ِ ‫س ا ْلعَا‬

Lesson 10 -‫ش ُر‬ ُ ‫الد َّْر‬

Introduction – ‫ُمقَ ِد َمة‬
• In this lesson we will In-Shā’-Allâh learn the following things:
o The Possessive Pronouns (the words used instead of nouns to show possession or ownership of something)

Possessive Pronoun Example Arabic

Your (masculine) book َ‫ِكتَابُك‬ ) َ‫(ك‬
Your (feminine) book ‫ِكتَابُ ِك‬ ) ِ‫(ك‬
His book ُ‫ِكتَابُه‬ )ُ‫(ه‬
Her book ‫ِكتَابُـهَا‬ )‫( َها‬
My book ‫ِكتَا ِبـي‬ )‫(ي‬
Our book ‫ِكتَابُنَا‬ )‫(نَا‬

o Two new words and their cases.

English Arabic
Father ‫أَب‬
Brother ‫أَخ‬

o In this lesson we will learn the use of a few new prepositions. We have learnt that prepositions are the
words used to connect two or more words or sentences (Lesson No.4 section 3). Both of the prepositions
have the same meaning but are used in different situations
English Arabic
About ‫ع َْن‬
Along with / With / To have ‫َم َع‬
At/In ‫بِـ‬

o In this lesson we will also learn the use of verbs with the pronouns. We have already learnt the simple form of the
verb in (Lesson No. 4 section 12).

English New form of verb Pronoun Added Simple Verb

You went َ‫ذَ َهبْت‬ You (masculine) َ‫أ َ ْنت‬
You went ِ ‫ذَ َه ْب‬
‫ت‬ You (feminine) ِ ‫أ َ ْن‬
‫ت‬
He went َ ‫ذَ َه‬
‫ب‬ He ‫ه َُو‬
َ ‫ذَ َه‬
‫ب‬
She went ْ‫ذَ َهبَت‬ She ‫ي‬
َ ‫ِه‬
I went ُ‫ذَ َهبْت‬ I ‫أَنَا‬
We went ‫ذَ َه ْبنَا‬ We ُ‫نَ ْحن‬
 o We will also learn the vowel endings of the masculine nouns that are similar to the feminine nouns
English Arabic
Hamza ُ‫َح ْم َزة‬
Talha ُ‫ط ْلحَة‬
َ
Usama ُ‫سا َمة‬
َ ُ‫أ‬

ِ ‫س ا ْل َعا‬
Lesson 10 -‫ش ُر‬ ُ ‫الد َّْر‬
Attached Pronouns - ُ‫ض َمائ ُِر ا ْل ُمت َّ ِصلَة‬
َّ ‫ال‬

• In this lesson, we will learn a new topic which deals with the pronouns In-Shā’-Allâh (God-Willing). Pronouns
are the words used instead of nouns. In Arabic the pronouns are generally of two types
o The Detached Pronouns (ُ‫ض َمائ ُِر ا ْلم ْنفَ ِصلَة‬
َّ ‫)ال‬

o The Attached Pronouns (ُ‫ض َمائِ ُر ا ْل ُمتَّ ِصلَة‬

َّ ‫)ال‬
• In English the Attached Pronouns (also called the Possessive Pronouns) are "words which show the possession (or
relationship) of an object (or person) of something' e.g., if we want to express the possession of a book we would say:
"this book is hers". Similarly, if a person wants to express his possession of a pen, he would say, "This pen is mine".
In Arabic however "The Possessive Pronouns" are suffixes (one or two letters attached at the end of a word) attached
to the nouns only. They are not full-fledged words. Let’s take some examples to learn the rule

Translation Transliteration Arabic Pronoun

This book is yours (masculine) Hādhā kitābuka َ‫َه ٰـ َذا ِكتَابُك‬ ) َ‫(ك‬
This pen is yours (feminine) Hādhā qalamuki ِ‫َه ٰـذَا َقلَ ُمك‬ ) ِ‫(ك‬
This bag is his Hādhihi ħaqībatuhu ُ‫َه ٰـ ِذ ِه َحقِيبَت ُه‬ )ُ‫(ه‬
This note book is hers Hādhihi kurrâsatuha َ ‫َه ٰـ ِذ ِه ك َُّرا‬
‫ست ُهَا‬ )‫( َها‬
This house is mine Hādhā baitī ‫َه ٰـذَا بَ ْيتِي‬ )‫(ي‬
Islam is our religion Al Islāmu dīnuna ‫سالَ ُم ِد ْينُنَا‬
ْ ‫اإل‬
ِ )‫(نَا‬

• Following are some examples to better understand the above-mentioned rules:

English Transliteration Arabic

Who are you?
Man Anta? ‫َم ْن أ َ ْنتَ ؟‬
I am a new student from
Anā ŧâlibun ĵadīdun minal hindi .ِ‫طالِب َجدِيد مِ نَ ا ْل ِه ْند‬ َ ‫أَنَا‬
India
What is your name? Mas muka? ‫س ُمكَ ؟‬
ْ ‫َما ا‬
My name is Abbas Ismi Abbasun .‫عبَّاس‬َ ‫اسْمِ ي‬
And who is that sitting?
Wa man hādhā alĵālisu?
He is my colleague and his ‫ِس؟‬ ُ ‫َو َم ْن َه ٰـذَا ا ْلجَال‬
Huwa zamīlī was muhu ‘Anser huwa minal
name is Ansar, he is from
Yābāni ِ ‫ ه َُو مِ نَ اليَاب‬،‫ع ْنص َُر‬
.‫َان‬ َ ُ‫س ُمه‬ ْ ‫ه َُو َزمِ يلِي َوا‬
Japan.
This is my pen and its colour
Hādhā qalamī wa lawnuhu Aħmaru .‫َهذَا َقلَمِ ي َولَ ْونُهُ أ َ ْح َم ُر‬
is red.
 Oh Abbas what is your
Ma lughatuka ya Ábbāsu?
mother tongue? ‫اس؟‬ َ ‫َما لُغَت ُكَ يَا‬
ُ َّ‫عب‬
Lughati Urdiyyatun wahiya lughatun
My mother tongue is Urdu
sahlatun.
.‫س ْهلَة‬ َ ‫لُغَتِي أ ُ ْر ِديَّة َو ِه‬
َ ‫ي لُغَة‬
and it is an easy language.
And what is Ansar's mother
tongue? Wa ma hiya lughatu Ánsara?
َ ُ‫ي لُغَة‬
‫ع ْنص ََر؟‬ َ ‫َو َما ِه‬
His mother tongue is Lughatuhu Al Yabaniyyatu wahiya
َ ‫ي لُغَة‬
.‫ص ْعبَة‬ ُ
َ ‫لُغَتُهُ ا ْليَابَا ِنيَّة َو ِه‬
Japanese and it is a difficult lughatun ŝa’abatun
language.

ِ ‫س ا ْلعَا‬
Lesson 10 -‫ش ُر‬ ُ ‫الد َّْر‬
The Five Nouns - ُ‫سة‬ ْ َ ‫األ‬
َ ‫س َما ُء ا ْل َخ ْم‬
• In this lesson we will learn the following two new words and the rules regarding their use In-
Shā’-Allâh (God-Willing):
Translation Transliteration Arabic
Father Abun ‫أَب‬
Brother Akhun ‫أَخ‬

• The words above belong to a category of five words called ُ‫سة‬ ْ َ ‫( األ‬we will learn the
َ ‫س َما ُء ا ْل َخ ْم‬
remaining three in later lessons In-Shā’-Allâh). When we want to say "Your book" in Arabic
we say َ‫ ِكتَابُك‬but when we want to say "your father", it would be written as َ‫ أَبُوك‬and not َ‫أَبُك‬.
Similar is the case with the word "brother" when a pronoun is added to it, a letter 'wāw' is
added as a second last letter and hence the word will become َ‫ أَ ُخوك‬instead of َ‫أَ ُخك‬.
• When any of these words annexed with pronouns appear in the nominative case (we will
learn more about this later), the letter "wāw" is added as the penultimate (second to last)
letter i.e., َ‫ َه ٰـذَا أَبُوك‬or َ‫ ذَ ِلكَ أَ ُخوك‬but when they appear in genitive case (we will learn more about
this later) the letter 'ya’' is added instead of 'wāw' and the word thus formed is َ‫ أَ ِبيك‬or َ‫أَ ِخيك‬.
English Arabic Case
Hamid's brother ِ ‫أَ ُخو ح‬
‫َامد‬ َّ ُ‫حَالَة‬
‫الر ْف ِع‬
The father of Muhammad ‫أَبُو ُم َح َّمد‬ Nominative Case

Book of my brother ‫اب أَ ِخي‬

ُ َ‫ِكت‬ ‫حَالَةُ ا ْلج َِر‬
Her father's house ‫َبيْتُ أَ ِبيهَا‬ Genitive Case
 ِ ‫س ا ْلعَا‬
Lesson 10 -‫ش ُر‬ ُ ‫الد َّْر‬
Prepositions - ‫وف ا ْلج َِر‬
ُ ‫ُح ُر‬
• In this lesson we will learn three new prepositions. We have learnt that prepositions are the words used to
connect two or more words or sentences (Lesson No.4 section 3) and (Lesson No.6 section 6). These
prepositions are:

English Pronunciation Arabic

About ‘An ‫ع ِْن‬
With Ma’a ‫َم َع‬
At/In Bi ‫ِبـ‬

• ُ ‫ يَت َ َحد‬means (to talk about), and ‫ بَعِيد ع َْن‬means (far

The preposition ‫ ع َْن‬means “about” or “from” e.g. ‫َّث ع َْن‬
from)
• The preposition ‫ َم َع‬means “with”, e.g. ‫ب‬ َّ ‫اب َم َع ال‬
ِ ‫طا ِل‬ ُ َ ‫ ا ْل ِكت‬means “the book is with the student”.
• ِ ‫ي بِا ْل َم ْطب‬
The letter ‫ بِـ‬means “at” or “in” e.g., if we say ‫ ه َُو بِا ْلجَامِ عَ ِة‬it means "He is at the university" or ‫َخ‬ َ ‫ ِه‬it
means “she is in the kitchen.”

English Transliteration Arabic

My house is far from the mosque Baitī ba’īdun ‘an al masjidi .ِ‫بَ ْيتِي بَعِيد ع َْن ا ْل َمس ِْجد‬
Ahmad is sitting with Khalid Ahmadu jalisun ma'a Khalidin .‫أَحْ َم ُد جَالِس َم َع َخالِد‬
With me is a friend Ma'ee sadeequn .‫صدِيق‬
َ ‫َمعِي‬
Khalid is talking about himself khâlidun yataħaddathu ‘an nafsihi ِ ‫َّث ع َْن َن ْف‬
.ِ‫سه‬ ُ ‫َخالِد يَت َ َحد‬
My friend in Egypt - his name is Ahmed Ŝadīqī bimiŝra ismuhu aħmadu .ُ‫س ُمهُ أ َ ْح َمد‬
ْ ‫صدِيقِي ِبمِ ص َْر ا‬
َ

• It must be remembered that "‫ " َم َع‬meaning 'to have' should only be used with the things that are separable,
e.g. ‫ َمعَنَا ِكتَاب‬means “we have a book”. It should not be used with relations and parts of the body. So if we
want to say 'He has a nose', we should say ‫ لَهُ أ َ ْنف‬instead of ‫ َمعَهُ أ َ ْنف‬or ‫ لَهَا أ ُ ْخت‬meaning she has a sister, instead
of ‫ َمعَهَا أ ُ ْخت‬. The preposition ‫ َم َع‬takes a fatħah on its ending when used with all the pronouns
except ‫ ي‬meaning "with me". When used with ‫ي‬, it takes a kasrah instead of the fatħah so it will
become ‫ َمعِي‬so we say ‫ َمعِي ِكتَاب‬and not ‫َمعَي كِتاب‬
 ِ ‫س ا ْل َعا‬
Lesson 10 -‫ش ُر‬ ُ ‫الد َّْر‬
َّ ‫ا ْل ِف ْع ُل َم َع ال‬
The verb with the pronouns - ‫ض َمائ ِِر‬
• In this lesson we will learn about the form of verb when attached with the pronouns In-Shā’-Allâh (God-
Willing). We have already learnt two simple verbs in (Lesson No. 4 section 12) which are:
o َ ‫ ذَ َه‬meaning “Went”.
‫ب‬
o َ ‫ َخ َر‬meaning “Went out”.
‫ج‬
• Let’s see the form of the verb when it is attached to different pronouns:

English New form of verb Pronoun Added Simple Verb

You went (masculine) َ‫َذ َهبْت‬ You (masculine) َ‫أ َ ْنت‬
You went (feminine) ِ ‫ذَ َه ْب‬
‫ت‬ You (feminine) ِ ‫أ َ ْن‬
‫ت‬
He went َ ‫ذَ َه‬
‫ب‬ He ‫ه َُو‬
َ ‫ذَ َه‬
‫ب‬
She went ْ‫ذَ َهبَت‬ She ‫ي‬
َ ‫ِه‬
I went ُ‫ذَ َهبْت‬ I ‫أ َ َنا‬
We went ‫ذَ َه ْبنَا‬ We ُ‫نَ ْحن‬
You went out (masculine) َ‫َخ َرجْ ت‬ You (masculine) َ‫أ َ ْنت‬
You went out (feminine) ِ ْ‫َخ َرج‬
‫ت‬ You (feminine) ِ ‫أ َ ْن‬
‫ت‬
He went out َ ‫َخ َر‬
‫ج‬ He ‫ه َُو‬
َ ‫َخ َر‬
‫ج‬
She went out ْ‫َخ َر َجت‬ She ‫ي‬
َ ‫ِه‬
I went out ُ‫َخ َرجْ ت‬ I ‫أَنَا‬
We went out ‫َخ َر ْج َنا‬ We ُ‫نَ ْحن‬

• Let’s take some more examples to understand the rule more clearly:

English Arabic
Ahmad went to Iraq. ِ ‫ب أَحْ َم ُد ِإلَى ا ْل ِع َر‬
.‫اق‬ َ ‫ذَ َه‬
Amina went out of the classroom. ْ َ‫آمنَةُ ِمنَ ا ْلف‬
.‫ص ِل‬ ِ ْ‫َخ َر َجت‬
Where did you go O Ayesha? ‫ت يَا عَائِشَةُ؟‬
ِ ‫أَ ْينَ ذَ َه ْب‬
Why did you go out of the mosque? ‫س ِجدِ؟‬ْ ‫ِل َماذَا َخ َرجْ تَ ِمنَ ا ْل َم‬
Did Bilquees go to the kitchen? ‫خ؟‬ ُ ‫أَذَ َهبَتْ بِ ْل ِق‬
ِ َ‫يس إِلَى ا ْل َم ْطب‬
I went to the hospital. .‫شفَ ٰى‬ ْ ‫ذَ َهبْتُ إِلَى ا ْل ُم‬
ْ َ ‫ست‬
We went out of the university. ِ ‫َخ َرجْ نَا ِمنَ ا ْلج‬
‫َامعَ ِة‬
 ِ ‫س ا ْلعَا‬
Lesson 10 -‫ش ُر‬ ُ ‫الد َّْر‬
Continued….
• In this lesson we will learn about the vowel ending of the masculine nouns resembling the feminine nouns
In-Shā’-Allâh (God-Willing). We have learnt that the feminine nouns have no tanwīn on their last letter
e.g.: ُ‫ عَا ِئشَة‬،ُ‫ َفاطِ َمة‬،ُ‫ آمِ نَة‬etc. Similarly there are certain masculine proper nouns that have ‫( ة‬tā’ marbūŧah) as
their last letter - therefore they also do not have tanwīn on their last letter, e.g.: ُ‫ظلَة‬ َ ‫ َح ْن‬،ُ‫ ُم َعا ِويَة‬،ُ‫ ح َْم َزة‬etc.

• Let’s take some examples to better understand the rule:

English Arabic
Fatima's husband is Mu'awiya. .ُ‫فاط َمةَ ُم َعا ِو َية‬
ِ ‫ج‬ ُ ‫َز ْو‬
Khalid went out with Talha. .َ‫ط ْل َحة‬
َ ‫ج َخا ِلد َم َع‬َ ‫َخ َر‬
Your (feminine) car is with Usama. .َ‫سا َمة‬َ ُ ‫ارت ُ ِك َم َع أ‬
َ َّ‫سي‬
َ
I went to Hamza. .َ‫َذ َهبْتُ ِإلَ ٰى َح ْم َزة‬
· In this lesson we will also learn the use of "‫ " َما‬as a negative particle In-Shā’-Allâh (God-Willing). We have
learnt the use of "‫ " َما‬as an interrogative (questioning) article in (Lesson No. 1 section 3).
English Arabic

Do you have a pen? ‫أ َ َمعَكَ قَلَم؟‬

No, I do not have a pen. .‫ َما َم ِعي قَلَم‬،َ‫ال‬
Do you have a bag? ‫أ َ َمعَكَ َح ِقيبَة؟‬
No, I do not have a bag. .‫ َما َم ِعي َح ِقيبَة‬،َ‫ال‬
Who is this child? ِ ‫َم ْن َه َذا‬
‫الط ْف ُل؟‬
This child is the son of Mu'awiya. .َ‫الط ْف ُل ا ْب ُن ُمعا ِويَة‬
ِ ‫َهذَا‬
Did you go to Khalid? ‫أَذَ َهبْتَ ِع ْن َد َخا ِلد؟‬
No, I went to Hanzala .َ‫ظلَة‬
َ ‫ ذَ َهبْتُ ِع ْن َد َح ْن‬،َ‫ال‬
 ِ ‫س ا ْل َعا‬
Lesson 10 -‫ش ُر‬ ُ ‫الد َّْر‬
Revision – ‫ُم َرا َجعَة‬
• In this lesson, we have learnt the following things:
o The Possessive Pronouns "ُ‫ض َمائِ ُر ا ْل ُمتَّ ِصلَة‬
َّ ‫"ال‬

o Two of the Five Nouns "ُ‫سة‬ ْ َ ‫" األ‬

َ ‫س َما ُء ا ْل َخ ْم‬
o Three new Prepositions "‫وف ا ْلج َِر‬
ُ ‫" ُح ُر‬
o Pronouns when added to the verbs.
o Vowel ending of masculine proper nouns similar to the feminine nouns i.e., having 'tā’ marbūŧah'
as their last letter

ِ ‫ ُم َرا َجعَةُ ا ْل ُم ْف َردَا‬- Vocabulary Revision

‫ت‬
Your (feminine) ‫ِك‬ Your (Masculine) َ‫ك‬
Her ‫َها‬ His ‫ُه‬
Our ‫نَا‬ My, mine ‫ي‬
Brother ‫أَخ‬ Father ‫أَب‬
With ‫َم َع‬ With / Near ‫ِع ْن َد‬
You went َ‫ذَ َهبْت‬ At / In ‫ِبـ‬
She went ْ‫ذَ َهبَت‬ You went (feminine) ِ ‫ذَ َه ْب‬
‫ت‬
We went ‫ذَ َه ْبنَا‬ I went ُ‫ذَ َهبْت‬
Religion ‫دِين‬ Islam ‫سال ُم‬ ْ ‫اإل‬
ِ
Colour ‫لَ ْون‬ Colleague ‫َز ِميل‬
Language/Mother tongue ‫لُغَة‬ Red ‫أَحْ َم ُر‬
Iraq ُ ‫ا ْل ِع َرا‬
‫ق‬ Urdu ‫أ ُ ْر ِديَّة‬
Child ‫ِط ْفل‬ Husband ‫َز ْوج‬
French ُ‫سيَّة‬
ِ ‫ا ْلفَ َر ْن‬ Kuwait ُ‫ا ْلك َُويْت‬