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Zumdhal CHEM 1411 - Practice - EXAM - I
Zumdhal CHEM 1411 - Practice - EXAM - I
2. How many significant figures are appropriate to show in the result after carrying out the
operation below?
See two examples below: Remember that the answers obtained from calculators are
always WRONG when considering the significant figures. So when the question combining
addition/subtraction and multiplication/division together, each follows its own rule.
Thus, 223.7 + 0.27 = 223.97 from calculator, which must be corrected with the least
decimal points of the components, and thus it is 224.0. So the question turns to 224.0 ÷
4.21 = 53.20665083 from calculator, which must be corrected with the lease digit of the
significant figures of the components, and thus it is 53.2.
Since this question only asks how many significant figures in the result, thus from the
components, 224.0 and 4.21, we know one has four significant figures and one has three
significant figures. Thus the number of significant figures of the result should follow the
one with the least significant figures, that is, three significant figures.
5. The mass and volume of an unknown sample is 13.9 g and 17.4 mL, respectively. What is
its density in g/mL?
(a) 0.798 (b) 1.04 (c) 3.16 (d) 4.62 (e) 5.07
th
Hint: For 9 ed.: see section 1.9. Density = Mass/Volume
The ion in this question carries one negative charge indicating that the electron is one
more than the protons. From periodic table, the atomic number (that is, the proton
number) of Br is 35, and thus there are 35‐(‐1) = 36 electrons.
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10. Which of the following is a molecular compound?
(a) KCl (b) CsF (c) HCN (d) AlBr3 (e) NaOH
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Hint: For 9 ed., see Section 2.8, p.p. 66‐67; Molecular compound (p. 66) is composed by
nonmetal reacts with nonmetal atoms; while the ionic compound (p. 61) is composed by
metal and nonmetal atoms. However, there is an exception: For compounds that contain
ammonium ion, NH +, they are the ionic compounds as they are formed by acid, HCl, reacts
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with base, NH3.
Follow the rules of “Naming Simple Compounds” Be able to differentiate the rules between
ionic and molecular compounds. Prefix must be included in the name of molecular
compound except the first element with subscript as one. For ionic compound whose
metal is a transition metal or with multiple charges must use Roman numeral to specify the
charge on the metal ion.
10 11
13. The atomic masses of B and B are 10.0129 u (here “u” stands for “amu”: atomic
mass unit; abundance 19.78%; here “abundance” stands for “natural abundance”) and
11.0093 u (abundance 80.22%), respectively. What is the average atomic mass of B?
(a) 9.467 (b) 9.966 (c) 10.042 (c) 10.504 (e) 10.810
Hint: For 9th ed., see Section 3.2: p.p. 84‐85, Example 3.1. You can convert the % into
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decimals (note: 1% = 0.01) first and then apply the formula: M is the average atomic mass
(or say the atomic mass or atomic weight) which is always shown in the periodic table,
M1 is the mass of isotope # 1 and X1 is the natural abundance (or say the percent
abundance) of isotope #1 in decimal; M2 is the mass of isotope # 2 and X2 is the
natural abundance (or say the percent abundance) of isotope #2 in decimal;
etc. Converting to decimal is to avoid forgetting divided the answer by 100.
For five isotopes, see End-of-Chapter Exercise 38. M = M1X1 + M2X2 + M3X3 + M4X4 + M5X5
18. Chemical analysis shows the composition of a compound containing carbon, hydrogen,
chlorine, and oxygen, to be 37.84% C, 2.12% H, 55.84% Cl, and 4.20% O. What is its
empirical formula?
(a) CHClO (b) C2HClO4 (c) C12H8Cl6O (d) C12H8Cl6O4
th
Hint: For 9 ed., section 3.7: p.p. 96‐103: Interactive Examples 3.10, 3.11, and 3.12.
The empirical formula is the simplest integral ratio of moles among each atom.
Here, there are four different kinds of atoms, C, H, Cl and O.
Thus mole of C = 37.84/12 = 3.15; mole of H = 2.12/1 = 2.12;
mole of Cl = 55.84/35.45 = 1.58; mole of O = 4.20/16 = 0.26.
Note that as long as one of the moles is not an integer, we have to divide the smallest
value among them: here the smallest value is 0.26. So C : H : Cl : O = 3.15/0.26 : 2.12/0.26 :
1.58/0.26 : 0.26/0.26 = 12.1: 8.1 : 6.1: 1 = 12: 8: 6: 1 (round to whole number), which
indicates that the empirical formula contains 12 C, 8 H, 6 Cl and 1
O. Thus, the empirical formula is written as C12H8Cl6O as 1 is usually not written in the
formula.
*****What is the empirical formula for methyl benzoate, a compound used in the
manufacture of perfumes, contains 70.57% carbon, 5.94% hydrogen, and 23.49% oxygen?
Note: subscripts must be integers.
(a) C4H4O (b) C2H2O0.5 (c) C8H8O2 (d) CHO
th
Hint: For 9 ed., section 3.7: p.p. 96‐103: Interactive Examples 3.10, 3.11, and 3.12. This is
a very, very important question. The empirical formula is the simplest integral ratio of
moles among each atom. Here, there are three different kinds of atoms, C, H and O. Thus
mole of C = 70.57/12 = 5.88; mole of H = 5.94/1 = 5.94; mole of O = 23.49/16 = 1.47.
Note that as long as one of the moles is not an integer, we have to divide the smallest
value among them: here the smallest value is 1.47. So C : H : O = 5.88/1.47 : 5.94/1.47 :
1.47/1.47 = 4 : 4.04 : 1. Since 4.04 is very close to 4.00 and thus we can round it to 4.00. So
C : H : O = 4 : 4 : 1, which indicates that the empirical formula contains four C, four H and
one O. Thus, the empirical formula is written as C4H4O as 1 is usually not written in the
formula.
Chemical analysis shows the composition of a compound containing carbon and hydrogen,
to be 80.00% carbon and 20% hydrogen and the molar mass is 30 g. What is its molecular
formula?
(a) CH (b) C2H4 (c) C2H6 (d) C6H12 (e) C10H22
th
Hint: For 9 ed., section 3.7: p.p. 96‐103: Interactive Examples 3.10, 3.11, and 3.12. The
molecular formula is an integral multiple of empirical formula. That is, the molar mass =
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empirical molar mass x integer. From C: H = 80.00/12 : 20.00/1 = 6.66: 20 = 1: 3. So the
empirical formula is CH3 and the empirical molar mass of CH3 = 12x1+1x3 =15. So the
integer = 30/15 = 2. Thus there are two empirical formulas in a molecular formula.
Therefore, the molecular formula is C2H6.
In this question, P2O5 is the most bulky one, we put 1 in front of it to remind us we have
done examining P2O5. Now the equation is updated to PH3 + O2 1 P2O5 + H2O
Since P2O5 contains 2 phosphorus atoms, so we need two phosphorus atoms at the left
side, which leads us to put 2 (called coefficient) in front of the PH3.
Now the equation is updated to 2 PH3 + O2 1 P2O5 + H2O
As there are 6 hydrogen atoms in 2 PH3, thus we need to balance the hydrogen atoms at
the right side, which lead us to put 3 in front of the H2O.
Now the equation is updated to 2 PH3 + O2 1 P2O5 + 3 H2O
Now we need to balance the oxygen atoms. Since there are 1x5+3x1 = 8 oxygen atoms at
the right side, and thus the left side must have the same number of oxygen atoms. That is
to say, x2 = 8. So = 4. So the equation is updated to 2 PH3 + 4 O2 1 P2O5 + 3 H2O
Since all the atoms of each type have the same amount, this equation is balanced.
21. In the reaction of Al(OH)3 with H2SO4, how many moles of water can be produced If the
reaction is begun with 5.500 mole of Al(OH)3?
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(a) 2.50 (b) 4.75 (c) 6.32 (d) 7.58 (e) 16.50
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Hint: For 9 ed., see section 3.10: p.p. 108‐114, problem strategy p. 111. It can be
solved by Dimensional Analysis or Unit Analysis.
Stoichiometrey. Method One (ratio approach): From the equation, the involving species,
2 Al(OH)3 and 6 H2O with coefficients 2 and 6 respectively, tell us that for 2 moles of
Al(OH)3 it produces 6 moles of H2O. According to this proportion or ratio, 5.500 mole of
Al(OH)3 produce 5.500 x (6/2) = 16.5 moles of H2O.
22. How many grams of H2O could be formed by the reaction of 16.0 g of CH4 with 48.0 g of
O2?
(a) 27.0 (b) 37.3 (c) 46.8 (d) 54.1 (e) 58.7
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Hint: For 9 ed., see Road Map “Problem-Solving Strategy” in p. 123 and section 3.11: p.p.
114‐121: Interactive Example 3.17.
This question provides two known quantities of substances and thus this is the limiting
reagent question. So we need to apply two times of “Problem Solving Strategy” to figure
out what is the true mass of water. Note that the limiting reagent limits the (maximum) of
product(s) that can be produced. Application, the one produces the smallest amount of the
product is the true limiting reagent. The one with the left over is the excess reagent.
Because O2 produces the least amount of H2O (can compare by using mole, 1.5 < 2, or
grams, 27 < 36), it is the true limiting reagent and the maximum amount of water
produced is 27 grams. The CH4 is the excess reagent.
To calculate how many grams of the excess reagent were consumed, we apply the road
map:
Thus, there are 12 g CH4 consumed and there are (16 – 12) = 4 grams of CH4 left.
This is because # grams excess = # grams original – # grams used.
Or say # moles excess = # moles original – # moles used.
23. According to Q 22, which is the limiting reagent? Which is the excess reagent?
(a) Both CH4 and O2 are the limiting reagent.
(b) Both CH4 and O2 are the excess reagent.
(c) CH4 is the excess reagent; O2 is the limiting reagent.
(d) CH4 is the limiting reagent; O2 is the excess reagent.
Hint: See Hint in Q 22.
24. A 15.6 grams of benzene (C6H6) is mixed with excess HNO3 to prepare nitrobenzene
(C6H5NO2). After the reaction there are 13.8 grams of nitrobenzene produced. What is the
percent yield of nitrobenzene?
(a) 34.3% (b) 47.6% (c) 56.1% (d) 63.4% (e) 71.2%
th
Hint: For 9 ed., Section 3.11: p.p. 121‐123: Interactive example 3.18 and Road Map
“Problem-Solving Strategy” in p. 123. Here the
The amount of product calculated according to the road map or balanced chemical
equation is the theoretical yield and the one obtained by weighing is the actual yield.
Now from the road map, we calculate the theoretical yield (note that since the actual yield
given is in unit of grams, so we need to complete the entire road map).
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÷ 78 g/mol x 1C6H5NO2 /1C6H6
15.6 gC6H6‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐--------0.2mole C6H6 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐---‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐------0.2mole C6H5NO2
x 123g/mol
0.2mole C6H5NO2 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐--------------‐-24.6g C6H5NO2
25. According to Q 24, what is the theoretical yield for nitrobenzene? What is the actual
yield for nitrobenzene?
(a) Theoretical yield: 15.6 g; Actual yield: 15.6 g
(b) Theoretical yield: 24.6 g; Actual yield: 13.8 g
(c) Theoretical yield: 24.6 g; Actual yield: 15.6 g
(d) Theoretical yield: 15.6 g; Actual yield: 24.6 g
(e) Theoretical yield: 13.8 g; Actual yield: 15.6 g