REGIONAL REPORT CORNERSTONES MONITORING GOVERNMENT

CHINA FRICK SCREW COMPRESSORS NEW WEATHERIZATION RULES

A KHL Group publication

OCTOBER 2022
www.compressortech2.com

Gas transportation:
key to current crisis

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 FROM THE EDITOR
KEEFE BORDEN

COMMENT
EDITORIAL
Vice President Editorial
Michael J. Brezonick
mike.brezonick@khl.com
T: +1 262-754-4112
Lots of questions
C: +1 262-366-9452
Editor
Keefe Borden
keefe.borden@khl.com
Jack Burke
with few answers
S
jack.burke@khl.com o where are we in the energy transition?
PRODUCTION With so many voices weighing in on the matter, it’s sometimes
Creative & Events Director hard to tell. And right now, there are as many questions as firm
Saara Rootes
saara.rootes@khl.com answers.
Print Production Manager - KHL Americas What’s clear at the moment is that much of the world’s attention has
Brenda Burbach
brenda.burbach@khl.com turned to hydrogen, which its supporters hope will ultimately replace
Production Manager - KHL Global fossil fuels.
Charlotte Kemp
charlotte.kemp@khl.com The European Commission recently announced the creation of
Group Design Manager Jeff Gilbert a European Hydrogen Bank, which would invest €3 billion to build a
Group Designer Jade Hudson
Events Design Manager Gary Brinklow future market for hydrogen. In the U.S., President Joe Biden’s Inflation
Creative Designer Kate Brown
Reduction Act (a poorly named bill if ever there was one) has granted
CIRCULATION billions in energy and climate spending with a clear focus on hydrogen
Subscriptions subscriptions@khl.com
Head of Data and Audience Development from clean sources. Europeans are urgently searching for alternative
James Taylor sources of natural gas, even as they work to boost their markets and
Audience Development Deputy Manager
Anna Philo infrastructure for hydrogen. So the world’s gas supply remains a critical
anna.philo@khl.com source of energy now and a bridge fuel to something else. At the
SALES moment, that something else is hydrogen.
Vice President, Global Sales But not everyone in the energy industry is entirely clear on how this
Alister Williams
T: +1 843 637 4127 transition will work.
C: +1 312-860-6775
alister.williams@khl.com Do we have the equipment for hydrogen production, storage and
Regional Sales Managers transportation? What modifications do we need to make to our current
Daniel Brindley
+1 414 406 7025 infrastructure – engines, turbines, compressors, pipelines, etc. – to
daniel.brindley@khl.com enable it to produce, transport and store hydrogen?
Gabriele Dinsel
+49 711 3416 74 71 How would hydrogen be used in an energy transition? How much
gabriele.dinsel@khl.com hydrogen would we need to move to a carbon neutral energy system?
Petra Kaiser
+49 151 218 52 127 How long would that take and how much capital investment would it
petra.kaiser@khl.com require?
Thomas Kavooras
T: +1 312 929 3478 There sure has been a lot of discussion at recent gas conferences
C: +1 847 609 4393
thomas.kavooras@khl.com across the globe, including Gastech 2022 in Milan, GPA Midstream
Josh Kunz and the Turbomachinery and Pump Symposium. Hydrogen will also
+1 414 379 2672
josh.kunz@khl.com be a major topic of discussion at this month’s GMRC conference
Roberta Prandi in Fort Worth, Texas.
+39 0464 014421
roberta.prandi@khl.com It’s because of these inherent disagreements and
Niki Trucksa uncertainties about hydrogen and its potential as a catalyst
Tel: +1 262 844 5131
Niki.Trucksa@khl.com for energy transition that COMPRESSORTECH2 will hold its first
Chief Executive Officer
Hydrogen Summit next April 25 in Houston. There, industry
James King professionals will help sift through the many questions and
Chief Financial Officer
Paul Baker concerns about H2.
Chief Operating Officer Stay tuned as more details will follow shortly. We hope
Trevor Pease
you’ll join us because who knows, we might start
getting some answers.

© Copyright KHL Group, 2022

KHL GROUP AMERICAS LLC Keefe Borden
14269 N 87th St. Ste. 205 Editor
Scottsdale, AZ 85260.
americas@khl.com keefe.borden@khl.com
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 INSIDE
OCTOBER 2022

CONTENTS
23

12
32

29
COMPRESSORTECH2 (ISSN 1085-2468) Volume 27,
No. 8 – Published 10 issues/year (January-February,
March, April, May, June, July, August-September,
October, November, December) by KHL Group
REGIONAL REPORT
29 China: LNG purchases slide 49
Americas LLC, 3726 East Ember Glow Way, Phoenix, CONDITION DEPARTMENTS
AZ 85050, USA. Subscription rates are $85.00 per
year/$10.00 per copy worldwide. Periodicals postage MONITORING 3 Editor’s comment: Status
paid at Waukesha, WI 53186 and at additional mailing 32 New partnerships for of the energy transition
offices. Copyright © 2022 KHL Group Americas LLC.
All Rights Reserved. Materials protected by U.S. and
monitoring software 6 Industry News: Russia
international copyright laws and treaties. Unauthorized gas exports to Europe fall
duplication and publication is expressly prohibited.
Printed in the USA.
ESSENTIAL GAS to record low
TRANSPORTATION 8 Gas Lines: U.S. gas pipeline
Canadian Publication Mail Agreement # 40035419. & STORAGE exports to Mexico slide 4%
Return Undeliverable Canadian Addresses to:
36 New gas infrastructure 12 Company News: Cooper
P.O. Box 456, Niagara Falls, ON L2E 6V2, Canada.
Email: subscriptions@khl.com. key to current crisis expands use of hydrogen
POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: blended fuel, Atlas Copco
Circulation Manager, COMPRESSORTECH2,
14269 N 87th St. Ste. 205 Scottsdale, AZ 85260 USA.

www.compressortech2.com
29 closes acquisition,
announces another
16 Monitoring Government:
Follow @COMPRESSORTECH2 on: Weatherization rules for
REGIONAL REPORT
CHINA
CORNERSTONES
FRICK SCREW COMPRESSORS
MONITORING GOVERNMENT
NEW WEATHERIZATION RULES
OUTSIDE
A KHL Group publication

natural gas in Texas OCTOBER 2022

www.compressortech2.com

19 Shale Play-By-Play:
EQT buys THQ Appalachia
COVER PHOTO: REUTERS

for $5.2 billion, APA pivots

to West Texas Gas transportation:
key to current crisis
23 Euro Gas Report: Germany COMPANY NEWS CONDITION
COOPER MONITORING
EXPANDS USE NEW SOFTWARE

signs contract for 5th FSRU, OF BLENDED FUEL PARTNERSHIPS

MEMBER OF:
Subscribe now:
Scan this code
Gazprom suspends gas
flows on Nord Stream
43 Tech Corner
36 Gas
markets in turmoil
to receive all the 47 Events and Meetings as operators
latest news in the 49 Cornerstones of scramble to build
gas industry. Compression new infrastructure

OCTOBER 2022 | COMPRESSORTECH2 | 5

INDUSTRY
NEWS

GMRC chooses
keynote speaker Russia gas exports
The Gas Machinery Research
Council has chosen Scott W.
Tinker as the keynote speaker
to Europe plunge
N
at the upcoming Gas Machinery atural gas pipeline exports from 2020, Russia accounted for about a third of
Conference, which is scheduled Russia to the European Union and the the pipeline supply that reached the EU and
for Oct. 2 – 5 in Fort Worth, Texas. United Kingdom fell by almost 40% in the UK, according to data from Eurostat.
Tinker’s keynote, “The Role the first seven months of 2022, compared
of Natural Gas in the Global Emission with the same period one year ago. In Three major pipelines
Transition,” will dig in to where the addition, those exports fell by almost half Data from Russia’s Gazprom indicate that
focus is vs. should be, to reduce global when compared with the five year average exports to the EU and the UK through the
atmospheric emissions. Industry from 2017 to 2021, a recent study has shown. major pipelines, which account for about 16
professionals know natural gas and Data from Refinitive Eikon show that as Bcf/d of capacity. The three main pipelines
propane in developed, developing and of mid-summer, exports fell to 1.2 Bcf/d, the include Nord Stream 1, a separate line
emerging economies is key to providing lowest level in nearly 40 years. From 2016 to through Belarus to Poland and a third line
reliable, affordable and lower emissions
energy. MONTHLY NATURAL GAS PIPELINE EXPORTS FROM RUSSIA TO EUROPE,
Tinker has worked to bring (JANUARY 2017 - JULY 2022) BILLION CUBIC FEET PER DAY
industry, government, academia, and
nongovernmental organizations together
to address major societal challenges
in energy, the environment, and the
economy, the GMC announced. He is
director of the 250-person Bureau of
Economic Geology, the State Geologist of
Texas, and a professor holding the Allday
Endowed Chair in the Jackson School of
Geosciences at The University of Texas at
Austin.

The Gas Machinery Conference
provides technical training and
presentations, provided by the industry’s
leading subject matter experts.
Educational sessions and presentations
on recent GMRC research are valuable
for design engineers, facility engineers,
technicians and others, with an emphasis
on the operation, maintenance and testing
of gas compression machinery.
Some of the short courses at the
conference will include the basic
thermodynamics of reciprocating
compressors; principles, design and
control of centrifuglal compressors; an
Singapore to host Gastech Asia
Gastech, one of the world’s largest global
exhibitions and conferences for the natural
gas, LNG, hydrogen, low carbon solutions
and climate technologies industries, will take
place in Singapore Sept. 11-14, 2023, event
organizers dmg events announced.
Singapore has one of the world’s busiest
trade routes and is home to a growing LNG
trading community. The choice to host
IMAGE: ADOBE STOCK
Source: EIA
Asia and Australasia, both as a feedstock for
petrochemicals production and as a bridging
energy source to a low carbon energy
eco-system.
“We’re delighted to be taking Gastech
back to Asia, and to one of the most
important energy and financial hubs in

introduction to pulsation and vibration Gastech 2023 in Singapore reflects the city
in reciprocating compressors and a state’s position as a leading LNG trading
discussion of hydrogen blends on integral, hub as well as the growing importance of
low-speed natural gas engines. natural gas and LNG to the economies of

6 | COMPRESSORTECH2 | OCTOBER 2022


through the Ukraine to Slovakia.
Russia’s natural gas pipeline exports
to the EU and the UK have been declining
since 2020, initially as a result of reduced
demand in Europe because of responses to
the COVID-19 pandemic. In mid-2021, Russia
began to limit its natural gas exports to
Europe to long-term contracted volumes only
and ended spot-market sales.
Russia’s natural gas exports to the EU and
the UK averaged 16.0 Bcf/d in 2019, 12.4 Bcf/d
in 2020, and 10.9 Bcf/d in 2021. The biggest
decline in Russian natural gas exports has
been through the Nord Stream 1 pipeline,
which fell to 11.4 Bcf/d, a fifth of its design
capacity of 5.6 Bcf/d. In addition, Russia’s
exports through Belarus have also fallen
dramatically. Russia’s pipeline exports into
Slovakia averaged 1.8 Bcf/d in 2022, down
from a five-year average of 4.2 Bcf/d. Pipeline
flows have fallen partially because a natural
gas compressor station located in Ukraine
was taken offline.
New U.S. export facilities
To compensate for the decline in gas
exports from Russia, the EU and the UK have
imported record levels of LNG from the U.S.,
where exports have climbed to record levels
and are expected to climb further as the year
progresses as midstream operators build
more export facilities, according to a recent
outlook from the U.S. Energy Information
Administration. CT2
the world,” said Christopher Hudson,
president of dmg events. “Singapore sits
at the crossroads of trade and investment
in the region, which presents enormous
opportunities for global players in the gas,
LNG, hydrogen, low carbon solutions and
climate technology sectors to engage some
of the fastest-growing economies in the
world.”
Gastech, which takes place in a different
location each year, draws more than 40,000
international visitors from across the energy
value chain. Attendees include heads of state
and government, energy ministers, CEOs and
global business leaders.
INDUSTRY
NEWS
U.S. NATURAL GAS RIG COUNT AND MONTHLY DRY NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION
(JANUARY 2019 - DECEMBER 2023) NATURAL GAS RIGS / BILLION CUBIC FEET PER DAY
Source: EIA
New midstream projects announced
The steady growth and record levels of U.S. LNG exports is expected to continue to climb as
new projects are completed in the coming months and years, a recent study has shown.
The U.S. Energy Information Administration recently forecast that U.S. LNG exports will
average 10 Bcf/d in 3Q22 and 11.2 Bcf/d for all of 2022, up 14% from 2021. The increase in
exports stems from a steady increase in U.S. LNG export capacity and the return of the
Freeport LNG export terminal, which has resumed operations sooner than expected. U.S.
exports are expected to climb further to 12.7 Bcf/d in 2023, the agency has forecast.
Dry natural gas production averaged 97.1 Bcf/d in August and 96.6 Bcf/d, for all of 2022,
up 3% from 2021, the EIA has predicted. Production for all of 2023 is expected to climb to 100
Bcf/d in 2023. U.S. gas consumption is expected to average 85.2 Bcf/d in 2022, also up 3%
from 2021.
As U.S. gas producers plan to increase production, midstream operators are
simultaneously planning five major projects that will expand takeaway capacity. Once
complete, the projects would increase capacity from the Permian capacity by a combined
4.18 Bcf/d over the next two years, the EIA has reported.
Three of the five major midstream projects were announced since May. Kinder Morgan
announced the first project, the Gulf Coast Express Pipeline expansion, would expand
compression on the pipeline and boost capacity to 2.55 Bcf/d. That project is expected to
be in service by December 2023.
Expansion of exisitng pipeline projects
Kinder Morgan also committed to the expansion of the Permian Highway Pipeline at the
end of June. That project will boost compression and capacity to 2.65 Bcf/d. That project is
expected to be enter service in November 2023.
Whitewater and MPLX announced plans to expand the Whistler Pipeline capacity in May.
The companies plan to expand compression by installing three new compressor stations on
the pipeline, which will boost capacity by 0.5 Bcf/d to 2.5 Bcf/d. That project is expected to
enter service in September 2023.
WhiteWater, EnLink Midstream, Devon Energy and MPLX collectively plan to construct the
Matterhorn Express Pipeline, a new pipeline that will transport uup to 2.5 Bcf/d of natural gas
from the Waha Hub in West Texas to Katy Texas. The pipeline will transport natural gas from
the Permian Basin and processing facilities in West Texas before connecting to the Agua
Blanca Pipeline. Matterhorn is expected to be in service in 3Q24.
OCTOBER 2022 | COMPRESSORTECH2 | 7
GAS LINES
NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION

U.S. gas pipeline exports

from U.S. to Mexico slide 4%
T
otal pipeline gas exports from the
U.S. to Mexico have fallen 4% to 5.7
Bcf/d in the first five months of the
year when compared with the same period a
year ago, according to statistics from Wood
Mackenzie.
As total U.S. exports have fallen, exports
from West Texas have climbed while exports
from South Texas, Arizona and California have
fallen in the same period. Exports from South
Texas fell 5% to average 3.8 Bcf/d while
combined exports from California and Arizona
fell 24% to average 0.5 Bcf/d.
Natural gas pipeline exports from West
Texas averaged 1.6 Bcf/d in May 2022, the
highest on record. Compared with 2021, U.S.
pipeline exports from West Texas increased
by 12% from January through May 2022 to
average 1.4 Bcf/d.
U.S. natural gas pipeline exports from
West Texas have grown steadily in recent
years, doubling from 0.6 Bcf/d in 2019 to 1.2
Bcf/d in 2021 as more connecting pipelines
in Central and Southwest Mexico have come
into service over the last three years.
Since October 2020, two completed
projects in Texas and two others in Mexico
have boosted the access from the Waha hub
in West Texas to demand markets in Mexico
and have reduced the spread between
natural gas at Waha and Henry Hub.
Gas flows from Permian Basin
Natural gas flows from the Permian natural
gas production areas in West Texas to
Northwest, Central, and Southwest Mexico
via the Chihuahua-to-Bajío corridor (including
the Samalayuca-Sásabe pipeline system)
and the Wahalajara system. So far this
year, exports from West Texas on the
Samalayuca-Sásabe system have increased
and displaced some U.S. pipeline exports
from Arizona.
The Samalayuca-Sasabe pipeline system
stretches 629 km from the near Ciudad
Juarez (near El Paso, Texas) and ends in
Northwest Mexico near the town of Pitiquito,
Mexico. It started operations in 2021 and
transports up to 889 MMcf/d.
The Wahalajara system is a group of
new pipelines that connects the Waha hub
in West Texas to Guadalajara and other
regions in west-central Mexico. Since 2016,
Mexico has steadily expanded its natural gas
pipeline system, which has boosted exports
from the U.S.
In Mexico, steady demand for natural gas
from power producers and the industrial
sector have led to growth in consumption in
recent years. CT2

BAKER HUGHES RIG COUNT US NATURAL GAS STORAGE (Bcf)

Source: Baker Hughes Source: EIA
1400 5000
1200
4000
1000
800 3000

600 2000
400
1000
200
0 0
Aug-20 Aug-21 Aug-22 January December
North America International 2022 Five-Year High Five-Year Low

HENRY HUB NATURAL GAS SPOT PRICE (US$/MMBtu) BRENT CRUDE OIL PRICE (US$/Barrel)
Source: EIA Source: EIA
$9.00 $130.00
$8.00 $120.00
$110.00
$7.00
$100.00
$6.00 $90.00
$5.00 $80.00
$4.00 $70.00
$60.00
$3.00
$50.00
$2.00 $40.00
$1.00 $30.00
Sept-20 Sept-21 Sept-22 Sept-20 Sept-21 Sept-22

8 | COMPRESSORTECH2 | OCTOBER 2022

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LH 2
LH 2
 COMPANY
NEWS

Cooper selected the AJAX 2802 engine because of the similarities

of its combustion system to that of the large fleet of the other
engine brands the company services, including Clark, Cooper-
Bessemer, Ingersoll Rand, and Worthington.
PHOTO: COOPER MACHINERY SERVICES

Cooper trims
emissions in
latest hydrogen blend tests
C
ooper Machinery Services has
expanded the use of hydrogen and
natural gas blended fuel in a slow-
speed integral engine. In recent tests, the
company successfully tested a fuel blend
of 30% hydrogen and 70% natural gas by
volume, a process which enabled significant
reductions in emissions.
The most recent tests, conducted in
collaboration with a major natural gas
pipeline company, come about 10 months
after it successfully tested a blend of
5% hydrogen and 95% natural gas. The
increased use of hydrogen enables the
company significant reductions in emissions
of methane, carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide and THC. The tests are designed to
COMPRESSED NEWS
demonstrate the safe operating range of
H2 blends in large-bore internal combustion
engines, Cooper said.
Major advance
“Cooper’s hydrogen development has
progressed beyond expectations. Traditional
thinking was that engines in our industry
could potentially operate with a hydrogen
blend containing up to 15% H2. To achieve
30% in a slow-speed integral engine-
compressor with a corresponding reduction
in methane is a major achievement for
Cooper and the industry overall,” said Cooper
CEO John Sargent.
The Cooper test was conducted at their
slow-speed integral engine test cell at
corporate headquarters located in Houston,
Texas. The test engine is a Cleanburn Plus
two-stroke AJAX 2802 with 15” piston bore,
16” power stroke, and a speed range of 360-
440 RPM. Cooper selected the AJAX engine
due to the similarities of its combustion
system to that of the large fleet of the other
engine brands the company services (Clark,
Cooper-Bessemer, Ingersoll Rand, and
Worthington.)
Midstream partner
The tests on its slow-speed integral engine
running on a hydrogen (H2)-natural gas fuel
blend come after Cooper announced a joint
hydrogen research project with a major U.S.
gas pipeline company. CT2

■ SHELL INDIA and OHMIUM INTERNATIONAL
have agreed to cooperate on green
hydrogen applications, markets and project
opportunities in India and globally, the two
companies announced.
As part of the collaboration, both
companies plan to launch joint working
groups to assess opportunities from
the technical, commercial, and safety
perspectives.
The collaboration is positioned at further
elevating Shell’s ambition to help build a
global hydrogen economy by developing
the most competitive opportunities in the
production, storage, transport, and delivery
of hydrogen to end customers.
“We have set an ambitious goal of
becoming a net-zero emissions business
by 2050 with a target to reduce absolute
emissions by 50% by 2030,” said Nitin
Prasad, chairman, Shell Group of companies
in India. “We plan to develop integrated
hydrogen hubs to serve the industry and
heavy-duty transport to be a leading
player in this space.”
■ SUNDYNE has named Victoria
Moshashvili as its director of
corporate development & strategic
analysis, a role that will enable
Sundyne to accelerate growth.
Moshashvili comes to Sundyne from
Schindler Elevator Corporation, where she
served as head of strategy and business
analytics. Prior to Schindler Corp, she
provided counsel to senior management
on strategy, operations, and organizational
issues at numerous companies, including
Alcoa Inc., Ansell Healthcare, Lucent
Technologies and Bain & Company.
“Sundyne’s business is growing in
multiple segments - from chemical
& industrial markets to energy &
petrochemical, to Hydrogen, Carbon
Capture and renewable markets

12 | COMPRESSORTECH2 | OCTOBER 2022


Atlas Copco plans
cryostat purchase
A
tlas Copco has agreed to buy
U.S.-based Montana Instruments
Corporation, which provides cryostat
services for customers involved in physics
research and low temperature technologies.
Terms of the acquisition and the price were
not revealed.
Montana Instruments Corporation is a
privately held company with 38 employees,
located in Bozeman, Montana, USA. In 2021,
the company had revenues of approximately
$12 million (MSEK 106).
A cryostat is a system used to cool an
object to very low temperature and enable
measurement of various properties. The
Montana Instrument cryostats can attain
temperatures down to 4 Kelvin (minus 269
Celsius or minus 425 Fahrenheit)
without the use of liquid cryogens.
The cryostats are typically used to
observe and characterize quantum
physics in cold materials.
“The acquisition will allow us to
further extend our existing
presence in the cryogenic
markets and with our R&D
customers,” said Geert
– and Victoria is joining us to help accelerate
our growth through potential acquisitions
as well as strategic organic growth,” said
Sundyne’s CEO Mary Zappone.
■ A subsidiary of MITSUBISHI HEAVY
INDUSTRIES (MHI) has been awarded a front
end engineering design (FEED) contract to
supply a gas turbine combined cycle power
plant and CO2 capture plant planned for
construction at the Peterhead Power Station
in Aberdeenshire, Scotland.
For the execution of the FEED, MHI have
partnered with two international engineering
firms: Worley and Técnicas Reunidas. to
© SAUER COMPRESSORS
Follens, business area president vacuum
technique. “It also provides an additional
channel into quantum technology related
markets where commercial applications are
starting to grow.”
The acquisition is subject to regulatory
approval and is expected to close during
the fourth quarter of 2022. The company
will become part of the Scientific Vacuum
Division within the Vacuum Technique
Business Area.
In addition, the company announced
it has acquired DF-Druckluft-Fachhandel
GmbH, a German online platform for
compressed air technologies and a provider
of consulting services for various application
segments. Acquired for an undisclosed
price, the business, which is bassed
in Herrenberg, has about 39
employees. Itwill become part
of Atlas Copco’s Professional Air
division within its Compressor
Technique Business Area. CT2
Instruments Corporation provides
cryostat services for customers.
PHOTO: MONTANA INSTRUMENTS CORPORATION
deliver the engineering design of MHI’s
most advanced, next-generation and high-
efficiency M701JAC (J-series air-cooled) gas
turbine, and MHIENG’s “Advanced KM CDR
Process” developed together with The Kansai
Electric Power Co.
The project at Aberdeenshire is being
developed jointly by SSE Thermal, part of
SSE plc, one of the major power providers in
the UK, and Norway-based Equinor Energy
AS, one of the largest energy companies in
Northern Europe. The plant is expected to
capture up to 1.5 mtpa of CO2. The captured
CO2 would be transported and sequestered
underground in the North Sea.
COMPANY
NEWS
A technical feature of the Sauer 6000 series is the
in-built water-cooling system.
Sauer 6000
series made
for versatility
In 2006, Sauer Compressors launched its
6000 series compressors, a high-pressure
compressor design that allowed for
broad customization. The company has
continued to develop the system, most
recently with the integration of a magnetic
coupling between the compressor and the
electric motor, which enables hermetic
gas tightness. The design has also been
modified for better accessibility and
maintainability of the solenoid valve, the
company announced recently.
One important innovation is the
integration of a magnetic coupling
between the compressor and the
electric motor, which enables hermetic
gastightness. This further improved
sealing is particularly relevant for valuable
and hazardous gases and is unique on
the market. Unlike mechanical seals, the
solution is absolutely maintenance- and
wear-free, so that regular inspections are
no longer necessary at this point.
In the 6000 series, the basic design has
been modified for better accessibility of
the solenoid valves and standardized for
all models. The air filters have a higher flow
capacity, and a special feature protects
against compressor operation without a
filter insert. The cooling circuit has been
optimized. Non-return valves at the cooling
water outlet prevent reflux.
OCTOBER 2022 | COMPRESSORTECH2 | 13
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Howden to standardize
hydrogen compressor design
H
owden plans to standardize a design
for hydrogen compressors based on
the specific needs of renewable fuel
plants developed by Raven SR. In addition,
the two companies have agreed to reduce
lead times by providing inventories of
dedicated compressor parts.
These efforts will help Raven SR meet
the increased volume of demand for its
offering in the market and address waste
management issues. The companies will
also determine how to support aftermarket
equipment needs at Raven SR’s hydrogen
PHOTO: HOWDEN
production facilities, the companies
announced.
Hydrogen production facilities
“With Raven SR developing up to 15 hydrogen
production facilities in the coming year
around the world, we are expanding our
relationship with Howden to coordinate and
reduce any potential supply chain issues for
crucial equipment, such as compressors and
steam turbines,” said Matt Murdock, CEO of
Raven SR. “With Howden’s leading hydrogen
compression expertise and global presence,
they are well placed to supply this critical
COMPRESSED NEWS
■ Energy technology firm BAKER HUGHES
COMPANY has announced the restructuring
and simplification of its organization
in a move to accelerate its strategic
transformation in the rapidly evolving energy
and industrial markets.
The move includes restructuring from
four product companies to two reporting
business segments plus streamlining of
the company’s corporate structure, which
is expected to deliver at least $150 million
in cost savings and form the baseline for
further margin improvement, the company
stated.
Effective October 1, the company will be
equipment and support. We hope this joint
framework for components procurement,
including fabricated steel, will foster a
standardized process for bringing renewable
hydrogen projects online faster and more
efficiently.”
Howden’s hydrogen solutions portfolio
includes leading compression technologies,
including Burton Corblin diaphragm
compressors. The Raven SR Steam/
formally restructured into two reporting
business segments.
■ NORTHERN NATURAL GAS COMPANY plans
to replace four aging compressors at its
Paullina compressor station in Cherokee
County, Iowa, according to documents
filed with the U.S. Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission. The compressor
station currently uses five aging Ingersoll
Rand gas-fired reciprocating compressors
with a total capacity of 4400 hp. The
company plans to spend $29.5 million to
replace the four units with two 2500 hp
gas-fired reciprocating compressors.
COMPANY
NEWS
Howden makes a variety
of hydrogen compressors.
CO2 Reforming non-combustion process
converts waste, methane, and natural gas
into hydrogen and Fischer-Tropsch fuels,
including sustainable aviation fuel.
Ross B. Shuster, CEO at Howden Group,
said: “Raven SR has truly innovative
technology to address some of the world’s
most pressing challenges including clean
energy and waste management. We are
excited to be collaborating with Matt and his
team to help advance a more sustainable
world and are pleased that Raven SR
recognized Howden’s leading technologies
and has chosen to collaborate with us.”
Mobile tube trailers
In June, Howden signed a contract to provide
three hydrogen diaphragm compressors
for Raven SR’s renewable hydrogen facility
in Richmond, California which is slated
to begin operations in April of 2023. The
Howden equipment will provide hydrogen
compression into mobile high-pressure tube
trailers that will deliver transportation-grade
hydrogen for local customers. Additionally,
Howden will supply compression for a Raven
SR G Series (gas-to-fuels) system, also
slated to begin operations in 2023. CT2
OCTOBER 2022 | COMPRESSORTECH2 | 15
 MONITORING
GOVERNMENT
Weatherization rules
for natural gas in Texas
O
perators of natural gas facilities
deemed critical to keeping the lights
on across Texas are required under
new rules to show they can continue to
operate during major weather events. The
Texas Railroad Commission, which regulates
much of the state’s natural gas industry,
approved the rules on August 30 in the wake
of Winter Storm Uri, which tore through
the Lone Star State nearly a year and a half
earlier.
Winter Storm Uri nearly caused the
collapse of the state’s power system and
resulted in hundreds of deaths. Whether the
rules are stringent enough to allow Texas to
withstand the next big winter storm remains
subject to debate.
The Railroad Commission passed the
rule in keeping with the requirements
of Senate Bill, which was passed by the
state Legislature in 2021 with the intent of
strengthening the electricity grid and the
natural gas supply chain.
According to the commission, the
Weather Emergency Preparedness
Standards rule requires critical gas facilities
on the state’s Electricity Supply Chain Map
to weatherize. The requirements call upon
operators to acknowledge “facility-specific
factors, to ensure sustained operation
during a weather emergency; correct known
issues that caused weather-related forced
stoppages (that) occurred before December
1, 2022; and contact the (Railroad
BRIAN FORD is editor in chief
THE AUTHOR
for Industrial Info Resources,
which provides up-to-date project
information on a wide range of
industries across the globe. He has worked as
a reporter and editor for newspapers and other
publications since 1979.
16 | COMPRESSORTECH2 | OCTOBER 2022
Standards approved after Winter Storm Uri. By Brian Ford
Commission) if they sustain a weather-
related forced stoppage during a weather
emergency.”
Types of critical facilities include natural
gas wells and oil leases that contain natural
gas wells, saltwater disposal wells, gas
processing plants, all intrastate underground
natural gas facilities, and gas pipelines that
directly serve electricity generation on the
electricity supply chain map. According
to the Austin American-Stateman, the
commission has refused to make its supply
chain map designating critical infrastructure
public, citing security concerns; operators
required to weatherize will be notified directly
by the commission.
Inspections to start in December
The Railroad Commission’s Critical
Infrastructure Division inspectors will begin
inspections December 1. “Inspections will
begin by prioritizing wells and other natural
gas infrastructure that produce, store,
process, or transport large volumes of
natural gas.” The Railroad Commission “will
further prioritize inspections in descending
order in accordance with a facility’s
production volume or storage, processing, or
transportation capacity.”
Railroad Commission Chairman Wayne
Christian said the new rules “ensure our
state’s natural gas supply chain is prepared
for extreme heat and freezing cold.”
“However, as Texas adds 1,000 new
residents a day, the long-term solution to
meeting our state’s energy needs must
include building more reliable and affordable
natural gas-fired electric generation,” he
added. “Our current facilities are prepared for
the next weather emergency, but we must
make sure there are enough of them to meet
the energy demands of our growing state.”
In response to the new rules, Todd
Staples, president of the Texas Oil and Gas
Association, said the new standards place
too much focus on natural gas infrastructure,
which were only 12% to 15% of the reasons
for power outages.
“Natural gas was not the primary cause
of problems,” Staples said, adding that
operators need the option to stop production
for environmental and safety reasons.
Concern over low penalties
On the other hand, Texas Competitive Power
Advocates TCPA, a trade group representing
power generation companies, indicated the
new rules could stand to have more teeth.
While those operators who fail to comply
with the rules could face fines between
$5,000 and $1 million per violation, the trade
group indicated it is doubtful that such
violations would result in fines of more than
$5,000.
According to the Railroad Commission,
“Operators who intentionally disregard the
weatherization rule will not get away with
paying a low penalty. The penalty structure
in the rule places a stiff enforcement action
for those who do not properly prepare their
facilities for weather emergencies.”
A group of 30 Democratic state House
members has also voiced concerns, citing
a “loophole” in the rules by classifying a
stoppage as non-weather related.
“Requiring all facilities who experience a
stoppage during a weather emergency to
report the underlying cause(s) will greatly
improve the (Railroad Commission’s)
information on these occurrences,” the
lawmakers said in a letter to the Railroad
Commission. CT2
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 Montana
Thrust Belt
Niobrara*
BAKKEN***
SHALE
Cody
Heath**
Williston NEWS
Basin
Powder
Big Horn River Gammon
Basin Basin
Michigan Appalachian
Mowry Basin Antrim Basin
Greater Hilliard- Devonian Current Plays
Green River Baxter- Niobrara* (Ohio) MARCELLUS
Basin Mancos Prospective Plays
Park Forest City
Uinta Basin Basin Illinois Utica
Basin Basins
Manning Canyon Basin
Mancos Piceance Denver * Mixed shale & chalk
San Joaquin Basin Basin New
Basin Hermosa Albany ** Mixed shale & Limestone
Cherokee Platform *** Mixed shale & tight
Paradox Basin
Pierre Excello- dolostone-siltstone-sandstone
Monterey-Temblor Mulky Chattanooga
Lewis Raton
San Juan Basin Basin Anadarko FAYETTEVILLE STACKED PLAYS
Monterey, Santa Basin Arkoma Black Warrior Conasuaga
Maria, Ventura, Palo Duro Bend WOODFORD Basin Basin Shallowest/youngest
Los Angeles Basins
EAGLE Basin
Ardmore Basin Floyd-Neal Valley & Ridge
Province Intermediate depth/age
FORD Avalon-Bone Spring Permian BARNETT HAYNESVILLE- Chattanooga
Basin Ft. Worth BOSSIER TX-LA-MS Deepest/oldest
(AUSTIN CHALK, Barnett-Woodford Basin Salt Basin
TUSCALOOSA Marfa
Basin
Tuscaloosa

MARINE SHALE) EAGLE

FORD
Callon using Dual Drive Pearsall

compressors to cut Western

emissions
USA Compression Partners
and Callon Petroleum
Company announced
the start-up of multiple
Dual Drive compressors
at Callon’s locations in
the Eagle Ford Shale. USA
Compression’s Dual Drive
compressors offer customers
the ability to contract for
natural gas compression
services powered by either
natural gas or electricity,
providing operators the
ability to significantly
decrease greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions from
their operations. Dual Drive
compression systems
combine a natural gas-driven
engine and an electric-
driven motor to quickly
switch from natural gas to
electricity depending on
operating constraints to
compress natural gas. The
system allows companies to
decrease GHG emissions and
permit their sites for electrical
compression while still having
the flexibility and redundancy
to switch to natural gas when
extreme temperatures–both
summer and winter–put a
strain on the power grid.
Gulf
James Willis
highlights the
latest news from
the major North
American shale
plays
MARCELLUS/UTICA billion. The deal adds roughly midstream gathering pipelines
EQT buys THQ Appalachia 90,000 acres to EQT’s massive connected to every major
for $5.2 billion existing footprint. The assets long-haul interstate pipeline in
EQT Corporation announced currently produce 800 MMcf/d, southwest Appalachia. Tug Hill
a deal to buy Tug Hill’s THQ bumping up EQT’s existing and private equity firm Quantum
Appalachia operation with major production by an extra 15%. The Energy Partners jointly own THQ
assets in West Virginia for $5.2 deal also includes 95 miles of Appalachia I, LLC (THQA), with a
significant leasehold position
in the core of Marshall and
PERMIAN (DELAWARE) Wetzel counties in the northern
Enterprise announces new projects to boost NGLs panhandle of WV.
Enterprise Products Partners announced three new projects
to expand its footprint in the Permian to support ongoing Ascent closes on Utica
production growth in the basin. In the Delaware Basin, Enterprise deal with XTO
will add a third plant at its Mentone cryogenic natural gas On July 1, just as everyone
processing plant in Loving County, Texas, boosting capacity was heading out the door
at the plant by an extra 300 MMcf/d. In the Midland Basin, for summer vacation, Ascent
Enterprise will expand its network of natural gas processing Resources, Ohio’s largest natural
assets acquired in the purchase of Navitas Midstream in gas producer and the 8th largest
February of 2022 with a seventh natural gas processing plant natural gas producer in the U.S.,
in Midland County, Texas. Plant 7 will process 300 MMcf/d and announced it was buying an
extract 40,000 BPD of NGLs. Finally, Enterprise plans to expand additional 26,800 acres in the
its Shin Oak NGL pipeline system in the Permian by modifying its Ohio Utica for $270 million. The
existing pump stations. announcement withheld the
identity of the seller but said >
OCTOBER 2022 | COMPRESSORTECH2 | 19
SHALE
NEWS

FAYETTEVILLE BAKKEN/WILLISTON
Flywheel Energy buys Hess adds fourth rig Whiting and Oasis combine to form Chord Energy
Exxon’s Fayetteville Whiting Petroleum Corporation and Oasis Petroleum Inc. have officially merged their two companies into
assets a new company called Chord Energy Corporation. The merger, announced earlier this year, creates a $6
Flywheel Energy, which billion company with 972,000 net acres in Montana and North Dakota and production of 167,500 Boe/d.
operates the largest position During 2Q, the combined company produced 137 MMcf/d of natural gas at a realized price of $9.57/
in the Fayetteville Shale, is Mcf, compared to $4.53 in the year-prior period. Chord’s realized crude oil price for 2Q was $111.79/bbl,
expanding by purchasing compared with $65.52 in 1Q22. Whiting shareholders received approximately 53% of the new company,
ExxonMobil’s Fayetteville and Oasis shareholders received approximately 47% of the combined company.
assets. The deal includes
approximately 5,000 natural Southeastern ND pipe expansion waiting on FERC
gas wells–850 operated The Wahpeton Expansion Project is a 60.5-mile, 12-inch diameter pipeline that will deliver 20.6 MMcf/d
and approximately 4,100 of natural gas from Mapleton, N.D., to Wahpeton, N.D. The WBI Energy expansion project is waiting on
non-operated. Also included approval from FERC. In early August, more than 50 political and business leaders met in Wahpeton for
are related pipeline and an update on the project, including representatives from WBI Energy and Montana-Dakota Utilities Co.
processing properties across If approved by FERC, the Wahpeton Expansion Project is expected to be constructed beginning in early
approximately 381,000 acres. 2024, with service available in November 2024.
The price was not disclosed,
however, Exxon’s XTO Energy
unit acquired the Fayetteville on the deal, naming the seller as Pittsburgh was 98% done and
assets in 2010 for $650 XTO Energy, the wholly-owned would be fully online within “a HAYNESVILLE
million. Flywheel currently has shale-drilling subsidiary of couple of months.” He was right. CapturePoint partners
production operations in six ExxonMobil. The deal included During a recent conference call with Energy Transfer
Arkansas counties, primarily 61 operated wells producing 81 with analysts about second CapturePoint Solutions LLC
stretching across the MMcf/d along with another 274 quarter performance, Shell CEO (CPS), based in Allen, Texas,
northern tier of the state. non-operated wells. Ben van Beurden said, “we’re announced that it had signed
done building it” (referring to the a preliminary agreement
Shell CEO says Pa. ethane cracker) and that “we will with a subsidiary of Energy
Ascent was buying all of the cracker now done indeed start bringing production Transfer to participate
seller’s Ohio Utica shale assets, In June, a Shell executive told the on gradually” over the summer. in a feasibility study to
which touched off speculation Appalachian Energy Innovation Van Beurden said production is capture CO2 emissions from
about who was doing the selling. Collaborative conference that being ramped up slowly and that Haynesville Shale natural
We now know. A month later, the company’s Pennsylvania full capacity will be reached “in gas production facilities for
Ascent announced it had closed ethane cracker project near the fourth quarter.” sequestration in the CPS
Central Louisiana Regional
Energy Transfer suit Carbon Storage Hub (CENLA
ROCKIES POWDER RIVER BASIN, declared class action Hub). The CENLA Hub has
DENVER-JULESBURG BASIN, NIOBRARA) A federal judge has given a the potential to be one of
Idaho-Wyoming gas pipeline needs more study lawsuit against Energy Transfer the largest onshore deep
A U.S. District Court in August approved an agreement between class action status. In January underground carbon storage
the U.S. Forest Service and two environmental groups that had 2020, the retirement systems centers in the U.S., with the
filed a lawsuit to block construction of the 48-mile Crow Creek for public employees of various capacity to permanently
Pipeline Project until more environmental studies are completed. municipalities, including secure millions of tons of CO2
Lower Valley Energy filed a request to construct an eight-inch the Allegheny County (PA) annually. Upon completion
diameter, low-pressure pipeline in a north-northeasterly direction Employees’ Retirement System, of the feasibility study in
between Montpelier, Idaho, and Afton, Wyoming. Approximately filed a lawsuit against Energy 2022, a positive financial
20 miles of the new pipeline would be built on Forest Service Transfer alleging management investment decision based on
lands (approximately 119 acres). The U.S. Forest Service agreed to made false statements about the commercial viability of the
complete a supplemental environmental impact statement before the construction of the Mariner project would launch the first
authorizing the project. The Alliance for the Wild Rockies and East 2 NGL pipelines and the joint venture between Energy
Yellowstone to Uintas Connection oppose the project. Revolution natural gas pipeline, Transfer and CapturePoint.
both in Pennsylvania. CT2

20 | COMPRESSORTECH2 | OCTOBER 2022

CELEBRATING A CENTURY
OF SERVICE.
In 1922, three brothers began a family-owned business with a commitment to uncompromising quality
and outstanding service. Four generations and 100 years later, that commitment proudly continues.

To those who helped us become the company we are today, and all those who have trusted our people
and products through the years, thank you. Our promise for the next century is to continue perfecting
the art and science of lubrication.

Please join us to celebrate at the GMC Welcome Reception on October 2, at 5:30 p.m. in the
ballroom of the Omni Fort Worth Hotel.

SLOANLUBRICATION.COM
 YEARS

CO
C OZ
Quality Z ZZCan
You AN
A NTrust
II
 EURO GAS
REPORT

GERMANY
Germany signs contract for 5th FSRU
Germany’s Federal Ministry of Economics and
Climate Protection has chosen Tree Energy
Solutions (TES) E.ON and ENGIE to jointly
develop and implement the country’s fifth
Floating Storage Regasification Unit (FSRU).
TES plans to start operations at the
fifth FSRU at the beginning of the heating
period in 2023. The facility will have an
annual importing capacity of about 5bcm,
which covers about 5% of Germany’s
annual consumption. The FSRU will
enhance Europe’s and Germany’s energy
security, accelerating its energy
ANNA KACHKOVA is an
THE AUTHOR
independence, and achieving full net zero by
mid of the century, TES announced.
In Wilhelmshaven, TES is building the
largest Green Energy Hub in Europe offering
a unique model to convert large amounts of
renewable electrons from sunny and windy
locations into green hydrogen and affordable,
renewable gas.
The FSRU, which will be chartered
for a five-year period from Excelerate
Energy (NYSE: EE) and related LNG delivery
commitments will accelerate European
energy independence while enhancing
Germany’s security of supply.
The FSRU will fast-track TES’
Wilhelmshaven hydrogen terminal, scheduled
Anna Kachkova
provides information
on the latest gas
compression news
from Europe
by the recently announced FSRU project, is
flexible, modular and future-proof, TES said.
The company plans to integrate the import
of green molecules within the first 12 months
that the FSRU is in operation in order to allow
a fast and efficient green transition.
ENGIE is responsible for chartering of the
FSRU on behalf of the BMWK, for part of its
LNG supply, and with TES for the development
and the operation of the FSRU.
The five-year-chartered FSRU will be
provided by Excelerate Energy, following
negotiations led by Engie, and will be
stationed in Wilhelmshaven, where TES
already owns 145 hectares of land and has
been developing the hydrogen terminal since

to commence operations in 2025. 2019 to start large-scale imports by 2025.

independent oil and gas writer
based in Edinburgh, Scotland.
She has over 13 years’ experience
of covering the energy industry, including
five years in Houston, Texas, as NewsBase’s
North America editor. Her email address is:
aikachkova@gmail.com
For this, TES and E.ON already signed an
MoU on a strategic partnership end of March.
TES will import green hydrogen from its
upstream projects in the form of renewable
LNG using green hydrogen and circular CO2.
TES’s Wilhelmshaven hydrogen terminal,
the development of which will be accelerated
PHOTO: REUTERS
The TES terminal’s structure will ultimately
include 6 ship berths, 2,000,000 cubic
meters of onshore storage using 10 on-site
tanks, and direct access to the natural gas,
hydrogen, and CO2 pipeline networks required
for decarbonization and true net zero energy
supply.

Workers stand at a construction site for a planned
floating Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) terminal in the
harbour in Wilhelmshaven, Germany, August 16, 2022.
ESTONIA, FINLAND
Estonia, Finland making progress
on LNG import infrastructure
Both Estonia and Finland are making
progress on construction of LNG import
infrastructure as they prepare for the arrival
of Excelerate Energy’s Exemplar floating
storage and regasification unit (FSRU).
In Estonia, Elering, Alexela and Infortar are
building an LNG terminal in Paldiski, while in
Finland, Gasgrid and Fortum are working on
an LNG import facility in Inkoo. Exemplar is
due to serve both markets and will initially
dock at whichever facility is completed first.
Ultimately, it is expected to be based at Inkoo
once the port structures there have been >
OCTOBER 2022 | COMPRESSORTECH2 | 23
EURO GAS
REPORT

completed, under a 10-year charter deal with storage project in the Netherlands. GERMANY, RUSSIA
Gasgrid. The planned facility will store energy Gazprom suspends gas flows
On both sides, the companies are generated from renewable sources such on Nord Stream
targeting completion of their respective as wind and solar in deep underground Russia’s Gazprom took the Nord Stream
terminals by December, with commercial salt caverns that will be available in both pipeline to Germany offline for what was
operations starting in January 2023 if the the short and long term. It is aimed at initially supposed to be three days of
remaining work progresses on schedule. offsetting any future imbalance in supply maintenance on August 31.
In Estonia, Elering is building a ship-to- and demand of green hydrogen. Bilfinger The company subsequently said it had
shore pipeline that it is aiming to complete Tebodin Netherlands will be providing basic detected a leak of engine oil in the only
by the end of November, and is making engineering services for the entire plant, turbine still operating at the Portovaya
modifications to the Paldiski compressor including equipment, piping, pipelines, compressor station. As a result, the
station in preparation for connecting the buildings and infrastructure. compressor station no longer complies
pipeline. In Finland, Gasgrid said in mid- Compressor stations will be used to inject with safety requirements and gas flows on
August it had made a start on port structures around 2.6 Bcf (7.6 × 107 m3) of hydrogen Nord Stream will remain suspended until
and a gas pipeline. into each of the four planned caverns at the the turbine can be repaired, Gazprom said.
Progress on the LNG import infrastructure facility. The above-ground installation and Gazprom’s deputy CEO, Vitaly Markelov,
comes as the broader region works to end first cavern are expected to be operational
its dependence on Russian gas. Latvia is by 2026, with Gasunie aiming to store around
also working to expedite construction of a 26mn kg of hydrogen. hydrogen delivery.
proposed LNG import terminal at Skulte, with Bilfinger noted that the project Bilfinger’s announcement comes after the
the country’s government agreeing to grant represented a completely new approach government of the Netherlands unveiled a
the project national interest status in late to large-scale hydrogen storage, but one national hydrogen network plan in late June.
August. that was a “very promising solution” from The network will be developed and operated
a technical and economic point of view. It by Gasunie, and while plans call for it to be
NETHERLANDS added that buffering hydrogen to balance established by 2031, the company will aim to
Bilfinger partners with Gasunie production and demand at gigawatt scale bring some parts online by 2026.
on HyStock project requires the injection and extraction of large
Bilfinger announced that it was providing amounts of hydrogen over short periods of SWEDEN
engineering support to Gasunie for the time and that therefore caverns must be PDC to supply compressors to
HyStock underground green hydrogen found that are particularly suitable for rapid Hynion for hydrogen filling stations
Sweden’s Hynion has selected PDC Machines
as the supplier of compressors for new
FRANCE, GERMANY hydrogen filling stations that Hynion will build
France to make new gas export capacity to Germany available in Västerås and Jönköping.
French gas transmission system operator GRTgaz announced in mid-September that new The projects represent a new generation
gas export capacity from France to Germany would be available from mid-October. of stations with the capacity to refuel
“Historic gas flows from the east have been reversed under the effect of the war in dozens of trucks per day. Each station will
Ukraine,” GRTgaz said in a statement, adding that it was working on adapting its network deliver hydrogen at 35 and 70 megapascals
to allow for new exports. The transmission system operator said earlier in September that (MPa), servicing both light and heavy-duty
tests carried out on the gas interconnector vehicles and providing
linking the border areas of Obergailbach and GRTgaz has injected continuous delivery of
Medelsheim had been successful. the first hydrogen the fuel. Hynion noted
The latest announcement came as flows into its network. that “dependable and
on the Nord Stream gas pipeline from Russia robust” compressors
to Germany remained suspended. (See next would be required for
story) France, meanwhile, benefits from these facilities.
existing LNG import capacity. GRTgaz said PDC will provide
France’s LNG import terminals were operating two compressors for
PHOTO: GRTGAZ

at 90% capacity, and had helped the country each station. Hynion
fill its gas storage facilities to 94%, above the is aiming to bring the
European average. stations into service
by the end of 2023.

24 | COMPRESSORTECH2 | OCTOBER 2022


Pipes at the landfall facilities of the ‘Nord Stream 1’ gas pipeline are pictured in Lubmin, Germany.
told Reuters in early September that Siemens
Energy would need to repair the faulty
equipment in order to return the pipeline
to service. However, Siemens Energy has
disputed the claim that the leak requires
operations to be suspended, saying that
“We see this partnership as the start of an
ambitious, long-term collaboration”, says Ulf
Hafseld, CEO of Hynion. “Good dialogue, good
products, and good service are important
to us. The stations must deliver around the
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PHOTO: REUTERS
such leaks do not normally affect turbine
operations and can be sealed on site. The
company added that there were enough
other turbines available at the Portovaya
compressor station for Nord Stream to
keep operating.
clock, and reliable compressors are indeed
critical in this respect”.
“We are delighted to be working in
partnership with Hynion and support its
vision for a network of renewable and
EURO GAS
REPORT
low-carbon hydrogen refueling stations in
the region of North Europe. Our advanced
hydrogen compression technology, coupled
with Hynion’s unrivalled experience in
compressed gases and dispensing, will
create a reliable, robust, and cost-effective
hydrogen refueling solution,” said Kareem
Afzal, CEO of PDC Machines.
The delivery will consist of two powerful
compressors for each station, which enable
the stations to deliver continuously to trucks
and cars that arrive at the stations. The
stations will be in operation by 4Q23.
Hynion also announced that Swedish
energy regulators will provide SEK 61.5 million
to build the two stations, which will have a
capacity of 1500 kg per day and will be built
to facilitate trucks that will be phased in.
“We now see clear action from the
Swedish authorities that they are serious
about introducing hydrogen for heavy
transport," said Slavica Djuric, CEO of Hynion
Sweden. CT2
 ONE
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310-530-1539
Torrance, California USA
info@kbdelta.com • sales@kbdelta.com
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China’s demand for
natural gas has ebbed,
but it continues to
expand its regasification
capacity. By Anna
Kachkova
C
hinese natural gas dynamics are
changing as the country receives
more imports from Russia while
its LNG purchases decline as a result
of depressed demand. This represents
something of a retreat after China overtook
Japan to become the world’s largest LNG
importer in 2021 but could now drop back to
second place.
Nonetheless, the buildout of Chinese
regasification capacity is set to continue, but
potentially with less urgency in the near term
as downward pressure persists on domestic
gas demand. Over the longer term, though,
the country will likely still expect its gas
demand to grow.
Recent developments
Recent changes have helped shape the way
China’s gas infrastructure and broader gas
market have been developing. Particularly
significant among these is the creation
of PipeChina to take over midstream
infrastructure from the country’s national
oil companies (NOCs) and encourage the
participation of new players in the sector.
“The China Oil & Gas Pipeline Network
Corporation (PipeChina) was formed in
December 2019 to provide neutral access
China sees
changing gas
dynamics
to the country’s pipeline infrastructure to all
qualified users including non-state-owned
companies,” GlobalData’s practice head of
energy research, Sumit Kumar Chaudhuri,
told COMPRESSORTECH2. “The pipeline reform
along with bullish forecasts for LNG demand
encouraged several smaller domestic players
to get involved in LNG procurement.”
According to GlobalData, Chinese LNG
imports rose from 60.1mn tonnes in 2019 to
68.0mn tonnes in 2020 and 72.7mn tonnes
in 2021.
“China witnessed a significant increase
in LNG import volumes and to support this
surge several LNG receiving terminals (both
new and expansions) have been announced
in recent years,” said Chaudhuri.
However, new downward pressures on
demand have since emerged, especially over
the past year.
Demand down
PHOTO: REUTERS
Factors weighing on Chinese gas demand
currently include Beijing’s Zero-Covid policy,
which has looked increasingly futile in the
REGIONAL REPORT
CHINA
face of the more transmissible Omicron
variant of Covid-19. China has persisted with
it, though, responding to new outbreaks
of the virus with lockdowns that have hit
economic growth and energy demand.
Meanwhile, gas and LNG prices have risen,
especially in the wake of Russia’s invasion of
Ukraine in February. With the war in Ukraine
continuing and Europe scrambling to reduce
its dependence on imports of Russian energy
while global supplies remain tight, gas prices
are expected to remain high for the time
being. Given China’s depressed demand, this
has deterred the country from buying LNG on
the spot market.
“China’s gas demand has been under
pressure since Q4 2021 due to the economic
slowdown, higher import prices and a
rebound in coal consumption,” a Wood
Mackenzie vice president and head of >
An LNG carrier berths at the Xin’ao Zhoushan LNG
terminal in Zhoushan archipelago new area,
Zhoushan city, east China’s
Zhejiang province.
OCTOBER 2022 | COMPRESSORTECH2 | 29
REGIONAL REPORT
CHINA
Asia-Pacific, gas and LNG research, Valery
Chow, told COMPRESSORTECH2. “More
recently, Covid outbreaks and widespread
lockdowns have dealt a major blow to energy
demand, including natural gas,” Chow
continued. “LNG imports have been hit the
hardest, dropping by 21% year-to-date so
far. Buyers have minimized their exposure to
costly spot LNG.”
As a result, some regasification terminals
are currently operating below their full
capacity.
“There have been noticeably fewer takers
for PipeChina’s spare LNG terminal slots,”
Chow said.
This has translated into more LNG available
to Europe that would have otherwise gone
to China, notably LNG produced in the US.
Indeed, declining demand has had an impact
on contracted volumes as well as those
available on the spot market.
“China’s national oil companies have been
diverting contracted cargoes to Europe,
profiting from the significant arbitrage,” Chow
noted.
Closer partnership
At the same time, though, China has been
snapping up Russian natural gas and LNG at
discounted prices as Western countries have
shunned Russian energy. According to Wood
Mackenzie, Chinese LNG imports from Russia
hit a two-year high in August. And Russian
gas is not flowing to China in the form of LNG
alone.
“During the first half of 2022, China
recorded high pipeline gas imports from
Russia via the Power of Siberia pipeline,”
Chaudhuri said. “In addition to this, China
recently struck a deal with Russia’s
Sakhalin-2 LNG plant to purchase LNG at half
the current spot prices. With this new deal
and the undergoing construction of Phase 2
of the Power of Siberia pipeline, the flow of
Russian gas to China is expected to increase
gradually.”
Wood Mackenzie also anticipates closer
energy ties between China and Russia in the
future.
“China will be Russia’s primary target
customer for both pipeline and LNG sales
going forward,” Chow said. “Russia will be
30 | COMPRESSORTECH2 | OCTOBER 2022
looking to fast-track development of Power
of Siberia 2 pipeline, which would divert
previously Europe-bound gas from Western
Siberian fields to China via Mongolia.”
This shift in gas flows is expected to be
beneficial to both Russia and China over the
longer term.
“China will welcome the opportunity to
secure more and cheaper gas supplies in
the coming years as part of its longer-term
ambition to phase down coal consumption,”
Chow said. “With Europe effectively cut off,
Russia will be anxious to pivot east to anchor
long-term gas sales. Closer China-Russia
energy co-operation is of mutual benefit
and builds on the strengthening relationship
between both countries.”
There are still plenty of unknowns,
including questions over how the war in
Ukraine will ultimately come to an end.
However, even after it ends, European
demand for Russian gas currently looks
unlikely to return, especially if consumers in
Europe are successful in replacing Russian
imports with other sources of supply such as
additional LNG from the US.
In the shorter term, there are further
uncertainties relating to winter demand and
Beijing’s Covid-19 policy that could have an
impact on gas price movements.
“The major risk factors lie in a cold winter
and/or a potential relaxation of Covid rules
after the 20th National Congress of the
Chinese Communist Party in October,” said
Chow. “As Chinese buyers go head-to-head
in competition with Japanese, Korean and
European buyers, this would exacerbate
Construction
workers work
on the Power
of Siberia gas
pipeline in
Qinhuangdao
section in
PHOTO: REUTERS
Qinhuadao city,
in north China’s
Hebei province.
an already tight and volatile global price
environment.”
Regasification outlook
For now, Wood Mackenzie anticipates
that Chinese demand for LNG will remain
depressed at least for the remainder of the
year.
“Downward pressure is expected to
persist for the remainder of 2022,” said Chow.
“Over 2022 gas demand is anticipated to
grow by 2% year on year, but year-on-year
LNG imports are forecast to drop by 12% to
70mn tonnes. This unprecedented decline
means that China will cede the title of world’s
largest LNG importer back to Japan.”
Despite this, China’s regasification
capacity build-out is set to continue, with the
country expecting to rely on gas more heavily
in the future.
GlobalData estimates that China has
announced 5.72 Tcf (1.62 × 1011 m3) of
newbuild regasification capacity and 1.33 Tcf
(3.77 × 1010 m3) of capacity from expansions
that are due to be added by 2026. However,
GlobalData estimates only 3.35 Tcf (9.49 ×
1010 m3) of newbuild capacity and 582.48
Bcf (1.65 × 1010 m3) of expansion capacity
additions are already at the advanced stage
of development and under construction.
“We understand that this capacity is more
firm or, has greater likelihood of getting added
by 2026,” Chaudhuri said. Wood Mackenzie
also expects that China’s regasification
capacity will expand significantly over the
remainder of the decade, despite the current
demand dynamics. CT2
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CONDITION MONITORING
INDUSTRY PARTNERSHIPS
The evolution of new
hardware and software
enables operators to
implement predictive
maintenance.
By Keefe Borden
New monitoring technology
boosts maintenance
G
iven the cost of installing a
compressor system and the
importance of keeping it running,
it makes sense that an operator would
maintain its assets with the greatest of
care. To facilitate this, virtually every OEM
has developed a condition monitoring
system that gives operators insight into
how its assets are performing at any given
minute.
The steady flow of data on the
status of a given compressor, or fleet of
compressors, enables operators to make
predictive maintenance more reliable.
Operators know it’s cheaper in the long
run to maintain a fleet than it is to rush
to the scene when an asset goes
down unexpectedly and holds up
production. In some cases, these
monitoring systems are installed
when the system is packaged. In
other cases, they are retrofitted
onto an existing compression
system.
Earlier this year, Burckhardt
Compression announced
it is working with
Boston-based PTC to
develop remote service
32 | COMPRESSORTECH2 | OCTOBER 2022
solutions for customers worldwide. The
two companies are also working together
to further develop a type of metaverse
augmented reality (AR) solution for service
on reciprocating compressors.
Under the name “UP! Solutions,”
Burckhardt Compression offers digital
solutions that allow compressors to
be monitored in real time and serviced
remotely in cooperation with the customer
on site, whether on land or offshore.
The units are equipped with sensors that
constantly collect data such as vibrations
or temperature. This data is then analyzed
and used, for example, to detect anomalies
or schedule service work.
Augmented reality
Burckhardt said its customers want to
digitize their processes and reap the
efficiency benefits from this. The company
therefore offers its customers services
under the UP! Solutions product family, in
which experienced service technicians can
look over the customer’s shoulder virtually
from their office screen using a tablet
or HoloLens glasses and provide advice,
explanations and tips, Burckhardt said.
Burckhardt Compression relies to a large
extent on Vuforia, an augmented reality
solution from PTC. This watches an expert
during a process, compiles instructions for
“teaching” less experienced colleagues,
and monitors the learning phase. The
system detects any deviations from
the standard process and provides
guidance to the technician.
In developing this process, PTC
worked closely with Burckhardt
Elliott Group’s Gemini Compressor
Performance Monitoring System is designed
to continuously monitor, evaluate and
analyze critical compressor performance and
associated auxiliary support systems.
IMAGE: ELLIOTT GROUP

Digital
solutions from
Burckhardt allow
compressors
to be serviced
remotely and in
collaboration
with the
customer on site.
PHOTO: BURCKHARDT
Kuva’s non-thermal infrared camera and cloud
monitoring technology gives operators timely
notification of methane leaks.
Compression, which as an “early adopter”
can provide valuable input from the
field. In addition, both companies are
working on an AR solution that can map
the customer’s entire work environment
in the virtual representation, so that the
remote service technician from Burckhardt
Compression sees not only the field of
view of his colleague on site, but the entire
environment, Burckhardt said.
Better machine diagnostics
More recently, Elliott Group announced
the rollout of its Gemini compressor
performance monitoring system, a focused
software system designed for continuous
monitoring, evaluation and analysis of
compressor performance and associated
auxiliary support systems.
The software system, which was jointly
developed with Tri-Sen Systems, integrates
rotor dynamics analysis, process data,
high fidelity compressor thermodynamic
analysis, and nearly real-time visibility of
key performance indicators into a single
package that can be accessed from a
smartphone, tablet, or computer, the
company said.
“This next generation compressor
control, monitoring, and analysis system
will lead to improved operational control,
better machine diagnostics, more functional
review capabilities and should result in
optimized compressor
operation with increased
plant reliability and
efficiency,” says Klaus
Brun, director, research &
development at Elliott.
While there are other
vibration data packages
and operating data
packages available in
the market, Gemini is a
package that integrates
rotor dynamics analysis,
process data, high
fidelity compressor
thermodynamic analysis and nearly real-
time visibility of key performance indicators
into a single package that can be accessed
from a smart phone, tablet or computer,
said Jim Jacoby, senior vice president at
Tri-Sen Systems.
The Gemini application includes a
custom Elliott compressor model (a
digital twin) for evaluating compressor
performance and changes, an advanced
vibration analysis evaluation tool and
remote controls monitoring “HMI-twin”
which provides contextually relevant
compressor and auxiliaries data through an
internet browser interface.
New partnership
Earlier this year, Machine Monitoring
Systems and Exline announced a
partnership through which Exline would
distribute and install the entire product line
of MMS in the United States and territories.
The MMS product line includes Snapshot
CONDITION MONITORING
INDUSTRY PARTNERSHIPS
Engine Balancer, MachineryRx, ProBalance
Engine Balance Monitor, Sentinel CPM, and
Sentinel VM.
The Snapshot Engine Balancer a portable
analyzer for slow-speed, natural gas fuel
engine balancing. MachineryRx is simple-
to-use-website to provide a single location
for operators to upload engine balancing
results. Management with the proper
credentials can then have access to all of
the engine balancing data at the station,
division, region and corporate levels.
ProBalance Engine Balance Monitor
system continuously monitors the peak
firing pressures for up to 20 cylinders and
alarms if the engine is unbalanced or any
cylinder exceeds user-defined bands.
ProBalance Plus Engine Balance Monitor
system continuously monitors peak firing
pressures for up to 20 cylinders and
automatically adjusts the electronic Fuel
Gas Modulators (eFGMs) to maintain peak
firing pressures (PFP) across the engine to
within user-defined Bands.
Sentinel CPM (Compressor Performance
Monitor) provides real-time compressor
health and safety monitoring including
horsepower, rod loads, theoretical
temperatures and flows. The CPM
includes Warren Liable’s multi-factor
diagnostic software suite, provided with
no subscription fee requirements or data
that needs to be sent to a third-party web
application.
Methane monitoring
Not all condition monitoring systems are
inclusive of all operating parameters of a
given compressor system. Kuva Systems,
for example, has developed a remote
methane monitoring system designed to
detect and quantify methane emissions at
upstream and midstream oil and gas sites.
Kuva recently announced that it received
funding from NGIF Capital Corporation to
develop its camera-based continuous
monitoring systems. Kuva uses non-thermal
infrared cameras and cloud monitoring
technology to give operators a timely
notification of methane lakes and the
ability to investigate the root causes of
emissions. CT2
OCTOBER 2022 | COMPRESSORTECH2 | 33
GAS TRANSPORTATION & STORAGE
NEW INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDED
Basic infrastructure key
to reliable gas supplies
Gas differentials widen as
storage and transportation
struggles to accommodate
new sources of gas.
By Keefe Borden and
Anna Kachkova
36 | COMPRESSORTECH2 | OCTOBER 2022
T
he Russian invasion of Ukraine
has sparked some unprecedented
distortions in the market for natural
gas and has forced the industry to rethink
its basic infrastructure as Europe and seeks
alternative supplies that previously came
from Russia.
The price of natural gas at the Dutch Title
Transfer Facility (TTF) has surged in recent
months because of the growing demand for
alternative sources. The U.S. benchmark at
Henry Hub has also risen, although not nearly
as much. The spread between the two has
widened this year to record levels, according
to figures from CME Group.
The record spread between the two
trading hubs highlights the growing
importance of gas storage and transportation
infrastructure. Traditional demand hubs
in Europe and Asia are searching for
additional supplies as Russian gas imports
have plummeted. The wide spread in gas

An LNG tanker leaves the dock after discharge at
PetroChina’s receiving terminal in Dalian, Liaoning
province, China. PetroChina recently signed an
agreement to buy 1.8 mtpa from Cheniere Energy’s
LNG export hub in Corpus Christi, Texas.
PHOTOX: REUTERS
Pipes are seen in the construction site of the
LNG terminal in Paldiski, Estonia.
GAS TRANSPORTATION & STORAGE
NEW INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDED
prices between TTF and Henry Hub have
encouraged midstream operators on both
sides of the Atlantic to search for additional
infrastructure to store and move natural gas.
Worldwide investments surging
The energy crisis has prompted investors
to search aggressively for reliable sources
of energy. In response, they plan to commit
$42 billion in 2024 to investments in new
LNG projects worldwide, up 50% from current
investments, according to a recent study
from Rystad Energy.
These greenfield investments are 20
times the amount committed two years ago,
when just $2 billion was invested globally
in LNG developments, a total that was
restricted by the global pandemic. After 2024,
investments in LNG projects are expected
to fall dramatically as investors accelerate
their search for low-carbon energy projects.
Spending on greenfield LNG projects this year
will stay essentially stable, at around $27
billion in approved projects in 2022, Rystad
reported.
By next years, investments in LNG will
creep up to around $32 billion and again to
around $42 billion in 2024. After that, global
LNG investments will slide again, reaching
around $2.3 billion in 2029 as the world turns
its focus to low carbon energy alternatives,
according to the Rystad forecast.
Despite the ongoing interest in lower
carbon sources of energy, natural gas
remains a core part of many countries’ power
generation systems. As a result, demand for
LNG is expected to grow over the next few
years. Global gas demand should surge 12.5%
between now and 2030, from 4 trillion cubic
meters (Tcm) to around 4.5 Tcm, Rystad
reported.
In the Americas, gas demand will remain
relatively flat through 2030. Demand for gas
in Asia and the Pacific will climb 30% from
around 900 billion cubic meters (Bcfm) to
around 1.16 Tcm by 2030. The Americas, led
by the US, will account for 30% of world gas
demand by 2030, while Asia will account for
25%, Rystad has forecast.
In response to this growing demand for
gas, Rystad said it expects the world LNG
supply to almost double in the next few
years, growing from around 380 mtpa in 2021
to around 636 mtpa by 2030. LNG production
should peak at around 705 mtpa in 2034.
“Recent price surges in natural gas
markets worldwide have somewhat
constrained gas demand, triggering a
resurgence of coal-fired power generation
in many countries. However, governments
remain bullish on gas as an affordable,
transition fuel for power in the coming years
as demonstrated by the rapid growth in LNG
infrastructure investments,” said Palzor
Shenga, Rystad Energy’s vice president of
analysis.
EU hits gas storage target ahead
of schedule
Midstream operators in Europe have
committed to a total of 17 LNG projects,
including new project and expansion of
existing facilities. If completed, these new
facilities would boost Europe’s LNG import
capacity to 278 million tonnes per annum
(mtpa) by 2025, up 44% from current import
capacity, according to a recent report from
Argus Media.
A total of 23.8 mtpa of LNG import
capacity is scheduled to come online before
the end of the year, including one floating
storage and regasification unit (FSRU) to be
established in Finland, two in the Netherlands
and a fourth in Turkey.
Meanwhile, the construction of the first
stage of an LNG import facility in Paldiski, >
OCTOBER 2022 | COMPRESSORTECH2 | 37
GAS TRANSPORTATION & STORAGE
NEW INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDED
Estonia, is complete, local media has
reported. An FSRU is expected to be deployed
in the coming months.
The European Union, which has worked
all summer to build up its gas storage stocks
ahead of the coming winter, has hit a key
target two months ahead of schedule.
European Commissioner for Energy Kadri
Simson announced on August 31 that the
EU’s gas storage facilities were more than
80% full, ahead of the bloc’s target date of
November 1 for reaching that level.
Not all EU countries have underground
gas storage capacity, but 10 of those that do
have exceeded the 80% target already and a
further six have met their intermediate target
for September 1 and continue to fill their gas
storage.
Meeting the overall EU gas storage target
ahead of the winter puts the bloc in a better
position for dealing with further supply cuts
amid unexpected maintenance on the Nord
Stream pipeline from Russia to Germany.
(See ‘Gazprom suspends gas flows on Nord
Stream’ in this month’s Euro Gas Report.)
With ongoing supply disruptions
remaining a possibility, the EU agreed on
a demand reduction plan earlier this year
to help its member countries through the
next two winters. That plan calls for gas
consumption to be reduced by 15% between
August 2022 and March 2023, with a
possibility of the target becoming binding if
Experience, Reliability, Integrity...
The AXH manufacturing complex consists of six plants, totaling 585,500 SF on 67 acres.
the situation worsens.
Meanwhile, EU members are in
disagreement over a European Commission
proposal to put a price cap on Russian gas
supplies.
Growing U.S. export capacity
As European producers race to boost
LNG import and gas storage capacity, U.S.
operators have pushed their export capacity
PHOTO: REUTERS
to record levels – and that capacity is
expected to continue to climb in the next few
years.
A recent study report from the U.S. Energy
Information Administration (EIA) shows that,
as of July 2022, the U.S. has surpassed
previous leaders Australia and Qatar in export
capacity. In addition, it has exceeded any
other country in LNG exports, with exports
averaging 11.1 billion cu. ft. per day (Bcf/d)
during the first half of 2022.
The U.S. became the LNG exporter with
the largest total capacity when the Calcasieu
Pass LNG export terminal project placed all of
its liquefaction trains in service in August.
In March, the facility loaded its first LNG
cargo. The trains were originally set to be
in service by August. Calcasieu Pass is a
1.3 billion Bcf/d liquefaction facility located
in Cameron Parish, La. The facility, which
uses mid-scale liquefaction technology,
started LNG production 30 months after its
final investment decision — the shortest
European LNG
importers are
seeking to boost
capacity following
the limitation
of gas exports
from Russia.
Shown here,
employees from
Spain’s Enagas
LNG terminal are
working.
construction period for any U.S. LNG export
project so far.
In addition to 18 mid-scale liquefaction
trains, Calcasieu Pass includes an onsite
natural gas-fired plant to generate electricity
for the facility’s operations; three pre-
treatment trains; two LNG storage tanks (with
a capacity of 4.4 Bcf each); and two shipping
berths capable of loading LNG vessels with
carrying capacities of up to 185,000 cu.
meters (4 Bcf). The terminal receives its
feedgas through Venture Global’s 24-mile,
42-in.-diameter TransCameron Pipeline,
which has interconnections with the ANR,
TETCO, and Bridgeline pipelines.
U.S. capacity continues to expand
following completion of three additional
projects. The furthest along is Golden Pass
LNG, which started construction in 2019.

The project includes construction of three
standard-size liquefaction trains with peak
LNG production capacity of up to 0.8 Bcf/d
per train, for a total capacity of 2.4 Bcf/d.
The facility is on the site of an existing
regasification facility and will use shared
infrastructure, which helps to reduce project
costs and shorten the construction timeline.
The $10 billion Golden Pass LNG project in
Texas, a joint venture between QatarEnergy
(70%) and ExxonMobil (30%), is expected
to start production by 2024, adding export
capabilities to the Sabine Pass LNG terminal
totaling around 18 Mtpa, Rystad reported.
Golden Pass LNG will have three standard-
sized LNG trains, each with a baseload
capacity of about 0.7 Bcf/d and a peak
capacity of about 0.8 Bcf/d. Golden Pass
LNG is under construction at the site of
LOWER OPERATING COSTS AND EMISSIONS
UPGRADE TO VHP SERIES FIVE
GAS TRANSPORTATION & STORAGE
NEW INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDED
an existing regasification facility and will
use some of the existing infrastructure to
reduce costs and shorten the construction
timetable.
Two other projects under construction
use a modular technology with mid-scale
refrigeration trains, which has a shorter
project construction timeline.
The Plaquemines LNG project in Louisiana,
a $13.2 billion development sanctioned earlier
this year, is expected to produce about 24
Mtpa and start up in 2025.
Plaquemines LNG will consist of 24 mid-
scale trains, each with a peak capacity of
0.07 Bcf/d. Each liquefaction train is part of a
two-unit block for a total of 12 blocks with a
combined peak capacity of 1.8 Bcf/d, the EIA
reported.
The Corpus Christi Stage II project is
under development at the site of an existing
terminal with three liquefaction trains already
in operations. The new addition will have a
baseload capacity of 1.3 Bcf/d.
Corpus Christi Stage III will be built on
the site of an existing terminal with three
liquefaction trains in operation. Each of the 14
new, mid-scale trains under construction has
a peak capacity of 0.11 Bcf/d, and is part of a
two-unit block for a total of seven blocks with
a combined peak capacity of 1.6 Bcf/d.
Cheniere Energy, which owns the Corpus
Christi LNG facility, has signed an agreement
with Chinese state held PetroChina to supply
1.8 mtpa from the facility, with deliveries from
2026 to 2050.
Once completed, the three export projects
will expand U.S. LNG peak export capacity by
a combined 5.7 Bcf/d by 2025, the EIA has
reported. U.S. LNG producers exported an
average of 11.1 Bcf/d in the first half of 2022, a
record for the country and the world’s largest.
In April, the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission granted Calcasieu Pass LNG
export terminal authorization to commission
the first six of nine liquefaction blocks, each
of which have two trains. Calcasieu Pass is
a 1.3 Bcf/d liquefaction facility in Cameron
Parish, Louisiana. Calcasieu Pass is the
seventh U.S. LNG liquefaction export facility to
begin producing LNG since 2016.
In addition to 18 mid-scale liquefaction
trains, the Calcasieu Pass facility includes
an onsite natural gas-fired plant to generate
electricity for the facility’s operations, three
pre-treatment trains, two LNG storage tanks
(with a capacity of 4.4 Bcf each), and two
shipping berths capable of loading LNG
vessels with carrying capacities of up to
185,000 cubic meters (4 Bcf).
The Calcasieu Pass terminal receives its
feedgas through Venture Global’s 24-mile, 42-
inch diameter TransCameron Pipeline, which
has interconnections with the ANR, TETCO,
and Bridgeline pipelines.
On March 1, Calcasieu Pass loaded and
shipped its first LNG cargo, aboard the tanker >
GAS TRANSPORTATION & STORAGE
NEW INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDED

Yiannis, chartered by JERA Global Markets,
which delivered the LNG to ports in the
Netherlands and France.
In addition to the three new plants under
consideration, investors are at different
stages of considering new plants. Last
month, a subsidiary of Energy Transfer (NYSE:
ET) signed a 20-year agreement to sell 2.1
million tons per year (mtpa) of LNG to Shell
from its Lake Charles LNG project.
Under terms of the agreement between
the two companies, Energy Transfer will
supply the LNG on a free-on-board (FOB)
basis with a purchase price indexed to the
benchmark Henry Hub price plus a fixed
liquefaction charge. The first deliveries are
expected to start as early as 2026.
The agreement will become fully effective
SELECT WEST TEXAS NATURAL GAS PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE
after a series of conditions are met, one of Natural Gas Intelligence. In comparison, in
which is that Energy Transfer will make a final August 2021, natural gas at the Waha Hub
investment decision on the project. traded at an average 26 cents/MMBtu below
the Henry Hub price.
Distortions within U.S. market Maintenance on regional pipelines
The steady demand for gas in Europe has moving natural gas from the Permian to
pulled up gas prices at the U.S. benchmark at consuming markets has also contributed
Henry Hub and aggravated some distortions to a wider price differential, the EIA has
in the U.S. market. The differential in natural reported.
gas prices at Henry Hub and the west Texas On May 2, natural gas flows on Kinder
hub at Waha has widened in the last few Morgan’s Permian Highway Pipeline out of
months in response to growing production the region decreased and the Waha Hub
in the Permian basin and regional pipeline price fell to $1.82/MMBtu below Henry Hub.
maintenance, a recent study has shown. In August, maintenance on the El Paso
The price of natural gas traded at the Natural Gas Pipeline, which reduced flows
Waha Hub, which is near the Permian Basin, from West Texas into the Desert Southwest
averaged $1.13 per MMBtu below the Henry and California, contributed to the Waha Hub
Hub price in August, according to data from price discount to Henry Hub reaching $1.78/
MMBtu on August 26.
Natural gas production in the Permian
region more than doubled in the past
five years, a result of increasing crude oil
production in the region over the same time
GRAPH: U.S. ENERGY INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION
period.
Since April, additional four new pipeline
projects to deliver natural gas out of the
Permian production region have been
announced and, if completed as planned,
would expand pipeline takeaway capacity
by approximately 4.2 Bcf/d by the end of
2024. Three of those four new projects will
expand capacity on existing pipelines and
one is a brand new pipeline. CT2

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Compressors are
hydrogen ‘colour blind’
Modern reciprocating compressors can reach a
given compression ratio in fewer stages than turbo
compressors. By Timothy Ablondi and Mark Barton
H
ydrogen is poised to play a crucial
role in the energy transition
and has emerged as a powerful
decarbonization agent for many carbon-
intensive sectors, including process
industry, transportation, mobility, and power
generation.
Compressors are an essential part of
the hydrogen value chain and are needed
to efficiently transport and store hydrogen
from its point of production to end-use. This
includes the gathering of emissions-free
“Green” hydrogen produced by electrolyzers;
“Grey” hydrogen from steam methane
or autothermal reformers (SMRs/ATRs);
or “Blue” hydrogen, which is essentially
“grey” hydrogen with CO2 removed from
the generating source. Other applications
include transporting hydrogen via short or
long-distance pipelines, compressing it to the
pressure levels required by vehicle fueling
stations, fuel cells, supplying gas turbines,
or other downstream and petrochemical
processes.
Hydrogen compressors do not “see”
the hydrogen production method “colour”,
as every process produces the same low
molecular (i.e., mole) weight hydrogen gas.
However, there are several factors that must
EDITOR’S NOTE:
A portion of this article was published
in the August/September issue of
COMPRESSORTECH2. Because of the last-
minute cuts in the previous issue, this
article is republished here in its entirety.
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
be considered when selecting a machine
for a given application. In this article, we will
discuss a few key variables, including:
■ Gas Composition
■ Water Content
■ Wet vs. Dry Process Gas Flow
■ Suction Pressure
■ Process Gas Temperature
■ Compression Ratio
■ Cylinder Lube-oil Carryover
For end-users, failure to specify these
values to OEMs submitting bids can result in
a number of undesirable outcomes, including
higher costs (in both CAPEX and OPEX) and
confusion as to which compressor solution is
best suited for the application.
Hydrogen Compression Basics
Hydrogen has a mole weight of 2.02 g/mol
and a density approximately 1/8th that of
natural gas. This has important implications
for compression as each compressor
technology is impacted differently basis the
low gas mole weight.
TECH CORNER
Reciprocating compressors work on the
principle of positive displacement; therefore,
efficiency is not affected by the molecular
weight of the process gas compressed. This
is in contrast to centrifugal-type turbo-
compressors, which utilize high-speed
impeller rotation to increase the kinetic
energy of the gas which is then converted
to pressure through the stationary diffuser.
The gas kinetic energy is a direct function
of its velocity and mass (molecular weight).
Since the mole weight of hydrogen is low, the
velocity of the gas will need to be higher to
achieve an equivalent pressure compared to
a heavier mole weight gas.
Increasing the kinetic energy can be done
two ways: the first is increasing impeller tip
speed by increasing rotational speed and/or
expanding the diameter of the impeller. The
limiting factor here is often the mechanical
strength limits of the impeller materials.
The second is by incorporating additional
compressor stages.
Currently, state-of-the-art reciprocating
compressors can achieve a given overall
compression ratio in fewer stages than >
1
FIGURE Reciprocating compressors are
currently the most efficient option for
compressing hydrogen in most applications.
OCTOBER 2022 | COMPRESSORTECH2 | 43
TECH CORNER
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
turbo-compressors. For example, achieving
a pressure ratio of 4:1 on hydrogen gas
would typically require only two stages in
a reciprocating compressor. With a turbo-
compressor, the same application may take
as many as six stages and would likely come
at a higher CAPEX as well.
While turbo-compressors have limitations
in hydrogen service, progress is being made
on advancing the technology for improving
compression ratio capabilities. Research
and development efforts are currently
focusing on several areas, including the
design of the core compressor, bearings,
materials, seals, train architecture, and
packaging.
Ultimately, the choice of compressor
will be dictated by the unique requirements
of the process. Turbo-compressors are
generally a better option for situations
with moderate to high flows and lower
compression ratios (i.e., hydrotreating units
in refineries). Reciprocating compressors,
on the other hand, are better suited for
lower volumes and higher pressures, or
where a high range and flexibility in part-
load operation is expected. A prime example
would be downstream of an electrolyzer unit
in a green hydrogen production plant.
Design Considerations for
Reciprocating Compressors
Siemens Energy is a leading provider of
both reciprocating and turbo-compressors
to the hydrogen market. With over 2,500
reciprocating units (more than 2.5 million
horsepower) installed worldwide in hydrogen
rich services, the company has extensive
experience designing these machines for a
wide range of applications. To ensure optimal
compressor solutions are obtained, the
impacts of critical process parameters need
to be clearly understood. Some of the most
important are outlined below.
GAS COMPOSITION - Gas composition
dictates gas compressibility and gas
molecular weight. It is possible for different
gas mix combinations to have the same
combined molecular weight but different
compressibility values. This is critical,
as compressibility will impact power
consumption of the compressor, which in
44 | COMPRESSORTECH2 | OCTOBER 2022
FIGURE 2 Assumptions between two OEMs submitting bids for the same compressor project.
turn will affect motor selection and lifecycle
costs of the plant.
Generally, a lower molecular weight will
require larger cylinders vs. the equivalent
mass flow of a higher molecular weight gas.
Specifying the exact make-up of the gas to
the compressor OEM (i.e., 100% H2 vs. 99%
H2, 1% O2) will ensure that the correct design
is selected, and that costs and energy
consumption are optimized.
WATER CONTENT & WET VS. DRY FLOW – Water
content also impacts gas molecular weight
and compressibility. 100% dry hydrogen
gas will have a lower molecular weight than
100% hydrogen gas saturated with water.
A gas containing water can have its flow
represented as a “dry flow” where the water
content is not considered or as a “wet flow”
which does take water into account. A wet
gas application will typically require a smaller
compressor solution if it is sized on the basis
of wet flow rather than the same value as
a dry flow. Additional scope and material
considerations may also be required if water
is present in the gas.
SUCTION PRESSURE - Reciprocating
compressors are highly sensitive to suction
pressure, especially near atmospheric (1
BarA). This is because positive displacement
machines need to physically create
the volume to be compressed. A unit
compressing gas at 1BarA will require first
stage cylinders roughly twice the volume of
the equivalent service compressing the gas
from 2 BarA. This sensitivity is noticeable
even when comparing 1.05 BarA to 1.1 BarA.
Therefore, it is important to be precise when
defining the pressure as “atmospheric”.
GAS TEMPERATURE - A higher temperature
gas will require larger bore cylinders to create
the same volume as a lower temperature gas
at the same pressure. Compressing a gas
with a higher suction temperature will have
a higher discharge temperature. This can
result in discharge temperature limits being
reached sooner, thus additional stages of
compression may be required.
COMPRESSION RATIO – As mentioned
previously, achieving higher compression
ratios requires additional stages of
compression; and additional stages require
additional cylinders. Compressor staging
requirements will also be influenced by
discharge temperature limits. For hydrogen,
depending on process gas temperatures, the
compression ratio per stage would typically
be around ≈2.
LUBE-OIL CARRYOVER - Lubrication provides
protective film for wear parts and is critical
to compressor reliability and availability. To
improve reliability and availability, non-
lubricated services require a slower piston
speed. This is met by reducing electric motor
RPM, or shortening the compressor stroke.
Reduced piston speed will necessitate
larger bore cylinders to meet equivalent flow
capacities. Non-lube applications have lower
discharge pressure limits and bore diameter
limitations.
To illustrate how even slight changes >
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TECH CORNER
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
in the above parameters will impact
compressor selection, let us examine a
hydrogen compression application with
the following requirements specified by the
end-user:
■ Application: Green Hydrogen (Electrolysis
Plant)
■ Suction Pressure: Atmospheric
■ Discharge Pressure: 30bar
■ Hydrogen Production Volume: 420 kg/hr
Now although it seems the provided
data by the end-user is complete, the data
is in fact open enough to allow two different
compressor OEMs submitting bids for the
project to make their own assumptions about
several parameters. These assumptions are
included in Figure 2.
Based on these assumptions, the
design and cost difference between the
compressors specified by the OEMs are
substantial.
REFERENCES:
[1]
Strategy and Part of the PWC Network, The dawn of green
hydrogen in https://www.strategyand.pwc.com/ m1/en/
reports/2020/the-dawn-of-green-hydrogen/ the-dawn-of-green-
hydrogen.pdf
[2]
H2 Compression: An Integral Part of the H Value Chain’, Siemens
Energy, (2021).
FIGURE 3
Compressors are needed at virtually
every step of the hydrogen value chain.
46 | COMPRESSORTECH2 | OCTOBER 2022
For OEM 1, the solution might look like:
■ 3 cylinders
■ 3 stages of intercooled compression
■ 500 kW motor
■ $2MM CAPEX
Whereas, OEM 2 would have a different
solution:
■ 6 cylinders
■ 5 stages of intercooled compression
■ 900 kW motor
■ $3MM CAPEX
The OPEX of both solutions is difficult to
quantify without a more detailed description
of the site parameters and client operating
philosophy. However, we can see that the
discrepancy in total cost of ownership
(TCO) would be further compounded
when comparing the two solution’s power
consumption and different maintenance
requirements.
The Road Ahead
Through 2050, global production of hydrogen
is forecast to reach as high as 750 million
tonnes per annum (mtpa) – a 10-fold increase
from the 74 mtpa produced in 2018 [1].
However, to realize its full potential in the
global Energy Transition, the production
of hydrogen must be decarbonized
dramatically. This means accelerating the
build out of both “blue” and “green” hydrogen
capacity. Today, 95% of all hydrogen is
still “grey”, with associated emissions of
around 9-10 tons of CO2 per ton of hydrogen
produced [2].
Compressors are an enabling technology
and are needed at virtually every step of
the hydrogen value chain. Regardless of
the hydrogen application or the type of
compressor being used (reciprocating or
turbo), end-users can benefit by engaging
early with OEMs to clearly define the
requirements of the process, as well as any
potential constraints. Doing so ensures right
sizing of the compressor and that design
attributes are selected which will provide the
lowest TCO over the life of the unit.
With a broad compression portfolio
and 100+ years of experience in
hydrogen compression, Siemens Energy
can remain compressor “neutral”, thus
ensuring that the optimal equipment solution
is selected, no matter the colour of the
hydrogen. CT2
 EVENTS & MEETINGS
DIARY DATES

2022 GIE + Expo

October 19-21 2023 PIPELINE & GAS EXPO (PGE)
May 29 – 31, 2024
SEPTEMBER Louisville KY MARCH Piacenza, Italy
Diesel Progress Summit www.equipexposition.com Gas Compressor Association www.pipeline-gasexpo.it/en
September 26 – 27, 2022 March 27 – 30, 2023
Chicago, Illinois NOVEMBER Galveston, Texas SEPTEMBER
www.dieselprogresssummit.com GPA Midstream Europe www.gascompressor.org GPA Midstream
November 16 – 18, 2022 September 17 – 20, 2023
OCTOBER Paris APRIL San Antonio, TX
GMRC www.gpaeurope.com/ COMPRESSORTECH2 gpamidstream.org/calendar/
October 3 – 5, 2022 event/gpa-europe- Hydrogen Summit events
Fort Worth, Texas annual-conference-agm April 25, 2023
www.gmrc.org/gmc The Utility Expo
Houston, TX September 26 – 28, 2023
Enlit Europe
14th International Seminar + November 29 – Dec. 1 Louisville, KY
Frankfurt, Germany
MAY www.theutilityexpo.com
Short Course EGCR Annual Conference
ROTORDYNAMICS and BEARINGS www.enlit-europe.com/welcome
May 2-4, 2023
in Rotating Machinery
October 10 – 13, 2022 DECEMBER
Pittsburgh, PA
www.egcr.org
2024
Cologne, Germany The Big 5 MAY
www.laschet.com/en/seminars December 5 – 8, 2022 PIPELINE & GAS EXPO (PGE)
Hydrogen Expo
Dubai, UAE May 29 – 31, 2024
May 17 – 19, 2023
International Mining and www.thebig5.ae Piacenza, Italy
Piacenza, Italy
Resources Conference + Expo www.pipeline-gasexpo.it/en
hydrogen-expo.it/en
October 17 – 19, 2022
BOLDFACE indicates shows and
Melbourne, Australia For a complete listing of upcoming events, please visit our website:
conferences in which COMPRESSORTECH2
imarcglobal.com www.compressortech2.com/events is participating

LEGAL NOTICE
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(Act of August 12, 1970: Section 3685, Title 39, United States Code)
1. Publication Title: COMPRESSORTECH2
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9. Full Names and Complete Mailing Addresses of Associate Publisher, Editor, and Senior Editor: Publisher, Michael J Brezonick, KHL Group Americas LLC, 20855 Watertown Rd., Ste. #220, Waukesha, WI
53186-1873; Senior Editor, Michael J Brezonick, KHL Group Americas, 20855 Watertown Rd., Ste. #220, Waukesha, WI 53186-1873. Senior Editor, Keefe Borden, KHL Group Americas, 20855 Watertown Rd., Ste.
#220, Waukesha, WI 53186-1873.
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COMPRESSORTECH2
Michael J Brezonick, Publisher OCTOBER 2022 | COMPRESSORTECH2 | 47
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Development helped
historic refrigeration
compressor
manufacturer maintain
industry prominence.
By Norm Shade
Frick screw
compressors
SERIES ROTOR DIAMETERS
IN. (MM) Rated Power
HP (KW) Drive
TDSH/PDSH 6.417 (163) – 16.062 (408)
SGC 7.598 (193) – 13.976 (355)
NGC 7.598 (193) – 13.976 (355)
XJF/XJS 3.741 (95) – 5.945 (151)
c.2013
G
eorge Frick, an engineering genius
born in 1826, was a pioneer in the
development of power machinery
that eased the labor of men and animals.
Having started in Waynesboro, Pennsylvania
in 1853, a decade later Frick found himself
midway between the crucial Civil War
battles of Antietam and Gettysburg. His plant
was subjected to numerous Confederate
raids and was closed for a month when
Waynesboro was occupied by Confederate
forces leading up to the Battle of Gettysburg.
But after the war, Frick prospered building
steam engines, grain threshers and saw
mills. His portable and self-propelled traction
engines were among the first in the U.S., and
were followed by Corliss steam engines in
sizes up to 5000 hp (3729 kW).
STROKE IN. (MM) NO. OF CYLINDERS
4.72 (120) 6 Inline
5.32 (135) 6 Inline
50 (37) – 6000 (4474) Direct
50 (37) – 3500 (2610) Direct
50 (37) – 2550 (1901) Internally geared
10 (7.5) – 400 (298) Internally geared
Frick screw compressors continued to evolve
for more than three decades after the first
model was introduced in 1982. By 2013, a
complete line encompassed 86 unique models
with rated power ranging from 50 to 6000 hp
(37 to 4474 kW) and with both internally geared
and direct drive offerings.
Ammonia compressor cylinder
In 1882 Frick entered the refrigerating
machinery field by building an ammonia
compressor cylinder which was mounted
on the frame of an existing vertical steam
engine. The Frick Company was incorporated
in 1883, and George retired in 1886, after
43 years of building up the industrial firm.
His motto, “Be sure you are right; then
do it quickly!”, defined Frick’s entry into
CORNERSTONES
OF COMPRESSION
These two Frick SGC3511 screw compressor
packages with 1750 hp (1305 kW) electric
motors were being built c.2013 for gas turbine
fuel gas boosting in a power generation
application. The SGC series was an adaptation
of the workhorse TDSH series with a number of
modifications that simplified packaging.
the developing market for refrigeration
compressors.
Success of its first ammonia
compressors stimulated a demand,
and the Frick Company in the mid-
1880s developed an entire line of
large refrigerating machines, driven by the
new Frick Corliss steam engines. In 1896,
Frick built the largest refrigerating machine
in the world. The 30 ft. (9.14 m) tall giant
measured 50 ft. (15.2 m) long, requiring
a train of 15 cars to ship it in pieces from
Waynesboro to Armour in Kansas City,
Missouri. By the late 1890s, Frick anticipated
a demand for smaller sizes, with lighter
parts running at higher speeds, for moderate
capacity refrigerating systems to serve
hotels, restaurants, hospitals and various
industrial plants. As steam power was not
always available, other methods of driving
the compressors were introduced.
The heavy slow-speed horizontal
compressors were superseded by Type
J machines, which were adapted to
direct synchronous motor drive. Vertical
enclosed-type CO2 machines were also
developed, but were soon replaced by
Freon-12 compressors in the early 1930s.
Frick low-pressure refrigerating units and
heavier machines were produced by the
tens of thousands. In the succeeding years
Frick played a leading part in many types
of commercial, industrial and building
refrigerating and cooling systems, extending
its line to include a 9-cylinder compressor. >
OCTOBER 2022 | COMPRESSORTECH2 | 49
CORNERSTONES
OF COMPRESSION
However, just as internal
combustion engines displaced Frick’s
steam engine business in the early
part of the twentieth century, a new
compressor technology emerged that
would soon threaten Frick’s leadership
position in refrigeration. By 1964, Swedish
company SRM had developed a version of
their patented rotary screw compressor
specifically for refrigeration applications,
and by the end of the 1960s, several SRM
licensees had produced more than 1000
refrigeration screw compressors.
SRM license
Finally, in 1980, Frick obtained an SRM
license, and set out to develop its own screw
compressors. To counter competition from
other companies already manufacturing
screws, Frick developed some important
differentiating features that could only
be characterized as “radical ideas” at the
time. Frick was also the first to build all of
its screw compressors with anti-friction
bearings, which allowed the vast majority of
its machines to be applied without oil pumps.
But the most revolutionary feature revealed
on the first Frick rotary screw compressor in
1982 was the inclusion of two slides in the
compressor housing that could be moved
axially along the rotor mesh to provided
1853 1882 1896 1964 1980 1986
Founded power Entered refrigerating
machinery production machinery field
plant in Waynesboro, with an ammonia
Pennsylvania. compressor cylinder.
50 | COMPRESSORTECH2 | OCTOBER 2022
step-less control of
both the capacity and the volume
index (Vi). Matching the Vi to the
system pressure ratio eliminated the power
penalties associated with typical screw
compressor under- or over-compression. To
further leverage this competitive advantage,
Frick developed a PC-based control system
that automatically adjusted the hydraulically
actuated slide valves to optimize
performance as operating conditions
changed.
In the mid-1990’s, faced with a
static business climate in the industrial
refrigeration compressor business, Frick
began looking for other applications for its
successful screw compressor product line.
This led to Frick screw compressors being
supplied in factory-packaged systems for
refrigeration applications in chemical and
petrochemical, oil and gas processing,
industrial gas production, oil and gas
transportation and storage, and other
applications. But aiming at the growing
market demand for screw compressors
for gas gathering, gas processing, fuel gas
boosting and vapor recovery applications,
Frick also started a program of developing
OEMs to package compression systems
that incorporated Frick rotary screw
compressors. Frick was deliberate and
selective in choosing proven packagers for
its compressors, in order to ensure success
The industrial refrigeration market has utilized
many Frick screw compressors supplied with
complete, standard factory-built packages.
Built largest Swedish company
refrigerating SRM developed
machine in the a screw compressor
world. for refrigeration.
The Frick NGC series was first
introduced in 2001 with internal
gears designed to match engine
speeds for field gas applications.
and to provide packagers a
franchise.
The unique features of Frick’s screw
compressors were also advantages in
the gas patch. In particular, the two slide
arrangement with Frick’s control system was
perfect for declining well pressure, as it could
chase the well pressure down and keep
the unit loaded. Anti-friction bearings were
also an advantage as they could operate at
higher temperatures than fluid film bearings,
allowing operators to keep the process gas
above the dew point temperature.
Higher pressure ratings
Over time, Frick developed its own rotor
profiles, tailored to gas type. Pressure
ratings of some models were increased
to 600 to 700 psig (41.4 to 48.3 bar),
much higher than the original refrigeration
compressor ratings, and some models were
rated as high as 900 to 1200 psig (62.1 to
82.7 bar) for special applications.
Frick screw compressors continued to
evolve for more than three decades after
the first model was introduced. By 2013,
a complete line encompassed 86 unique
models with rated power ranging from 50
to 6000 hp (37 to 4474 kW) and with both
internally geared and direct drive offerings.
More than 130,000 Frick screw compressors
have been produced since introducing
the line in 1982, operating with about 100
different gasses, including over 12,000
compressors in natural gas applications.
Frick became part of York International c.
1986, which was subsequently acquired by
Johnson Controls, Inc. in 2005. CT2
In 1980, obtained SRM Became part of York
license, developed International and later
compressors with acquired by Johnson
different features. Controls Inc.
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