Teoler High School

Grade - IX

Subject-SCIENCE
Lesson- 6 Tissue

Date: 19/07/21
 Content
 Introduction to Animal tissue
 Epithelial tissue and its types
 Connective tissue and its types
 Muscular tissue and its types
 Nervous tissue
 Animal Tissue
On the basis of the structure of cells and their function, animal tissues are classified into four
major types: a) Epithelial Tissue b)Muscular Tissue c)Connective Tissue and d) Nervous Tissue.
 Epithelial Tissue

 Epithelial Tissue: The covering or protective tissues in the animal body are epithelial
tissues.
 Location of Epithelial tissues –
It cover many organs and cavities that are present inside the body like the skin and lining
of buccal cavity, blood vessels, alveoli of lungs and kidney tubules ,etc.
 Structure of the epithelial tissues -
• The cells of this tissue are tightly packed and it forms continuous sheet.
• The cells are permeable and contain very little or no intercellular matrix.
• Epithelial cells lie on a delicate non-cellular basement membrane which contains a special
form of matrix protein, called collagen.
 Epithelial Tissue
• Functions of Epithelial Tissue:
a)Epithelial cells protect the underlying cells from mechanical and chemical injuries and
bacterial or viral infection.
b)It covers most organs and cavities within the body. It also forms a barrier to keep different
body system separate.
c) Epithelial tissues help in absorption of water and nutrients
d) Epithelial tissues help in elimination of waste products.
e) Some epithelial tissues secrete secretion, such as sweat, saliva etc.
 Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial tissue may be simple or stratified.
Epithelial tissue may be squamous, cuboidal or columnar on basis of shape.
Types of Epithelial Tissue
 Glandular Epithelial Tissue

• Glandular cells are modified columnar epithelial cells.

• Glandular epithelium that makes up the secreting portion of

glands such as the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, sweat
glands, and digestive glands.
Glandular Epithelial Tissue
• They are specialized to pick up substances from the blood and
modify them into a product that’s then released from the cell.
They can be found scattered within the covering epithelia as
unicellular glands (e.g., goblet cells in the intestinal
epithelium), or they can form glandular organs (e.g., thyroid
gland).
 Connective Tissue
Connective Tissue: The connective tissue is specialized to connect and anchor various body organs.
Structure and Function:
Connective tissue consists of three main components: cells, protein fibers, and ground substance.
Together the fibers and ground substance make up the extracellular matrix.
Cells are loosely spaced and embedded in an intercellular matrix. The principal cell of connective
tissues is the fibroblast. Macrophages, lymphocytes, and, occasionally, leukocytes can be found in
some of the tissues, while others may have specialized cells.
Protein fibers, found in connective tissues are either collagen, elastic, or reticular fibers.
a) Collagen fibers provide strength to the tissue, preventing it from being torn.
b) Elastic fibers are made of the protein elastin; this fiber can stretch to one and one half of its length,
returning to its original size and shape. Elastic fibers provide flexibility to the tissues.
c) Reticular fibers, consist of thin strands of collagen that form a network of fibers to support the
tissue and other organs to which it is connected.
The matrix may be jelly like, fluid, dense or rigid. The nature of matrix decides the function of
connective tissue.
 Connective Tissue

 Functions:
a)Connective tissue binds other tissues
together in the organs.
b)Connective tissue also provides the
structural framework and mechanical
support to different tissues.
c)It is also concerned with body defense, fat
storage, repair etc.
d)The main functions of connective tissue are
binding, supporting and packing together
different organs of the body.
 Types of Connective Tissue
Connective tissue is classified based on the characteristics of its cellular and extracellular
components. The main criteria are the type of cells, arrangement and type of fibers, and
composition of the extracellular matrix.
Types of Connective Tissue
Types of Connective Tissue
 A) Connective Tissue Proper
It is the most abundant type of connective tissue.
Its matrix is soft, gelatinous and less rigid containing numerous fibres.
 Areolar Connective Tissue
It is a loose and cellular connective tissue which fills the spaces
between different tissues and organs, hence called packing tissue.
Location: It is found between the skin and muscles, around blood
vessels and nerves and in the bone marrow.
Components:
1. Cells
Fat Cells (Adipocytes) – They are responsible for secretion of
lipids.
Fibroblasts – They are the present in the highest amount in areolar
tissues. They are responsible for secretion of fibres.
Mast Cells – They release histamine that plays role in
allergic reactions
Macrophages – They eat any germs or infectious cells in the body
Plasma Cells – They produce antibodies
 Areolar Connective Tissue
2. Fibres: Its matrix consists of two kinds fibers: white
collagen fibers and yellow elastic fibers
• Collagen Fibres – They provide tensile strength to the tissue
• Elastin Fibres – They provide elasticity to the tissue
• Ground Substance – It is a fluid matrix that holds cells and
fibres of the tissue
Functions :
• It acts as supporting and packing tissue between organs
lying in the body cavity.
• It provides rapid diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from
blood vessels.
• It helps in repair of tissues after an injury.
• It helps in fighting foreign antigen and toxin.
Adipose tissue

Adipose tissue: It consists of large number of oval and

rounded adipose cells (adipocytes) filled with fat globules.

Location: The adipose tissue is abundant below the skin and

between the internal organs of the body. (e.g., around the
kidney).

 Functions of Adipose tissue:

a) It serves as a fat reservoir.
b) Adipose tissue acts as food reservoir by storing fat.
c) It acts as an insulator and regulates body temperature
d) Provides cushioning to the organs.
 Dense connective tissue
 It is a fibrous connective tissue, which is characterized by ordered
and densely packed collection of fibers and cells.
• Its chief component are ligaments and tendons.

 Ligaments:
• Ligaments are elastic structures made up of yellow elastic fibrous
tissues which connect bone to another bone.
• It has considerable strength and contain very little matrix.
• Ligaments strengthen the joint and they permit normal movement
but prevent over-flexing or over-extension.

 Tendons:
• Tendons are cord like, strong inelastic structures that join skeletal
muscles to bones.
• They are composed of white collagen fibrous tissue.
• It has great strength but its flexibility is limited.
Supportive/Skeletal connective tissue
 Bones
• Bones form a framework of the body over
which the muscles are wrapped together.
• Bone tissue is strong and inflexible
supportive tissue.
• The bone cells are present in a rigid matrix
which is solid and calcified (70% salts of
calcium and phosphate: hydroxyapatite-
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, 30 % fibrous protein;
Ossein).
• Bone cell (Osteocyte) are surrounded by a
matrix of collagen fibres strengthened by
inorganic salts (Ca and P).
• Osteoblast are active bone cell, while
osteocytes are inactive osteoblast.
 Compact Bones
• Compact bone, made of inorganic material that gives it strength and
stability, is located on the shaft of long bones.
• Compact bone is organized into subunits called osteons.
• Each bone is enclosed in a layer of white fibrous connective tissue,
called periosteum.
• Matrix is arranged in concentric circles called lamellae.
• Lamellae surrounding a central opening called a Haversian canal,
through which nerves and blood vessels travel.
• Small spaces between Haversian canal are called lacunae. Between
the lacunae are micro-channels called canaliculi; they connect the
lacunae to aid diffusion between the cells.
• Canal of Volkman connects various Haversian canal systems
together.
 Spongy Bones

• Spongy bone are made of organic material.

• It is found at the ends of the long bones.
• The matrix is web like rather than solid with number of space
in between.
• It lacks Haversian canal system and Volkman canal
• It contains red bone marrow, which forms RBC and WBC.
 Cartilage

• It is tough, hard but flexible connective tissue.

• It provides support and flexibility to various parts of our body.
• It can resist strain and can absorb mechanical shock.
• It consists of solid or semisolid matrix in which cartilage
cell (chondrocytes) and fibres are embedded. They contain
solid matrix made of protein and sugar.
• Cartilage is present in many areas of the body including:
a) Joints between bones e.g. The elbows, knees and the ankles.
b) Between the vertebrae in the spine and at ends of the ribs.
c) At the nose tip and ear pinna, trachea, larynx, etc.
 Cartilage
• Cartilage is enclosed in a sheath of white fibrous
connective tissue called below the perichondrium, there is
layer chondroblast cell, which form chondrocytes.

• Chondrocytes are dispersed in the matrix and occur in the

fluid filled space called lacunae.

• Each lacunae contain 2-4 chondrocytes. Each

chondrocytes is a large, angular cell with distinct nucleus.
• The matrix lacks the blood vessels.
 Cartilage
Depending upon matrix, cartilage are of 3 types:
i. Hyaline cartilage:
The matrix is semi-transparent, homogenous and has fine collagen
fibres. It is slightly elastic and compressible.
Found in- nose, larynx, trachea, ends of bone. It forms skeleton of
cartilage fish.
ii. Fibrous cartilage:
The matrix has bundles of densely packed white collagen fibres.
It provides great strength and little degree of flexibility.
It acts as a shock absorber by giving a cushioning effect.
Found in- intervertebral discs and at pads within knees.
iii. Elastic cartilage:
The matrix is semi-opaque and has network of yellow elastic fibres.
It is highly elastic and flexible. The tissue recover the shape quickly.
Found in-external ear, epiglottis, and pharynx (Eustachian tube).
 Skeletal tissue
S.No. Bone Cartilage

1. They are hard and flexible endoskeleton. They are soft and flexible endoskeleton.
2. Porous in nature. Non-porous in nature.
3. Blood vessels are present. Blood vessels are absent.
4. Matrix not arranged in lamellae. Matrix (chondrin) arranged in lamellae.
6. Bone cells are known as osteocytes. The cells in matrix are called chondriocytes.
7. Matrix contains protein and mineral salts. Matrix made up mainly of protein.
8. Long bones contain bone marrow in hollow, narrow cavity. Bone marrow absent. Cartilage is always solid.
Bones are present in the whole body forming internal Cartilage are present at the joints of bones, in external
9.
skeletal framework. ear (pinna), nose tip, epiglottis, trachea etc.
Functions: Functions:
 It provides shape to the body.  Cartilage provides support and flexibility to the body
 It provides skeletal support to body. parts.
10.
 It protects vital body organs such as brain, lungs etc.  It smoothens body surfaces at joints.
 Fluid connective tissue
Fluid connective tissue links the different parts of
the body and maintains continuity in the body.
It includes blood and lymph.
Composition of Blood
Types of WBC
 Functions of Blood

 The main function of blood is to transport gases, food, waste materials and hormones in the
body.
 The RBC have hemoglobin pigment which carries oxygen to tissues.
 White blood cells fight diseases
 Platelets are involved in clotting of blood when injured.
 The plasma contains proteins and hormones in it.
 It also maintain body temperature.
 Lymph
• Lymph is a colourless fluid that carries white blood cells
throughout the human body in lymphatic vessels.
• There are lymphoid organs present in the body that produce
lymph and together form the lymphatic system.
• Lymph nodes are small oval-shaped balls of lymphatic tissue
distributed widely throughout the body and linked by lymphatic
vessels.
• Lymph is similar to blood except for a few differences:
• It contains only white blood cells.
• It contains less amount of blood proteins, calcium and
phosphorous but more glucose.
• It flows in one direction only.
• Lymph moves in the body through its normal function unlike
blood which is pumped by the heart.
 Lymph
Constituents of Lymph:
Lymph Plasma – Lymph Plasma carries infection-fighting proteins
along with other substances such as water, calcium and phosphorous.
Lymph Corpuscles – Lymph Corpuscles comprises of white blood
cells. Red blood cells and platelets are absent in lymph.
Functions of Lymph:
• It carries oxygen and minerals to the cells in the body and carries
back
• carbon dioxide and waste materials back into the
blood. It keeps the body cells moist.
• It maintains the volume of the blood.
• It helps in eliminating harmful bacteria and virus from the body and
• hence is responsible for the immunity of human beings.
• It absorbs fats from the intestine and transports them throughout the
• body.
 Muscular Tissue
• It constitutes all the muscles of the body of an animal.
• Muscle cells are elongated and large sized, so they are called
muscle fibres. It allows movements in our body. Muscle cells
are typically arranged in parallel arrangement allowing them
to work together effectively.
• Muscles can cause movement as they contain special proteins
called Contractile Proteins. These proteins cause
contraction and relaxation of the muscles.
• On the basis of their location, structure and function, there
are following three types of muscle fibers:
a) Striated muscles (stripped, skeletal or voluntary muscles)
b) Smooth muscles (unstriated, visceral or involuntary muscles)
c) Cardiac muscles
 Nervous tissue
• A tissue which is specialized to transmit messages in
our body is nervous tissue.
• Brain, spinal cord and nerves are all composed of
nervous tissue.
• Nervous tissue contains highly specialized unit cells
called nerve cells or neurons. These cells are
specialized for the conduction of impulse over great
distance at great speed.
• A neuron consists of a cell body (cyton or soma)
with a nucleus and cytoplasm, from which long thin
hair- like parts arise called dendrons. Dendrons
further branched out to form dendrites. From the
distal part of cyton arises a very long process called
axon. The axon have a protective covering called
myelin sheath.
 Nervous tissue
Functions:
• The nervous tissue is responsible for the reception and
transmission of information between different parts of the body.
• The dendrites receive impulses and the axon takes
impulses away from the cell body.
• Synapse : The microscopic gap/junction between/among the
axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron or
effectors is called the synapse.
• Nerve impulse passes through synapse. The message/signal is
conveyed across the synapse in the form of the chemical
messenger called neurotransmitter.
• Neurotransmitters are chemicals which are discharged at the
axon ending of the presynaptic neurons, at the synapse.
Examples of neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine, Adrenaline ‎, Nor-
epinephrine , Serotonin and Dopamine ‎
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