Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lecture-2-Materials, Cover and Effective Spans
Lecture-2-Materials, Cover and Effective Spans
2016
TCC's Eurocode Webinar course: lecture 2 1
Autumn 2016
l a
5m 5m 5m
Load Arrangements:
Model Answers
Q1 Span GGk + QQk Cant GGk + QQk
l a
TCC's Eurocode Webinar course: lecture 2 2
Autumn 2016
UK NA Load Arrangements:
Cantilevers 1.5 Q 0.9 Gk k
1.1 Gk
EQU
1.5 Qk
STR/GEO - 1 1.35 Gk or
1.25 Gk
1.5 Qk
1.0 Gk
STR/GEO - 2
1.5 Qk
1.35 Gk or
STR/GEO - 3 1.25 Gk
1.5 Qk
1.0 Gk
STR/GEO - 4
ULS (GEO/STR)
for UK Buildings
Design values of actions, ultimate limit state – persistent and transient
design situations (Table A1.2(B) Eurocode)
Comb’tion Permanent actions Leading Accompanying variable
expression variable actions
reference Unfavourable Favourable action Main(if any) Others
1.5.2.3
Eqn (6.10) γG,j,sup
transient
1.35 GkGk,j,supsituation
design γG,j,inf
1.0 GkGk,j,inf 1.5
γQ,1 Q
Qk,1
k,1 γ1.5
Q,i Ψ0,i Q
Qk,i
k,i
design situation that is relevant during a period much shorter than the
Eqn
Eqn (6.10a)
design1.35 GkGk,j,sup
γG,j,sup
working life of1.0
γthe Gstructure
kGk,j,inf
G,j,inf γ1.5
and which has Ψ0,1
Q,1Ψ
a QQk,1kprobability
high
0,1 γ1.5 Qk,i
Q,i Ψ0,i of
Eqn occurrence.
Eqn (6.10b) 0.925x1.35G
ξγ G 1.0
γ GG 1.5
γ Q Q γ1.5 Ψ QQ
NOTE A transient designk situation
G,j,sup k,j,sup G,j,infk k,j,inf Q,1 k,1
refers to temporaryk,1 Q,i
conditions of the structure, ork,i
0,i k,i
of use,
exposure, e.g. during construction or repair.
TCC's Eurocode Webinar course: lecture 2 3
Autumn 2016
Summary: Lecture 2
Background to Eurocode 2
BS EN 1992
Design of concrete structures
Materials
TCC's Eurocode Webinar course: lecture 2 4
Autumn 2016
Eurocode 2: Context
UK CEB/fib Eurocode 2
1968 CP114 (CP110 draft) Blue Book (Limit state
design)
1972 CP110 (Limit state design) Red Book
1975 Treaty of Rome
1978 Model Code 78
1985 BS8110 Eurocode 2 (EC)
1990 Model Code 90
1993 EC2: Part 1-1(ENV) (CEN)
2004 EC2: Part 1-1 (EN)
2005 UK Nat. Annex.
2006 BS8110/EC2 PD 6687
2010 EC2 Model Code 2010
BS8110 ‘withdrawn’
2013 (final) MC2010 WG and 10 TGs
2016 Project Team redrafting.
WG and 10 TGs
2020? EC2 v2? EC2 v2?
Eurocode 2: Design of
Concrete Structures
TCC's Eurocode Webinar course: lecture 2 5
Autumn 2016
Eurocode Hierarchy
These EN 1990 + NA
Structural safety, serviceability
Basis of Design and durability
affect
EN 1991 Actions on structures
concrete Actions on Structures + NA
Eurocode 2: relationships
BS EN 1990
BS EN 1997 BASIS OF STRUCTURAL BS EN 1998
GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN SEISMIC DESIGN
DESIGN
BS EN 10138
BS EN 1991 Prestressing
ACTIONS ON STRUCTURES Steels
BS 8500 BS EN 206
Specifying BS EN 10080
Concrete Reinforcing
Concrete BS EN 1992
DESIGN OF CONCRETE Steels
STRUCTURES
BS EN 13670
Part 1-1: General Rules for
NSCS Execution of BS 4449
Structures
Structures Reinforcing
DMRB? Part 1-2: Structural Fire Design
Steels
NBS?
Rail? BS EN 1994 BS EN 13369
BS EN 1992 BS EN 1992
CESWI? Design of Pre-cast
Part 2: Part 3: Liquid
Comp. Concrete
Bridges Ret.
Struct.
Structures
TCC's Eurocode Webinar course: lecture 2 6
Autumn 2016
z
x
y
y
x
z
TCC's Eurocode Webinar course: lecture 2 7
Autumn 2016
EN1992-1-1: Contents
1. General
2. Basis of design
3. Materials
4. Durability and cover to reinforcement
5. Structural analysis
6. Ultimate limit states
7. Serviceability states
8. Detailing of reinforcement and prestressing tendons – General
9. Detailing of members and particular rules
10. Additional rules for precast and concrete elements and structures
11. Lightweight aggregated concrete structures
12. Plain and lightly reinforced concrete structures
EN1992-1-1: Annexes
TCC's Eurocode Webinar course: lecture 2 8
Autumn 2016
Basis of design
• Use EN 1990
• Use EN 1991
• Partial material factors, M Table 2.1N and NA
TCC's Eurocode Webinar course: lecture 2 9
Autumn 2016
Concrete
Eurocode 2
Concrete properties (Table 3.1)
Strength classes for concrete
fck (MPa) 12 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 70 80 90
fck,cube (MPa) 15 20 25 30 37 45 50 55 60 67 75 85 95 105
fcm (MPa) 20 24 28 33 38 43 48 53 58 63 68 78 88 98
fctm (MPa) 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0
Ecm (GPa) 27 29 30 31 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 41 42 44
TCC's Eurocode Webinar course: lecture 2 10
Autumn 2016
cc (= 0.85 (flexure) and 1.0 (shear)) and ct (= 1.0) are
coefficients to take account of long term effects on
the compressive and tensile strengths and of
unfavourable effects resulting from the way the load
is applied
fctk,0.05 = 0.7 fctm
Poll:
Design compressive strength, fcd
For a C30/37 concrete what is fcd?
a 17.0 MPa
b 20.0 MPa
c 21.0 MPa
d 22.2 MPa
e 23.5 MPa
f 24.7 MPa
TCC's Eurocode Webinar course: lecture 2 11
Autumn 2016
Poll:
Design tensile strength, fctd
For a C30/37 concrete what is fctd?
a 1.08 MPa
b 1.15 MPa
c 1.35 MPa
d 1.50 MPa
e 1.64 MPa
f 1.93 MPa
• Ecm(t) = (fcm(t)/fcm)0,3Ecm
• Poisson’s ratio
– for uncracked concrete = 0.2
– for cracked concrete = 0
TCC's Eurocode Webinar course: lecture 2 12
Autumn 2016
Creep (3.1.4)
5 C20/25
C25/30
C30/37
10 C35/45
C40/50
C45/55
C50/60
20 C55/67
C60/75
C70/85
30 C80/95
C90/105
50
100
7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0 0 100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500
(t 0) h 0 (mm)
= 1.8 h0 = 2Ac/u where Ac is the cross-section area and
u is perimeter of the member in contact with
the atmosphere
Shrinkage (3.1.4)
TCC's Eurocode Webinar course: lecture 2 13
Autumn 2016
• Creep
– 0 is the notional creep coefficient (in Figure 3.1 the notation
used is (,t0))
– (t,t0) is the creep at any time, t after time of loading, t0
• Shrinkage
– cd,0 is the basic drying shrinkage strain
– cd,(t) = ds(t,ts)kh cd,0 (Section 3)
f cd fcd
0,4 f cm
tan = E cm
c2 cu2 c
c1 cu1 c 0 0 c3 cu3 c
c
n
c1 () 0,7 fcm0.31 σ c fcd 1
1 for 0 c c2 c3 () = 1.75 + 0.55 [(fck-50)/40]
c2
cu1 () = σ c fcd for
c2 c cu2
for fck≥ 50 MPa otherwise 1.75
2.8 + 27[(98-fcm)/100]4 fcm)/100]4
n = 1.4 + 23.4 [(90- fck)/100]4 cu3 () =2.6+35[(90-fck)/100]4
for fck ≥ 50 MPa otherwise 3.5 for fck≥ 50 MPa otherwise 2.0 for fck≥ 50 MPa otherwise 3.5
TCC's Eurocode Webinar course: lecture 2 14
Autumn 2016
Stress
C90/105
up to C50/60
Ultimate strain
reduces
Strain
Fc
Ac x x
As Fs
s
TCC's Eurocode Webinar course: lecture 2 15
Autumn 2016
1 = fck,c c
fck,c
fck
fcd,c
A
2 3 ( = 2)
cu c2,c cu2,c c
0
TCC's Eurocode Webinar course: lecture 2 16
Autumn 2016
Reinforcement
Reinforcement (1)
(3.2.1 and 3.2.2)
TCC's Eurocode Webinar course: lecture 2 17
Autumn 2016
Reinforcement (Annex C)
Product form Bars and de-coiled rods Wire Fabrics
Class A B C A B C
The UK has chosen a maximum value of characteristic yield strength, fyk = 600
MPa, but 500 MPa is the value assumed in BS 4449 and BS 4483 for normal supply.
Reinforcement
(3.2.4, figure 3.7)
ft = kfykt
ft = kf0.2k
fyk
f0.2k
0.2%
uk uk
Cold worked steel
Hot rolled steel
TCC's Eurocode Webinar course: lecture 2 18
Autumn 2016
Reinforcement – Design
Stress/Strain Curve (3.2.7, Figure 3.8)
Alternative design stress/strain relationships are permitted:
- inclined top branch with a limit to the ultimate strain horizontal
- horizontal top branch with no strain limit
Idealised
Rarely used
kfyk
kfyk/s
fyk
fyd = fyk/s
Design
k = (ft/fy)k
TCC's Eurocode Webinar course: lecture 2 19
Autumn 2016
TCC's Eurocode Webinar course: lecture 2 20
Autumn 2016
TCC's Eurocode Webinar course: lecture 2 21
Autumn 2016
Durability of Structures
To avoid durability
issues:
We:
• Specify cover,
• Control the
maximum
water/cement
ratio
• Control the
cement content.
Cover (4.4.1)
Axis distance, a
Fire protection
Tables in Section 5 of part 1-2
TCC's Eurocode Webinar course: lecture 2 22
Autumn 2016
The UK National Annex decision for cmin,dur is: use BS 8500, viz:
Cover, cmin,dur
Exposure Classes.
Table 4.1 (based on EN 206-1) provides the definitions for different
environmental conditions.
– XO – no risk of corrosion or attack
– XC – risk of carbonation-induced corrosion
– XS – risk of chloride-induced corrosion (sea water)
– XD - risk of chloride-induced corrosion
– XF – risk of freeze/thaw attack
– XA (DC - BS8500) – risk of chemical attack in ground
TCC's Eurocode Webinar course: lecture 2 23
Autumn 2016
Cover, cmin,dur
Table 4.1 (based on EN 206-1)
Cover, cmin,dur
Table 4.1 (cont. based on EN 206-1)
TCC's Eurocode Webinar course: lecture 2 24
Autumn 2016
Cover, cmin,dur,
(from BS 8500 for a 50 year life.)
TCC's Eurocode Webinar course: lecture 2 25
Autumn 2016
øl øm
• For Post-tensioned tendons:
– Circular ducts: Duct diameter
– Rectangular ducts: The greater Cminb= øl
of:
Cminb= øm
the smaller dimension or
half the greater dimension
TCC's Eurocode Webinar course: lecture 2 26
Autumn 2016
So:
cnom ≥ a - link - main bar/2
Cover: Summary
Usually:
cnom = max {cmin,dur; ; 10 mm} + 10 mm ≥ a - link - main bar/2
Bond
Durability Fire: axis distance
From BS 8500 cdev From Tables in
Table A4 et al Section 5 of BS EN
1992-1-2
Min
TCC's Eurocode Webinar course: lecture 2 27
Autumn 2016
A few definitions
TCC's Eurocode Webinar course: lecture 2 28
Autumn 2016
beff = beff,i + bw b
Where beff,i = 0,2bi + 0,1l0 0,2l0 and beff,I bi
beff
beff,1 beff,2
bw
bw
b1 b1 b2 b2
b
l0, is the distance between points of zero moment.
It may be taken as:
l0 =
l0 = 0,85 l1 0,15(l1 + l2 ) l0 = 0,7 l2 l0 = 0,15 l2 + l3
l1 l2 l3
leff = ln + a1 + a2
h leff
TCC's Eurocode Webinar course: lecture 2 29
Autumn 2016
Exercise
What is the nominal cover for a car park one-way slab with
one hour fire resistance (i.e. REI = 60)?
TCC's Eurocode Webinar course: lecture 2 30
Autumn 2016
BOND
EC2-1-1 Table 4.2 (Section 4.2) cmin,b =………………….
DURABILITY
EC2-1-1 Table 4.1 (Table 4.1) Durability Class ……….. . .
UK NA & BS 8500 (Table 4.2) cmin,dur = ……………….
DEVIATION
EC2-1-1Cl. 4.4.1.3 (Section 4.5) cdev =…………………
FIRE
EC2-1-2 Table 5.8 (Table 4.7) Min axis distance a=…..
Working space
TCC's Eurocode Webinar course: lecture 2 31
Autumn 2016
End of Lecture 2
TCC's Eurocode Webinar course: lecture 2 32