhud,djla
l%shd;aul lsÍfï § úêu;aj yd wLKavj mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk w;r tfia
mj;a j df.k hkq ,nka f ka fïjd w;r mj;a k d wúfhda c kS h wka ; ¾
iïnkaO;dj o we;sj h' tkï" fuu.ska woyia lrkq ,nkafka úIhud,djla
hkq iuia: jQ;a wLKav jQ;a l%shdj,shla jk w;r fï tlsfklla w;r
wka;¾ iïnkaO;djla o ;sìh hq;= njhs' fï wkqj fï tlsfklla w;r
mj;akd wka;¾ iïnkaO;dj ms<sn|j idlÉPd lsÍfï § tA tlsfklla ms<sn|j
o wjfndaOh ,nd .ekSu jvd;a fhda.H fõ'
wruqKq
wruqKq" úIhud,dfõ olakg ,efnk tla wx.hla fõ' wruqKq ;SrKh

lrkq ,nkafka mrud¾: fyda wNsu;d¾: ;SrKh lsÍfuka wk;=rej h' fï
ksid úIh ud,dfõ tla fldgilg mrud¾: yd wruqKq fjka fõ' mrud¾:
Âims& hk jpkh i|yd wNsu;d¾: hk jpkh o iq,Nj Ndú; fõ'
mrud¾: hk moh mq¿,a jQ w¾:hla Nckh lrhs' zzlsishï m%;sm;a;shla u;
msysgd l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk jevigykla wjidkfha § we;s fõ hehs
wfmaCId lrk ksIaGd M,h" wjidk m%;sM,h mrud¾: fõ'ZZ1 wOHdmk mrud¾:
jQ l,S wOHdmk l%shdj,sh yd ne£ mj;sk" §¾>ld,Skj bgq lr.; yels
550 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
jvd;a jHdma; jQ mD:q, jQ wjika M, iQuyh hs'2 fufia ilia lr .kakd ,o

mrud¾: uqÿka muqKqjd .ekSu i|yd úúO l%shdud¾. ie<iqï l< hq;= fõ'
mrud¾: uqÿka muqKqjd .ekSu i|yd §¾> ld,hla .; fõ' tA wkqj mrud¾:
lrd <Õdùug b,lal ;sìh hq;= h' tlS b,lal wruqKq kï fõ' fuhska
meyeÈ,s jkafka wOHdmk wruqKla hkq mrud¾: lrd <Õdùug n,dfmdfrd;a;=
jk ueksh yels m%;sM, ms<sn| m%ldYkhla hkak hs'
úIh wka;¾.;h fyda mdvu
Wla; i|yka l< lreKqj,ska mrud¾: yd wruqKq ljf¾ o hkak

uekúka meyeÈ,s úh' mrud¾: lrd <Õdùug wruqKq rdYshla mj;S' mka;s
ldurh ;=< § fï ish,a,la w;am;a lr .; fkdyelsh' tneúka tlS wruqKq
l=vd l=vd bf.kqï wruqKqj,g mßj¾;kh fldg iqúfYaIs lr .kq ,efí'
iqúfYaIS wruqKq f,i tAjd y÷kajhs' mka;s ldurh ;=< § bf.kqï tAllhlg
fyda tAll lsysmhlg iïnkaOj mj;akd fia ilid we;af;a iqúfYaIS wruqKq
hs' fï iqúfYaIS wruqKq kej; ld,Éfþohla ;=< § bÈßm;a l< yels wdldrhg
ilia lr .kq ,efí' tA wkqj úIh wka;¾.;h fyda mdvu f,i i,lkq
,nkafka fuu iqúfYaI fldg W.kajkq ,nk wruqKq hs'
wruqKq yd úIh wka;¾.;h ms<sn|j ;jÿrg;a wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSug

WÞyrKhla i<ld n,uq' ziunr fm!reIhlska hq;= ñksfil= ìys lsÍu
wOHdmk mrud¾:hls' iunr fm!reIhla we;s lsÍug úúO yelshd ;sìh
hq;= h' tneúka idCIr;dj we;s lsÍu tla wruqKls' idCIr;dj ,nd§u
tljr l< fkdyelsh' tA ksid tu wruqK l=vd l=vd wruqKqj,g iqúfYaI
lr .; hq;=h' tkï ijka§u" l:kh" ,sùu wd§ f,i h' fufia iqúfYaI
lr.kakd ,o wruqKq iqúfYaI wruqKq fõ' wOHdmk mrud¾:" wOHdmk
wruqKq yd iqúfYaI wruqKq tlsfklg iïnkaO jk whqre tA wkqj fuhska
meyeÈ,s fõ' tlS iïnkaO;dj fufia ±laúh yelsh'3
iïNdId 551
fmdÿ wOHdmk mrud¾: ^WÞ (- hym;a ñksfil= ;ekSu&
wOHdmk mrud¾: ^WÞ (- î& Y%S ,dxlslfhl= ;ekSu

îi& iudcjd§ ñksfil= ;ekSu&
wruqKq 1 wruqKq 2 wruqKq 3 wruqKq 4 wruqKq 5
ijka§u l:kh lshùu ,sùu
iqúfYaI tAll fydaäh ,sùu jdlH ,sùu
mdvu w ,sùu b ,sùu
bf.kqï l%u fyda bf.kqï w;a±lSï
zzúlsŒu ksid ñ, § .ekSula isÿjkakdla fuka b.ekaùu ksid bf.kSula

isÿ fõZZ4 hkqfjka vqù b.ekaùfï ixl,amh ú.%y lr olajhs' úlsŒula
fkdjk ;ek ñ, § .ekSula isÿ fkdfõ' tfuka u b.ekaùula fkdue;s
;ek bf.kqula isÿ fkdfõ' fuhska meyeÈ,s fjkafka bf.kqu ,nkakd
tkï YsIHhd yd .=rejrhd w;r wfkHdkH iïnkaO;djla we;sj bf.kqï
b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh mj;ajd.; hq;= njhs' fï i|yd úúO l%u tkï jHdmD;s"
lKavdhï" idlÉPd jeks l%u Ndú; lrñka bf.kqï wjia:d YsIHdg ,ndÈh
hq;=h'
we.hS u
úIhud,dfõ olakg ,efnk wfkla wx.h jkafka we.hSu hs' YsIHhd

wjYH wNsu;d¾: lrd <Õd ù we;af;a ±hs ks.ukh lrkq ,nkafka fï
wjia:dfõ § h' fuh bf.kqï l%shdj,sfha wjidkfha l< hq;a;la fkdfõ'
bf.kqï l%shdj,sh mj;ajdf.k hk iEu wjia:djla ;=< § u we.hSu isÿ
lrkq ,nhs' tfuka u we.hSfuka bf.kqï l%shdj,sh wjika o fkdfõ' thg
fya;=j wfmaCIs; b,lal lrd YsIHhd fhduq ù fkdue;s kï tA i|yd
m%;sld¾h jevigyka l%shd;aul l< hq;= ùuhs'
552 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
úIhud,djl olakg ,efnk m%Odk wx. ms<sn|j uQ,sl ±kqu ,nd.ekSu

i|yd Wla; lreKq m%dud‚l hehs yefÕa' fï ms<sn|j f;dr;=re miq igyka
;=<ska o úia;r fõ'
úIhud,dfõ m%Odk fldgia w;r mj;akd jQ wfkHdkH iïnkaO;dj
fuf;la úia;r lrkakg fhÿfka úIhud,dfõ olakg ,efnk m%Odk

fldgia h' úIhud,d wdlD;s ilia lrkakka yd úIhud,d iïmdolhska
úIhud,d ilia lrkq ,nkafka fï m%Odk fldgia wka;¾.; jk mßoafoks'
fïjd fjk fjk u wOHhkh myiqj Wfoid idlÉPd l<;a fï tla tla
fldgila wka;¾ iïnkaO;djlska hqla; h' my; rEm igyfkka ±lafjkafka
tlS wka;¾ iïnkaO;djh hs'
* fhdackdj
* wNsu;d¾:
* wruqK
<
l%ufõo$b.ekaùfï wka;¾.;h
m<mqreoao < úIh m%ùK;ajh
* we.hSu
* ld¾h idOkh
* ñKqu
wOHdmk l%shdj,sh ;=< bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh uQ,sl jYfhka

m%Odk wjia:d ;=klska iukaú; nj uydpdhœ is,aú fiakdër uy;añh
fmkajd fokakS h'5 my; ±lafjkafka tu wjia:d ;=khs'
î& wruqKq ksYaph lsÍu'
îi& bf.kqï b.ekaùï wjia:d ixúOdkh iy l%shdjg kexùu'
îii& we.hqu'
iïNdId 553
fuu wjia:d ;=k w;r wfkHdkH iïnkaO;djla o we;s nj weh my;

mßÈ fmkajd fokakS h'6
b.ekaùu
<
wruqKq < bf.kqu b.ekaùï wjia:d < we.hqu
fuu rEmigyfkka úia;r flfrk wdldrhg Wla; i|yka l< wjia:d

;=k w;r wfkHdkH iïnkaO;djla we;s nj uekúka meyeÈ,s fõ' fuu
woyig iudk woyila yhsÜ ^Hight ( 1969& úiska o bÈßm;a lr we;'
zzb.ekaùu fldgia ;=klska iukaú; jQjls' uq,ska u .=rejrhd úIh

ms<sn| iQÞkï úh hq;= w;r fojkqj th isiqkag ikaksfõokh l< hq;= h'
wjidkfha Tyq b.ekajQ oE kej; iudf,dapkh lr we.hSug o ,la l<
hq;= h'ZZ7
fï ish¨ lreKq ;=<ska meyeÈ,s fjkafka úIh ud,dfõ m%Odk fldgia

w;r wfkHdkH iïnkaO;djla mej;sh hq;= njhs'
m%ia;=;h ms<sn|j idlÉPd lsÍfï § weh ±lajQ fojk wjia:dj jk

bf.kqï b.ekaùï wjia:d fldgia follg fjka lr .; yelsh' tkï
wka;¾.;h ms<sn| m%ùK;ajh yd b.ekaùfï l%uh fyj;a W.kajkafka
flfia o hkak hs'
fï wkqj bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § uq,ska u isÿjkafka wNsu;d¾:

yd wruqKq ;SrKh lr .ekSu hs' wruqKq ;SrKh lsÍfï § YsIHhd" iudch
jeks wjia:d ms<sn|j fuka u m%cdkk" wdfõok yd ufkdapd,l wd§ wxY
flfrys o ie,ls,su;a jkq ,nhs' thg fya;=j úIh ud,djla ilia lrkq
,nkafka YsIHhd flakaø lrf.k ùuhs' fï ksid YsIHhd hjkafka fld;ekg
o hkak ms<sn|j uq,ska u ;SrKh l< hq;= h' tA wkqj bf.kqu ,nkafka
YsIHhd neúka YsIHhd o YsIHhd Ôj;a jkafka iudcfha neúka iudcuh
wjYH;d o YsIHhdf.a ±kqu" wdl,am yd l=i,;d o ie,ls,a,g f.k wruqKq
ilia lr .kq ,nhs'
554 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
fufia wruqKq ;SrKh lr .ekSfuka wk;=rej is,aú fiakdër uy;añh

woyia l< wdldrhg bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh isÿ lrkq ,nhs' bf.kqï
b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh uQ,sl jYfhka b,lal jkafka wruqKq flfrys h' thg
fya;=j bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,shla ;=<ska wfmaCId lrkafka l,ska ;SrKh
lr .;a wruqKq idCId;a lr .ekSu hs' fuu ld¾hfhys il%Shj fhfokafka
.=rejrhd h' fï ksid .=rejrhd wka;¾.;h ms<sn| úIh m%ùKfhl= úh hq;=
w;r tA i|yd b.ekaùfï l%u yd b.ekaùfï m<mqreoaola we;af;l= úh hq;=
h' mka;s ldurh ;=< § isÿjkafka okakd fohska fkdokakd foag;a" ir,
fohska ixlS¾K fohg;a YsIHhd meñKùuhs' fï ksid .=rejrhd wka;¾.;h
yd úIh ms<sn| m%ùKfhl= úh hq;= h' ;uka m%ùKfhl= jQ mu‚ka úIh
lreKq b.ekaùu isÿ fkdflf¾' iQßh wdrÉÑ uy;d i|yka lrk wdldrhg8
.=rejrhd ;uka i;= ±kqï iïNdrh isiqkag mjrd §u fjkqjg l< hq;af;a
isiqka ;=< mj;akd ±kqu biau;= lr .ekSuhs' YsIH flakaøSh wOHdmkh f,i
y÷kajkafka fuhhs' ksmqK;d mdol úIhud,djla j¾;udk mdi,a moaO;shg
y÷kajd § we;af;a o tfyhsks' .=rejrhdg úIh ms<sn| ±kqu ;sîu u m%uKdj;a
fkdfõ' .=rejrhd úIh m%ùKfhl= úh yelsh' tfy;a .=rejrhd b.ekaùfï
YS,amSh l%u fkdokafka kï fyda wkq.ukh fkdlrkafka kï wjYH
wNsu;d¾: lrd YsIHhd meñK úh fkdyels h' fï nj rxð;a refíre uy;d
lrk i|ykska uekúka meyeÈ,s fõ'
zzmer‚ .=rejreka mqreÿj isáfha b.ekaùfï § bf.kqu ,nk <uhd

.ek ie,ls,su;aùug fkdj W.kajkakd jQ úIhh flfia" lskï l%uj,ska
fyda b.ekaùug mu‚' ksoiqkla jYfhka .;fyd;a .=Kmd,g .‚;h
b.ekaùfï § mer‚ .=rejre mqreÿj isáfha" .=Kmd, .ek ie,ls,su;aùug
fkdj .‚;h .ek ie,ls , s u ;a ù ug h' Tjq k a .= r ejreka jYfhka
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQfha flfia fyda .=Kmd,g .‚;h b.ekaùugh' .‚;h
yeoEÍu .ek .=Kmd, ±lajQ wdl,am" .‚;hg .=Kmd, fmkakqï l< oCI;d
fyda woCI;d" th yeoEÍfï § .=Kmd, <Õ we;s mßk;sh hk wdÈh .ek
lsisÿ ie,ls,a,la fkdolajk ,§' flfia fyda .=Kmd,g .‚;h b.ekaùug
miqng fkdjQ .=rejrhd Tyqg o~qjï § fyda tu lghq;a; bgq lsÍug W;aidy
.;af;ah'ZZ 9
fuu ksoiqk u.ska wka;¾.;h úIh m%ùK;dj fuka u b.ekaùfï

l%u yd b.ekaùfï m<mqreoao o b;d jeo.;a nj meyeÈ,s fõ' tA wkqj fulS
wjia:d ;=k w;r mj;akd iïnkaO;djh my; rEmigykska meyeÈ,s fõ'
iïNdId 555
* fhdackdj
* wNsu;d¾:
* wruqK
m<mqreoao
< úIh m%ùK;ajh
fuu b.ekaùfï l%shdj,sh isÿ flrefka wNsu;d¾: yd wruqKq lrd

YsIHhd fhduq lsÍug h' ó<Õg we;sjk .eg¨j jkafka YsIHhd bf.kqï
b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh u.ska wjYH b,lal lrd .uka lr we;af;a o hkakhs'
we.hqula wjYH jkafka fuúg h' tA wkqj wruqKq bgq lr .ekSu i|yd
bf.kqï b.ekaùï ld¾hh isÿlrk w;r wjidkfha l%shdj,sh we.hqug
Ndckh flf¾' we.hqula l< yels wjia:d y;rla l¾ ^Kheer& bÈßm;a
lrhs'
î& mÍCIK
îi& iïuqL idlÉPd
îii& ;lafiare lsÍu
îv& fjk;a10
tA wkqj fujeks l%u u.ska we.hqula isÿ lrkq ,nkafka uQ,sl jYfhka
wNsu;d¾: yd wruqK uqÿka muqKqjdf.k we;s o hkak ;SrKh lr .ekSu
i|yd h' tfuka u bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha id¾:l wid¾:l nj o
we.hSu ;=<ska ñ‚h yelsh' my; j.= folska ms<sfj,ska úia;r flfrkafka
thhs'
* fhdackdj
* wNsu;d¾: l%ufõo$b.ekaùfï wka;¾.;h
* wruqK m<mqreoao úIh m%ùK;ajh
v
* we.hSu * we.hSu
* ld¾h idOkh * ld¾h idOkh
* ñKqu * ñKqu
556 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
we.hqula isÿ lrkq ,nkafka úIhud,d l%shdj,sfha wjidkfha § muKla

fkdfõ' úIhud,d l%shdj,sfha wjidkfha § we.hSu isÿ lsÍu" fÊ' tia'
nDDk¾ y÷kajkafka hqoaOfhka miqj T;a;= ne,Sula f,i h'11 tA wkqj we.hSula
isÿ lrkq ,nkafka úIhud,dj l%shd;aul lrk w;r;=f¾ § fyda wjidkfha
§ h' tys § YsIHhd idOk uÜgug meñK fkdue;s kï kej; wruqKq yd
bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh foi wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;=h' tkï we.hqfuka
,nk m%;sM,h wkqj wruqKq yd bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha fjkialï
we;s l< hq;=h'
* fhdackdj
* wNsu;d¾:
* wruqK
v
m<mqreoao úIh m%ùK;ajh
* we.hSu
* ld¾h idOkh
* ñKqu
fï ish¨ l%shdj,sh WÞyrKhlska ;jÿrg;a fufia meyeÈ,s lr .;

yelsh' iunr zfm!reIhlska hq;= ñksfil= ìys lsÍuZ wOHdmk mrud¾:hls'
iunr fm!reIhla we;s lsÍug úúO yelshd ;sìh hq;=h' tneúka zidCIr;dj
we;s lsÍuZ tla wruqKls' idCIr;dj ,nd§u tljr l< fkdyelsh' tA ksid
tu wruqK l=vd l=vd wruqKqj,g iqúfYaI lr.; hq;=h' tkï ijka§u"
l:kh" ,sùu wdÈ f,i h' fï i|yd zwZ ,sùug mqreÿ lsÍu mdvuhs'
tAllhla mdvula u.ska woyia lrkqfha th hs' fuh mka;s ldurh ;=< isÿ
lrkq ,nk bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh hs' fuh id¾:l lrf.k we;af;a
o hkak ;SrKh lsÍu isÿ lrkq ,nkafka we.hSu u.sks' we.hSu u.ska ld¾h
idM,Hh fkdù we;akï tu bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh m%;sixúOdkh l<
hq;= h'
iïNdId 557
mdol igyka
1' w;=fldard," ohdfrdayK" wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj yd wOHdmk jHjydr ms<sn|

rpkd" YsCId ukaÈr m%ldYk" mdkÿr" 1996" ms' 02'
2' isßfiak" tÉ' tï'" Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmk m%;sm;a;s mrud¾: yd wruqKq" m%skaÜ wekaâ
m%skaâ .%e*slaia wdh;kh" fld<U 10" 1999" ms' 16'
3' w;=fldard," ohdfrdayK" 1996" ms' 05'
4' fiakdër" is,aú" bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha id¾:l;ajh i|yd .=re ksmqK;d"
weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U 10" ms' 14'
5' tu" ms' 21'
6' tu" ms' 22'
7' tu" ms' 22'
8' tu" ms' 24'
9' tu" ms' 24-25'
10' úIhud,d kHdh iy mßph ÊSP 1107/ESU 4107& wOHdmk wOHhk wxYh" Y%S ,xld
újD; úYajúoHd,h" kqf.af.dv" ms' 24'
11' tu" ms' 21'
38 - CM23766
558 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
wOHdmkh yd fm!reI ixj¾Okh

ysgmq lÓldpd¾h ir;a ùrisxy
iS;djlmqr msßfjka .=re wNHdi úoHd,h
reIh fyj;a ia ù h;a j h hka k mq ¿ ,a

fm! woyila fjkqfjka Ndú; jkakls' tla tla
mqo.
a ,hdf.a fm!reIfha wiudk njla fukau" wmQ¾j
njla o olakg ,efí' zzwdrh iy mßirh u.ska
;SrKh lrkq ,nk mßÈ" Ôúhdf.a kshu fyda úNjH
p¾hd rgdjkaf.a iuia; tl;=j fm!reIhhs' tA
p¾hd rgd ixúOdkh ù we;s nqoaêh" pß;h" wdl,am
yd ldhsl hk m%Odk wxY y;frys ld¾h noaO
wka;¾ l%shdj,ska tys m%Njh yd ixj¾Okh isÿ
fõ'ZZ1 fï wkqj fm!reIh fjkiaùu Ôú; ld,h
mqrdu isÿjkakls' flfkl=f.a lemS fmfkk ,laIK" yelshd" Ñ;a;fõ.Sh
jQ;a" iudÔh jQ;a .;s ,laIK" we¨ï" wdl,am hkd§ ish,af,au ixúOdkd;aul
fmkSu Tyqf.a fm!reIhg we;=<;ah' fï ksid fm!reIh hkq mqoa.,hl=f.a
wdruh yd mßiruh n,mEïj,ska tla jQ pß;dx. rdYshl tAld.% yeisÍu
fyj;a iuia; mqoa.,hduh hkak meyeÈ,s fõ'
iïNdId 559
hym;a fm!reIh tu iudchg wkqj iodpdrd;aul yd m%shukdm jkafkls'

mqoa.,hl=f.a fm!reI rgdj j¾Okh jkafka" Tyqf.a ldhsl yd udkisl
;;a;ajhka o iudc yd mßir n,mEï o w;r mj;akd jQ wfkHdakH l%shdldrlï
wkqjhs' fyd| fm!reIhla we;s ;eke;a;d mrd¾:ldój" úúO lafIa;%j,
l%shd lrk iïmQ¾K Ôú;hla .; lrkafkls' tfiau Tyq ;u olaI;d yd
ÿ¾j,;d ukdj jgyd.;a" wd;au úYajdifhka hqla;" ndOl yuqfõ miq
fkdnisk flfkls' ;j o meyeÈ,s mrud¾: we;s" tAld.% Ndjhlska l%shd
lrk" j.lS ï ±Íug leue;s Woa f hda . s u ;a flfkl= jka f ka h ' mßK;
fm!reIhl fï yeu ,laIKu ;sìh hq;=h'
wOHdmk{hl= jQ tkaúia,a" fm!reI .;s ,laIK fldgia wglg fnÞ

olajhs'2 tys uq,au fldgia jk wka;¾j¾;sl Ndjfhka hqla; jQfjda" lemS
fmkSug wlue;sj wvq ;lafiarejlska ksYaYíoj isá;s' fojk fldgfia jk
nys¾j¾;sl Ndjfhka hq;= wh ish,a, m%isoaêfha mjik" wêl fm<öulska
hqla; jQfjdah' f;jk ldKavh ;Dma;su;aNdjhhs' Tjqyq újD;j woyia m<
lrñka" ia:djrj isáñka" ;uka .ek wvq ;lafiarejlska miq fj;s' iajhx
we.hSfuka hqla; isjqjk fldgi" isÿjk foa ±k.ekSug úÑlsÉPdfjka
isák wmlaImd; msßils' lxidfjka hq;= miajk ldKavh wvq ;lafiarefjka
miqjk ìh.=¨ ksYaYío fldgils' ijk msßi fm<Uùfuka hqla;h' iudcYS,S"
Okd;aul wdl,am yd bÈßm;aùï we;s lKavdhuls' hy¿ fhfy<s in|;d
mj;ajd.kakd i;ajk fldgi" f;dr;=re .ek Wkkaÿùï yd bÈßm;aùï wvq
msßils' wkHhka yd tlÕNdjh kue;s wgjk ldKavfha wh" iudcYS,Sj
újD;j woyia m< lrñka" bÈßm;a jk yd iajhx ;lafiarejla we;af;da
fj;s'
fm!reI .;s ,laIK úúO fukau" fm!reIh ixj¾Okh jk wdldrh

.ek wOHdmk{hkaf.a u; o úúOh' Tjqk;=frka tßlaika th Ôú; ld,h
mqrdu úysfokakd jQ" ufkdaiudÔh ixj¾Ok wjê wgla Tiafia isÿjk nj
olajhs'3 tu tla tla wjêfha YlH;d" úêu;aj yd wúêu;aj ,efnk iudc
yd ixialD;sl mßirfhka j¾Okh lr .ekSug fkdyels jQjl=f.a" B<Õ
wjêfha m%;sM, wid¾:l jk nj o Tyq jeäÿrg;a mjihs'
tßlaika olajk uq,au wjêh jk ì<s÷úfha mj;skafka" úYajdih fyda

wúYajdih ms<sn| w¾nqohhs' fojk wjêh jk weúÈk jhfia § iaj;ka;%;dj
fyda ielh yd ,Êcdj hk w¾nqoh yg.kS' uq,a <udúh kue;s f;jk
wjêfha § W;amdok Yla;sh fyda fodaI;aj yeÕSu hk w¾nqoh we;s fõ'
560 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
ld¾hYS,S nj fyda wjm%udK yeÕSu hk w¾nqoh" ueo <udúh kue;s isjqjk

wjêfha mj;S' kj fhdjqkaúh jk miajk wjêfha" wkkH;dj fyda N+ñld
jHdl+,;ajh hk w¾nqoh yg.kS' ihjk wjêh jk fhdjqka úfha§" iqyo;dj
fyda yqfol,dNdjh ms<sn| w¾nqoh we;s fõ' idudkH olaI;dj fyda ÈhqKq
fkdùu hk w¾nqoh yg.kafka" i;ajeks uOHu jeäysá wjêfhahs' wjidk
miq jeäysá wjêfha iïmQ¾K;ajh fyda kIagdfmalaIl;dj hk w¾nqoh we;s
fõ'
fuys uq,a wjê ;=fkys§ ujf.ka yd mjqf,ka o" ueo <udúfha§ mdif,ka
o <uhdg ,efnk n,mEu m%n, kuq;a" kjfhdjqka úfha§ Tyq ;u YÍrfha
isÿjk fjkialïj,g wkql+,j iajixl,amh j¾Okh lr .kS' fndfyda
fofkla .egjrhka ful, Ñ;a;fõ. w;r hqo ìul Ôj;a fj;shs i,l;s'4
úfYaIfhkau ;dlaI‚l ÈhqKqj fya;= fldgf.k ck.ykfhka isÿjQ msmsÍu"
.egjrhd uy;a w¾nqohlg f.k .sfhah' ksIal%uKYS,S yd wdl%uKYS,S jeks
iudc úfrdaë mej;=ï iys; .egjrhka ìysjkafka" fnfyúkau jeäysá
iudch .egjrhdg j.lSï fkdmejÍï iy fodaIdfrdamKh lsÍï ksidh'
<uhska ukd fm!reI ,laIKj,ska fyì mqoa.,hka njg m;alrùfï

j.lSu mejÍ we;s .=rejr .=rejßhkg" fï w¾nqo wjfndaO lr.ekSu w;HjYH
jkakls' ldxidj" ìh" ,Êcdj jeks whym;a Ñ;a;fõ.j,ska mSvd ú£ug
isÿjQ <uhska jeäysáhka jQ miqj" wdl%u‚l .;smej;=ï yd ÿIalr;dj,ska
mek hdï jeks fnd<| mej;=ï ±laùug bv ;sfí' mqoa.,hd;a' iudch;a
w;r mj;akd iïnkaOh fndfyda fia <sys,a fjñka mj;sk j;aukays" isiqka
tn÷ wys ; lr ;;a ; a j hlg m;a ù fuka uq Þ .; hq ; = h ' fï i|yd p¾hd
yev.eiaùfï ksr; jeäysáfhda" <uhskaf.a jhig yd wjYH;dj,g .e<fmk
ks¾Kdhl Tiafia Tjqka ksÍlaIKh fldg" WÑ; fm!reI ,laIK wdfrdamKh
lsÍug;a" wkqÑ; fm!reI ,laIK ksrekaokh lsÍug;a wjYH mshjr .;
hq;a;dy'
fm!reI ixj¾Okh flfrys n,mdk idOl rdYshla fõ' tAjd w;frka

ldhsl l%shdldß;ajhg jeo.;a ;ekla ,efí' lsishï mqoa.,hl=f.a yevrej"
udkisl yelshd yd Ñ;a;fõ. jeks fm!reIdx. flfrys" Tyqf.a iakdhq
l%shdldß;ajh n,mE yelsh' Ñ;a;fõ." yeÕSï yd yeisÍïj, iu;=,s;;djla
mej;Su" fyd| fm!reIhl ,laIKhls' tu ,laIKj,g fhduq jk iudÔh
wdl,amh wkqj" tu ;eke;a;df.a fm!reIh iliaùug bv ;sfí'
iïNdId 561
<uhl=f.a fm!reIh ixj¾Okhg Tyqf.a ksfjfika we;sjkafka úYd,

n,mEuls' fuys§ ujf.a wdorh uekúka ,nk <orejd ;ud iqrlaIs;h hk
yeÕSu we;s lr .kS' tA wkqj Tyq fmr<d wdorh lsÍug iu;a fõ' tfy;a
udmsh w~onrj,ska iqrlaIs;Ndjh yd wdorh wysñ jQ orejkg" ish wdorh
m< lsÍug o wjia:djla fkd,efí' ujqmshka <uhska flfrys olajk wdl,amh
m%ikak kï" thska f.dvkefÕk m%;sìïnh hym;a fõ' túg ks;ru ;Dma;sh
;ld fjfyfik bâ ixia l drh yd Wmß wyxNdjfha wmjdoh w;r
iu;=,s;;djla we;s lsÍug wyxNdjhg yels fyhska" Tjqkg mßK; mqoa.,hka
úh yels jkq we;'
<uhskg iqrlaIs;;dj wjYH kuq;a" Tjqyq m%udKhg jvd wdrlaId l<

hq;= fkdfj;s' jeä yqr;,fhka <uhskg j.lSï ±Ífï yd ùrl%shd i|yd
w;a±lSï ,eîfï wjYH;d uÕ yef¾" msßñ <uhdg mshdf.a o" .eyeKq
<uhdg ujf.a o wdNdih ;sìh hq;=h' l%Svdj,g wjia:d ie<iSu wjYHh'
tfy;a yeu fohgu bv ÿkfyd;a ÿiaiudys;hl=ùug o neß ke;' ujf.a
wêl wdrlaIdj fya;=fjka' mshdf.ka mq;dg l=vd wjêfha ,eìh hq;= oE
ke;sj .shfyd;a" Tyqf.a Ñ;a;fõ.Sh yd iudÔh ixj¾Okh ÿ¾j, úh
yelsh'
fï w;ru miq ld,fha§ wdl%u‚l .;s we;s" krl l,a,s .eiqKq" iudcYS,S
fkdjk wmpdÍ p¾hd olajkakka njg m;aj we;af;a ujqmshka úiska <oreúfha§
fkdi<ld yßkq ,enQjkau nj m¾fhaIKj,ska fy<sù ;sfí' tfiau ujqmshkaf.a
oro~q md,kh o" ifydaor wdrdjq,a o ydkslrh' tAjdfhka yqfol,dNdjh"
wêl ,Êcdj" ±ä hgy;a my;a iajNdjh" iq¿ fohg;a le<öu jeks whym;a
,laIK yg.kS'
fï wkqj ksfjfia md,kh" mjqf,a idudðlhkaf.a iu.sh yd iyÔjkh

u; m%cd;ka;%jd§j mej;sh hq;a;ls' yeugu n,mdk oro~q fkdjQ" ia:djr
kS;s yd iSud iuqÞhla ;sîu wjYHh' <uhdg o ysñ kshu ;ek Èh hq;=h'
tfiau tla tla j¾Ok wjia:djg wkql+, jQ myiqlï yd wdOdr iemhSu"
Tyqg B<Õ mshjrg <Õdùug Woõjls' zzfláfhka lshf;d;a úh hq;af;a
<uhd ms<s.efkk" Tyq iu. fl<sfof<ka ld,h .; lrk" iaÓr md,khla
mj;sk" <uhdf.a mßK;shg wdOdrldÍ jk" ksii, wdkqrEmH" iqiudys;
jd;djrKhla ksfjfiys mj;ajd .ekSuh' óg m%;súreoaOj muKg jvd
/ljrK iys; wkkqrEmH iïnkaO;d mj;akd" cdvHdma; iys; ksfjiaj,
562 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
jefvk <uhska w;r iudfhda. ÿIalr;d" LKav;dj" iyfhda. ySk;dj"

l,yldÍ nj yd wmpdrh o olakg bv we;'ZZ5
<uhdf.a fm!reI ixj¾Okhg ish mjqf,ka wk;=rej n,mdkafka" Tyq

jgd mj;sk iudc mßirhhs' uq,ska ;u jeäysáhkaf.a wdo¾Yfhka yd
wjjdofhka yev.efik <orejdg" B<Õg wi,ajdiS iu jhfia ñ;=rkaf.a
wdY%h ,efí' tu.ska Tyqg iajhx w;a±lSï ,nkakg yels fõ' wd.ñl
ia:dkj,§ l%shd l< hq;= wdldrh" bkamiqj jeäysá wkqlrKfhka wjfndaO
lr .kS' ó<Õg Tyq úúO iudc ixúOdkj,g ne£" tAjdfha yr moaO;s
wkq.ukh lrkakg fm<fò'
ckikaksfõok udOHh o fm!reI ixj¾Okhg úYd, n,mEula isÿ lrhs'

tÈfkÞ iudc ;;a;ajhg yev.eiSug <uhskg Woõjkafka ckudOHhhs'
mqj;am;a" iÕrd" .=jkaúÿ,sh" rEmjdysksh" kdgH yd Ñ;%mg wdÈh fuys§
m%Odk fõ' iskudmg jeks oEj,ska jHdc;ajhla ueúh yels jqj o" iÞpdrh
ms < s n | hym;a wdo¾Y o ks r EmKh l< yels fõ' tfia u kjl:d yd
flál;dj,ska Ôú; mß×kh o ,efí' tfy;a my;a reÑl;ajhg keUqre
úh fkd§" idrj;a fmd;am;a lshùïj,g fm<Uùu w;HjYHh'
fm!reI ixj¾Okhg n,mdk idOlj,ska iqúfYaI fufyjrla bgqjkafka

úêu;a wdh;khla jk mdif,ks ' kj fhdjq k a ú fha <uhs k a .ek l<
wOHhkhlska miq wOHdmk{hl= jQ isuKaâia olajd we;af;a" tla tla
YsIHhdf.a fm!oa.,sl;ajhg wkql+,j mdif,a jev ixúOdkh l< hq;=
njhs' zzfuys olajd we;s jevms,sfjf<ys iudc iyNd.s;ajh" .=rejreka
úiska ms<s.kq ,eîu" ksoyia wjia:d" iaÓr;dj" Ñ;a;dfõ. m%ldYkhg wjia:d"
ch.%yKhg wjia:d" o~qjñka je<lSu" YsIH j.lSu" Èß.ekaùu" úfkdaohg
wjia:d" ;r.fhka ksoyi" fm!reIh" m%;sfõOh" ufkda úoHd;aul Wmldr
hkdÈh wka;¾.;h'ZZ6
<uhskaf.a iudc yqfol,dNdjh je<elaùug iduQysl iyNd.sùfï wjia:d

ie<iSu wjYHh' ;uka fkdms<s.ks;s hk yeÕSu fjkia lsÍug" .=rejre
iqyo is;ska Ñ;a;fõ.S iqrlaIs;;dj we;s l< hq;af;dah' udmshkaf.a jeä
Wkkaÿj u; WÞiSk jQ <uhskg" ksoyfia l%shd;aulùfï wjia:d ie<iSu
wjYHh' ixhufhka f;dr <uhska ms<sfj<lg jev lsÍug yev.iajkq
ms‚i" iaÓr Ndjfhka yd ±ä iajrEmfhka md,kh l< hq;=h' ±ä f,i
iïNdId 563
hgm;a lrkq ,enQjkaf.a Ñ;a;fõ. m%ldYkhg bv i<iñka" ks¾udKd;aul

yd j.lSï bis<Sfï jevj, fhoúh yelsh' mßK;shg wkql+, lKavdhulg
we;=¿fldg" ch.%yK ms<sn| w;a±lSï ,ndfokafka kï" yeugu ;Dma;sh
,efnkq we;' o~qjï fkdmeñKùï wfmalaId lrkakka iqÿiq l%uj,ska yslauúh
hq ; = h ' id¾:l fkdjQ j ;a " j.lS ï bis < S u g mjrñka Woõ o l< hq ; = h '
wffO¾hhg m;a jk yeu wjia:djlu" kej; Èß.kajñka ms<s.ekSu wjYH
fõ' tA tA jhiaj, <eÈhdjkg wkql+,j wNsfhda. we;s lrjñka" mdi,
lafIau N+ñhla fia úfkdaockl lrùu iqÿiqh' ,l=Kq i|yd ;r. W.%ùu
;¾ckhlaj we;s neúka" tAjd l%Svdjl ú,difhka ;eîu WÑ; fõ' Ôj;a jk
mßirh wkqj ;ud yev.eish hq;af;a flfiao lshd" Tyqg wjfndaO lr.ekSug
Woõ l< hq;=jkafka mdi,h'
YsIHhdf.a fm!oa.,sl;ajhg wkql+,j mdi,a jev ixúOdkh lsÍfï we;s

wjYH;dj" fydjd¾â .dâk¾f.a nyqúO nqoaê kHdhfhka o m%lg fõ' mdi,aj,
j¾;udk nq o a ê mßudKj,g fndfyda úg we;= < ;a j ka f ka .‚;uh yd
ixLHd{dkh" úoHd;aul Ñka;kh" ;¾lkh" NdIduh yelshdj jeks wxY
ls y s m hla muKls ' tfy;a 1' jdpis l NdIduh" 2' ix.S ; ßoa u hdkq l + , "
3' ;d¾lsl - .‚;uh" 4' oDYH wjldYuh" 5' ldhsl - ixp,kuh" 6' mqoa.,
we;=<dka;" 7' wka;¾ mqoa.," 8' iajNdjO¾u" 9' Ôú;fha Wmßu meje;au hk
kj jeoEreï nqoaêj,ska iukaú; tu kHdhfhka" jeäfokl=f.a úúO olaI;d
w.h lsÍug wjia:dj ,efí' fï wkqj mdi,a jevigyka yd l%shdldrlï
ie<iqï l< hq;=jkafka" lsishï lafIa;%hl wolaI jQjl= oialï olajk
lafIa;% ksjerÈj y÷kd.ksñka" Tyqf.a ieÕjqKq l=i,;d biau;= jk mßoafoks'
tu.ska iEu <uhl=f.au mQ¾K j¾Okh isÿjkq ksielh'
fuys§ fjka fjka jYfhka" tu wxYj, ixj¾Okh Wfoid" 1' jdpisl

NdIduh nqoaêhg idys;H ks¾udKh yd lÓl;ajh o" 2' ix.S; ßoauhdkql+,
nqoaêhg jdokh yd wNskh o" 3' ;d¾lsl .‚;uh nqoaêhg .‚; .eg¨ yd
mß.Kl jevigyka o" 4' oDYH wjldYuh nqoaêhg Ñ;% ks¾udKh yd
pdßld o" 5' ldhsl ixp,kuh nqoaêhg l%Svd ;r. yd kdgH o" 6' wka;¾
mqoa., nqoaêhg iñ;s yd m%ikak mej;=ï o" 7' mqoa., we;=<dka; nqoaêhg
idrO¾u yd l,d úpdr o" 8' iajNdjO¾u nqoaêhg rela frdamK yd mßir
.fõIK o jeks bf.kqï l%shdldrlï" tla tla úIh hgf;a ixúOdkh l<
yelsh'7
564 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
fï w;ru isiqkaf.a ks¾udKYS,S iajNdjhg o Èß Èh hq;=h' th y÷kd.;

yelafla" mqoa.,hl=f.a wjOdkh fhduq ù we;s lafIa;%" wdl,am" ixlS¾K
iajNdjh" wka;¾j¾;sl nj" iajdëk nj" m%;sNdkh jeks ,laIK u.sks'
ks¾udKYS,S mqoa.,hka iqN. m%nqoaOhka jk w;r" Tjqka ;=< lsishï Wu;=jla
o we;ehs is;kqfha" tjekakka idïm%Þhsl f,i fkdis;k" lghq;= fkdlrk"
;ykï foa lrñka hula w¨;ska lsÍug .kq ,nk m%h;akh foi lïms;j
n,d is á k mq o a . ,hka nj" ks Í la I lfhda m% l dY lr is á ;s ' 8 hula .ek
úúOdldrfhka is;Su ks¾udKd;aul Ñka;kh jk fyhska" <ud is;=ï me;=ï
f;areïf.k" wmQ¾j woyia w.h lrñka" nqoaê l,ïnk jeks l%u Ys,am
fhdÞf.k" úúO m%ldYkj,g mka;s ldurfha§ bv ie<iSu l< hq;=j mj;S'
fï wkqj .=rejrekg mejÍ we;af;a úYd, j.lSuls' zzmdif,a W.kajkq

,nk úúOdldr úIhhka o" mka;s ldurfha yd l%Svd msáfha l%shdldrlï o"
.=rejrhdf.a wdl,am yd <eÈhdjka o hk ish,a,u" <ud fm!reI;ajh
flfrys jeo.;alula olajhs' .=rejrhdf.a fm!reIh yd mka;s ldurfha
kdhl;ajh ms<sn| ld¾hNdrh" <uhskaf.a fm!reI j¾Okh flfrys n,mEula
we;s lrhs'ZZ9 fuys§ kdkdúO .=rejrekaf.ka úúOdldr n,mEï we;s fõ'
isiqka Tjqka wkqlrKh lrk fyhska" tA yeu fokdu ;uka .ek ukd
wjfndaOhla yd fyd| udkisl fi!LHhla we;s" mßK; fm!reI ,laIK
we;a;ka úh hq;a;dy'
.=rejrhdf.a kdhl;ajh kug muKla ù isiqkg kslï isàug isÿ

jq j fyd;a " mka ; s ldurfha yg.ka k d le<ô,s ia j Ndjh ks i d" iuQ y
l% s h dldrlïj,g leue;s is i q k g bÉPdNx.h we;s fõ' .= r ejrhd ±ä
wdêm;Hfhka hq;= jQ úg o isiqkaf.a oÕldrlï yd úfrdaO;d u;= fõ'
wdl%uKYS,SNdjh tfia msg;g fkdfmkajqj o" Tjqka ;=< yg.kakd ìh"
ldxidj jeks whym;a Ñ;a;fõ. wjfrdaOkh ùu fkdje<elaúh yelsh'
tu.ska miq ld,fha udkisl fukau" YdÍßl wdndO o we;sùug bv ;sfí'
tfyhska fï fowdldrhgu jvd fjkia f,i mdvfï wruqKq meyeÈ,s
fldg" m%cd;ka;%sl wkaoug idlÉPd u.ska ;SrKj,g nei" b.ekaùï isÿ
l< hq;= fõ' tys§" jdia;úlju fyd| krl ±laùï o wjYHh' mka;s ldurfha
úkh hym;a jQ úg" <uhska w;r fukau .=rejrhd iu. o" wfkHdkH iqyo
in|;d j¾Okh jkq we;'
iïNdId 565
fmr lsj fkdyels wkaoñka" úúO wjia:dj, isÿjk w;a±lSïj,g" id¾:lj

uqyqK Èh yels mqoa.,hl= ìys l< yelafla mdif,ks' tn÷ iunr fm!reIhla
Wfoid fmd;m; ±kqfuka ,efnk m%cdkk yelshd" l%Svdj,ska ,efnk
ufkdapd,l l=i,;d" idrO¾u we;=¿ hym;a yeisÍfuka ,efnk wdfõoksl
.;s ,laIK muKla fkdj" úfYaIfhka iudcuh l=i,;d o tlfia ixj¾Okh
l< hq;= fõ' tfy;a mdi,a wOHdmkh ,nk ld, iSudj ;=<§ j¾Okh l<
yelafla" m%cdkk lafIa;%hg .efkk ±kqu" wjfndaOh" Ndú;h" úYaf,aIKh"
ixYaf,aIKh iy we.ehSu hk yelshdjkq;a" wdfõok lafIa;%hg whs;s
.%yKh" m%;spdrKh" w.h mejÍu" ixúOdkh" pß;dh;kh hk .;s ,laIK;a"
ufkda p d,l la f Ia ; % h g we;= < ;a ixcdkkh" iQ Þ ku" ud¾f.da m foa Y s ;
m%;spdrKh" hdka;%Kh" ixlS¾K m%ldYs; m%;spdr" iudfhda.h iy ks¾udKh
hk l=i,;d;a ish,af,ka" YsIHhdf.a jhia uÜgug .e<fmk m%udKh
muKls'10
fuys§ úúO .;s ,laIK we;s isiqka ijka fokakka muKla njg m;a
fkdlr" mqoa., yd lKavdhï l%shdldrlï u.ska il%Sh f,i" Tjqkaf.a
bf.kqu yd iudcdkqfhda. j¾Okhg l%shd l< hq;=j mj;S' tfiau ;u
WmixialD;sfha w.hhka p¾hdjkg n,mdk ksid" <uhd wdo¾Yhg .kakd
wh .ek i<ld n,d" iudch ms<s.kakd hym;a wdl,am o fyñka fyñka
fyda we;s l< hq;= fõ'
YsIHhd ±kgu;a ;ud .ek" wkHhkaf.a m%;sl%shd wkqj f.dvkÕdf.k

we;s Ñ;a;rEmh" jvd;a hym;a tlla njg m;alrùu wjYHh' ;ud wkHhka
w;r iqrlaIs; jQ o" iÞpdrd;aul jQ o flkl= f,i ms<sf.k we;s nj;a" tA
fjkqfjka Tyqg hq;=lï fldgila mejÍ we;s nj;a" wjfndaO lrúh hq;=h'
tfiau ia:djr yd ix.; fm!reIhl jeo.;au wx.h jk yDoh idlaIHh
fkdfyd;a Wmß wyxNdjh o" is; ;=< cks; l< hq;= jkafkah' .=rejreka
úiska tlS l=ÿuy;a ld¾hhka bgq lrkq ,nkafka kï" wOHdmkfha m%Odk
mrud¾:h jk isiqkaf.a fm!reI ixj¾Okh uekúka isÿjkq fkdwkqudkh'
mdol igyka
1' Wmaudkahq" ù' ù'" fm!reIh - tys iajNdjh iy ;lafiarej" wOHdmk ufkda
úoHdj" ^mßj¾;kh&" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" 1996" 93 msg'
566 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
2' kjr;ak" tA' tA'" bf.kSu yd ne÷Kq úfYaI fm!reI idOl ;lafiare lsÍu" mdi,
mokï lr.;a we.hSï jevms<sfj< ms<sn| ye¢kaùula" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh"
1996" 232 msg'
3' ú;dk m;srK" uxcq,d" <ud ixj¾Okh ( uQ,O¾u iy kHdh" wOHdmk ufkdaúoHd
ix.%yh" fld<U úYajúoHd,h" 1999" 56 msg'
4' fiaor" Wmd,s" .egjr úh" idr m%ldYk" 1994" 53 msg'
5' f,dfj,a" fla'" wOHdmk ufkdaúoHdj iy <uhs" ^mßj¾;kh&" wOHdmk m%ldYk
fomd¾;fïka;=j" 1981" 219 msg'
6' isuKaâia" tï' m¾isj,a" fm!reI j¾Okh i|yd wOHdmkh" wOHdmk úoHd ,sms"
^mßj¾;kh&" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" 1974" 55 msg'
7' wfímd," frda,kaâ" wOHdmkfha ufkdaúoHd;aul moku" idr m%ldYk" 2010" 269
msg'
8' .=Kfialr" Wmd,s" fm!reIh yd ñksia Èúh" kqf.af.dv" 1998" 36 msg'
9' uq;=,sx.ï" tia'" wOHdmk ufkdaúoHdj yd ñKqï" fld<U" 1979" 156 msg'
10' fmf¾rd" Ô' tï' à' tka'" iunr fm!reI j¾Okh ms<sn|j f;dr;=re we.hSu"
mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï jevms<sfj< ms<sn| ye¢kaùula" tu" 181 msg'
iïNdId 567
id¾:l .=re YsIH in|;djla i|yd

fn!oaO WmfoaYkh
mQcH frdgqU isßfidaNk ysñ
NslaIq wNHdi úoHd,fha lÓldpd¾h" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha
^újD; úYaj úoHd,fha& ndysr lÓldpd¾h" î' tA'" tï' tA' ^le,‚h&" mYapd;a Wmdê ämaf,daud
^cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh&" wNHka;r .=re mqyqKq - isxy, ^fnda,j,dk&
;k wOHdmk lafIa;%h ;=< YsIHhkaf.a yslaóu

kQ ms<sn|j fndfyda .eg¨ Woa.; ù we;' ta ms<sn|j
nqÿoyu olajd we;s wdl,amh mÍlaId lsÍfuka w¾:j;a
yd ksjerÈ WmfoaYkhla f.dvke.sh yels h' lsishï
iudchla wúÉýkakj mj;afka tys jeäysá mlaIh
nd,mrïmrdjg iajlSh iudchSh odhdohka ,nd
.ekSug bvm%ia;d ie,iSfï ud¾.fhks' tu ls%hdj,sh
wOHdmkh kñka ir,j ye¢ka ú h yels h' 1
YslaIKfhka hqla; Ys,am" Ydia;% ms<sn| wjfndaOh
W;=ï ux.,Hhla jk nj ux., iQ;%fha i|yka fõ'2 tjka YslaIKhla iys;
wOHdmkhla i|yd id¾:l .=re YsIH in|;dj o bjy,a fõ' ta ms<sn|j
meyeÈ,s j olajk §>ksldfha is.d, iQ;%fha wdpd¾hjreka Wfoid l< hq;=
ld¾hhka yd YsIHhka Wfoid l< hq;= ld¾hhka jYfhka pdß;% moaO;shla
olajd we;'3 tfia .=re YsIH iïnkaOh Yla;su;a ùu;a iu. YsIHhkaf.a
nqoaêh j¾Okh ùu wOHdmk whs;Ska wdrCId ùug muKla fkdj hym;a"
568 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
oCI" iodpdrj;a isiq mrmqrla ìys ùug o fya;= fõ' YsIHhd .=rejrhdg .re
ie,lSï ±laùu" pdß;% bgq lsÍu ukdj Ys,am Ydia;% msysàug o fya;= fõ'4
nqÿrcdKka jykafia YsIHhka úiska .=rejreka flfrys ms<smeÈh hq;=

wdldrh fufia olajd we;'
1' .=rejrhd ±l yqkiafkka ke.S isàu'
2' l< hq;= Wjgeka lsÍu'
3' W.kajk foa fyd|ska wid isàu'
4' .=rejrhdf.a j;dj;a bgq lsÍu'
5' Ys,am ilid fyd|ska bf.k.ekSu'5
.=rejrhdg ;u YsIHhd flfrys ldreKsl ye`.Sula my< ùug fuu

pdß;% fnfyúka Wmia:ïNl fõ' nqÿrcdKka jykafia mjd nqoaO;ajh ,o
iekska ;ukag .sys l< WmldÍ jQ .=rejreka fidhd hkakg is;+y' wd,drld,du"
Woaolrdu mq;a; jeks tu .=rejrhka ;ukag jvd nqoaê uÜgfuka my< isáh
o Wkajykafia hq;=lï bgq lrkakg is;=fõ ksy;udkSj h'6 th j;auka
YsIH m%cdjg wdo¾Yhls'
wdpd¾hjrhd o YsIHhd fjkqfjka l< hq;= wdpdr O¾u moaO;shla nqÿoyfuys

±lafõ' wdpd¾hjrhd hkq ;u YsIHhd flfrys mq;% Ñ;a;fhka fyj;a mq;%
iafkayfhka lghq;= lrkafkls' .=rejrhd ;u YsIHhkag tf,i hq;=lï bgq
lsÍug kï ;ud o ta i|yd iqÿiafil= úh hq;= h'7 .=rejrhd úiska YsIHhka
Wfoid bgq l< hq;= pdß;% O¾u úu¾Ykhg ,la lsÍfï § tajd kQ;khg jqj
o fld;rï m%dfhda.sl±Zhs meyeÈ,s fõ'
1' uekúka yslauùu'
2' uekúka b.ekaùu'
3' ;ud W.;a ish¨ Ys,am Ydia;% b.ekaùu'
4' ñ;%dud;Hd§kag YsIHhd y÷kajd §u'
5' ish¨ wdldrfhka u wdrCIdj ie,iSu'8
fuu pdß;% moaO;sh ;=< YsIHhdf.a wOHdmksl" iudchsl" wdOHd;añl"

ldhsl yd udkisl wd§ iEu wxYhl u whs;Ska iqrCIs; jk nj fmfka'9
iïNdId 569
.=rejrhd YsIHhdg;a YsIHhd .=rejrhdg;a jYfhka tlsfkldg bgq l< yels

fuu pdß;%hka ;=<ska b;d Wiia iudchla f.dvkexùug ux újr jk nj
meyeÈ,s h' wdñifhka ix.%y fldg ms§u muKla fkdj m%;sm;a;sfhka
tlsfkldg f.!rj lsÍug o nqÿoyu W.kajd we;'10
tfia u wdpd¾h - wkaf;ajdisl yd WmdOHdh - ioaêúydßl j;a olajñka

meúÈ iudch i|yd bÈßm;a lrk .=re isiq wdpdr O¾u moaO;sh .sys
iudchg wod,j jqj o ls%hd;aul l< yels h' NslaIq iudch hkq .=rejrekaf.a
yd YsIHhkaf.a tl;=jls'11 ioaêúydßlhd fyj;a YsIHhd úiska WmdOHdh
NsCIQka jykafia fj; lghq;= l< hq;= wdldrh zWmdOHdh j;aZ kï fõ'
YsIHhd WmdOHdhjrhdg fmr ke.sg ;ksmg isjqr taldxY fldg fmdrjd

f.k WmdOHdhjrhdg oeyeá Èh hq;= h' uqj fodakd c,h Èh hq;= h' wiqka
mekúh hq;= h' le| <x lr ;eìh hq;= h' le| je<ª miq meka § n÷k
ms<sf.k th fodjd lsisjl fkd .gd my;a fldg ;ekam;a l< hq;= h'
WmdOHdhjrhd ke.S isá miq wiqk ;eìh hq;= h' tu ia:dkfhys le,s li<
;sfí kï weuÈh hq;= h' WmdOHdhjrhd .ug hdug leu;s kï y|kh Èh
hq;= h' fmr<d ÿka y|kh ms<s.; hq;= h' ldnyk Èh hq;= h' i`.=K fldg
i`., isjqr Èh hq;= h' md;%h fidaod fkd msioud Èh hq;= h' WmdOHdhjrhd
miquyfKl= leu;s fõ kï" ;su~q¨ jid msßuvq¨ fldg ye| ldnyk ne|
i.=K fldg i`.< isjqre fmdrjd .egjgq .kajd" md;%h fidaod /f.k
miquyfKl= úh hq;= h' b;d wE;ska fyda b;d <`.ska fkd hd hq;= h' md;%h
we;=<; jQ oE ms<s.; hq;= h' WmdOHdhjrhd l:d lrk w;r;=r l:d fkd
l< hq;= h' WmdOHdhjrhd wej;lg iómj l:d lrhs kï th je<elaúh
hq;= h' .ñka fmr<d meñfKk úg WmdOHdhjrhdg m<uqj meñK wiqka
mekúh hq;= h' md fodakd Èh" md mqgqj" mdolG,sldj <x lr ;eìh hq;= h'
fmr .uka fldg md isjqre ms<s.; hq;= h' fmr,d y|kh Èh hq;= h' y|kh
ms<s.; hq;= h' isjqr vyÈfhka f;;a ù kï" fudfyd;la wõfõ úhe<sh
hq;= h' isjqr yels<Sfï § isjqr ueo ì£ula fkd fõjdZhs woyia we;sj isjqre
fldk w`.,a i;rla Wvg we| yels<sh hq;= h' ldnyk isjqre keïu ;=<
;eìh hq;= h' msKavfNdackh ;sfí kï" WmdOHdhjrhd leu;s kï" meka
ms<s.kajd msKavfNdackh <x l< hq;= h' j<|d wjika jQ úg meka ms<s.kajd
md;%h ms<sf.k my;a fldg lsisjl fkd.gd fyd¢ka fidaod Èh msi oud
fudfyd;la wõfjys r;a lr .; hq;= h' md isjqre ;eìh hq;= h' md;%h
;eîfï § tla w;lska md;%h f.k wksla w;ska we| hg fyda mqgqj hg
570 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
msßueo md;%h ;eìh hq;= h' lsis;a fkd w;=< ìu md;%h fkdu ;eìh
hq;= h' isjqr ;eîfï § tla w;lska isjqr f.k wksla w;ska isjqr jkk WK
,Sh fyda isjqr jkk ,Kqj msi oud isjqre fl<jr tyd me;a;g o isjqre
keïu fuyd me;a;g o fldg isjqr ;eìh hq;= h' WmdOHdhjrhd ke.S isá
úg wiak bj;a l< hq;= h' md fodakd Èh o md mqgqj o md ;nk ,E,s lv o
wdrCId fldg ;eìh hq;= h' tu m%foaYh le,s li< iys; kï" weuÈh
hq;= h' WmdOHdhjrhd kEug leu;s kï" kdk Èh ms<sfh< l< hq;= h'
isis,a Èh leu;s kï" isis,a Èh ms<sfh< l< hq;= h' WKq Èh leu;s kï" WKq
Èh ms<sfh< l< hq;= h' WmdOHdhjrhd .sksy,a f.g msúiSug leu;s kï"
tu j;dj;a l< hq;= h' WmdOHdhjrhd isák fjfyr" l=áh le<s li<
iys; kï" ;udg yels kï" Y=oaO l< hq;= h'
msßfjK fodrgqj" Wjgeka y," .sksy,a f.h" jeisls<sh l=Kq li< iys;
kï" th yeuÈh hq;= h' meka fkdue;s kï" meka <x lr ;eìh hq;= h'
mßfNda . c,h fkdue;s kï" mßfNda . c,h <x lr ;eìh hq ; = h'
WmdOHdhjrhdg meúoafoys fkd we,aula Wm§ kï" ioaêúydßlhd úiska th
ixis÷úh hq;= h' wkqka ,jd fyda ixis÷úh hq;= h' Tyqg nK fyda lsj
hq;= h' WmdOHdhjrhdg l=l=ila Wmkafka kï" th ioaêúydßlhd úiska ÿre
l< hq;= h' wkqka ,jd fyda ÿre lr úh hq;= h' Tyqg nK fyda lsjhq;= h'
WmdOHdhhdg ñ:HdoDIaáhla Wmkafka kï" ioaêúydßlhd úiska th neyer
l< hq;= h' wkqka ,jd fyda th neyer lrúh hq;= h' Tyqg nK fyda lsj
hq;= h' WmdOHdhjrhdg ;ÊckSh l¾uh fyda ksiaih l¾uh fyda míndckSh
l¾uh fyda máidrKSh l¾uh fyda WlafÄmKSh l¾uh fyda lrkq leu;s
kï Bg W;aidy l< hq;= h' WmdOHdhjrhdf.a isjqre fiaÈh hq;= kï" fiaÈh
hq ; = h' flfia kï" fida o kq ,nka f ka o eZhs W;a i dy fyda l< hq ; = h'
WmdOHdhjrhdg isjqrla l< hq;= kï" th l< hq;= h' Bg W;aidy fyda l<
hq;= h' WmdOHdhjrhdf.ka fkd wid wfkfll=lg md;%h fkd Èh hq;= h'
wfkfll=f.a md;%h fkd ms<s.; hq;= h' wfkfll=g isjqrla fkd Èh hq;=
h' wfkfll=f.a isjqrla fkd ms<s.; hq;= h' wfkfll=f.a msßlrla fkd
ms<s.; hq;= h' wfkfll=f.a flia fkd is¢h hq;= h' wfkfll=f.a w;a md
ñßlSu wdÈh fkd l< hq;= h' wfkfll= ,jd msßhï lrjd fkd .; hq;=
h' wfkfll=g j;dj;a fkd l< hq;= h' wfkfll= ,jd j;dj;a lrjd fkd
.; hq;= h' wfkfll=f.a miq uyKl= fkd úh hq;= h' wfkfll= miq
uyKl= fldg fkd.; hq;= h' wfkfll=g msKavmd;h fkdf.k hd hq;= h'
wfkfll= ,jd msKavmd;h fkdu f.kajd .; hq;= h' WmdOHdhjrhdf.ka
iïNdId 571
fkd wid .ï fkd jeÈh hq;= h' fidfydkg fkd hd hq;= h' wE;g fkd hd
hq;= h' WmdOHdhjrhd .s,ka ù kï" Èú we;s;dla Wjgeka l< hq;= h' Tyqf.a
iqjh wfmaCId l< hq;= h'12
ioaêúydßlhd ^YsIHhd& flfrys WmdOHdhjrhd úiska wkq.ukh l<

hq;= lreKq zioaêúydßl j;aZ kñka ye¢kafõ' ioaêúydßlhdg fm<oyï
lshjd" kej; kej; úuid wjjdofhka yd wkqYdikfhka ix.%y l<
hq;= h' md;%hla fkd fõ kï" ;udg md;%hla fõ kï" Tyqg th Èh hq;= h'
flfia md;%hla fokafkaoeZhs W;aidy fyda l< hq;= h' isjqrla fkd fõ kï"
WmdOHdhjrhdg ;sfí kï" Tyqg th Èh hq;= h' flfia Öjrhla fokafkaoeZhs
W;aidy fyda l< hq;= h' msßlrla fkd fõ kï" ;udg ;sfí kï" Èh
hq;= h' flfia msßlrla fokafkaoeZhs W;aidy fyda l< hq;= h' .s,ka ù kï"
l,ska u ke.S isg oeyeá Èh hq;= h" uqj fodakd meka Èh hq;= h" wiqka
mekúh hq;= h" le| ;sfí kï" Ndckhla fidaod le| Èh hq;= h" le| ÿka
n÷k iq/lsj kej; f.k ;eìh hq;= h' we| we;sß,s wdÈh bj;a fldg tu
m%foaYh l=Kq frdvq iys; kï" th weuÈh hq;= h'
ioaêúydßlhd .ug hdug leu;s kï Bg wjYH oE iïmdokh l<

hq;= h' msKavmd;h ;sfí kï" ioaêúydßlhd j<|kq leu;s kï Èh ms<s.kajd
msKavmd;h <x l< hq;= h' je<ª miq Èh ms<s.kajd md;%h ms<sf.k my;a
fldg ukd fldg lsisjl fkd .gñka fkd .djñka fidaod" Èh is÷jd"
fudfyd;la wõfõ úh<d .; hq;= h' md;%h WIaKfhys fndfyda fõ,d fkd
;eìh hq;= h' md isjqre ksis wdldrhg ;eìh hq;= h' ioaêúydßlhd .sksy,a
f.g hdug leu;s kï ta i|yd wjYH oE iïmdokh l< hq;= h' ioaêúydßlhd
hï fjfyrl fjfia o ta fjfyr le<s li< iys; kï" yels kï Y=oaO lsÍï
wd§ lghq;= l< hq;= h'
ioaêúydßlhdg meúoafoys we,aula Wmkafka kï" WmdOHdhd úiska th

ixis|úh hq;= h' wkqka ,jd fyda ixis|úh hq;= h' nK fyda lsjhq;= h'
ioa ê úydßlhdg ielhla Wmka f ka kï" WmdOHdhhd úis k a th ÿ/,s h
hq;= h' nK fyda lsj hq;= h' ioaêúydßlhdg ñ:HdoDIaáhla Wmkafka kï"
WmdOHdhjrhd úiska th úfõpkh l< hq;= h' wkqka ,jd fyda úfõpkh
lrúh hq;= h' nK fyda lsj hq;= h' ioaêúydßlhd .re wej;lg meñKs úg
msßfjig iqÿiq kï" ta ms<sn|j W;aidy l< hq;=h' uQ,dhmáliaikhg iqÿiq
fõ kï" ta i|yd W;aidy l< hq;= h' udk; ,nkakg iqÿiq kï" ta i|yd
572 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
W;aidy l< hq;= h' wíndkhg iqÿiq kï" th flfia lrkafka oeZhs W;aidy
l< hq;= h' ;ÊckSh" ksiaih" míndckSh" máidrKSh fyda WlafÄmKSh
l¾uh fyda lrkq leu;s kï" ta l¾uh fkd lrkafka fyda ieye,a¨
lrkafka flfiaoZehs W;aidy l< hq;= h' tjeks l¾uhla lrk ,oafoa kï"
ioaêúydßlhd flfia ukdj mj;skafkaoeZhs wkqf,dauj mj;skafkaoeZhs th
flfia ixis ÷ jka f ka o eZhs WmdOHdhjrhd úis k a W;a i dy l< hq ; = h'
ioaêúydßlhd .s,ka fõ kï" Wmia:dk l< hq;= h' Tyqf.a iqjh wfmaCId
l< hq;= h'13
wkaf;ajdisl ^w;jeishd& úiska ;u wdpd¾hjreka flfrys wkq.ukh

l< hq;= j;a ms<sfj;a weÿrej;a kï fõ'14 wdpd¾hjreka úiska ;u w;jeishka
flfrys mej;sh hq;= wdldrh wkaf;ajdisl j;a hgf;a oelafõ'15 iuld,Sk
miqìu wkqj nqÿrcdKka jykafia úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o fuu Wjfoia
j¾;udkhg o tlfia jeo.;a fõ' iïnqoaO Ydikh fï olajd Ôjudkj
mj;skafka o fuu .=re isiq in|;djfha Yla;su;a moku ksid h'
iudf,dapkh
.=rejreka yd YsIHhka w;r mej;sh hq;= wdpdrYS,S nj yd j.lSï iys;

nj" iqyoYS,S;ajh" wjjdofhka yd wdo¾Yfhka fuka u iduQysl wjfndaOfhka
ne£isàfï wjYH;dj i`s.df,dajdo iQ;%h yd j;a;laLkaOlh u.ska uekúka
ú.%y lr we;' 16 tfuka u kQ;k iudch ;=< Woa.; ù we;s fndfyda
wOHdmk .eg¨j,g úi÷ï fuu i¥mfoaYhka u.ska Wlyd.; yels h' fï
wkqj YsIH .eg¨ i|yd ufkdaúoHd;aul WmfoaYkh ckm%sh ù we;s hq.hl
fn!oaO Ñka;kfha Ndú;fhka f;drj Wmfoia ,nd §u id¾:l fkdjk nj
o úoHudk fõ' kQ;k wOHdmk wdh;kj,g fuu WmfoaYkhka u.ska ,nd
.; yels wdo¾Yhka m%udK l< fkdyels nj o fuu.ska .uH fjhs'
mdol igyka
1 chfialr hQ'ã'" 1997" wOHdmk Ñka;k" l;D m%ldYk

2 —ndyq iÉp[a p ismam[ap'''''" Lqoaol ksldh" ux., iQ;%h" 4 jk .d:dj
3 —'''''mqrFÓud Èid ud;dms;frd fjÈ;índ '''''- §>ksldh 3 is`.d, iQ;%h" ms' 302
4 iudc fldÜGdij,g bgq l< hq;= pdß;% ms<sn| fn!oaO wdl,amh^,smsh&" rkackS
u,ú m;srK" m%{d Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" Wmr;k ysñ fldáhd., îxia'&" 2016"
fudKrd.," fndaê ksfla;kdrdu úydrh" ms' 252
iïNdId 573
5 —m[a p ys fLd .ym;s m q ; a ; Gdfkys wka f ;jdis k d ola Å Kd Èid wdpßhd

mÉpqmÜGd;índ( WÜGdfkk" WmÜGdfkk" iqiaiqidh" mdßpßhdh" ilalÉpx
ismammá.a.yfKk'˜ - §' ks' 3" is`.d, iQ;%h" ms' 304'
u,ú m;srK" m%{d Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" Wmr;k ysñ fldáhd.,îxia'&" 2016"
fudKrd., " fndaê ksfla;kdrdu úydrh" ms' 252
7 —w;a;kd fuj mGux''''˜- Oïumomd,s" w;a; j.a.h" 2 .d:dj
8 §>ksldh 3" is`.d, iQ;%h" ms' 304
u,ú m;srK" m%{d Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" Wmr;k ysñ fldáhd.,îxia'&" 2016"
fudKrd., " fndaê ksfla;kdrdu úydrh" ms' 254
10 tu" ms' 254
11 fn!oaO wdpdr O¾u yd YsIHhd ^,smsh&" uyskao ysñ WKqj;=rnqnqf,a" ksjkau." 2009
uehs" .=K;s,l tÉ' tï' îxia'&" YS% ,xld rcfha uqøKd,Sh fn!oaO ix.uh" ms' 55
12 pq,a,j.a.md,s 2" j;a;laLkaOlh" msgq' 376 - 387
13 pq'md' 2" j;a;laLkaOlh" msgq' 386 - 393
14 WmdOHdh j;a yd iudk h" tu" msgq' 394 - 406
15 ioaêúydßl j;a yd iudk h" tu" msgq' 406 - 412
16 fn!oaO wdpdr O¾u yd YsIHhd ^,smsh&" uyskao ysñ WKqj;=rnqnqf,a" ksjkau." 2009
uehs" .=K;s,l tÉ' tï' îxia'&" YS% ,xld rcfha uqøKd,Sh fn!oaO ix.uh" ms' 55
 ;%smsgl uQ,dY%h nqoaO chka;s mqk¾ uqøK weiqßks'

574 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
iïNdId 575
VIII fldgi
úúO
576 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
iïNdId 577
ixl,amhS yd m%dfhda.l
s jYfhka wdhq¾fõofhys yd
nqÿ oyfuys iurEmS;dj
iS' fla' .uf.a
f.!rj Ydia;%fõ§ ^Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h&
ye¢kaùu
reKdfõ yd m%{dfõ m%;suQ¾;shla n÷ f.!;u

l nqÿka jykafia f,dalhd iir ÿlska uqojd .;a
wiuiu kdhlfhls' ud¾f.damfoaYlfhls'
Wka j yka f ia ;rï i;a j .g fi; ie¥ úYs I a g
kdhlhl= óg m%:u Ndr; b;sydifhys my< ù
hehs is ; s h fkdyels h' mka i d<s i a jila mq r d
f,dald¾: p¾hdfjys kshe¨Kq nqÿka jykafia úiska
foa Y s ; oyu mdrf,!ls l úuq l a ; s h muKla wruq K q lr.;a ; la fkdj
ftyf,!lsl úuqla;sh i|yd o uÕ fmkajkakls'
Ndr;fhka f,djg odho l< o¾Yk w;=ßka nqÿ oyug iy Ydia;% w;=ßka
wdhq¾fõohg;a ysñjkqfha iqúfYaIS ia:dkhls' nqÿ oyu ñksiqka" .yfld<
578 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
iy i;=ka o we;=¿ iuia; mdßißl ixrlaIKhg yd Y=Nisoaêhg Wmfoia

fok f,!lsl yd f,daflda;a;r hk WNh mrud¾: W.kajk .eUqre o¾Ykhls'
l%s'mQ' 6 jeks ishjfia nqÿ oyu Ndr;fha ìys jQ njg idlaIs ,efnk w;r
wdhq¾fõoh ms<sn| uq,skau f;dr;=re i|ykaj we;af;a l%s'mQ' 4500-1600 w;r
ìysjqKq fia ie,flk R.afõofha iy w:¾j fõofha;a h'
nqÿoyu fukau wdhq¾fõoh o ukqIHhdf.a fuf,dj mrf,dj hk WNh

Ôú;hu id¾:l lr .ekSug wjYH moku iy ud¾.h m%lg lrk ukdj
ixúê; úoHdjka yd o¾Ykhka folla f,i ye¢kaúh yels h' tfukau nqÿ
oyu iy wdhq¾fõoh w;r we;af;a ukd wfkHdkH in|;djls' fuu úIhhka
foflys wka;¾.;j mj;akd od¾Yksl iy ixl,amSh iu;dj ksid fukau
m%dfhda.sl jYfhka mj;akd iu;dj ksid o nqÿ oyu iy wdhq¾fõoh fndfyda
ÿrg iudka;rj .uka .kakd úIhhka folla njg m;aj we;s nj fndfyda
úoaj;=kaf.a u;hhs' fulS in|;dj wxY lsysmhla hgf;a idlÉPd l<
yelsfõ'
1' wdhq¾fõofha uQ,sl ixl,am yd nqÿ oyfï uQ,sl ixl,am w;r mj;sk
in|;dj
¸' mxp uyd N+; ixl,amh
ñksid;a" úYajh;a w;r mj;sk iïnkaOh mGú" wdfmda" f;afcda" jdfhda"

wdldY hk mxp uyd N+;hkag wkqj iukaú; ù we;s nj wdhq¾fõo kHdhhs'
úYajh ks¾udKh ù we;af;a ixialdrlhkaf.ka nj;a ishü ixialdr
kefikiq¨ nj;a W.kajk nqÿ oyu tys§ mGú" wdfmda" f;afcda" jdfhda
hkd§ N+;hkaf.a iïnkaO;dj §¾> jYfhka idlÉPd lrhs'
¸¸' p;=rdhœ i;Hh
tfukau nqÿ oyfï uQ,sl újrKh jk ÿl" ÿl we;sùug fya;=j" ÿla ke;s
lsÍu iy ÿl ke;s lsÍfï ud¾.h hk p;=rdhœ i;Hhg iudkj u frda.h"
frda. ksOdkh" frda. iqjh iy Ñls;aid ud¾.h hk isõ jeoEreï moku
u; wdhq¾fõo l%uh o f.dvke.S we;' tfukau cd;s" crd" jHdê" urK hk
ÿlaL i;Hfha m%fNaohkaf.ka cd;s" urK fol ch.ekSu nqÿ oyfï uQ,sl
wNs,dIh jk w;r crd" jHdê fol ch .ekSu wdhq¾fõofha uQ,sl wNs,dIh
ù we;' ta wkqj fuu o¾Ykhka folu tlu uQ,hl isg tlu wruqKla
fj; Èj hk ud¾. folla fia y÷kajd Èh yel'
iïNdId 579
¸¸¸' iqLdka;-ÿlaLdka; ixl,amh
Ydia j ;jdofhys ^w;a ; ls , u;dkq fhda . h& iy WÉfþojdofhys

^lduiqL,a,sldkq fhda.h& .e,S isá Ndr;Sh iudchg nqÿka jykafia ish
ux., O¾u foaYkdfjkau uOHu m%;smodj wkqj hdfuys jeo.;alu m%ldY
fldg jodf<a" hf:dala; wka; oajfhysu ksire nj m%lg lrjñks' ta wkqj
nqÿka jykafiaf.a m%:u O¾u foaYkdj jQ Oïuplalmamj;a;k iQ;%h ;=<ska
o nqÿ oyu iy wdhq¾fõ§h ixl,am w;r mj;akd wúfhdackSh iïnkaO;dj
m% l g fõ' ta wkq j ks j k lrd meñfKka k d YÍrhg wêl iem fok
lduiqL,a,sldkq fhda.h o" YÍrhg wêl ÿla fok w;a;ls,u;dkq fhda.fhka
o neyer úh hq;= h' tfukau wdhq¾fõoh o fuu folu m%;slafIam lrhs'
YÍrh wêl f,i fmda I Kh ls Í u fuka u " wêl f,i ÿla § u o úúO
frda.dndOhkag fya;=ldrl fõ' fï ksid nqÿ oyfuys fukau wdhq¾fõofhys
o wfmalaIs; wjidkh fyj;a mru ksIagdj w;am;a lr.; yelafla uOHu
m%;smodj wkq.ukh lsÍfuks' wdhq¾fõohg wkqj o w;sfhda. fyj;a wdydr
iy wfkl=;a oE muK blaujd mßyrKh" wfhda.H fyj;a muKg wvqfjka
mßyrKh iy ñ:Hd fhda. fyj;a jerÈ whqßka mßyrKh hk ;=ku iajia:
mßydkshg fya;= jk fia i,ld m%;slafIam flf¾1' isÿy;a l=ure jir 29la
mqrd ruH" iqruH" Y=N ud<s.d;%fhys fjfiñka lduiqL,a,sldkqfhda.S Èúhla
o meúÈj jir yhla wfka l ÿla L foda u kia i hka wkq N j lrñka
w;a;ls,u;dkqfhda.S Èúhla o f.ùh' ta wkqj hf:dala; wka; oajhh m%;HlaI
jYfhkau iajia: úfrdaë nj wjfndaO fldg m%;slafIam l<y'
¸¹' mxpYS, ixl,amh
nqÿ oyug wkqj fuf,dj Wmka mqoa.,hd lsishï iodpdr iïmkak rduqjla
;=< Èú f.ùu w.h lrhs' ta i|yd mokula f,i mxpYS, m%;smodj fhdodf.k
we;' úfYaIfhkau f;jeks isl moh zldfïiqñÉPdpdrd fõruŒZ iy miajeks
islmoh ziqrdfïrh uÊcmudoÜGdkd fõruŒZ u.ska wka isl mohkag jvd
Rcqju mjq,a tallfhys ia:djr;ajh" iudc ia:djr;ajhg moku o fuf,dj
iajia:;djg wjYH moku o ilid foa' wdhq¾fõofhys o iqrdj" u;aøjH
Ndú;fhys iajia: úfrdaë nj o ffk;sluh ffu:Qk iodpdrfhys iajia:uh
jeo.;alu o wjOdrKh lrhs'
580 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
¹' frda. yd frda. ksodk ixl,amh
fn!oaO uQ,O¾uhkag wkqj" frda.h M,h kï tys ksodkh fya;=jhs' M,h

ke;s lsÍug kï fya;=j wjfndaO fldgf.k thg m%;sldr l< hq;=fõ'
wdhq¾fõohg wkqj o fya;=j fyj;a ksodkh wjfndaO fldg fkdf.k
lrk m%;sldrh id¾:l fkdfõ' wdhq¾fõ§h uQ,sl .%ka: f,i ie,flk
prl ixys;dj" iqY%e; ixys;dj iy wIagdx. yDoh ixys;dj lrkq ,nk
frda. j¾.SlrKhg iudk j¾.SlrKhla nqÿ iuh ;=<ska o bÈßm;a fldg
we;' ishü frda. yg .ekSfï fya;=j ukaod.aksh nj mjik prl" ;%sfodaI
^jd" ms;a" fiï& ¥IKh ùfuka frda.S jk nj;a" iufia mj;ajd .ekSu
wdfrda.Hhg fya;= jk nj;a mjihs' nqÿ oyfuys fukau wdhq¾fõofhys o
wdfrda.Hfhys moku f,i wdydr iy úyrKh ie,fla' whym;a wdydr yd
úyrKh u.ska ldhsl-udkisl fi!LHh msßfyk nj tu o¾Ykhka foflysu
wjOdrKh flf¾'
¹¸' frda. j¾.SlrK ixl,amh
wdhq¾fõofhys fukau nqÿ oyfuys o b;d meyeÈ,s frda. j¾.SlrKhla

±l.; yelsfõ' prl wdpd¾hjrhd frda. j¾. lrkqfha ksc frda." wd.ka;=l
frda. iy udkisl frda. hkqfjks' jd" ms;a" fiï fldam;dfjka yg.kafka
ksc frda.hka h' N+;" foaj" .%y" úIjdhq" myr§ï wdÈfhka wd.ka;=l frda.
we;sjk w;r ;uka leu;s foa fkd,eîu iy wlue;s foa ,eîu ksid
udkisl frda. we;sjk nj prl lshhs' iqY%e; frda. j¾.SlrKh lrkqfha
m%Odk j¾. y;rla hgf;ys wd.ka;=l frda." YdÍßl frda." udkisl frda.
iy iajdNdúl frda. jYfhks' wIagdx. yDoh ixys;dj olajk wkaoug
frda. j¾. ;=kls' fï Njfhys l< l%shd wkqj" fmr Njfhys l< l%shd wkqj
iy Nj foflysu l< l%shd wkqj Wmokd frda. hkd§ jYfhks' Ydrx.Or
ixys;dj o frda. m%fNao i;rla olajhs' nqÿ iuh ldhsl iy udkisl
jYfhka muKla frda. j¾.SlrKh l< o md,s iy úkh idys;Hd.; uQ,dY%
wkqj nqÿ iuh wd.ka;=l yd iajNdúl frda. ms<sn|j o i|yka lr we;s nj
fmfka' nqÿ iiqkg we;=<;a fkdl< hq;= mqoa.,hka .ek lrk i|yfka o
nqÿka jykafia wjOdkh fhduq lr we;af;a wd.ka;=l frda. ms<sn|j h'
wdhq¾fõohg wkqj nv.skak iajNdúl frda.hls' nqÿ iuh nv.skak mru

frda.h f,i ie,lSfuka nqÿrÿkaf.a fi!LHh úoHd;aul wjfndaOh m%lg
jk nj fyajdudkf.a ^2008& i|yka lrhs'2 ^fyajdudkf.a" úu,a ^2008&
iïNdId 581
fn!oaO iajia:;dj( frda. ksjdrKh iy Ñls;aidj' fld<U( iuhj¾Ok

m%ldYlfhda" 116 msgqj'& nqÿka jykafia wikSmj isá .sßudkkao f;reka
wrNhd foaYs; .sßudkkao iQ;%fhys ldhsl frda. 66la i|yka jk w;r
uÊCêu ksldfha ixf,aL iQ;%fha muKla udkisl frda. 40 la i|yka fõ'
¹¸¸' isjqmi ixl,amh
fuf,dj id¾:l Ôú;hla .; lsÍu i|yd fukau f,daflda;a;r úuqla;sh

fyj;a ks¾jdK idOkh i|yd o iajia:;dj tlfia n,mdhs' nqÿ iuh
wdydr" fiakdik" .s,kami yd jia;% flfrys olajk uOHia: wdl,am
fn!oaO mrud¾: idOkfhys ,d iajia:;dfjys Wmfhda.s;ajh m%lg lrhs'
±yeñka ,o isjqmih muK ±k iufia fnod mßfNda. l< hq;= nj nqÿka
jykafia jod<y' fikiqka ms<s.kakd úg mjd m%;H myiqj ;snqK o OHdk
jvkakg" is; tlÕ lr .kakg iqÿiq ia:dkhla fkdfõ kï th weiqre
fkdlrk fuka jod<y' wdhq¾fõofhys o prl" iqY%e; ixys;djkays wdydr
mßfNdackh fukau ksjdi yd jia;% mßfNda.fhys iajia: ys;lrNdjh Èk
p¾hd" R;= p¾hd wdÈfhys § wjOdrKh fldg we;'
¹¸¸¸' c, mßfNdackh iy jHdhduh ms<sn| ixl,amh
wdydr fukau c,h o ksfrda.S Ôú;hlg w;HjYHu idOlhls' Èkm;d

iqÿiq c, m%udKhla mßfNda.h iy iakdkfhys jeo.;alu o wdhq¾fõofhys
fukau nqÿ oyfuys o wjOdrKh flf¾' c, mdßY=oaêh ms<sn|j nqÿka
jykafiaf.a wjOdkh fhduq ù we;s w;r c,fhys uq;% lsÍu" u<my lsÍu
iy fl< .eiSu fkdl< hq;= nj o" NslaIQka jykafiaf.a mdkSh iy mßfNdackSh
c, iqrlaIs;;dj ms<sn|j o b;d by<ska w.h l<y' c,h fmrd mdkh
lsÍfuys jeo.;alu" wgmsßlr i|yd fmryka lvla we;=<;a lsÍfuka uekúka
m%lg flf¾' tmuKla fkdj <sf|ys mú;%;dj i|yd <s| jiakd mshkla
^wmsOdkx& wkq±k we;s w;r <sx i|yd jy,la o wkq±k we;'
wdhq¾fõo ffjoH úoHdfjys fukau nqÿ oyfuys o ldhsl-udkisl iqj;dj

/l.ekSu i|yd jHdhdufhys fyj;a YdÍßl wNHdihkays jeo.;alu tl
fia ms<sf.k we;' ta wkqj nqÿka jykafia fyd|u jHdhduh f,i ilauka
lsÍu i|yka l<d muKla fkdj m%dfhda.slj tys jeo.;alu f,djg m%lg
l<y' nqoaO;ajfhka isjqjk i;sfhys rejka ilaufkys fh§fuka werô
ilauk" mkaid<sia jila mqrd f,dald¾: p¾hdfjys fhfoñka" msysg úh
582 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
hq;a;ka lrd md .ukskau jevu l< Wkajykafia wiQ jhia uy,af,la

jYfhka isáh§ mjd msßksùu i|yd oUÈj ish¨ .ï kshï.ï miq lrñka
l=iskdrdj olajd md .ukskau jevu lsÍu tys l+G m%dma;sh iksgqyka
fkdlrkafkao@
2' nqÿka jykafia" nqÿ iuh iy iajia:;dj w;r mj;sk in|;dj

j
iajia:;dj ldhsl iy udkisl jYfhka fohdldr fõ' wdhq¾fõofhys

mru ksIagdj ^wjidkh& ldhsl ksfrda.s nj jk w;r nqÿ oyfuys mru
ksIagdj udkisl ksfrda.S nj fyj;a ks¾jdKhhs' tfia o jqj;a udkisl
ksfrda.S nfjys moku jkqfha ldhsl ksfrda.S njhs' —nqÿ oyu iy wdhq¾fõoh
wdh;k jYfhka folls' tfy;a wruqKq f,iska tlls' nqÿ oyfï ftkaøSh
mru ksIagdj Ñ;a; úuqla;shhs' wdhq¾fõofha uqLH wfmalaIdj ldhsl iajia:hhs'
tfia jqj o nqÿ oyu ldhsl fi!LHh;a" wdhq¾fõoh udkisl fi!LHh;a
wu;l lr ke;s njZZ l<,awe,af,a fYalr ysñfhda ^1996& mji;s'3
l%s'mQ' 6 jk ishjfiys isoaOd¾: l=udfrda;am;a;sh isÿjk úg Ndr; iudcfhys

uq,anei.;a ffjoH l%uh jQfha wdhq¾fõohhs' Ndr;Sh rc l=ureka úiska
yod< hq;= foiegla ^62& Ys,am Ydia;% w;r wdhq¾fõoh o jQ nj fmfka' ÿkq
Ys,amh" hqO Ys,amh fukau Bg ms<shï jYfhka ffjoH Ydia;%h o yod< hq;=
úh' tfukau tjl Ndr; iudcfhys ;laIs,d jeks ÈhqKq úYajúoHd, mej;s
nj o Ôjl" wdldif.d;a; jeks ffjoH úfYaI{hka tu úoHdh;kj,ska
ffjoH l¾uh yod< nj o fmfka' ffjoH Ydia;%fhys fl< meñ‚ Ndr;
foaYfhys wiydh ffjoHjrhd jQ Ôjl" ìïìidr rcqf.a fukau nqÿka
jykafiaf.a o ffjoHjrhd úh' Tyq úiska lrk ,o úiañ; Y,Hl¾u w;r
nvje,a .eg.eiSfuka uy;a fõokdjg m;a nrKei isgqjrhdg Worfhys
l< ie;alu o i;a jila mqrd uy;a ysirohla ksid mSvdjg m;a rc.ykqjr
isgqjrhdg fud<fhys lrk ,o Y,Hl¾uh o jeo.;a ia:dkhla .kS' tfukau
fnfy;a .e,ajQ uyfk,a u,a ñáhla wd>%dKh lrkak §fuka nqÿka jykafia
úf¾l lr jQ Ôjlfhda ;j;a úfgl N.kaodrdndOhla (piles) ksid uy;a
mSvd ú¢ ìïìidr rc;=ud iqjm;a lrjQy'
tjlg Ndr; iudcfha m%lgj mej;s wdhq¾fõo ffjoH l%uh ms<sn|j

mq¿,a wjfndaOhla isÿy;a l=ureka i;= jQ nj mjik ùrisxy ^1999&4 tu ±kqu
nqoaO;ajh ,eîfï § Wmdh ud¾.hla jQ nj i|yka lrhs' ta wkqj i;r fmr
iïNdId 583
ksñ;s w;r we;s uy,af,la" f,fvla iy u<l|la hk ksñ;s frda.h f,i;a

meúoaod - fnfy; f,i;a Tyq y÷kajhs'
fn!oaO mrud¾: idOkfhys ,d udkisl ksfrda.S;dj wdrlaId úh hq;= h'

is; f,v jQ úg lh o f,v fõ' nqÿka jykafia wdfrda.Hh fyj;a ksfrda.Slu
W;=ïu ,dNh fia ie,l+ nj zwdfrda.Hd mrud ,dNdZ hkqfjka foaYkd
lsÍfuka fmfka' —hfula .s,ka jQjl=g Wmia:dk lrkafka kï th ;uka
jykafiag lrk Wmia:dkhla fia i,lk njg mejiSfukau iajia:;dj
flfrys nqÿka jykafia ;=< mej;s iqúfYaI Wkkaÿj m%lg flfrhs'
zNs i la ; Z fyj;a fnfy;a foka k d iy zi,a , l;a ; Z fyj;a Y,H

ffjoHjrhd hk jpk nqÿka jykafia ye¢kaùu i|yd fhdodf.k ;sîfuka
Wkajykafia ffjoHjrhl= fia y÷kajd we;s nj fmfka' ffjoHjrhl= jHdê
ÿlg ms<shï lrkakd fia nqÿrÿka iir ÿlg ms<shï l< nj —i;ayg jk nj
ÿlg fjodKka ˜ hk f,da j ev iÕrd lú mofhka o m% l g fõ' ;uka
ffjoHjrhl= nj nqÿka jykafiau ms<s.;a w;r" ffjoHjreka úf¾pk
fokakdla fuka ;uka o wÍh úf¾pk fok nj m%ldY lsÍfuka fmfka' Wka
jykafia w;sfYa%IaG ufkda Ñls;ailfhla jQ fial' ñksia isf;ys we;sjk
frda. 44la iy tajdg wod< ufkda Ñls;ail m%;sldr l%u o m%ldY fldg we;'
;u tlu orejd u< fidúka úhre jegqKq lsidf.da;ñhg o ;ukg wdorh
l< - ;uka wdorh l< ish,a,ka u tljr wysñ ùfuka úhre jegqKq
mgdpdrdjg o w;sfYa%IaG ufkda Ñls;ailfhl= fuka O¾uh kue;s T!IOfhka
ixidr kue;s jHdêh (Disease) iyuq,skau iqjm;a lrjQy'
fï whqßka udkisl frda. jHqmYukh i|yd lghq;= l< nqÿka jykafia

ldhsl frda. iukh i|yd o ish wjOdkh fhduq l< fial' ñksia isrefrys
wNHka;r ish¨ bkaøshhka ms<sn|j o tu bkaøshhkays yg.kakd frda.
ms<sn|j o tu tla tla frda. i|yd kshu lrk ,o T!IO ms<sn|j o
ie,lSfï§ nqÿka jykafia i;=j mej;s úiauhdjy ffjoH úoHd;aul ±kqu
uekúka m%lg fjhs' ñksidg je<¢h yels ldhsl frda. 55la ms<sn|j lrk
i|yk ldh jHjÉfþolfhl= jYfhka Wkajykafia i;=j mej;s ±kqu fy<s
lrk lÈu idOlhla f,i .sßudkkao iQ;%h ye¢kaúh yels h' ñksia
isrefrys fldgia 32la iy jd;" ms;" l¿ hk ;%sfodaIhkaf.ka fjk fjku
we;sjk frda." ;%sfodaI tlaùfuka je<f|k frda." R;= úm¾hdifhka we;sjk
frda." jerÈ wdydr mqreÿ ksid we;sjk frda." YS;" WIaK jeks iajdNdúl
584 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
frda . " uq ; % d § fõ. OdrKh ks i d we;s j k frda . hkd§ jYfhka frda .

j¾.SlrKh fldg we;' fï whqßka nqÿka jykafia i;=j mej;s w;suy;a
ffjoH ±kqu ksidu Y%djl NslaIQka frda.S jQ úg Wkajykafiag ±kaùu isß;laj
mej;sK' NslaIQka jykafia,df.a úúO frda. i|yd kshu lrk ,o T!IO
fhda. úkh msglfhys uyd j.a. md,sfhys fNicCOLLOlfhys i|yka fõ'
fï ms<sn|j woyia olajk rdukdhl5 ^1999&" —.sßudkkao iQ;%fhka fy<s

jkafka Wkajykafiaf.a ldhsl Ñls;aid mdKaä;Hh muKla fkdj ufkda
Ñls;ail mdKaä;Hh o fõ' fuys we;s úfYaI;ajh kï Wkajykafia O¾uh
fkdblaujd wka ish¨ Ydia;%hka m%fhdackhg .ekSu nj˜ mjihs'
3' NslaIq iudch iy iajia:; dj

;dj
nqÿka jykafia ;rï iajia:;d ixl,amh ksjerÈj y÷kd.;a" m%dfhda.slju

tu ksjerÈ iajia: udjf;ys .uka .;a tfukau wkHhka o tu udjf;ys
.uka lrùug wjYH iÿmfoaY iemhQ fjk;a lsisÿ wd.ñl l;=jrfhla ù
hehs is;sh fkdyels h' NslaIq iudcfhys iajia:;dj b;d by<ska wfmalaId
l< nqÿka jykafia NslaIq iudchg lsishï mqoa.,fhla we;=<;a lr .ekSfï
§ mjd fï ms<sn|j úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq l<y' ta wkqj iiqkg we;=<;a
lr .ekS f ï§ fuka u fmdfydh wd§ úkh l¾u ls Í fï§ o úúO
frda.dndOhkaf.ka mSä; jQjka ta i|yd yjq,a lr fkd.;ay' w¾Yia" N.kaord"
ms;a" fiï" ldih" iajdih iy l=IaG wd§ p¾u frda.hkaf.ka wd;=r jkakd
iiqkg we;=<;a lr fkd.; hq;= nj o tu.ska fn!oaO mrud¾: idOkhg
wjYH ux weysfrk nj o foaYkd l<y' tfukau wdydr" .s,kami" Öjr"
msKavmd;" fiakdik Ndú;fha § o ldhsl iajia:;dj m%uqL;ajfhys ;nd
muK ±k fiajkh lrk f,i okajd we;'
ÿr neyer isg ;uka jykafia neye±lSug tk NslaIQkaf.a iqj ÿla îajia:;dj

ms<sn|j& úuiSug wu;l fkdl< nqÿka jykafia úúO wjia:dj, frda.S jQ
NslaIQka i|yd úúO T!IO wkq±k jod< njg fNiÊc LKaOlh lÈu
ksoiqkls' iajia:;dj ldhsl" udkisl" iy iudÔh jYfhka ;%súO jk w;r
ldhsl iajia:;dj f,!lsl wNsjDoaêhg muKla fkdj iS,-iudê-m%{d jeãug
o f,daflda;a;r wNsjDoaêhg o taldhk ud¾.h fõ'
iïNdId 585
fï wkqj iajia:;dfjka msßyqKq NslaIq iudchlg jvd iajia:;d mQ¾K

NslaIq iudchla nqÿka jykafia wfmalaId l< nj uekúka meyeÈ,s fjhs'
4' nqÿka jykafia úiska foaYkd lrk ,o fi!LH ixrlaIK úëka wdhq¾fõofha
uQ,sl isoaOdka;hka iuÕ iudklula mej;Su
nqÿka jykafia úiska NslaIQka jykafia,d Wfoid ks¾foaY lrk ,o T!IO

ixfhda. iy ms<shï uyd j.a.md,sfha fNiþc LkaOlfha we;=<;aj we;'
wdhq¾fõofha W.kajk jd" ms;a" fiï hk ;%sOd;=" mxp uyd N+; iuÕ
iu;=,s;;dj mj;akd ;dla .eg¨jla fyj;a frda.hla yg fkd.efka' tfy;a
fuu iu;=,s;;dj ì÷Kq úg fyj;a wiu;=,s; jQ úg frda.S ùu isÿfõ'
frda.shd iy Wmia:dhlhd ms<sn|j wdhq¾fõofhys fukau nqÿka jykafiaf.a
o wjOdkh fhduq ù we;'
nqÿka jykafia úúO wjia:dj, ffjoH úidrohl= fia l%shd fldg we;s
w;r úúO frda. wjia:dj, § nqÿka jykafia NslaIQka Wfoid wdhq¾fõo
T!IO wkq±k jodrd we;' tfukau nqÿ oyu fukau wdhq¾fõoh o uOHu
m%;smodjg wkqj fodaI iukh ;=<ska m%;sldr lsÍu iy wdhq¾fõofha i|yka
frda. m%;sfYdaOkfha W;=ï nj nqÿka jykafia úkh yd iQ;% msglj, foaYkd
lr ;sîu o nqÿ oyu fukau wdhq¾fõoh o¾Ykhla fia f,dj mqrd úoaj;=ka
ms<sf.k ;sîu o hk lreKq fya;=fjka wdhq¾fõoh yd nqÿ oyu iudka;rj
.uka .kakd úIhhka folla f,i ye¢kaúh yels fõ'
5' wdhq¾fõofha úldYkh iy mqkreoh flfrys nqÿ iufha jHdma;sh yd

wdh;k.;ùu n,md we;s wdldrh
nqÿ iuh iudc ixia:djla jYfhka wdh;k.;ùu wdhq¾fõo ffjoH

l%ufha ÈhqKqjg n,j;a Wmldrhla ù we;' fn!oaO md,lhkaf.a wjOdkh
wdhq ¾ fõoh flfrys fhduq ù u;a " Ns l a I Q k a jyka f ia , d wdhq ¾ fõoh k.d
isgqùfuys,d ksr; ùu;a fuys,d lemS fmfka' zfjoluZ yd zfyoluZ hk
ixl,am fol nqÿ oyfï W.kajk zmskZ kue;s ixl,amhgu iïnkaO jk
w;r fn!oaOhd mska ,nd.ekSfï woyiska b;d ´kElñka fjolï iy
fyolï l< nj meyeÈ,s h' fmdÿfõ ffjoH l%uh iy iudc ixia:dj
ms < s n |j ie,lS f ï§ ffjoHjrhd" frda . s h d iy Wmia : lhd hk ;% s ú O
mqoa.,hkaf.a ld¾h fldgia jeo.;a fõ' .s,kqkag Wmia:dk l< hq;= wdldrh"
586 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
Wmia:dhlhl= <Õ ;sìh hq;= .=Kdx. iy frda.shd isák ldurh fjkia l<
hq;= wdldrh wd§ lghq;= ms<sn|j nqÿka jykafia úúO wjia:dj, § Wmfoia
§ ;sfí'
tfukau fn!oaO rcjrekaf.a wkq.%yh wdhq¾fõohg ,eîu;a" mqKH l%shdjla

f,i i,ld rcjre fi!LH ixrlaIK lghq;=j, ksr; ùu;a" iEu wdrduhlu
fnfy;a .nvdjla ;sîu;a" NslaIQka jykafia,d fndfyda úg olaI ffjoHjreka
ùu;a" rcjreka fukau NslaIQka jykafia,d o wdhq¾fõo .%ka: rpkd lsÍu;a
fuu lreK ;jÿrg;a ikd: lrhs' tfukau wkqrdOmqr uq,a hq.hg wh;a
n%dyaó f,ka ,sms lsysmhla fuu lreK ;jÿrg;a ikd: lrhs'
hf:da l a ; lreKq i,ld ne,S f ï§ ixl,a m S h yd m% d fhda . s l jYfhka

wdhq¾fõofhys yd nqÿ oyfuys iurEmS;dj uekúka úYo fjhs'
wdY%;
s .%k:
a
1' prl ixys;d ^2007- fofjks uqøKh& wd¾' nqoaOodi ^wdhqq'& n;a;ruq,a,( wOHdmk
m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j' iQ;% ia:dkh" wOHdh 5" 26-27 msgq'
2' fyajdudkf.a" úu,a ^2008& fn!oaO iajia:;dj( frda. ksjdrKh iy Ñls;aidj"
fld<U( iuhj¾Ok m%ldYlfhda" 116 msgqj'
3' fYaLr ysñ" l<,awe,af,a ^1996& znqÿ oyu yd wdhq¾fõohZ wdhq¾fõo iólaIdj' 1
fj¿u" III fldgi" kdúkak( wdhq¾fõo fomd¾;fïka;=j' ms' 101'
4' ùrisxy" tia'Ô'tï' ^1999&" wdhqfõo iólaIdj zfn!oaO o¾Ykh iy ffjoH Ydia;%h
w;r mejf;k iïnkaO;dj ms<sn| úuiSulaZ - fj¿u" kdúkak( wdhq¾fõo
fomd¾;fïka;=j' 20-22 msgq'
5' rdukdhl" ,S,d ^1999& wdhqfõo iólaIdj IX fj¿u" kdúkak( wdhq¾fõo
fomd¾;fïka;=j' 53-57 msgq'
iqY%e; ixys;d ^2007 - fofjks uqøKh& wd¾' nqoaOodi ^wkq'& kdúkak( wdhq¾fõo
fomd¾;fïka;=j' wIagdx. yDoh ixys;d' ^1964& wd¾ nqoaOodi îxia'& fld<U(
rdcH NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j' l=iqur;a;" id.r ^1997& md,s idys;H.; ffjoH
l%uh' je,a,ïmsáh( p;=r uqøK Ys,amsfhda" ISBN 955 20 2448 X wfífialr"
pkaød ^2006& Y%S ,xldj yd l,dmSh rgj, mdrïmßl fjolu" fmd,a.ia´úg'
l¾;D' .,auxf.dv" iqukmd, ^2003& wdhq¾fõo wOHhk' hlal,( .ïmy úl%udrÉÑ
wdhq¾fõo wdhq¾fõo wdh;kh" ISBN 9555 98233 3 7
iïNdId 587
f.da,h
S ckixLHdj yd ta wdY%;
s m%jK;d
uydpd¾h iqfka;%d f;kakfldaka
N+f.da, úoHd wOHhkdxYh" Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h
rù kkaok .udÉÑf.a
iyh lÓldpd¾h" N+f.da, úoHd wOHhkdxYh
ye¢kaùu
zzc k.ykhZZ hk jpkh f.da,Sh m%jdyhla f,i

w¾: ksrEmKh lrkqfha tys uQ,sl l%shdj,s
rduqj udkjhdf.a fN!;sl wfN!;sl ish¨ lreKq
ldrKdj, tl;=jla jk ksidfjks' iudc úoHd{hka
wOHhk lrkq ,nk iEu is h ¨ f;a u djla u
ckixLHdj" ck ixhq;sh iy ck jHqyh hk ud;Dld
u; mokï jk nj J. Clarke ^1972& m%ldY lrkqfha
tfyhsks' ck.ykhg iyiïnkaê;j úYd, f,i l;sldjg ,lajkakd jQ
f;audjka jk wdydr ys`.h" oßø;djh" ú/lshdj" kd.ßllrKh" mßir
¥IKh jeks f;audjka fuu ud;Dldfõ mq¿,a nj mila lrkakd fiau tys
mj;sk m¾fhaIKd;aul jeo.;alu o iksgqyka lrhs' ck.ykh iïnkaOj
ìys ù we;s úfYaI kHdhd;aul lreKq wdY%h fldg .ksñka ck.yk j¾Okfha
m%jK;d yd tAjdfhys mj;sk N+f.da, úoHd;aulj úYaf,aIKh l< hq;=
lreKq" f;aud m%fõYhla hgf;a újrKh lsÍu fuu ,smsfha wruqKhs'
588 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
f,dal ck ixLHdfõ ft;sydisl miqìu ms<sn|j újrKh lsÍfï§

f,dj ck ixLHd j¾Okfha yerjqï ,laIhka lsysmhla jk nj meyeÈ,s
lreKls' ksfhda,s;sl úma,jh" ld¾ñl úma,jh" kd.ßllrK mqkreoh yd
ikSmdrlaIdfõ we;s jQ flá ld,Sk j¾Okh fuu l%shdj,sfha ±ä l%shdldÍ
,laIhka jQ nj fmfka' fuhg jir 10"000lg muK fmr fNda. j.dfõ
wdrïNh ìysùu;a iuÕ ck ixLHdj ñ,shkhlg muK j¾Okh jQ nj
Wml,amkh lrhs' l%s' mQ' 5"000 jk úg f,dj ck ixLHdj ì,shk 50lg
fkdwvq jQ nj mqrdúoHd;aul idlaIs wkqj y÷kdf.k we;' l%sia;= j¾I
wdrïN jk úg uq¿ ck ixLHdj ì,shk 300lg j¾Okh jQ nj;a tA i|yd
wdydr ksIamdokfha ±ä j¾Okhg bjy,a jQ nj y÷kdf.k we;' ^Waugh
1999& f,dal ckixLHdj md,kh ùu i|yd n,mdk ,o m%Odk idOlhka
f,i jix.; me;sÍu n,mdk ,o nj David Waugh ^1999& olajhs' 1348-1650
ld,h w;r jHdma; jQ uydudßh jix.;h hqfrdamfha ck ixLHdfjka
1$3lg wdikak m%udKhla urKhg m;a lrk ,§' miqld,Skj jix.;hka
i|yd fidhd.kakd ,o fnfy;a j¾. iy ikSmdrlaIdfõ jHdma;sh yd
j¾Okh fya;= fldgf.k f,dal ck ixLHdfõ j¾Okh yd jHdma;sh ±ä
f,i fõ.j;a úh' fuu fõ.j;a ck.yk j¾Okh iudc" wd¾Ól"
foaYmd,ksl fukau ixialD;sl jYfhka o úúO jQ;a wjldYSh jYfhka
úiu jQ;a m%jK;d ±laùug n,mdk ,§' Niccolo Macchiavilli, Giovanni Botero
yd Mirboar hk úoHd{hska f,dal ck ixLHdfõ j¾Ok fõ.fha m%jK;d
ms<sn| úoHd;aulj wOHhkh lrk ,o uQ,sl;u mqoa.,hka úh' Macchiavilli
bÈßm;a l< u;fõoh wkqj wêl ck.ykh f,v frda. u.ska wvq lrk
w;r ck.yk j¾Okh iy iïm;a iq,N;djh w;r úfhdackSh in|;djla
mj;S' fuu u;jdohg lreKq bÈßm;a lrñka 1798 § f;dauia fuda,a;ia
úiska An Essay on the Principle of Population hk ,smsh u.ska ck.ykh
fo.=Kùfï ld, mrdih yd wdydr ksIamdokfha j¾Okh wiudkqmd;slj
jk neúka wkd.; wdydr w¾nqohla ks¾udKh jk nj olajk ,§' fuu
m%jK;dj u.yrjd .ekSug miqld,Skj f.da,Sh jYfhka ksIamdÈ;;djh
j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd ±ä fjfyila fukau Wm;a wkqmd;h my< ±óu i|yd
úfYaI l%shdkaú;hla lrk ,§' fuu l%shdj,Skaf.ka ckixLHd j¾Okfhys
úfYaI fjkiaùï lsysmhla we;s jQ w;r kd.ßllrKh" ld¾ñllrKh"
jeks l%shdj,Ska yuqfõ laIqø iudc úp,khka fukau wd¾Óluh jYfhka
f.dvk.k ,o wix;=,khla ks¾udKh jkakg úh'
fuu l%shdj,sfha§ ixj¾Okh hk idOlh ck.yk j¾Okfha kshuq

idOlhla jYfhka l%shd;aul jQ nj y÷kd.; yelsh' ixj¾ê; rgj, yd
iïNdId 589
ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, ck.yk jHdma;sh yd jHqyd;aul ,laIK

ú.%y lrñka rgl wd¾Óluh fjkialï ck ixLHdfõ j¾Okhg n,mdk
wdldrh ú.%y lsÍu i|yd Frank W. Notesitein úiska ck ixl%dka;s kHdh
y÷kajdfok ,§' f,dalfha iEu rglau fuu wdlD;sfha hï wjia:djla
ksfhdackh lrhs hkak Tjqkaf.a u;h úh' tA wkqj tu iEu wjia:djla
ksfhdackh lsÍu ;=<§ tA tA l,dmh ;=< ìysjk iudc wd¾Ól m%jK;d
úoHd{hka úiska y÷kd.kakd ,§'
m%ia;dr wxl 01 - ckixl%dka;s kHdfhys wjia:d

Wm;a urK wkqmd;slh
1 mshjr 2 mshjr 3 mshjr 4 mshjr
Wm;a wkqmd;slh
iajNdúl;d j¾Okh
urK wkqmd;slh
ld,h
fuu kHdhd;aul m%fõY hgf;a f,dalfha ck ixLHd jl%h l%shd;aul

jkakd jQ wdldrh yd ixj¾Okh w;r iyiïnkaO;djla mj;sk nj uQ,sl
ks.ukhla úh' ixj¾Okh ùu Wm;a wkqmd;slh yd urK wkqmd;slh
my; fy<Sug;a n,mdkq ,nk nj;a Y%uÞhl;ajh by< ±óu i|yd w;HdjYH
ck ixl%dka;shla ìysjk nj;a y÷kd.kakd ,§' ;=kajk f,dalfha ck
ixl%dka;sh jYfhka kHdhd;aul wdlD;shla Frank W. Notesitein úiska
f.dvk.k ,oafoa tfyhsks' flfia jqjo iudc wd¾Ól l%ufõohkays ld,Sk
yd wjldYSh úldYhka hgf;a f.da,Sh ckúoHd;aul jl%hkays úfYaI m%jK;d
úYd, m%udKhla y÷kdf.k mj;S' f.da,ShlrKh kd.ßllrKh" mdßißl
ÑriaÓ;slnj iudc ixlS¾K;ajh" wd¾Ól ia:djr;ajh hk iudc wd¾Ól
ixl,amhka ck ixLHdfjys md,k ldrlhka f,i l%shd;aul ù we;s nj
D. H. Meddows ^1972& we;=¿ wh The Limits of Growth hk lD;sh ;=<ska
bÈßm;alr we;'
40 - CM23766
590 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
f,dal ck ixLHdfõ m%jK;d yd tys n,mEu
ck ixLHdj ms<snò u; tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wruqo, 1978 cQ,s 11 jeks Èk

f,dalfha ì,shk 05 jekakd Wm; ,o Èkh f,i Wml,amkh lrk ,§'
1992 § f,dal ck ixLHdj iEu ñks;a;=jl§u mqoa.,hka 140g jeä jk nj
y÷kdf.k we;' fujeks f.da,Sh m%jK;djhla mj;sk ck ixLHd j¾Okfha
ld,Sk úldYkh iEu rglgu tl f,i n,mj;ajkakd jQ f;audjla f,i
y÷kd.ekSu ksjerÈh' wdrïNfha isg fï olajdu f,dal ck ixLHdj wLKavj
j¾Okh ù ;snqK o iEu rglu th tl yd iudk iS>%;djhlska isÿ ù
fkdue;' fuu f,dal ck ixLHdfõ wiudk iS>%;djh wd¾Ólh w;ska jeä
ixj¾ê; rgj,a ^More Economically Developed Countries - MEDC& iy
wd¾Ólh wvq ixj¾ê; rgj,a ^Less Economically Developed Countries&
f,i f.k úYaf,aIKh l< yelsh' f,dal ck ixLHdj j¾Okfha fulS
wiudk;d ck ixLHd f,aLk weiqßka ú.%y l< yelsh' tA wkqj 1950
j¾Ifha § wd¾Ólh w;ska jeä ixj¾ê; rgj, ckixLHdj ñ,shk 751la
Ôj;a jQ w;r j¾I 2000 jk úg ñ,shk 1186 olajd jeä úh' tfy;a wd¾Ól
w;ska wvq ixj¾ê; rgj, 1950 § ñ,shk 1735la jQ ck ixLHdj 2000 §
ñ,shk 4"972la olajd jeä úh Û. S. Census Bureau, International Data
Base, 2012&' fï wdldrfhka fulS ixj¾ê; l,dm fol wdY%s;j ckixLHd
m%udKfha wiudk;djhla we;s nj m%ia;dr wxl 2 u.ska meyeÈ,s fõ'
m%ia;dr wxl 02 - ixj¾ê; l,dm fol wdY%s;j

ckixLHd m%udKfha wiudk;dj
uQ,dY%h ( U. S. Census Bureau, International Data Base, 2009

iïNdId 591
uq¿ f,dal ck ixLHdfjka 2012 jk úg ishhg 96]la u wd¾Ólh

w;ska wvq ixj¾ê; rgj, Ôj;a ù ;sfí' fï wdldrhg m%Odk l,dm fol
wdY%fhka fukau uydoaùm w;r;a ck ixLHd wiudk rgdjla fmkakqï
lrhs' th tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ck.yk o;a;j,g wkqj wxl 01 j.=fõ ±lafõ'
wxl 01 j.=j ( f,dal ckixLHdj - uydoaùm wkqj
uydoaùmh ckixLHdj ^ñ,shk&

wdishdj 4"088
wm%sldj 990
hqfrdamh 728
W;=re wefußldj 534
ol=Kq wefußldj 392
Íkshdj ^íafÜ%,shdj we;=<;aj& 34
wekagdáldj ck.ykh ke;
uQ,dY%h ( U. S. Census Bureau, International Data Base, 2009
wxl 01 j.=jg wkqj uq¿ f,dal ckixLHdfjka ñ,shk 4"088la u

wdishd uydoaùmfha Ôj;a fjk w;r b;d wvq m%udKhla tkï ñ,shk 34la
Íkshdfõ Ôj;a fõ' fï wkqj meyeÈ,s jk lreKla jkafka f,dal ck
ixLHdj ;SrKh ùu flfrys LED rg j,ska jeä Þhl;ajhla imhk w;r
bka o jeä Þhl;ajhla wdishd uydoaùmfhka olajk njhs' tkï f,dal
ckixLHdfjka ishhg 60 lau wdishd uydoaùmfha Ôj;a fõ' f,dal ck
ixLHdfõ m%udKh wkqj f,dalfha rgj,a ckixLHdj jeäu ^Most Populated&
iy wvqu ^Less Populated& f,i j¾. lr we;s w;r ckixLHdj jeäu
rgj,a 2012 iy 2050 g wkqj wxl 02 j.=j u.ska oelafõ'
592 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
wxl 02 j.=j ( ckixLHdfõ m%udKh wkqj f,dalfha

rgj,a j¾.SlrKh - 2012 iy 2050
;rdj rg ckixLHdj ;rdj rg ckixLHdj

^ñ,shk& ^ñ,shk&
2012 2050
1 Ökh 1"350 1 bkaÈhdj 1"691

2 bkaÈhdj 1"260 2 Ökh 1"311
3 tlai;a ckmoh 314 3 tlai;a ckmoh 423
4 bkaÿkSishdj 241 4 khsÔßhdj 402
5 n%iS,h 194 5 mdlsia;dkh 314
6 mdlsia;dkh 180 6 bkaÿkSishdj 309
7 khsÔßhdj 170 7 nx.,dfoaYh 226
8 nx.,dfoaYh 153 8 n%iS,h 213
9 reishdj 142 9 fldxf.da 194
10 cmdkh 128 10 b;sfhdamshdj 166
uQ,dY%h ( Population Reference Bureau, World Population Data Sheet, 2012
by; wxl 02 j.=j wkqj meyeÈ,s jkafka 2012 j¾Ifha§ uq¿ f,dal
ck.ykfhka jeä m%udKhla tkï ñ,shk 1"350la Ökfha Ôj;a ù we;s
w;r cmdkh 10 jk ia:dkfha miq ù we;s njhs' tfy;a 2050 j¾Ifha§ fuu
;;a;ajh fjkia ù bkaÈhdj ckixLHdj ñ,shk 1"691la ù m<uqjk ia:dkhg
meñK we;s w;r fldxf.da ckrch yd b;sfhdamshdj ckixLHdj jeäfhka
Ôj;ajk rgj,a 10 w;rg meñfKk nj weia;fïka;= lr ;sfí'
miq.sh j¾Ij,§ fukau f,dal ckixLHdj wkd.;fha§ ;jÿrg;a jeä

jkq we;' wkd.; ck ixLHdj muKla fkdj tys j¾Ok iS>%;djh o
N+f.da,Sh jHdma;s rgdj o f,dal ck;djf.a wd¾Ól" iudÔh" mdßißl"
ixialD;sl yd foaYmd,k Ôú;h flfrys fnfyúka n,mdkq we;'
f,dal ckixLHd j¾Okh fukau ckixLHd m%jK;d ms<sn| wjOdkh

fhduq lsÍu jeo.;a fõ' f,dal ckixLHd m%jK;d iïnkaOfhka idlÉPd
iïNdId 593
lrk úg lemS fmfkk ,laIKhla jkafka nd, jhia ck ixLHdjg ^wjq'

0-15& idfma l a I j jhia . ; ckixLHdj jeäùfï m% j K;djhhs ' tks i d
j¾;udkfha § ola k g ,efnk uq ÿ k mgq ckixLHd ms r óvh fjkq j g
wkd.;fha § uq ÿ k m<,a ckixLHd ms r óvh ±ls h yels h ' f.da , S h ck
ixLHdfjka jeä fldgila jhia.; ckixLHdj ùu flfrys n,mdk m%Odk
;Srlhla f,i idM,H;dj wvqùu" u¾;H;djh wvqùu yd Wmf;a§ wdhq
wfmalaIdj jeäùu .; yelsh' f.da,Sh ckixLHd o;a; mÍlaId lsÍfï §
meyeÈ,s jk lreKla jkafka f.da,Sh uÜgfuka uq¿ idM,H;d wkqmd;slh
^Total Fertility Rate& 1950 isg 2005 olajd iS>% f,i wvq ù 2005 isg 2050
olajd idudkH uÜgfuka wvq jk njhs' tkï 1950 § 5'0la jQ f.da,Sh
uÜgfï uq¿ idM,H;d wkqmd;slh 2000§ 2'7 olajd wvq ù 2050 jk úg 2'1g
;a jvd wvq úh yels nj weia;fïka;= lr ;sfí' fuu o;a;j,g wkqj
meyeÈ,sjkafka f.da,Sh uÜgfuka wjqreÿ 15g wvq <uhska ixLHdj wkd.;fha§
l%ñlj wvq ù hk njhs' fuu uq¿ idM,H;d wkqmd;slfha wvqùu N+f.da,Sh
jYfhka wjldYShj fjkia fõ' WÞyrKhla f,i wd¾Ólh w;ska jeä
ixj¾ê; rgj, ^MEDC& 1950 § 2'8 ;snQ uq¿ idM,H;d wkqmd;slh 2000
j¾Ih jk úg b;d wêl f,i 1'5 olajd wvq ù we;s w;r th wvq ixj¾ê;
rgj, ^LEDE& 6'2 isg 2'9 olajd wvq ù ;sfí' fï ms<sn| jeäÿrg;a f;dr;=re
m%ia;dr wxl 02ys ±lafõ ^World Population Report, 2012&'
m%ia;dr wxl 03 ( uq¿ idM,H;d wkqmd;slh - f.da,Sh yd

ixj¾ê; l,dm wkqj
594 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
by;s k a i|yka l< wdldrhg f,da l ck.ykfha uq ¿ idm,H;d

wkqmd;slh iS>%fhka wvqjk w;ru f.da,Sh uÜgfuka ud¾;H;dj o wvqùula
fmkakqï lrhs' fuu fya;=j ksidu Wmf;a§ wdhq wfmalaI;djh o wvq ù
tks i du f,da l jhia . ; ck ixLHdj l% ñ lj jeäfjñka mj;S ' fuu
u¾;H;djh wvqùu wd¾Ólh w;ska jeä ixj¾ê; rgj, iS>%fhka wvqjk
w;r LED rgj, fiñka isÿ fõ' f.da,Sh uÜgfuka ck ixLHdfõ Wmf;a§
wdhq wfmalaIdj l%ñlj jeäfjñka mj;sk nj wxl 03 rEm igykska ±lafõ'
m%ia;dr wxl 04 ( f.da,Sh uÜgfuka yd ixj¾ê; m%foaY wkqj

ckixLHdfõ Wmf;a§ wdhq wfmalaIdj
f,dalfha iy ixj¾ê; ldKav wkqj wdhq wfmalaIdj
uQ,dY%h ( World Population Report, 2012
wxl 03 m%ia;drhg wkqj 1950 j¾Ifha§ wjq' 46'5la jQ Wmf;a§ wdhq

wfmalaIdj 2000§ wjq' 66 olajd jeä ù 2050 § wjq' 70 olajd jeä úh yelsfõ'
fuu f.da,Sh jYfhka we;s Wmf;a§ wdhq wfmalaIdj jeäùu N+f.da,Sh
jYfhka wjldYShj o fjkia fõ' tkï jeä ixj¾ê; rgj, 1950 § Wmf;a§
wdhq wfma l a I dj wjq r eÿ 65la ;rï by< w.hla .ka k d w;r th b;d
iS>%fhka jeä ù ;sfí' tkï 2000 j¾Ih jk úg f.da,Sh uÜgug jvd
by<ska tkï Wmf;a § wdhq wfmalaIdj wjq' 72la ù ;sfí' 2050 jk úg wjqreÿ
75 olajd ;jÿrg;a jeä úh yelsfõ' fï u.ska meyeÈ,s jkafka jeä ixj¾ê;
l,dmfha rgj, jhia.; ck ixLHdfõ j¾Okh jeä njhs' wfkla w;g
iïNdId 595
wd¾Ólh w;ska wvq ixj¾ê; rgj, Wmf;a§ wdhq wfmalaIdj f.da,Sh uÜgug
jvd my< uÜgul ;sfí' tkï 1950 § tu w.h wjq' 41 jk w;r 2000 §
th wjqreÿ 63ls' fuh 2050 jk úg wjq' 70 olajd jeäfjkq we;ehs weia;fïka;=
lr ;sfí' fï wdldrhg f.da,Sh uÜgfuka yd tla tla ixj¾ê; l,dm
wkqj Wmf;a§ wdhq wfmalaIdj jeä jk w;r tys m%;sM,hla f,i f,dal ck
ixLHdjg tl;=jk jhia.; ck ixLHdj o jeäfõ' tfy;a wvq ixj¾ê;
rgj, ±kg ck ixLHdj wêl jk w;r wdhq wfmalaIdj f.da,Sh uÜgug
jvd my<ska isáh o jhia.; ck ixLHdjg tl;=jk ck ixLHdj wêl fõ'
fuu Wmf;a § wdhq wfmalaIdj ms<sn| úuiSfï § th ia;%S mqreI jYfhka o
fjkila mj;S' tkï ldka;djka yd mqreIhka w;r wdhq wfmalaIdfõ mr;rhla
^Gender gap& mj;sk w;r mqreIhkag idfmalaIj ldka;djkaf.a Wmf;a§
wdhq wfmalaIdj jeäh' WÞyrKhla f,i 1950§ fuu mr;rh 2'7la jQ w;r
2000§ th 4'2 olajd jeä ù 2050 § fuh ;jÿrg;a jeäfjkq we;ehs
weia;fïka;= lr ;sfí' fuu mr;rh jeä ixj¾ê; l,dmfha rgj, f.da,Sh
uÜgug;a jvd by< w.hla .kS' f.da,Sh ck ixLHd o;a; wkqj by<u wdhq
wfmalaIdj wjq' 85la jk w;r th cmdkfhka jd¾;d fõ' fuh 2050 jk úg
wjqreÿ 92g jvd jeä fj;ehs wfmalaId flf¾' fuu ;;a;ajh fï wdldrhgu
mej;=kfyd;a f.da,Sh uÜgfuka ldka;djkaf.ka ishhg 59lf.au Wmf;a§
wdhq wfmalaIdj 2025 jk úg wjqreÿ 80 jk nj weia;fïka;= lr we;'
fuhs k a meyeÈ,s jka f ka ck ixLHdj jhia . ;ùu wdY% s ; j mq r eIhka g
idfmalaIj ldka;djkag .eg¨ rdYshlg uqyqK§ug isÿjk njhs'
by;ska i|yka lrk wdldrfha f.da,Sh ck ixLHdj wdY%s;j isÿjk

;;a ; a j hka ks i d f,da l jhia . ; ck ixLHdj jeäùfï m% j K;dj o
m%udKd;aulj mÍlaId lsÍu jeo.;a fõ' 1950 isg 2000 jir jk úg f,dal
jhia.;jQjkaf.a m%udKh ;=ka .=Khlska jeä ù ;sfnk w;r 2050 jk úg
;=ka .=Khlg;a jvd jeä fõ.fhka tu m%udKh jeä jkq we;ehs .Kka
n,d ;sfí' f,dal ck.yk jd¾;d ^2012& o;a; wkqj 1950 § wjqreÿ 60g jeä
jhia.; ck ixLHdfõ m%udKh ñ,shk 205ls' fuu ld,jljdkqfõ §
rgj,a 03l muKla ñ,shk 10g jeä jhia.;jQjka Ôj;a jQ w;r tu rgj,a
jkafka Ökh ^ñ,shk 45&" bkaÈhdj ^ñ,shk 20& yd wefußld tlai;a
ckmoh ^ñ,shk 20&hs' fuu m%udKh 2000 j¾Ih jk úg ñ,shk 606 olajd
jeä ù jhia.;jQjka ñ,shk 10g jeä rgj,a 12 olajd jeä ù ;sfí' tA
w;ßka ñ,shk 20g jeä jhia.;jQjka ixLHdjla Ôj;a jk rgj,a .Kk
5ls' tkï Ökh ^ñ,shk 129&" bkaÈhdj ^ñ,shk 77&" wefußld tlai;a
ckmoh ^ñ,shk 46&" cmdkh ^ñ,shk 30&" reishdj ^ñ,shk 27&ls' 2050 jir
596 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
jk úg fuu rgj,a .Kk 33 olajd jeäjk w;r rgj,a 5l ñ,shk 50g

jvd jeä jhia.; ck ixLHdjla Ôj;ajkq we;ehs weia;fïka;= lr we;'
tAjd kï Ökh ^ñ,shk 437&" bkaÈhdj ^ñ,shk 324&" wefußld tlai;a
ckmoh ^ñ,shk 107&" bkaÿkSishdj ^ñ,shk 70& iy n%iS,h ^ñ,shk 58&hs'
fï wdldrfhka f.da,Sh jhia.; ck ixLHdj by< hdfï m%jK;djhka

y÷kd.; yelsh' fuh uq¿ ck.yk j¾Ok wkqmd;slhka yd jhia.; uq¿
ck.yk j¾Ok wkqmd;slhka ikaikaokh lsÍfuka o meyeÈ,s fõ' f.da,Sh
ck.yk o;a;j,g wkqj uq¿ ckixLHd j¾Ok wkqmd;slhg idfmalaIj
jhia.; ck ixLHd j¾Ok wkqmd;slh by< w.hla fmkakqï lrhs' f.da,Sh
ck ixLHd o;a;j,g wkqj fuu wkqmd;slhka folu 1950 jkúg iudk
uÜgul tkï 1'8l muK ;sfí' fuu ;;a;ajh 1975 j¾Ih jk f;lau
mej;sh o 1975 isg 2000 j¾Ih olajd wjq' 25l ld,h ;=< uq¿ ckixLHd
j¾Ok wkqmd;slh 1'2 olajd wvq ù we;s w;r jhia.; ck ixLHd j¾Ok
wkqmd;slh 1'9 olajd jeä ù ;sfí' 2000 isg 2025 olajd o jhia.; ckixLHd
j¾Ok wkqmd;h 2'8 olajd jeä jk úg uq¿ ck.yk j¾Ok wkqmd;slh 0'8
olajd wvqjkq we;ehs weia;fïka;= lr we;' tfy;a 2025ka miq jhia.; ck
ixLHd j¾Ok wkqmd;h 1'6 olajd wvqjkq we;ehs wfmalaId l< o tu
;;a;ajh tA jk úg mj;sk uq¿ ck ixLHd j¾Ok wkqmd;slhg jvd jeäh
^m%ia;dr wxl 03&'
m%ia;dr wxl 05 ( idudkH jd¾Isl uq¿ ck ixLHd j¾Ok wkqmd;slh iy jhia.;

ckixLHd j¾Ok wkqmd;slh - f.da,Sh yd ixj¾ê; l,dm wkqj
f,dalfha jd¾Isl ck ixLHdj j¾Ok fõ.h yd
jir 60 jeä jhia.; ck ixLHd j¾Ok fõ.h
m%;sY;h
tl;=j
60 +
uQ,dY%h ( World Population Report, 2012.

iïNdId 597
Y%S ,xldfõ ckixLHd j¾Ok m%jK;d
Y%S ,xldfõ ckixLHd j¾Ok m%jK;d ld,Skj .;al, úfYaI ,laIK

lsysmhlska hqla; fõ' kd.ÍlrKh" w¾: l%ufha fjkiaùï" iudc mßKdukh
hk idOl ckixLHdfõ úfYaI j¾Okhg;a" ck ixl%dka;f s ha úfYaI fjkialï
ìys lsÍug;a fya;=mdol úh' ol=Kq wdishdfõ fukau fndfydauhla l,dm
yd rgj,a iu. iei`§fï§ Y%S ,xldfõ úfYaI ck ixLHd;aul m%jK;d
lsysmhla y÷kd.; yelsh' tAjdfhka m%Odk ia:dkhla .kqfha jhia.; ck
ixLHdj j¾Okh ùfï m%jK;djhhs'
ck úoHd;aul jl%fha wjika wÈhrg fõ.fhka Y%S ,xldj meñŒu

fya;=fldgf.k Y%u n,ldfha wju;djh u; ±ä wkd.; w¾nqohla u;=ùfï
m%jK;djhla f,i fuu l%shdj,sh y÷kd.; yelsh' Y%S ,xldfõ jhi 60g
jvd jeä ck ixLHdj 2000 jir jk úg 9'2]la nj y÷kd.kakd ,§' 2030
miq lrk úg th 30] olajd j¾Okh fõh hkak u;hhs' fuu ;;a;ajh
f,dalfha m%Odk l,dm yd iei`§fï§ jqjo b;d úfYaI ldrKhls' my;
m%ia;drfhka th ukdj ±lafõ'
m%ia;dr wxl 06 ( f.da,Sh l,dmhka yd Y%S ,xldfõ ckixLHd

jhia.;ùfï m%;sY;h
^jhi 60g jeä ck ixLHdj 2000-2005&

598 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
m%ia;dr wxl 06g wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ ck.ykh jhia.; ùfï m%jK;djh
wkd.;hg ±ä ;¾ckhla nj meyeÈ,sh' fuu l%shdj,sh fya;=fldg f.k
hemS ï wkq m d;s l fha by< hdula o is ÿ fjñka mj;S ' Y% u n,ldhg Rcq
iyNd.S ; a j hla fkdola j k ckixLHdfõ fõ.j;a j¾Okh fya ; = f jka
wkd.;fha wd¾Óluh M,Þhs;dj my; jeàfï m%jK;djla o mj;S'
m%ia;dr wxl 07 - Y%S ,xldfõ ckixLHdfõ

hemqï wkqmd;slh 2001-2101
2011§ 16]la jk hemqï wkqmd;slh 2050 jk úg 50] blaujk nj

m%%ia;dr wxl 07 u.ska meyeÈ,s fõ' tu.ska Y%S ,xldfõ ck ixLHd msróvfha
yevh ±ä fjkilg n÷ka úh yelsh'
m%ia;dr wxl 08 - Y%S ,xldfõ ck ixLHd msróvh 2007-2075
o is,ajd ^2007&
iïNdId 599
idrdxYh
f,dal ck.yk j¾Okh iEu ñksfil=gu úúOdldrfhka n,mdkq

,nk idOlfhls' iïm;a Wmfhda.S;djh" iq,N;djh" Ôj;aùfï myiqj"
iudc ixlS¾K;djh" wd¾Óluh Ñria;dhS;ajh hk ish¨ ixl,amhkays
ieÕjqKq m%Odk ,laIKh ck.yk j¾Okh nj y÷kd.; yelsh' ixj¾Ok
yd ck ix.ykfha m%jK;d iyiïnkaê; jkafka tfyhsks' f.da,Sh uÜgfï
olakg ,efnk m%jK;d flfrys mj;sk jl%dldr in|;dj u; f.dvkef.k
fndfyda úYaf,aIs; lreKq fï jk úg úoHd{hska úiska f.kyer olajd
we;' ck.yk m% j K;d l= u k wdldrfhka wkd.; f,da l hg flfia
n,mj;ajkafka o hkak wOHhkh fldg tA i|yd l%shdud¾. .ekSu l<hq;=
ldf,da Ñ ; l% s h djls ' Y% S ,xldfõ wkd.;h ckixLHd jhia . ; ùfï
m%jK;djfha m%Odk me;slvlaj mj;S' th iEu wd¾Ól" iudc" foaYmd,ksl"
;;a;ajhlg tlf,i n,mdkq we;' Y%u n,ldh ysÕùu ksid wd¾Ólhg o
jd¾.sl wiu;=<s;;djh fya;=fldg f.k foaYmd,khg o ±ä n,mEula
isÿlrkq we; hkak ks.ukh l< yelsh' kHdhd;aul mokula u; isg
fujeks l%shdj,Ska foi úYaf,aIKd;aul oEia fhduq lsÍu iudcfha hym;
Wfoid fya;= fõ'
uQ,dY%
udifldard," mS' mS' ^2005& b÷jr" ck.yk iïnkaOfhka bÈßm;a ù we;s kHdhka yd
wdlD;Ska ms<sn| úfõpkd;aul ú.%yhla - wdßh m%ldYlfhda" fn!oaOdf,dal udj;"
jrlfmd<'
R. D. Lee, Malthus and Boserup : A Dynamic Synthesis, London (1990)
J Clark (1972) Population Geography Oxford, Perga mon
R Woods (1986) Malthus, Mara and Population Crises.
In R. J. Johnston and P. J. Taylor (eds) 1986 Meadows. D. H. etal, (1972) The Limits to
Growth, London, Pan Book.
Silva De (2007) Demographic Trends The Profile of old people and the emerging
issues.
600 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
;sridr ixj¾Okh" ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s ie,iqï lsÍu yd

l%h
s djg kexùu ^kHdhd;aul ú.%yhla&
ã' Ô' ldxpkd1
foaYmd,k úoHd wOHhkdxYh" fmardfo‚h úYajúoHd,h
ye¢kaùu
kQ ;k hq.fha § rdcHhka W;aidy l<

ixj¾Okfha mq¿,a lafIa;%h jk
hq;af;a
;sridr
ixj¾Okhla ^Sustainable Development& iòyd h'
tkï §¾> ld,hla ;siafia wd¾Ól j¾Okh flfrys
muKla wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfuka we;s ù ;sfnk
wksis m%;súmdl yuqfõ mßir ys;ldñ ixj¾Okhla
i|yd rdcHhka g uÕ fmka j k wka ; ¾cd;s l
úêúOdk bÈßm;a ù ;s f í' úúO rdcHhka g
wdfõ‚l ia j Ndjhka wkq j <Õd lr.; yels ixj¾Ok ;;a ; a j hka
Âpproachable Development& ke;fyd;a tu rgj,g Tfrd;a ; = fok
ixj¾ê; ;;a;ajhka b,lal fldg wÞ< Wmdh ud¾. ie,iqï l< hq;=j
;sfí'
wd¾Ól úoHd;aul ñKqï o~qj,g wkqj ixj¾ê; hehs kï flreKq

rgj,a lsysmhla wdo¾Yhg f.k ixj¾Okh ie,iqï lsÍu ksIaM, fohla ù
we;' Bg m%Odk fya;=j jkafka iEu rglgu wdfõ‚l" ft;sydisl iudc
1 foaYmd,k úoHd wOHhkdxYh" fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h ^dgkanchana 84@gmail.com/
0712192958&
iïNdId 601
úldYk ;;a;ajhka úúO ùuh' tA tA rgj,g wh;a N+ñ m%udKh" iïm;a

m%udKh" wdl,am yd m%;sudk" foaYmd,ksl ixia:d.; iajrEmh" ;dCI‚l
uÜgu yd yelshd uÜgu úúO jk ksid wÞ< rgg WÑ; jk ixj¾Ok
ie,iqï m¾fhaIK lrñka y÷kdf.k l%shd;aul l< hq;=j ;sfí'
iEu rdcHhlgu fmdÿfõ wkq.ukh lsÍug ;sridr ixj¾Okfha uQ,O¾u

^Principle of Sustainable Development& ud,djla bÈßm;a jQfha ixj¾ê;
yd W!k ixj¾ê; f,ig f,dalfha rdcHhka w;r ±ä mr;rhla ks¾udKh
ù we;s jljdkqjl h' wd¾Ól jYfhka ixj¾ê; hk w¾:fhka fuu wê
ixj¾ê;Ndjh fukau W!k ixj¾ê;Ndjh;a mßirhg ydkslr h' úfYaIfhka
W!k ixj¾ê; rgj, ;sridr ixj¾Okh wkqj ixj¾Ok ie,iqï iïmdokh
lsÍfï§ uqyqK§ug isÿj ;sfnk wNsfhda. rdYshla we;' fuu rgj, ;ju;a
ld¾ólrKh" kùlrKh mQ¾K jYfhka jHdma; lrf.k ke;' ;sridr
ixj¾Okfha § wfma l a I d lrk mdßißl l<ukdlrKfha § yd iudc
ixj¾Okfha § wd¾Óluh yelshdj tkï uQ,Huh yelshdj fnfyúka n,mdkq
,efí' tksid m<uqj wd¾Ól j¾Okh ia:djr lrf.k fojkqj ;sridr
ixj¾Okh lrd ie,iqï iïmdokh fj; fhduq jkjdo hkqfjka m%fya,sldjla
o u;=fõ' fuu ldrKdj f;jk f,dj rgj,ska u;= jqj o iuia;hla f,i
f,dal ixj¾Okfha úldYkh foi ne,Sfï § fmkShkafka wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg
m%uqL;ajh §fuka wd¾Ól j¾Okhj;a ksis f,i isÿù ke;s njhs' f,dal
uÜgfuka udkj yd fN!;sl iïm;a fn§hdfï ±ä úiu;djh m%;HCI
ldrKdjla jqj o iEu rgl u ixj¾Okfha RKd;aul idOl ;sfnk neúka
;sridr ixj¾Okhg .re lsÍug isÿj we;'
f;jk f,dj rgj,a" ixj¾ê; rgj,g idfmalaIj oßø;djh" ú/lshdj"

wvq ;dCI‚l yelshdj hkdÈ .eg¨j,ska mSä; jqj o iajYla;sfha m%udKhg
fyda ;sridr ixj¾Okh i|yd moku ilid .; hq;=h' ixj¾ê; rgj,a
;ukaf.a wd¾Ól yelshd wkqj ;sridr ixj¾Ok uQ,O¾u yels;dla m%dfhda.sl
uÜgug f.k tAug lghq;= lrk w;ru th f,dal uÜgñka we;s lsÍug
ÿmam;a rgj,g wdOdr Èh hq;=j we;' fuu ;;a;ajh f,dal ms<s.ekSu ù
;sfí' tu wdo¾Yfha msysgd f;jk f,dj rgla f,ig Y%S ,xldjg ixj¾Ok
ie,iqï Èh;a lsÍfï§ f,dal wdOdr m%odkh lsÍu ksoiqka f,i ±laúh yels
h' tu wdOdr §fï § ms<s.;a uQ,O¾uh jkqfha ;sridr ixj¾Okh mokï
lr.;a ixj¾Okh jHdmD;sj,g muKla iSud ùu h'
602 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
fuf,i ;sridr ixj¾Okfhys ixl,am rgl uOHld,Sk yd È.=ld,Sk

id¾j wd¾Ól ie,iqïj, wvx.= lr ;sfí' ;sridr ixj¾Ok m%;sm;a;s iq¿
mßudK jHdmD;Skaj, ;sridr ixj¾Okh we.hSfï isoaOdka;h u.ska o
bÈßm;a lr ;sfí' Wmßu m%uqL;ajh Èh hq;af;a wd¾Ól" idudÔh yd mdßißl
wjYH;d hk ish,a,g u jevÞhl m%;sm;a;s udOHhla fidhd .ekSug h'
;sridr ixj¾Ok isoaOdka; m%dfhda.sl jYfhka Ndú; l< yels nj úúO
m%foaYj, lrk ,o úIh wOHhkhka u.ska meyeÈ,sù we;' tfy;a Y%S ,xldj"
bkaÈhdj jeks ;=kajk f,dj rgj, ;sia jirlg;a jeä ld, mrdihl isg
ixj¾Ok l%shdj,Ska wruqKq fldgf.k fuu ixl,amh bÈßm;a ù we;'
tkuqÿ furgj, l%shd;aul jk ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s foi ne,Sfï § fmkS
hkqfha j¾;udk yd wkd.; jYfhka udkj" mdßißl yd wd¾Ól .eg¨
rdYshla mek keÕS ;sfnk njhs'
rdcHhka ;sridr ixj¾Okh bÈßfha wid¾:l ù we;af;a th h:d¾:jd§

f,ig ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s ie,iqï lsÍu yd l%shd;aul lsÍfï § .%yKh lr
fkd.kakd neúks' ;sridr ixj¾Ok ixl,amh ixj¾Ok m%;sm;a;s ie,iqï
lsÍu yd l%shd;aul lsÍfï l%shdj,shg wka;¾.%ykh lsÍfï § uqyqKmEug
isÿjk wNsfhda. yd Bg n,mdk fya;+ka rdYshla jk njg kQ;k rdcHfhda
ueisú,s k.;s' ienE f,igu ;sridr ixj¾Ok ixl,amh ixj¾Okh ie,iqï
lsÍfï § wkq.ukh l< yels o @ tys§ u;=jk cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r .eg¨
mj;S o @ ke;akï ixl,amfha mrudo¾YSNdjh .eg¨j,g fya;= ù o hkq
mÍCId lsÍu fuys § b;d jeo.;a h'
;jo kQ;k f,dal w¾: l%uh ;=< ixj¾Okh ms<sn|j úúO w¾:l:k
bÈßm;a ù ;sfí' tys kj;u uqyqKqjr f,ig ;sridr ixj¾Okh i,ld
n,kq fmfka' rdcHhka ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s ie,iqï lsÍfï § ;sridr ixj¾Ok
ixl,amh moku f,i .; hq;= h' lsisÿ rdcHhlg tu.ska neyer j ixj¾Ok
ie,iqï l%shd;aul l< fkdyels h' ixj¾ê; yd ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk
hk iEu rdcHhla úiska u ;sridr ixj¾Ok ixl,amfha uQ,O¾uj,g wkqj
l%shd l<hq;= h' ;sridr ixj¾Okh wruqKq lr.;a cd;sl ie,eiaula l%shd;aul
lsÍug fmrd;=j tu ixl,amfhka wjOdrKh lrk woyi ukdj .%ykh
lr.; hq;=h' m<uqj ;sridr ixj¾Ok ixl,amfha tk kHdhd;aul woyi
wOHhkh lsÍu jeo.;a fõ' ixj¾Ok ixl,amfha úldYkfha tla wjia:djla
f,ig ;sridr ixj¾Okh ms<sn| woyi meñK ;sfnk neúka ;sridr ixj¾Ok
ixl,amh ukdj .%ykh lr.ekSug ixj¾Okh hkafkka l=ula woyia
lrkjdo hkq ye¢k .ekSu;a jeo.;a m%fõYhla jkq we;'
iïNdId 603
ixj¾Okh ^Development&
ixj¾Ok ixl,amh w;S;fha isg u ñksidg jvd;a ióm ixl,amhls'

ld,fhka ld,hg tys woyfiys fjkila ±rej o th <Õd lr.ekSug iEu
m%h;akhla u orkq fmfka' ixj¾Okh ixl,amh ms<sn|j úIhdkqnoaO
wOHhkhka wdrïN jkqfha 1950 .Kkaj, isg h' wka;¾cd;sl l%uh ;=<
we;s jQ úma,ùh fjkialï jk uyd ix.%du follg uqyqK§u yd wdishd"
wm%sld yd ,;ska wefußldkq rgj,a wêrdcHjd§ .%yKfhka ñ§u hk ldrKd
thg fya;= úh' ful, ixj¾Okh" ixj¾ê; yd ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk
hk ishü rdcHhkag wNsfhda.hla ù we;' tkuqÿ kùlrKh" ld¾ólrKh
óg by; § w;ayÞ n,k ,o ngysr rdcHhkag tu wNsfhda.h ch .ekSu
myiq úh' kj rdcHhka g tjka yels h djla fkdjQ ks i d ixj¾Okh
wfmalaIdfjka isák rdcHhka f,ig y÷kajk ,§' tA jk úg ngysr ld¾ñl
rdcHhka wh;a lrf.k ;snQ wd¾Ól m%;s,dN ,efnk ld¾ólrKh ixj¾Okh
f,ig y÷kd.;a w;r kj rdcHhkag tu rgj,a wdo¾Yhg .ekSug o isÿ
úh' tkï ;=kajk f,dj ixj¾Okh f,ig wd¾Ól j¾Okh woyia lrk
,§' rgl ksIamdokh" o< cd;sl wdÞhu" tAl mqoa., wdÞhu by< kexùu
ixj¾Okh jYfhka w¾:j;a lr .kakd ,§'
fuu woyia j ,g iu.dój wd¾Ól úoHd{hs k a ls y s m fofkl= úis k a

ixj¾Okh w¾:l:kh fldg we;' vâ,s ish¾iag wkqj mjq,lg uQ,sl
wjYH;d imqrd .ekSug iu;a wdÞhula ;sîu" iEu mjq,lu m%Odkshdg
/ls h djla ;s î u" idla I r;djh j¾Okh ùu" rdcH md,kfha § uyck
iyNd.S;ajh by< uÜgul mej;Su" cd;sl iajdëk;ajh" ukaofmdaIKh
wvq j ;s î u" /ls h d úhq l a ; s h wju ùu" wiudk;dj ms g q ±lS u hkdÈh
ixj¾Okfha ,CIK njhs' ksmehqu iy wdÞhu" ksIamdok lghq;=" fmdaIKh"
ksjdi" fi!LHh" wOHdmkh hkd§ jQ by< Ôjk ;;a;ajh hk ld¾hhka
bgq lsÍfï,d olajk wdl,am" wdh;k yd m%;sm;a;s hk idOlj, wfkHdakH
iïnkaOh yd m%.;sh ixj¾Okh f,ig iaÜÍgka olajd we;' ^jkakskdhl
( 1962&'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a fojk ixj¾Ok oYlfha § 1969 iema;eïn¾ 01 isg 10

olajd iafgdlafydaï ys iuq¿jla mj;ajk ,§' tys § iudc m%;sm;a;sh iy
l%u iïmdokh ms<sn| úfYaI{hska úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o jd¾;dj wkqj
m%ldYhg m;ajQfha wd¾Ól yd iudc idOlj, wfkHdkH jYfhka iïnkaê;
604 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
njla mj;akd nj h' jvd;a hym;a Ôjk ;;a;aj we;s lsÍug wkqn,§fï §
wd¾Ól yd iudc ixj¾Okh tlg isÿúh hq;= nj m%ldY úh' wd¾Ól yd
iudc uKav,h tys 1139 ^XLI& fjks fhdackdfõ § jeo.;a fldg olajk
,oafoa l%u iïmdokfha § iu;=,s; jQ yd wkql,s; jQ wd¾Ól yd iudc
ixj¾Okhla lrd t<öfï wruqK we;sj wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh yd tlg nef|k
f,i iudc ixj¾Okh ie,iqï lsÍu l< hq;= nj hs' tA i|yd tlai;a cd;Ska"
tys úfYaIs; wdh;k yd idudðl rgj, wdKavq u.ska jvd;a ±ä wjOdrKhla
fhduq l< hq;= nj m%ldY lrk ,§ ûd¾. wdh;kh ( 1975&' tA wkqj meyeÈ,s
jkqfha 70 oYlfha isg iudc" wd¾Ól" foaYmd,ksl wxYj, ixj¾Okhla
ixj¾Okh f,i w¾:l:kh lr.;a nj hs'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha ysgmq uy f,alïjrfhl= jQ W!;dkaÜ tlai;a

cd;Skaf.a ixj¾Ok oYlh ksfhdackh lrñka ixj¾Okh fjkiaùulg
jvd jeäùula f,i olajd we;' th fjkiaùu kï jQ w¾:fhka iudÔh"
ixialD;sl" wd¾Ól jYfhka .=Kd;aulj yd m%udKd;aulj o flfrk
fjkiaùula w¾:j;a fõ'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a fojk ixj¾Ok oYlh jk úg wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg

iu.dój hk iudc ixj¾Okhla ms<sn| idlÉPdj u;= úh' wev,auka iy
fudßia Âdelmen and Morries& hk iudc úoHd{hska fofokd lrk ,o
wOHhkhlg wkq j ola j d we;a f ;a idïm% Þ hs l lDIs l ¾ufha m% u dKh"
kd.ÍlrKfha m%udKh" wd¾Ól oaú;ajfha m%udKh" m%d:ñl ixúOdkhkaf.a
iajrEmh" iudc ixp,;djfha m%udKh" wl=re yelshdj" ikaksfõok yelshdj"
cd;s f ha tl;= j " kùlrKfha m% u dKh" foa Y md,k mla I l% u hka y s
l%shdldÍ;ajh" foaYmd,k n,fha úuOH.; nj" foaYmd,k ia:djr;ajh"
iudc wd;;sh" mßmd,kfha ld¾hlaIu nj hkdÈfha Okd;aul j¾Okh
wd¾Ól j¾Okh iuÕ tlsfklg iïnkaO j ;sîu iudc ixj¾Okh ;=<ska
±lsh yels nj hs'
ixj¾Okh hkq wfklla fkdj wd¾Ól yd iudc mßirh fmdÿ ck;dj

úis k a md,kh ls Í fï yels h dj we;s jkq ms ‚ i uQ , s l jQ mq ¿ ,a ck;d
iyNd.S;ajh mokï fldg .;a iudc úm¾hdih ;=<ska iudkd;au;dj"
ksoyi yd fiiq udkj whs;Ska iqrlsk iudc yd wd¾Ól Wkak;shla we;s
ùu nj foaYmd,k úoHd;aul oDIaáfhka olajd we;' ^fifkúr;ak ( 2000&'
uydpd¾h ,smafiÜ ^S. M. Lipset& úiska rÑ; "The Political Man" ys olajd
iïNdId 605
we;s mßÈ iudc m%.ukhg foaYmd,k ia:djr;ajh w;HjYH fohla fõ' tA

i|yd §¾> ld,hla ;=< m%cd;ka;%jdoh wdrlaIdù ;sîu" Wiia foaYmd,ksl
Odß;djla mej;Su ^kS;s ks¾udKh lsÍu" l%shd;aul lsÍu yd mßmd,kh
iïnkaO yelshdj& by< kd.ÍlrKh yd ld¾ólrK ,CIKhka ;sîu
wjYH nj;a ±lafõ'
by; i|yka iudc" wd¾Ól" foaYmd,ksl úYaf,aIlhskaf.a woyia iuia;hla

jYfhka .;aúg ixj¾Okh udkjhdf.a by< - iqNidOkh wruqKq lr.;a
wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhla nj fmfka' 1990 oYlh jk f;la y÷kdf.k isá
ixj¾Ok wdlD;sh my; rEmfha mßÈ ú.%y l< yelsh' wjidk b,lal
ms<sn| ksYaÑ; njla fkdue;s ixj¾Ok wdlD;sh ;=<ska ;=ka jeoEreï jQ
f¾Çh m%.ukhla úoydmdhs' tys § mdßißl .=Kh uq¿ukska u fkdi<ld
yßk ,o w;r by< wd¾Ól j¾Okh ;=<ska Ôú;fha .=Kh by< ±óula
wfmaCId lsÍu ksid u Ôú;fha .=Kh o my< nei we;' tlsfklg wfkHdkH
jeo.;alula ork wxY ;=kl tla wxYhla flfrys úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq
lsÍu wfkla wxYj, wj.ukhg fya;= ù we; ^chfldä" 2000(122&'
1990 oYlh jk f;la y÷kdf.k isá ixj¾Ok

wdlD;sfha .=Kdx. lsysmhla
1 rEm igyk
 wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh
 
mdßißl .=Kh Ôú;fha .=Kh
ûQ,dY%h ( chfldä ( 2000(122&
;sridr ixj¾Okh ^Sustainable Development&
ixj¾Okh ms<sn|j kQ;k m%jK;dj jkqfha ;sridr ixj¾Okhhs' th

1970 .Kkaj, § ixj¾Ok ixl,amhla f,ig <ore wjêhl isg 1980
41 - CM23766
606 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
.Kkaj,§ úIhdkqnoaO ixl,amhla jYfhka ukd ixj¾Okhla ,nd 1990

oYlh jk úg f,dal uÜgfï úYd, msì§ula iuÕ m%dfhda.sl l%shdÞuhlg
mdol ù ;sfí' mßirhg ydks muqKqjñka ,nk ixj¾Okh È.=ld,Skj kshu
m%;s,dN f.k fokakla fkdjk nj;a udkj h:d¾:jd§ meje;aug wd¾Ól
yelshdj muKla fkdj mdßißl iqrlaIs;;djh o ;yjqre l<hq;= nj fuu
ixl,amfhka m%lg fõ'
ixj¾Okh f,ig wfmalaId l< hq;af;a ;sridr ixj¾Okhls' tfia fkdùfï

m%;súmdl wo jk úg m%;HlaI ù we;' iudc" wd¾Ól foaYmd,ksl ixj¾Okh
iuÕ mdßißl ixj¾Okhla o ;sìh hq;= h' fuu ixl,amh ms<sn|j bÈßm;aj
we;s ks¾jpk rdYshls' ;sridr ixj¾Okh ms<sn|j tlai;a cd;Skaf.a fldñifï
(Brundtland - 1987) f;aud mdGh jkqfha wksjd¾hfhka u isÿúh hq;= wd¾Ól
j¾Okh;a" mßirfha ;sìh hq;= ;sridr nj;a hk m%mxphka foflys w;HjYH
jQ tAldnoaO lsÍula ;sridr ixj¾Ok ixl,amfha u flakaø.;j mj;sk njhs'
tfy;a th mj;sk ixj¾Ok ixl,amhg wkq.; jQ —j¾Okh˜ fkdj w;sYhska
u fjkia jQ j¾Okhla u úh hq;= nj ±lafõ' tkï wd¾Ól j¾Okfha yd
mßir .=Kfha wfkHdkH rod meje;au wjYH njhs' (Polinaidu, 2004)
j¾;udk f,dalfha ixj¾Okh wfmalaIdfjka meñ‚ .ufka ysveia rdYshla

;sfnk nj uydpd¾h B' t*a' Iqud¾l¾ ;u "Small is beutiful" lD;sfhka
fmkajd § we;' ;sridr ixj¾Okh hkq l=ulao yd thg fhÈh hq;= úl,amh
o fuu lD;shg fhdÞ we;s kñka u m%;HlaI h' uyd mßudK yd iS>%.dó
wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhla i|yd ksIamdokh by< oeóu muKla wfmalaId lsÍu
fya;=fjka f,dalh ixj¾Okfhka wE;a ù we;' ld¾ólrKh ;=<ska by<
ksIamdokhlg wjYH l%ufõoh" hka;% iQ;% meñ‚fha ngysßka nj wújdofhka
ms<s.; hq;= h' ngysr rgj, újdohjkqfha ksIamdokh by< ±óu ;=< udkj
m%Yak ish,a, úi£ ;sfnk njhs' wmg fyd|g we÷ï me<÷ï" wdydr mdk"
jdiia:dk" wOHdmkh w;S;hg idfmalaIj b;du myiqfjka imqrd .; yels
h' tfia kï ixj¾Okhla fkd;sfí hkqfjka lsjyels o f,ig jdo lrhs'
thdldrhg ixj¾Okh ñKqï l< yelsh' tfy;a th ixj¾Okfha yrh
fkdfõ' lsysm fofkla fyda rgj,a lsysmhla tfia hï wdldr ÈhqKqjla ,eîu
ksid iuia;h wdjrKh fkdfõ' fï hq.fha mj;sk Nhdklu jro jkqfha
ksIamdokh iïnkaO .eg¨j úi£ we;s njg úYajdi lsÍu hs' th udhdjls'
kj ld¾ólrK l%uh ms<sn| j we;s wjfndaOh wvqùuls' kej; we;s l<
fkdyels iïm;a u; th r|d mj;S' tu wdfoaY l< fkdyels iïm;aj,ska
iïNdId 607
Wmßu m%fhdack .ekSula muKla olakg fõ' fmdis, bkaOk" mßirfha ord
.ekSfï Yla;sh yd udkjhdf.a yrh ms<sn|j wd¾Ól úoHdj ;=< fkdi<ld
yer we;' tu wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok rgdjg wkqj ck;djf.a Ôjk rgdfõ o
iaÓrNdjhla ±lsh fkdyels h' tAjd ;sridr mokula u; kej; w¾:l:kh
l< hq;=j ;sfí' wms iduldój Ôj;a jkak bf.k .; hq;af;a iómfhys u
isák kEoE ys;ñ;=rka iuÕ muKla fkdj wi,ajeis ish¨ u fokd yd
mßirh iuÕ;a h' (Schumacher, 1974).
2 rEm igyk
;sridr ixj¾Ok ixl,amfha kHdhd;aul moku
iduh yd iqrlaIs;;djh

idudðl P wd¾Ól
m%dfoaYSh uÜgu wruqKq – wruqKq ixialD;sl
cd;sl uÜgu foaYmd,kh P
F
P jákdlï
– –
f.da,Sh uÜgu
mdßißl
wruqKq
F = Full integration

îïmQ¾K wkql,kh&
wdh;ksl$mßmd,ksl ms<sfh, lsÍï
P = Partial integration
^w¾O wkql,kh&
ûQ,dY%h ( Clayton and Bass : 2002:12&
by; rEmfha ±lafjk mßÈ m%dfoaYSh uÜgfuka fyda cd;sl rdcH uÜgfuka
fyda f.da,Sh uÜgfuka fyda ;sridr ixj¾Okh wruqKq lrf.k l%shd;aul
ùu hkq iudc" wd¾Ól wxY fofla wkql,kh ùu muKla fkdj mdßißl
wruqKq iuÕ wxY ;=fkau wkql,kh ùuhs' tu ixj¾Okh ;=< iduh"
iqrlaIs;Ndjh" ixialD;sl jákdlï" rgl uq¿ uy;a mßmd,k ;ka;%fha u
l%shdldrlï tlsfklg wfkHdkH jYfhka iïnkaO ù mj;S' (Clayton and
Bass, 2002 : 12) hï foaYmd,k l%uhl meje;au ;yjqre jkqfha ;sridr
608 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
ixj¾Ok ixl,amfha l=¿Kq ;=k flfrys u wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfuka nj

fuu ixl,amfha mrudo¾YS woyi fõ'
;sridr ixj¾Okfha wd¾Ól j¾Okh
;sridr ixj¾Okh mQ¾K ùug wjYH tla fCIa;%hla f,ig wd¾Ól j¾Okh
ye¢kafõ' wd¾Ól yelshdj Wmßu ;;a;ajhlg f.k tAulska f;dr j iudcuh
fyda mdßißl ixj¾Okhla wfmalaId l< fkdyels h' rgl tAl mqoa.,
wdÞhu" o< cd;sl wdÞhu by< kexùug ld¾ólrKh" kùlrKh" fj<|fmd<
m%idrKh wdÈh w;HjYHu fõ'
wd¾Ólhla hkqfjka y÷kajkqfha ixlS¾K j ilia jQ ksIamdokh" fnÞyeÍu

yd mßfNdackh yd iïnkaO jQ iudc moaO;shls' w;S;fha § fuu moaO;sh
ñksidf.a iSñ; Wjukd tmdlïj,g idfmalaI j ir, j mej;=k o wo th
ld,dkqrEm j ixlS¾K ù ;sfí' wd¾Ól moaO;sfha tla tla tAll ;SrK .kakd
wkaou" tu tAll w;r mj;sk iïnkaO;d" tAjdfha l%shdldÍ;ajfha m%;sM,hla
f,i rgg wdÞhu ,efnk whqre" tys m%udKh" wdÞhï úhoï lrk wdldrh
iy tu wdÞhu iudcfha úúO fldgia w;f¾ fn§ hk wdldrh hkdÈh
;sridr jQ wd¾Ól j¾Okhla .ek l;d lsÍfï § jeo.;a fõ' wd¾Ól moaO;shla
ñksia l%shdldÍ;ajfha u úúO me;s ksfhdackh lrk iudc iïm%Þhka"
ixialD;sl" foaYmd,ksl" wdh;ksl" wka;¾cd;sl iïnkaO;d jeks foaj,
muKla fkdj ñksid o tys fldgila jk mq¿,a mßirfha úúO n,mEïj,g
o hg;aj mj;S'
fuu n,mEï u.ska wd¾Ól moaO;shl l%shdldß;ajhg úúO iSudjka mkjk

w;r tAjd blaujd ls%hd lsÍug yelshdjla wd¾Ólhg ke;' tu iSudjka
fkd;ld isÿlrk wd¾Ólh ms<sn| yeoEÍula wm%fhdackj;a nj o kQ;kfha
jgyd f.k we;' tu wjfndaOfha mq¿,aNdjh m%;HlaI jkqfha wd¾Ól
moaO;shla yd .efgk úúO iudc yd mßir m%mxphka ms<sn| j yeoEÍfï
Wkkaÿjla we;s ù ;sfnk w;r u wo y÷kdf.k ;sfnk iajNdúl iïm;a
yd mßir wd¾Ól uQ,O¾u tys jeo.;a m%;sM,hls'
iïNdId 609
3 rEm igyk
mßirh yd wd¾Ólh w;r iïnkaO;djh fmkajk wdlD;sh

mßirh ^Ôj iydhl moaO;s" wuqøjH yd Yla;sh"
wmøjH wjfYdaIK moaO;s&
Ôj idOl iemhqu ^N+ñh" Y%uh" m%d.aOkh" l<ukdlrKh&

iydhl
wjYH;d

+ mdßfNda . s l hd ksIamdok ksIamdok wdh;kh wmøjH
mßfNda c kh l% s h dj,s h ks I a m dokh
wuqøjH

yd wd¾Ól ksIamdÈ; NdKav

Yla;sh moa O ;s h yd fiajd
ûQ,dY%h (- wfí.=Kj¾Ok et.al, 2002(7&
by; rEmfha mßÈ mßirh yd wd¾Ólh w;r we;s iDcq yd ióm in|;dj
meyeÈ,s jkq we;' tys § mßirh m%Odk jYfhka ld¾hhka ;=kla bgq lrhs'
^w& ñksid yd wfkl=;a Ôùkag ;u Ôú;h mj;ajd .ekSug wjYH Ôj
iydhl fiajdjka imhd§u'
^wd& wd¾Ól ksIamdokh ls%hdj,shg w;HdjYH wuqøjH yd Yla;sh
,nd§u'
^we& ish¨ Ôùka iy udkj ksIamdok l%shdj,sh u.ska ckkh lrk
úúO wmøjH wjfYdaIKh lsÍu hk ld¾hhka (wfí.=Kj¾Ok"
et.al, 2002:7)
mßirh yd wd¾Ól moaO;sh hk wxY fol fukau mdßfNda.slhd w;r o

;sfnk wfkHdkH Wmldrh" r|d meje;au" iSudjka meyeÈ,s h' udkj wd¾Ól
l%shdldß;ajfha meje;au Wfoid iajNdúl iïm;aj, wjYH;djh úoHd
;dlaIKfhka w.;ekam;a b;d kùk wd¾Ólhkag fiau hemqï uÜgfï we;s
lDIsld¾ñl fyda f.da;%sl wd¾Ólhkag o tl fia n,mdk i;Hhls' ld,h yd
ck.ykfha j¾Okhg idfmaCIj ksIamdokh by< kexùu wjYH fõ' tkï
610 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
iuia; wd¾Òl moaO;sfha u Odß;djh yd l%shdldÍ;ajh jeä lsÍuls' tys

w¾:h jkqfha mßir iïm;a úYd, f,i Wmfhda.S lr.ksñka uydud¾."
c,dY" úÿ,sn, uOHia:dk" kj l¾udka; Yd,d" lDIs ìï m%udKh jeä
lsÍu" ksjdi" f.dvke.s,s ixlS¾K" nexl= jeks myiqlï úä ÈhqKq lsÍu l<
hq;= njhs' tys m%;sM,h jkqfha my; ,laIKhka h' (wfí.=Kj¾Ok" et.al,2002)
(i) fuf;la Ndú;hg .ksñka ;snqK iajNdúl iïm;a i|yd b,aü

jeäùu'
(ii) kj úl,am iïm;a ,nd .ekSu i|yd mßirh ;j ;j;a mSvdjg
,la lsÍu'
(iii) fuf;la nyq,j meje;s iïm;a ysÕ ;;ajhkag m;aùu'
(iv) idfmaCIj wvq mßir n,mEï iys; iïm;a Ndú;hka" jeä wd¾Ól
jákdlï ,nd .ekSu i|yd mßirhg ydkslr l%shdÞuhkaf.ka
wdfoaY lsÍu'
(v) mßirhg tl;=jk wmøjH m%udKh jeäùu'
(vi) iuyr wmøjHhka f .a uÜgu mßirfha wjfYda I K Odß;djh
blaujd hdu
jeks whym;a m%;sM, mßirhg we;sfõ (wfí.=Kj¾Ok" et.al,2002)'

wiunr;djh fya;=fldg f.k wjidk m%;sM,h jkqfha jdhqf.da,Sh ¥IKh"
c, ¥IKh" jk úkdYh" mi fidaÞhdu" iïm;a CIh ùu yd ffcj úúO;ajh
ì| jeàu jeks mßir .eg¨ rdYshla we;s ùuhs' ;sridr ixj¾Okhla i|yd
jQ wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfha § Wla; ÿ¾j,;d uÕyrjd .ekSug l%shd l< hq;= h'
;sridr ixj¾Okfha idudÔh j¾Okh
udkjhd flakaø lr.;a ish¨ u ffcj yd fN!;sl fldgia mßirhg

wh;a fõ' iajNdúl iïm;a iqrlaIs; lsÍfï § fyda úkdY lsÍfï § m%uqL
ld¾h Ndrhla lrkqfha ñksid úisks' udkjhdg ;ud wjg lafIa;%h ;u iqL
úyrKh i|yd mq¿,a lr.; yels h'
iïNdId 611
4 rEm igyk
mßirfha wdlD;sh
Model of environment

Physical


Biotic


Human

^l¾;D ks¾udKhls&'
tkï iajNdúl iïm;aj, Ñria:dhs meje;au ms<sn| ldrKdj fkd;ld

Ndú;d lsÍu fyda wkd.;h .ek l,amkd lrñka tAjd iqrlaIs; lsÍfï
j.lSu;a ñksid i;= h'
wd¾Ól moaO;shla yd iajNdúl mßirh w;r in|;dj ì| fkdjefgk

wdldrhg l<ukdlrKh lsÍfï yelshdjla we;af;a ñksidg h' tfia;a
ke;akï iudchg h' ;sridr ixj¾Okh hkq mßirh wdrlaId lsÍu yd
wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a lsÍula muKla fkdfõ' iudcfha .=Kd;aul j¾Okh
;=<ska mßir ys;ldó m%fõYhlska wd¾Ól yelshdjka <Õd lr .ekSu Bg
wh;a h '
;j o ´kE u foaYmd,k l%uhl ndysr yd wNHka;r jYfhka oßø;djh

mej;Su iudc wNsjDoaêhg n,mdkq we;' re.akd k¾laiaf.a È<s÷ nfõ ÿIag
pl%h weiqßka th meyeÈ,s l< yels h'
È<s÷ nfõ ÿIag pl%fhka fm<Su fm!oa.,sl uÜgfuka .kq ,enqj o ;sridr
ixj¾Okhg th ndOdjls' tfuka u W!k ixj¾ê; rgj, ck;djf.a
wdÞhu my; uÜgul mj;S'
612 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
5 rEm igyk
È<s÷ nfõ ÿIag pl%h
wvq b;sß lsÍu

wvq wdÞhu
 wvq wdfhdackh

wvq ksIm
a dokh
ûQ,dY%h ( fidauiqkaor" 1991" 29&'
wdÞhu wvqùu ksid ish mßfNdackh wjYH;d bgqlr .ekSug wdÞhu

m%udKj;a fkdùug o mq¿jk' wdÞhu wvq ksid b;sß lsÍï wvq h' túg
kej; wdfhdackh wvq fõ' wdfhdackh wvqjk úg kej; ksIamdokh wvq
fõ' fuu l%shdj,sh wLKav j l%shd;aul jk neúka wd¾Ólfha j¾Okh
my;a uÜgul r|d mj;s hs' tjeks rgl ixj¾Ok ld¾hfha § wdfhdackh
by< kexùug ms<shï fhÈh hq;= h' ld¾ñlrKh" kùlrKh" ÈhqKq Ys,am
l%u Ndú;h by< kexùu;a" jeäjk ck.ykhg idfmalaI j ksIamdokh
by< kexùu;a" /lshd W;amdok wjia:d jeäjk f,ig uyd mßudK l¾udka;
y÷kajd§ug;a isÿfõ' fuys § meyeÈ,s jkqfha Okj;a rgj, wê ksIamdokh
iy wê mßfNdackh úúO mßir .eg¨j,g fya;=jkjd fiau ck.ykh
iuÕ w;aje,a ne|.;a È<s÷lu o fjkia wdldrfha mßir m%Yakj,g n,mdk
nj hs'
È<s÷ nj yd ksr;=re j w;aje,a ne|.;a kQ.;alu" W!k wOHdmk myiqlï"

wvq ±kqj;aNdjh hk fya;= ksid mßirh iy tys jeo.;alu ms<sn| m%udKj;a
wjfndaOhla fuu ck fldgia i;= fkdfõ' fuu ;;a;ajh m%Yakh ;j;a W.%
lsÍug fya;= fjhs' fï ;=<ska we;sjk whym;a fi!LHh mqreÿ" ydkslr
wdl,am" whym;a iudc jákdlï jeks foa fuu ;;a;ajhg n,mdhs' È<s÷Ndjh
iuÕ ne÷Kq mßir .eg¨j,g m%;súmdl ld¾ólrKh yd ne÷Kq mßir
.eg¨ ;rïu nrm;, tAjd úh yels h'
iïNdId 613
;sridr ixj¾Ok m%;sm;a;s ieliSfï § iudc l%ufha ienE h;d¾:hka

foi o wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h' ;sridr ixj¾Okfha § m%cd ixj¾Okh
tkï iudchl oßø;djh" ú/lshdj ;=rka lsÍu" iudkd;au;djh" uQ,sl
ñksia wjYH;d bgqùu" fhda.H ;dlaIKfha Ndú;dj" idlaIr;djfha j¾Okh"
fN!;sl Ôjk ;;a;aj o¾Ylh yd udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh by< w.hla
.ekSu" udkj whs;sjdislï iqrlaIKh lsÍu hkd§ f,ig wdOHd;añl .=K
j.djlska hq;a iudc ixj¾Okh o ms<sìUq úh hq;= nj meyeÈ,s h'
;sridr ixj¾Okfha mdßißl j¾Okh
;sridr ixj¾Okfha§ iudc" wd¾Ól j¾Okhg wu;rj mdßißl j¾Okh

o ;sìh hq;= h' mßirh ms<sn|j iú×ksl j we;s l< yels ixj¾Okhla
ms<sn|j i<ld ne,Sfï§ ±kg úúO wkaoñka wkq.ukh lrk Wmdh ud¾.
.Kkdjla ;sfí' tAjd w;ßka lSmhla kduud;%sl jYfhka olajkjdkï cdk
;dCIKh ^genetechnology&" mgl frda m Kh ^tissue Culture&" mdßißl
lDIsl¾uh êco-agriculture&" mdßißl l¾udka; êco-industries&" ;sridr
m,Þj ,eîfï ;dlaIK l%u" yß; ixj¾Okh ^green development&" lDIs jk
l¾udka;h" jkdka;rdY%s; nyq mßfNdackh ^multiple use of forests& ^wOHdmk
m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j ( 1996& hkdÈh fõ' Bg wu;rj ck ixLHd md,k
l%u" kd.ßl ie,iqïlrKh" iïm;a m%;spl%SlrKh" h<s we;s l< yels
iïm;a Ndú;h" wmøjH m%fhdackj;a NdKav ksIamdokh flfrys fhdÞ
.ekSu" n, Yla;s iïm;a jYfhka yels muK iQ¾h" ;rx. yd iq<x Yla;sh
fhdÞ .ekSu yd iEu ixj¾Ok jHdmD;shla i|yd u mdßißl n,mEï
;lafiarejla ilia lsÍu hkdÈh o ;sridr ixj¾Okhla i|yd hk udjf;a
w;HdjYH wx. f,i ie,fla Îbid&'
mßir ixrCIKfha úúO m%fõY we;' mßirh iuia;hla jYfhka .kakd

l, tAld.% jqj o úoHd;aul yeoEÍïj, § jdhqf.da,h" c, f.da,h" Ys,d
f.da,h yd ffcj f.da,h jYfhka tys úúO wxY y÷kd.; yels h' fuu
tla tla wxY iïnkaOfhka we;s jk mßir ¥IKh" ydks yd ydhkh wdÈhg
m%;sl¾u jYfhka tAjd ixrlaIKh lsÍfï § tlu m%fõY ud¾.hla wkq.ukh
l< fkdyels h' jdhqf.da,h ixrCIKhg .kakd l%shdud¾. ffcjf.da,Sh
ixrlaIKh i|yd fyda Ys,d f.da,h i|yd fyda we;eï úfgl fkd.e<fma'
mßir ixrlaIK m%fõY f,ig ;dlaI‚l m%fõYh" hdka;%sl m%fõYh" ffcj
úoHd;aul m%fõYh" YIH úoHd;aul m%fõYh" lDIsld¾ñl m%fõYh" wOHdmksl
m%fõYh yd fjk;a m%fõY o we;'
42 - CM23766
614 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
mßir ixrlaIKfha ;dlaI‚l yd hdka;%sl m%fõY tlsfklska fjka fldg

ye¢k .ekSu b;d wmyiq h' hdka;%Kh hkq fndfyda wjia:dj, § ;dCIKfha
u m%;sM,hls' lsishï wdldrhl fyda ;dCIKhlska f;dr hdka;%Khla mej;sh
fkdyels h' ;dlaIKsl m%fõYh iqúfYaI jkqfha tys we;s nyqúO iajNdjh
fya;= fldgf.k h' tla w;lska by; olajk ,o ishü mßir ixrlaIK
m%fõYhka ;dlaIKh yd iïnkaO fõ' tfiau úúO wê ;dCIKhka jHjydr
lsÍu ksid fukau fjk;a fya;+ka ksid o ±kg we;s ù ;sfnk mdßißl
.eg¨ y÷kd .ekSug o tu .eg¨j, iajNdjh fukau m%udKh o ksYaÑ;
jYfhka ye¢k .ekSug o tAjdg m%;sl¾u y÷kd.ekSug fuka u tu m%;sl¾u
fhdÞ .ekSug o Ndú;d lr we;s m%Odk;u udOHh ;dCIKhu fõ' tfia u
§¾> ld,hlg miqj wksIag m%;sM, ±fkk ;=re ld,hla fkd±kqj;aj u
Ndú;d l< we;eï idjoH ;dCIKhka ys idjoH nj f;areï .ekSug" tAjd
ksjerÈ ud¾. fj; fhduq lsÍug yd fjk;a úl,am l%shd ud¾. .ekSug o
uQ,sl u jkqfha ;dlaIKh fõ'
mdßißl ixrlaIK m%fõYhla f,ig wOHdmksl m%fõYh o fnfyúka

jeo.;a fõ' mßir oDIaáh" mßir l<ukdlrKh yd ixrCIKh iïnkaOfhka
ck;dj i;= ukd wjfndaOh b;d m%n, mßir ixrCIK Wmdh ud¾.hls'
fjk;a l=uk m%fõYhla u.ska jqj o .kq ,nk l%shdud¾. M,Þhs lr.; yels
jkqfha tfia ±kqj;a jQ ck;djla weiqßka mu‚' lsishï .eg¨jlg ueÈy;a
ù we;s ish¨fokdu tu .eg¨j y÷kdf.k we;akï" tA ms<sn| j wjfndaOhla
we;akï tu .eg¨j ksrdlrKhg we;s bv m%ia:d jeä h' md,khlska f;dr
j isÿjk kd.ÍlrKh fjkqjg ie,iqï iy.; kd.ÍlrKhla i|yd M,Þhs
mshjr .ekSu" ld¾ólrKh l%shdj,sh È.=ld,Sk fuka u fláld,Sk f,i o
ie,iqï lsÍu" foaYmd,k n,mEïj,ska f;drj mdßißl kS;s Í;s l%shd;aul
lsÍu hkdÈh o mdßißl ixrCIK m%fõY ud¾. fõ'
ixj¾Ok l%shdÞuh mßirh yd iïnkaO lsÍfï § wkqukh lrk by;ska

i|yka l< Wmdh ud¾. w;=ßka ksoiqkla jk mdßißl n,mEï ;lafiarej
Ênvironmental Impact Assessment& jeo.;a fõ' tu.ska woyia jkqfha ixj¾Ok
jHdmD;shlska we;súh yels mdßißl m%;súmdl ms<sn| wkdjels m<lsÍfï
úêu;a wOHhk l%shdud¾.hls' c, úÿ,sn,h ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd c,dYhla
bÈlsÍu" .,a wÕ=re n,d.dr" jrdhj,a" iqúi,a fydag, yd l¾udka;Yd,d fyda
kj mßjyk ud¾. bÈlsÍï jeks uyd mßudK jHdmD;Skays È mdßißl
n,mEï ;lafiarejla ilia lsÍu wksjd¾h mdßißl kS;shls' isÿúh yels
iïNdId 615
mdßißl m%;súmdl ms<sn| j tu ;lafiarefõ § wkdjels m< lrk w;r

mßirhg wys;lr n,mEï we;akï tAjd uev mj;ajdf.k wÞ< jHdmD;sh
th msysá mßirhg wkql+, lsÍfï úê o fidhd n,d úl,am ixj¾Ok ud¾.
o bÈßm;a flf¾' mdßißl n,mEï ;lafiare lsÍfï kS;sfha úfYaI jeo.;alu
jkqfha tjekakla bÈßm;a l< úg th uyck;djf.a ±k .ekSu i|yd iy
Bg uyck úfrda O hla we;a k ï bÈßm;a lr th m% l dYhg m;a ls Í fï
wjYH;djhhs' tA wkqj mdßißl n,mEï ;lafiare ilia l< wh fyda th
mÍlaIdjg ,la l< wh fyda kqÿgq hï mdßißl ydks tu jHdmD;sh u.ska
we;s fõ kï tAjd fmkajd§ug uyck;djg wjia:dj ,efí' fuys § kso¾Yk
jYfhka Y%S ,xldfõ uyje,s jHdmD;s iïnkaOfhka ilia l< mdßißl
n,mEï ;la f ia r e ls Í fï jd¾;d" ls ß ka o jrdh" lka v ,u fyda g ,h"
fkdfrdÉfpdaf,a .,a wÕ=re n,d.drh" lgqkdhl wêfõ.S uyd ud¾.h jeks
jHdmD;s yd ne÷Kq mdßißl n,mEï ;lafiare lsÍï ±laúh yels h'
;sridr ixj¾Okfha tk mßir ixj¾Okh i|yd wkq.ukh l< hq;=

uQ,O¾u rdYshla wd¾Ól úoHd;aul j y÷kdf.k we;' tAjd mßir m%;sm;a;s
iïmdokh yd nef|a' fï wdldrhg ;sridr ixj¾Okh h:d¾:hlaùug wjYH
lrk mßir ixj¾Okh i|yd mßir wd¾Ól úoHd;aul uQ,O¾u rdYshls'
;sridr ixj¾Okfha § mßirfha Odß;djh" iïm;a ixrCIKh" mdßißl
fi!kao¾hh hkd§ f,ig mßir úoHd;aul ixj¾Okh o tAldnoaO úh
hq;= h'
;sridr ixj¾Ok uQ,O¾u
;sridr ixj¾Okfha § iEu rdcHhla úiska u wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;=

uQ,O¾u 8la Êight Principles of Sustainability& mßirh yd mßir iïm;a
ixrCIKh lsÍfï wka;¾cd;sl iNdj 1992 § bÈßm;a fldg we;' tAjd m%Odk
jYfhka fldgia ;=klg j¾. l< yelsh'
î& iEu wdldrhlu Ôú yd fN!;sl f,ig mdßißl iïm;a ixrCIKh

i|yd l%ufõo ieliSu'
îi& kj ;dCI‚l Ys,am l%u fhdÞ .ksñka wd¾Ól úoHd;aul m%fõYh

wkqj mßir iïm;a l<ukdlrKh yd iq/lSfï úêúOdk fhdoñka
Ndú;hg .kakd iïm;aj,ska Wmßu m%fhdack .ekSu'
616 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
îii& ;srir nj iuÕ ne÷Kq iudc.; ixialD;sl jákdlï wdrCId

lsÍu yd m%j¾Okhg iydh §u'
;sridr ixj¾Okh yd ixj¾Ok mßmd,kh
ixj¾Ok ixl,amfha mßKduhg iu.dó j ixj¾Ok mßmd,kfha úIh

lafIa;%h o fjkia jkq ±lsh yels h' th 1950 oYlfhka miqj meyeÈ,s
ldrKdjls' 1960-70 oYlj, § tys m%Odk f;audj jQfha iudc" wd¾Ól
ixj¾Okh wruqKq lrf.k ie,iqï ks¾udKh lsÍug l%ufõo iïmdokh
lsÍu hs'
zzcd;sl wdÞhu jHdma; jk mßÈ wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd

l%uhla fh§uZZ ^jkakskdhl" nd : 40& hkqfjka u¾,s fmkaisâ úiska ixj¾Ok
mßmd,kh ú.%y fldg we;' tfia jqj o 1990 oYlfha isg ixj¾Ok mßmd,kh"
;sridr ixj¾Okh wkqj ixj¾Ok ie,iqï ks¾udKhg fhda.H l%ufõo
y÷kajd fokq ±lsh yels h' ixj¾Ok mßmd,kh úIh wdrïNl wjia:dfõ
§ tys ÈYdk;sh jQfha f;jk f,dj rgj,a h' f;jk f,dj rgj, ksrka;rfhka
u ixj¾Okh wruqKq fldg l%shd;aul jk wd¾Ól" iudÔh" foaYmd,ksl
mßirhka we;s fyhska ksYaÑ; ÈYdk;Ska wjfndaOlr .ekSug;a" tu wruqKq
lrd ksis f,i cd;sh /f.k hdug;a hï n,fõ.hla wjYH úh' th i;H
f,i u bgq jkqfha rfÜ ish¨ wdxYSh iïnkaO;dj,ska hq;= mßmd,k lafIa;%hla
u.sks' tu ld¾hfha § ixj¾Ok mßmd,kh ^Development Administration&
keue;s úIh wdrïN úh' tys m%uqL ld¾hNdrhka jQfha"
1' ixj¾Okh b,lal lr.;a ie,iqï iïmdokh yd l<ukdlrKh'

2' cd;sl wdÞhu mq¿,a lsÍug iïm;a Wmßu M,Þhl;ajfhka fh§u'
3' cd;sh ks¾udKh lsÍu'
4' kùlrKh yd ld¾ólrKh wruqKq fldg mßmd,kh fufyhùu'
5' fj<| n,fõ.hka u.ska Wmßu ld¾hlaIu wd¾Ól rgdjla i|yd
wjYH mßirh ks¾udKh lsÍu'
6' m%cd;dka;%Sh rduqj ;=< n,;, fnÞyeÍu u.ska ck;d iyNd.S;ajh
Wmßu ;,hlg f.k tAu hkdÈh ±laúh yelsh ^Polinaidu ;
2004&'
iïNdId 617
tfukau ixj¾Ok mßmd,k úIfha wruqKq my; mßÈ o ±laúh yelsh'

tkï wd¾Ól j¾Okh" kùlrKhg WÑ; f,ig iudch fjkia lsÍu"
iudc idOdrK;ajh" wdl,am j¾Okh" ;sridr ixj¾Okh" wOHdmkh" uyck
fi!LHh j¾Okh" mßir ¥IKh md,kh lsÍu" mßir iïm;a ixrlaIKh
yd kshu f,ig Ndú;d lsÍu" le<E iy jk i;=ka iqrlaIs; lsÍu" ÿmam;alu
ÿr,Su" ú/lshdj ke;s lsÍu" wiudk;ajh ke;s lsÍu hkdÈh hs ^Polinaidu;
2004 : 565&' fï whqßka meyeÈ,s jkqfha ixj¾Okh ie,iqï lsÍfï § ;sridr
ixj¾Okh uQ,sl wruqKla ù we;s njhs' tu wruqfKka wE;aj l%shd lsÍug
rdcHhkag fkdyels ù we;'
ixj¾Okh ie,iqï lsÍu yd iïnkaOj rdcHhka ;u kHdh m;% ieliSfï

§ .=re fldg .; hq;= fldkafoais ud,djla tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßir jev
igyk" f,dal jkÔù wruqo, yd iajNdj O¾uh ixrlaIKh lsÍfï cd;Hka;r
ix.uh jeks ixúOdk tAldnoaOj bÈßm;a fldg we;' mßirh yd wd¾Ól
ixj¾Okh tA l dnoa O j hk wdldrhg m% ; s m ;a ; s ieliS u yd ixj¾Ok
jevigykaj, mQ¾j wjêfha isgu mßir n,mEï ;lafiarelrKh flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu" cd;sl mdßißl kS;s ilia fldg tAjd m%dfhda.slj
l%shd;aul lsÍug wjYH úêu;a mqyqKqj ,;a udkj iïm;a yd kj ;dCI‚l
l%ufõo Ndú;hg lghq;= lsÍu hkdÈh iqúfYaI fõ ^chfldä" 2000&'
mßirh yd ixj¾Okh ms<sn|j ßfhda m%ldYkh u.ska o ixj¾Ok m%;sm;a;s

ks¾udKfha § ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= fldkafoais ud,djla bÈßm;a fldg we;'
fuys § meyeÈ,s jkqfha ;sridr ixj¾Okh hkq l=ula o yd th <Õd lr
.ekSug .;hq;= l%shdud¾. ms<sn|j j f.da,Sh uÜgñka iïuq;shlg meñK
we;s nj hs' tfia jqj o tAjd m%dfhda.slj l%shdjg keÕSug ;ju;a ish¨ u
rdcHhka wiu;a ù we;' tA i|yd wjYH l%shdud¾. .ekSu läkï lsÍug
wka;¾cd;sl n,mEula o ±lsh yelsh' ;sridr ixj¾Okh hk wruqK ;=<
mßirh muKla fkdj óg by; § ú.%y l< iudc" wd¾Ól" foaYmd,ksl
idOlj, l<ukdlrKhg o j. n,d .; hq;= h' fuu ishü wxY wdjrKh
jk mßÈ m%;sm;a;s iïmdokhg ishÆ u rdcHhka lem úh hq;= h'
;j o ixj¾Ok mßmd,k uQ,O¾uj, m%Odk wruqK jQfha idïm%Þhsl

rdcH mßmd,kh yd cd;sl ixj¾Okh w;r ld,hla ;siafia mej;s mriamr
úfrdaê .egqu ;=<ska RKd;aul ÈYdk;shla fmkakqï lrk ,o mßmd,k yd
ixj¾Ok l%shdÞuh h<s ieliSu hs' tA wkqj ixj¾Ok mßmd,kh kj rdcH
618 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
l<ukdlrK m%fõYhlg wkqyqre fjñka my; i|yka wdldrhg cd;sl

uÜgfuka ;sridr ixj¾Ok uqf,damdhka wkq.ukh lsÍug Êlements of
National Sustainable Development Strategy& lem úh hq;= úh'
* wd¾Ól" idudðl yd mdßißl wruqKq w;r wkql,kh yd wdxYsl"

fN!ñl ^fmfoi& yd mrïmrd w;r ;=,kh fyj;a iunr;djh
Întegration of Economics, Social and Environmental Objectives
and Balance Accross Sectors, Territories and Generations&'
* mq¿,a iyNd.S;ajh iy M,ÞhS yjq,aldÍ;ajh ^Broad Participation

and Effective Partnerships&' tkï ;sridr ixj¾Okh ms<sn|j
Wkkaÿ jk wdh;k yd lKavdhï w;r úksúoNdjh" úYajdih"
wfkHdkH .re;ajh we;sjk f,ig M,Þhs in|;d f.dvke.Su'
úfYaIfhka wdKavqj" isú,a iudch" fm!oa.,sl wxYh yd fjk;a
ndysr wdh;k w;r yjq,aldÍ;ajh jeo.;a nj hs'
* rdcH whs;sh yd lemùu ^Country Ownership and Commitment&'

ukd foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh yd hymd,kh ;=<ska ;sridr ixj¾Ok
uQf,damdhhkaj, meje;au cd;sl uÜgñka ;yjqre lsÍug lemùu'
* mdßißl yels h dj yd Odß;djh j¾Okh ls Í u ^Development

Capacity and Enabling Environment&' mßir úoHd;aul j¾Okh
we;s lsÍug mj;sk ±kqu yd ksmqK;djhka fhdÞ hdka;%Khka yd
Wmdh ud¾. we;s lsÍu'
* wjidk m%;sM, iy l%shd;aul lsÍfï l%ufõohka flfrys wjOdkh

fhduq lsÍu ^Focus on outcomes and means of implementation&'
tfukau jvd hym;a m%;sM, ,nd.; yels l%ufõohka fiùu fõ'
tys§ whjeh" yelshdjka yd Wmdh ud¾. w;r in|;djh" hym;a
;dCI‚l yd wd¾Ól úYa f ,a I Khka ;nd .ekS u " fm!oa . ,s l
wdfhdack ud¾. r|jd .ekSu hkdÈh we;=<;a fõ ^Clayton and
Bass, 2002&' rdcHhka ;sridr ixj¾Okh wruqKq lrf.k m%;sm;a;s
ieliSfï § yd l%shd;aul lsÍfï § by; uQ,O¾u wkq.ukh lsÍfï
jeo.;alu mßir yd iudc iïnkaO;d ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
fomd¾;fïka;=j Ûnited Nations Department of Environmental
and Social Affairs& úiska o wjOdrKh fldg we;'
iïNdId 619
;sridr ixj¾Okh yd ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s ie,iqï lsÍu
´kEu rgl trg lghq;= md,kh lrk md,l uKav,hla we;' th

uyck ksfhdað;hkaf.ka iukaú; md¾,sfïka;=jla ke;fyd;a md,kh
lrk mCIhl idudðlhka iuQyhla úh yels h' md,kh lrk wdKavqfõ
iajrEmh l=ula jqj;a rgl foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól" iudÔh lghq;= ms<sn| m%Odk
;SrK .kq ,nkafka tu wdKavqj úisks' cd;sl uÜgfï § lDIsl¾uh" jdßud¾."
fi!LHh" wOHdmkh" úÿ,s n,h fyda fjk;a fiajd mj;ajdf.k hd hq;=
fuka u j¾Okh l< hq;= wdldrh ms<sn| m%;sm;a;s ;SrKh lrkq ,nkafka
Tjqka úisks'
m%;sm;a;s ks¾udKh lsÍfï l%shdÞuh yd ixj¾Ok ie,iqï iïmdokh

w;r wfkHdkH jeo.;alula olakg ,efí' tkï rdcH m%;sm;a;s ks¾udKh
lsÍfï l%shdÞuh ;=< jeo.;a lafIa;%hla jkqfha ixj¾Okh ie,iqï lsÍu hs'
rdcH m%;sm;a;s fndfydauhla ixj¾Okh m%uqL lrf.k bÈßm;aùula o ±lsh
yelsh' rdcH m%;sm;a;s w¾: ±laùu m%;sm;a;s úoHdj ;=< myiq ù fkdue;'
m%;sm;a;s hk moh w¾: lsysmhla .kakd fkdmeyeÈ,s tlls' tu mofhka
fhdackdjla" È.gu flÍf.k hk jevigykla" lsishï jevigykl wruqKq
ye¢kaùug" rgla fyda mqoa.,hska iïnkaO lrf.k m%;sm;a;Ska ye¢kaùug
fhfok wdldrhla ±lsh yels h' tfuka u lsishï m%;sm;a;shla u.ska iSñ;
wruqKla orkafka kï túg th fm!oa.,sl m%;sm;a;shla f,i;a tu.ska
fmdÿ wruqKla b,lal lrf.k fhdokafka kï fmdÿ m%;sm;a;shla f,i;a
y÷kajkq ,efí' th iudchl f,dl= l=vd ´kEu ixúOdkhlska ±lsh yels
h' fuu m%;sm;a;sh keue;s ixl,amh rdcHh kï ixlS¾K ixúOdkhl
wruqKq l%shd;aul lsÍfï udOHh jk úg th rdcH m%;sm;a;s f,i y÷kajkq
,efí ^Sharkansky, 1972&'
;j o zzuyck;dj úiska mjrd we;s wêldrh wkqj ck;djf.a fmdÿ

wNsu;h fmkakqï lsÍu rdcH m%;sm;a;shlska isÿjk nj;a tu ksid tys
uQ,drïNkh rdcH ;ka;%h ;=<ska muKla olakg yels h' tkï rdcH úiska
ilia lrk m%;sm;a;s rdcH m%;sm;a;s fõZZ ^kdkdhlaldr ( 1980(10&' zzuyck
.eg¨ úi£fï§ ±kqu fyd¢ka i,ld n,d ;d¾lsl j fh§ula rdcH m%;sm;a;shla
fõZZ ^Richardson, et.al, 1976:121&'
620 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
fuu ú.%yj,g wkqj rdcH m%;sm;a;shla ms<sn| j o< woyila fokafka

kï tu.ska w¾:j;a jkqfha lsishï iudchl uyck wêldß;ajh l%shd;aul
lrk j.lSï iy.; wdh;khla jk rdcH hka;%h úiska uyckhd fjkqfjka
.kq ,nk fmdÿ m%;sm;a;Ska rdcH m%;sm;a;s jk nj hs' tA wkqj rgl iudc
- wd¾Ól" mdßißl jYfhka ;=,kd;aul ixj¾Okhla we;s lsÍu rdcHhl
fmdÿ wruqKla yd j.lSï iy.; l%shdjla o fõ' Harold Lasswell f.a m%;sm;a;s
úoHd m%fõYh wkqj th nyqúO;djhla we;s úoHd;aul j l< hq;= ld¾hhls'
ixj¾Okh wruqKq lr.;a rdcH m%;sm;a;shla m%dfhda.slj l%shd;aul ùug

mshjr lsysmhla miq l< hq;= h' tys § jHdmD;s ie,iqï lsÍu jeo.;a u
mshjrla fõ' kQ;k u;h jkqfha rdcH m%;sm;a;s ;SrKh lrk wjia:dfõ
isgu ;sridr ixj¾Okh m%Odk mrud¾:h úh hq;= nj hs' tmuKla fkdj
jHdmD;s ie,iqï lsÍu yd l%shd;aul lsÍu olajd;a Bg miqj;a ;sridr
ixj¾Okfha uQ,O¾u wdrlaId lsÍug rdcH m%;sm;a;s u.ska wjYH lrk
fufyhùu yd lemùu l< hq;= nj;a h' ixj¾Ok m%;sm;a;s ;SrKh lrkqfha
foaYmd,k kdhlhska úisks' tAjd m%dfhda.sl lafIa;%hg f.k hdfï § md¾Yaj
.Kkdjl ueÈy;aùu olakg fõ' tfia fkdjqkfyd;a ;sridr ixj¾Okfha
mq¿,a wxYhka wdjrKh fkdfõ' m%;sm;a;s ;SrKh lsÍfï § úfYaIfhka
mßir ixrCIKh i|yd mßir úoHd;aul l<ukdlrK m%fõYhka ms<sn| j
±kqj;aùu jeo.;a nj" ;sridr ixj¾Ok uQ,O¾u wdrlaId lsÍug kS;s ilia
lsÍu" ixj¾Ok ie,iqïj, § uyckhd flakaø lr.ekSu" ixj¾Ok jHdmD;shl
wLKav;djh mj;ajdf.k hEu" wd¾Ól j¾Okh iu. hk mßir ixj¾Okh
i|yd fj<|fmd, mokï lr.;a m%;sm;a;s y÷kajd§u hkdÈh flfrys
ie,ls,su;a ùu ;SrK ks¾udKfha § w;HjYH ixrplhka f,ig fmkajdÈh
yels h' tfukau ;sridr ixj¾Okh mokï lr.;a ixj¾Ok m%;sm;a;s
;SrKh lsÍfï j.lSï iy.;Ndjh yd ixlS¾KNdjh úoHd;aul iajrEmhla
.kakd wdldrh o meyeÈ,s h ^wfí.=Kj¾Ok et.al, 2002&'
wdKavqj úiska ;sridr ixj¾Okh wruqKq lr.;a ixj¾Ok jHdmD;sj,g

wÞ< ;SrK ks¾udKh lsÍfuka wk;=rej tu ;SrK il%Sh ùug wÈhr folla
miq l< hq;= h' tA cd;sl uÜgfï ie,iqula i|yd jevms<sfj,la ieliSu yd
th jHdmD;s .; lsÍu hkqfjks' ie,iqïlrKfha úúO uÜgï ;sìh yels h'
tkuqÿ ´kEu ie,eiaula id¾:l ùug by; wjia:d fol miq lsÍu wksjd¾hh
fõ' th my; mßÈ rEm igyklska fmkajdÈh yels h'
iïNdId 621
6 rEm igyk
ie,iqu" jevms<sfj, yd jHdmD;sh w;r iïnkaO;dj
;SrKh lgq igyk kshu l%shdj
jHdmD;sh
cd;sl uÜgu jevms<f
s j, jHdmD;sh
National
jHdmD;sh
m%dfoaYh
S uÜgu
Provincial
jHdmD;sh
l,dmSh jevms<f
s j, jHdmD;sh
Zonal
jHdmD;sh
mdi,a ld¾hd,
School office
jHdmD;sh
fm!oa.,sl
Personal jevms<f
s j, jHdmD;sh
jHdmD;sh
ûQ,dY%h ( .=Kfialr" ND, Clayton and Bass, 2002&
;sridr ixj¾Ok wruqKq fj; hEfï § by; wdldrhg l%uj;a ie,eiaula

Ndú;h jeo.;a fõ' ixj¾Ok ie,eiaulg wÞ< ;SrKhla lafIa;%hka úYd,
ixLHdjlg wÞ< úh yels h' túg th ixlS¾K fõ' th ksjerÈj l%shdjg
ke.Sug kï l< hq;= lghq;= ksYaÑ; j olajk ie,iqï lgqigykla fyj;a
jevms<sfj<la ;sìh hq;= h' jevms<sfj<g o lghq;= úYd, ixLHdjla wh;a
fõ' fuh md,kh lr.; yels wkaofï tAllj,g lvd .ekSu l< hq;=h'
fuu tAllhka jHdmD;Ska f,ig y÷kajkq ,efí' fuu jHdmD;sfha m%udKh"
wruqKq úúO úh yels h' wruqKq mokï lr .ksñka th ixj¾Ok" jHjidh
yd wOHhk jHdmD;s f,ig j¾.SlrKhla fõ' tfukau iq¿ mßudK" uOH
mßudK yd uy mßudK f,ig yd ksIamdok jHdmD;s yd ksIamdok fkdjk
jHdmD;s f,ig o jHdmD;s j¾. lrkq ,efí' fuu iEu jHdmD;shlska u
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkqfha rg ixj¾Okh lsÍu h' th m%cd ixj¾Okh" mßir
ixj¾Okh yd wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh hk ;%s;ajh iu. wkql,kh ùula kQ;kfha
wfma l a I dj fõ' tfuka u ;s r idr ixj¾Okh lrd ixj¾Ok ie,iq u la
fufyhùfï § we;s j k ndOd fyj;a iudc" wd¾Ól" mdßißl .eg¨
úYaf,aIKh lsÍu wdrïN úh hq;af;a rcfha ;SrK .ekSfï wjia:dfõ isg
nj kQ;k ms<s.ekSu fõ'
622 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
w¨;ska wdrïN lrk ixj¾Ok jHdmD;Ska ys YlH;djh fndfyda úg

ks.ukh lrkq ,nkafka tu jHdmD;Sj,ska w;alr .; yels wd¾Ól yd
uQ,Huh m%;s,dN mokï lrf.k h' tfy;a fuh fhda.H m%fõYhla fkdjk
w;r fláld,Sk fyda §¾>ld,Sk jYfhka hï jHdmD;shlska ,o wd¾Ól yd
uQ,Huh m%;s,dNj,g jvd tu jHdmD;sh mßirh flfrys n,mdk wdldrh
ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= h' ke;fyd;a jHdmD;shla u.ska mßirh fj; we;s úh
yels whym;a n,mEï lrkfldg f.k isÿjk wjdis" w;alr .;yels m%;s,dN
wNsnjd hd yelsh' jHdmD;s ie,iqïlrKfha § iïm%Þhsl l%ufõoh hgf;a
y÷kdf.k we;s jHdmD;s pl%fha ^Project Cycle& wjia:d yh jkqfha"
1' jHdmD;s y`ÿkd.ekSu' 2' idOH;dj

3' ms<sfh, lsÍu fyj;a iïmdokh 4' ;lafiarej
5' l%shd;aul lsÍu yd miqúmru 6' y÷kd.ekSu
^vhia iy úl%ukdhl 1983(124& hkqfjks' fuys tk m<uq mshjr y;r

ixj¾Ok ie,iqï iïmdokfha § fyfnúka jeo.;a fõ' ie,eiaula l%shd;aul
lsÍug fmr wjOdkh fhduq l<hq;= lafIa;% .Kkdjla ;sfnk ksid h'
idïm%Þhsl j fuu mshjrj, § isÿlrk ,oafoa wd¾Óluh yd uQ,Huh
;;a;ajhka wOHhkh lsÍu muKla ùu n,j;a ÿ¾j,;djhla f,ig kQ;kfha
ixj¾Ok mßmd,kh úIh hgf;a o ú.%y fldg we;'
iEu id¾:l jHdmD;shla miqmi u id¾:l ie,iqïlrKhla we;' fkdtfia

kï ndOl .egqï wju lrf.k th id¾:l j ksu lr.; yels fkdjkq
we;' jHdmD;s ie,iqïlrKh i|yd ir, wruqKq ;=kla we;s nj i|yka fõ'
tkï" bÈßh ms < s n | is ; dne,S u ^Thinking Ahead&" ika k s f õokh
^Communication& iy uek ne,Su ke;fyd;a iei£u ^Yardstick& hkqfjks'
ie,iqïlrKh iuia;hla f,i .;fyd;a 50]la muK bÈßh ms<sn| is;d
ne,Su;a 25]la muK ikaksfõokh;a b;sß 25] iei£u f,i;a olajd we;'
^wgqf.dv ( 1998(40& fuu bÈßh ms<sn| is;d ne,Sfï § we;súh yels mdßißl
fyda l=uk wdldrfha .eg¨jla jqjo l,ska u y÷kd.ekSug;a ms<shï fh§ug;a
yelsfõ' fuys we;s m%fhdackh jkqfha jHdmD;sh isÿlrkq ,nk ld,h mqrd
.eg¨ we;sùu j<lajd .ekSu h' yÈisfha Woa.;jk .eg¨ ksid jHdmD;sh
m%udoùu o je<flkq we;' jHdmD;sh iïmdokh lrkakka" l%shd;aul lrkakka
iïNdId 623
yd uyck;dj wd§ f,ig jHdmD;sh ms<sn| j ±kqj;a lsÍug" meyeÈ,s

wjfndaOhla ,nd§ug ikaksfõokh jeo.;a fõ' ,sÅ; jd¾;d u.ska ld,h
fh¥ wdldrh iy l%fudamdhhka wjfndaO lrùu lrkq ,efí' jHdmD;shl
;SrK .ekSfï wjia:dfõ isg wjidkh olajd u ks.ukj,g t<öfï §
iei£u jeo.;a fõ' wd¾Óluh mdßißluh n,mEï wjfndaO lr .ekSug
tu.ska myiq fõ'
;j o wdh;ksl l%shdldß;ajh" ixúOdk iajrEmh fyda úYd,;ajh fkdi,ld

wmg kQ;k ixj¾Ok m%h;akh hkq jHdmD;sl wdfhdackhka rdYshl iuia;hla
f,i mq¿,a j y÷kajd Èh yel' m%dfhda.sl j .;a l, mq¿,a ixj¾Ok
jHdhduh ;=< mßirh yd iïnkaO jk my< u mqrel jkafka jHdmD;s
uÜgu hs' jHdmD;s uÜgfï § mßirh fj; Rcq n,mEï iys; wd¾Ól
l%shdldrlï isÿjk neúka wkd.; mrmqf¾ iqNidOkh yd iïnkaO iajNdúl
m%d.aOkh ms<sn| ;SrK .ekSu jHdmD;s uÜgfï § bgq flfrhs' tneúka
ixj¾Ok m%h;akh ;sridr tlla njg m;alr .ekSu i|yd l%shd lsÍfï §
jHdmD;s uÜgu b;d jeo.;a ia:dkhla ysñ lr.kS' fuu ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s
ie,iqï lsÍfï § Þhl;ajh imhk md¾Yaj .Kkdjla o fõ' tA mdßfNda.slhka"
ks I a m dolhka " mßirfõ§ka " ;dCIKfõ§ka " wd¾Ól úoHd{hka " iudc
úoHd{hka" mßmd,lhka" l<ukdlrejka yd foaYmd,lhka jYfhks'
fï wkqj mßir ys;ldñ ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s iïmdokh hkq wruqKq

.Kkdjlska hq;= nyqmd¾Yaùh l%shdÞuhla nj meyeÈ,s fõ' by; olajk ,o
iEu md¾Yajhlf.a u Wmßu fmdÿ lemùu ,efnk úg iudc" wd¾Ól"
mdßißl .eg¨jlska f;drj ;sridr ixj¾Okhla ,nd.; yels h' ixj¾Ok
ie,iqï iïmdokh cd;sl j.lSulska hq;=j l<hq;a;la nj fuys§ .uH fõ'
ixj¾Ok jHdmD;shla ie,iqï lsÍug md¾Yaj lsysmhl Þhl;ajh hkq Tjqka
±kqj;aj lrk ie,iqï lsÍula ksid fjk fjk u tu lafIa;%hkag we;sjk
mdvq wju lr .ekSug yels h' jHdmD;sh w;ru. § úfrdaO;d t,a,ùu o
j<lajk w;r u jHdmD;sfha wLKav;djh o /lfoa'
;sridr ixj¾Okh yd ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s l%shdjg ke.Su
;sridr ixj¾Okh h:d¾:hla njg m;a lsÍfï § ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s

ie,iqï lsÍug iudk jeo.;alula ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s l%shd;aul lsÍug o
624 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
,efí' zzl<hq;= l=ula±hs is;Su yd ;SrKh lsÍu ie,iqïlrKhhs' ie,iqï

lrk ,o foa l%shdjg fmr,Su l%shd;aul lsÍuhsZZ ^vhia iy úl%ukdhl (
1983 (137&' jHdmD;s l%shdjg ke.Su myiq ld¾hhla fkdfõ' l%shd;aul lsÍu
.ek lror úh hq;= ke;skï ie,iqï lsÍu o myiq ld¾hhls' tkï l%shd;aul
l<yels ie,iqula iïmdokh ÿIalr ld¾hhla jk w;r u ie,iqï l< foa
l%shd;aul lsÍu;a w;sYh ÿIalr ld¾hhla fõ' fuys§ meyeÈ,s jkqfha ixj¾Ok
jHdmD;s ie,iqï lsÍu yd l%shdjg ke.Su hk wjia:d fol u tlsfklg
jeo.;a nj;a" j.lSï iy.; nj;a h'
ixj¾Okh ie,iqï lsÍfuka wfmalaId l< foa <Õd lr .ekSug kï

ie,iqï lsÍu yd l%shdjg ke.Su w;r ióm njla yd wLKav;djhla ;sìh
hq;= h' ie,iqï lsÍu tla msßila úiskq;a l%shdjg ke.Su ;j;a msßila úiskq;a
lsÍu ksid tu jHdmD;s wl%Shùula úfYaIfhka f;jk f,dj rgj,a wdY%fhka
olakg fõ' tfia jqj o ;sridr ixj¾Ok ixl,amfhka wjOdrKh lrk
jeo.;a lreKla jkq f ha ie,iq ï lrKh yd l% s h d;a u l ls Í u w;r ±ä
wkql,khla ;sìh hq;= njhs' ´kE u ixj¾Ok ie,eiaula l%shd;aul lsÍug
fmr wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lafIa;% jkqfha" l< hq;af;a l=ula o @" th
lrkafka flfia o @ th lrkafka ljqreka o @ th lrkq ,nkafka ljr
úfgl§ o @ ljqreka i|yd o @ hkdÈh hs'
ixj¾Ok jHdmD;shla ie,iqï lsÍfï § wfmalaIs; ;;a;ajh tla;rd

m%udKhlg Wml,amkhka o fõ' tAjdfha m%dfhda.sl;ajh m%;HCI jkqfha
l%shd;aul lrk mshjr wkqj h' jHdmD;shl l%shd;aul ld, mrdih È.=
ld,Sk fyda fláld,Sk úh yels h' È.=ld,Sk jHdmD;shla ixlS¾K jk w;r
th l%shdjg ke.Sfï § ndOl o fndfyda h' jHdmD;shla l%shd;aul lsÍu
iïnkaO uQ,sl mshjr my; rEmfha mßÈ fõ'
iïNdId 625
7 rEm igyk
jHdmD;sh l%shd;aul lsÍfï l%shdj,sh
jHdmD;sh l%shd;aul lsÍu
ixúOdkh lsÍu
- jHdmD;s Èkfmd;
- f,aLk ixúOdkh lsÍu
- ld¾h ie,eiau
jHdmD;sh fufyhùu
- m%.;s md,k l%u

- moaO;sh kshdukh jHdmD;sh ksu lsÍu yd we.hSu
- ksu lsÍu
- we.hSu
- jHdmD;s jd¾;dj
- wjidk jd¾;dj
ûQ,dY%h ( .=Kfialr" nd&
jHdmD;sh l%shd;aul lsÍu ;=< ixúOdkh lsÍu hkq jHdmD;sfhys jev

fldgia" tu jev fldgia i|yd .;jk ld,h" jev fldgia bgq lsÍug
wfmalaIs; ld,h yd uQ,sl jev fldgiaj, j.lSu Ndr wh ms<sn|j meyeÈ,s
lr.ekSu hs' jHdmD;sh l%shd;aul lrk w;r;=r § fï ish,a, fjkia úh
yels h' fufyhqu hkq jHdmD;sh kshudldrfhka l%shd;aul jkafka±hs uek
ne,Su hs' jHdmD;sh flÍf.k hk w;r;=r l%udkql+,j f;dr;=re /ia
fldg" tAjd ú.%y lrñka m%.;sh uek .eg¨ y÷kdf.k tAjd úi÷ï fidhñka
b,lal lrd <Õdùug lghq;= lsÍu fufyhùu hk l%shdÞufhka isÿfõ'
jHdmD;sfhka wfmalaIs; wruqKq bgq jqfha o wfmalaIs; n,mEï b,lal
m%;s,dNSkag ,enqfKa o jHdmD;sh i|yd jeh l< úhoug iß,k m%;sM, bgq
jqfha o hkdÈh ±k.ekSu i|yd jHdmD;s we.hSfï mshjr jeo.;a fõ'
jHdmD;s we.hSu il%Sh we.hSu Âctive Evaluation&" mYapd;a we.hSu ^Post
Evaluation& f,ig fohdldrhls'
626 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
;sridr ixj¾Ok uQ,O¾uj,g .re lrñka ixj¾Ok jHdmD;shla l%shdjg

ke.Sfï §" l%shd;aul lsÍfï ie,iqu tf,iu l%shd;aul jkafka o hkak miq
úmrï lsÍu wksjd¾h ld¾hhls' th óg by; § idlÉPd lrk ,o mßÈ
ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s ie,iqï lsÍug Þhl;ajh imhk úúO md¾Yajj, j.lSu
o fõ' mßirfõÈhdf.a Wmfoia wkqj ld¾ñl Ys,amh fh§fï § mßir
ys;ldó ;dCIKhlg wkqj wd¾Ól m%;s,dN o ,efnkq we;' iudc úoHd{hska
miqúmrï lsÍug iyNd.sùfï§ uyck .eg,q úYaf,aIKh lrñka uyck
iqNidOk ms<sfj;a fhdackd lrñka uyck iyNd.s;ajh o ,efnkq we;'
fuf,i iEu lafIa;%hla flfrys wjfndaOfhka hq;=j ixj¾Ok ie,eiaula
l%shd;aul lsÍfï § w;ru. ì|jeàulska f;dr j wjidk b,lalh fj;
.uka l< yels h' túg uQ,Huh ydkshlska" iudc w.hlsÍïj, ydkshlska
yd mßir iïm;aj, ydkshlska f;dr j ;sridr ixj¾Okh h:d¾:hla jkq
we;'
ixj¾Ok jHdmD;shla l%shd;aul lsÍfï§ ±kqu yqjudre lr .ekSu fnfyúka

jeo.;a fõ' tys§ úúO lafIa;%j, § úfYaI{hska ,jd jHdmD;sh l%shd;aul
lrk msßi ±kqj;a lsÍu o jeo.;a fõ' mßirh yd ixj¾Ok ie,iqï l%shdjg
ke.Su w;r we;sjk .eàï j<lajd .ekSug th uyÕ= Wmldrhla fõ'
jHdmD;s h l% s h djg ke.S u yd iïnka O iEu l% s h djl§ u oCI;djhg"
ksmqK;ajhg uQ,sl wjOdkh fhduq lrñka fiajlhska n|jd .ekSu" úfYaI{
iydh ,nd.ekSu" ksisl,g weia;fïka;=.; uqo,a úhoï lsÍu" foaYmd,k
iydh WÑ; wdldrhg ,nd§u" wmCImd;s mdßißl ixúOdkj,g mßir
;lafiare lsÍï i|yd wjia:dj ,nd§u" iEuúg u uyck iyfhda.S;ajh
,nd .ekSu tkï jHdmD;sh l%shd;aul lrk w;r;=r § fukau miqj;a
uyckhdf.a .=Kd;aul ixj¾Okh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu" foaYmd,k
mCI fNaohlska f;dr j cd;sl lghq;a;la f,i i,ld jHdmD;shg iydh
,nd§u" kj ;dla I ‚l l% u fõo Ndú;d ls Í u u.s k a Ndú;hg .ka k d
iïm;aj,ska Wmßu m%fhdackh ,nd.ekSu hkd§ ldrKd rdYshla flfrys
uQ,sl wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfuka ;sridr ixj¾Ok m%h;akh id¾:l lr.;
yels h'
iudma;sh
;sridr ixj¾Okh f,dl= l=vd fNaohlska f;dr j ish¨ u rdcHhkag tl

fia wÞ< lr .ekSug ;sfnk ixj¾Ok ;;a;ajhls' rdcHhka úiska tA i|yd
m%úIag úh hq;af;a ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s ie,iqï lsÍu yd l%shd;aul lsÍu u.sks'
iïNdId 627
tys § ;sridr ixj¾Okfhka wfmaCIs; iudc" wd¾Ól yd mdßißl wxYj,

ixj¾Okfha iajrEmh ukdj wjfndaO lr.ekSu jeo.;a fõ' tu wxY w;r
;sìh hq;= ksjerÈ in|;djh m<uq j jgydf.k wk;=rej Wmdh ud¾.
ie,iqï l< hq;= h' tfia jHdmD;s ie,iqï lrk wjia:dfõ isg l%shd;aul
fldg kshu m%;sM, ,nd.kakd f;la u wjOdkhg fhduq úh hq;= ldrKd
lsysmhls'
iEu ixj¾Ok m%h;akhlska u uyckhd flakaø lr.;a uyck ys;dló

uyck w.h lsÍï iu. hkakla nj ;yjqre l< hq;= fõ' tA i|yd ck;d
iyNd.S;aj m%fõYh wkq.ukh l< yels h' lsishï ixj¾Ok jHdmD;shlska
mSvdjg m;a j we;af;a iSñ; ixLHdjla hehs fkdi,ld yeÍu tfia;a ke;akï
fln÷ wdldrhl fyda ck;d fm<Sula ;sridr ixj¾Okhg ndOdjls'
wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh o ;sridr ixj¾Okfha § w;HjYH wxYhls' th fkdi,ld

yeÍula isÿ fkdfõ' rdcHhka j¾;udkfha o fndfyda wjia:dj, § wd¾Ól
j¾Okh flfrys muKla wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfuka wiu;=,s; ixj¾Ok
;;a;ajhka ksid mSvdjg m;a j isà' tfy;a isÿ úh hq;af;a ck yd mßir
ys;ldó wd¾Ól j¾Okhlg l%u iïmdokh lsÍu h' tys § ¥IK jxpdj,ska
f;dr uQ,H l<ukdlrKh yd kj rdcH l<ukdlrK uQ,O¾uj,g .re
lrk wd¾Ól rgdjlg yqreùu o jeo.;a fõ'
iajNdúl mßirfha jákdlïj,ska f;dr j ñksidg ;;amrhla j;a Ôj;a

úh fkdyels h' tuksid mßir ys;ldó ;dCIK yd Ys,am l%u Ndú;d lrñka
ixj¾Ok ie,iqï iïmdokh yd l%shdjg kexùu l< hq;= h' ;u rfÜ iudc
wd¾Ól mdßißl yelshdj fyj;a Odß;djh wkqj jHdmD;s ;SrKh lsÍu
ksid jHdmD;shl mej;sh hq;= wLKavNdjh" iu;=,s; nj wjidk wÈhr
olajd u olakg ùfuka ;sridr nj /flkq ksh;h'
ixj¾Ok mßmd,kh yd ;sridr ixj¾Okh hkq folla fkdj tlu

ldishl fome;a;ls' ienE ixj¾Ok mßmd,khlg rdcH bv m%ia:dj fhduq
jk m%udKhg idfmaCIj ;sridr ixj¾Okh o myiq fõ'
628 rdu[a[ ksldhsl
wdY%;
s .%k:
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 wfí.=Kj¾Ok" mshfiak; fiakdr;ak" w;=, ^2002&" iajNdúl iïm;a yd mßir
wd¾Ól úoHdj" bu¥jf.a l%sfhaIkaia" leianEj'
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iïNdId Ydia;S%h ix.%yh iïNdId Ydia;S%h ix.%yh
19 jk l,dmh - 2016
iïNdId
19 jk l,dmh - 2016
Ydia;S%h ix.%yh
msßfjka wOHdmk YdLdfõ m%ldYkhls'
wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha
wf,úh iòyd fkdfõ' msgljrfha is;=jï yd msgljr ks¾udKh wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha msßfjka wOHdmk YdLdfõ m%ldYkhls'
fiakdkkao bkaøð;a u¾;sia
rcfha uqøK fomd¾;fïka;=j

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iïNdId Ydia;S%h ix.%yh iïNdId Ydia;S%h ix.

rcfha uqøK fomd¾;fïka;=j

19 jeks l,dmh - 2016

wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha msßfjka wOHdmk YdLdfõ m%ldYkhls'

we;=<; msgq ieliSu

iStï 23766-2"000^2016$12& Y%S ,xld rcfha uqøK fomd¾;fïka;=j

19 jeks l,dmh - 2016

wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha msßfjka wOHdmk YdLdfõ m%ldYkhls'

ld¾hd,hSh lghq;= : ví,sõ' fla' .uf.a

úúO iydh : WmfoaYl uKav,h

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uqøKh : rcfha uqøK fomd¾;fïka;=j

.re wOHdmk wud;H;=ud

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11' A critical study on the functionalism of Alankarasastra 165

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02' w;smQcH §fmaf.dv ioaOïujr fcd;smd, iS,laLJO udysñhka jykafia

fojeks uydkdhl moúh bisÆy' olaIsK ,xldfõ .d¨ Èia;%slalfha

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Y%S ,xld rdu[a[ uyd ksldfha isõjeks uydkdhl moúhg m;a jQ