7 SYMMETRICAL FAULTS (Hote Title 9/30 (7. SERIES R-L CIRCUIT TRANSIENTS « circuit with ac voltage gin) = V2V siniwt + a) (— source 0) —sin(x — O)eUT] A. called the asymmetrical fault current RV | tact) = 5S* sinfor +20) A called symmetrical or steady-state fault curent ne 5 iae(t) = BY sas De /T A The de offet current [ Z=yR+ (LP = /R+X? O ol x o= tant Oe tant an! Fos tan RoR 27fR | Thelargest fault current | —i(t) = V2Ige[sin(wt — 2/2) +e] A where Tac = A I NI<| Trms(4) |- It is convenient to use T = X/(2nfR) and t= c/f, where t is time in cycles Tnms(t) = K(t)lac A | where ——_}- K(t) = V1 4+ 2e-47/(8/R) per unit ‘asymmetry factor | higher X to R ratios (X/R)give higher values of Ims(z) | Instantaneous Current rms Current | Component (A) (A) — Symmetrical (ac) | de offset | Asymmetrical (total) A(t) = ise(t) + fact) Inms(t) = Vv sin(cot + 2— 0) fac) =F sin(a — Dew fal with maximum de off Tms(t) = K(t)lac EXAMPLE 7.1 Fault currents: R-L circuit with ac source A bolted short circuit occurs in the series R-L circuit of Figure 7.1 with — V =20 kV, X=8 Q R=0.8 Q, and with maximum de offset. The circuit breaker opens 3 cycles after fault inception. Determine (a) the rms ac fault — current. (b) the rms “momentary” current at t= 0.5 evele. which passes through the breaker before it opens, and (c) the rms asymmetrical fault cur- rent that the breaker interrupts SOLUTION a. From (7.1.9), = 103 a 20% 10" 9.488 kA b. From (7.1.11) and (7.1.12) with (X/R) = 8/(0.8) = 10 and r= 0.5 cycle, K(O.5 cycle) = V/1 + 2c 0-10 — 1.438 Tmomentary = K(0.5 cycle)lac = (1.438)(2.488) = 3.576 kA ¢. From (7.1.11) and (7.1.12) with (X/R) = 10 and z= 3 cycles, V1 + 2e-@)/10 — 1,023 1,023)(2.488) = 2.544 kA - 1, KG cycles Ims(3 cycles;7.2 THREE-PHASE SHORT CIRCUIT—UNLOADED SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE felt IGURE 7.2 The ae fault current \/9 yx in one phase of an | unloaded synchronous machine during a three- phase short circuit (the de offset current is removed) The ac fault current in a synchronous machine can be modeled by the | series R-L circuit of Figure 7.1 if a time-varying inductance L(/) or reactance X(t) = @L(t) is employed. In standard machine theory texts [3, 4], the fol- | lowing reactances are defined: X/, = direct axis subtransient reactance X/, = direct axis transient reactance | Xq = direct axis synchronous reactance a ~———} where X/< X/< Xq. The subscript d refers to the direct axis. There are ——— | similar quadrature axis reactances Xie Xe and X, [3, 4]. However, if the ar- —__ | mature resistance is small, the quadrature axis reactances do not significantly affect the short-circuit current. Using the above direct axis reactances, the in- | stantaneous ac fault current can be written as | ge vie, | ( : — x)" XTX, (2D eis 4) sin(orea 2 fp A Xa e Gy sin| @l+ % 2 (7.2.1) Oo | 5 a Tyc(0) = yr I’ (7.2.2) d | which is called the rms subtransient fault current, \"". The duration of 1" is | determined by the time constant Tj, called the direct axis short-circuit sub-———— | transient time constant. —| The rms ac fault current then equals the rms sran sient fault current, given by rcuit transient time constant is much larger than T/,, the rms ac fault current approaches its steady-state value, given by f ——Tae(20) = (7.2.4) —— | The maximum de offset in any one phase, which occurs when # = 0 in (7.2.1), | is oe idemax(t) = V2E .-t/Ta = V2n"e/TA (74 a 5) | where Ta is called the armature time constant. Note that the magnitude of |. the maximum de offset depends only on the rms subtransient fault current I”, }— Instantaneous Current rms Current Component (A) (A) | Symmetrical (ac) (7.2.1) Tae(t) = 2, : Subtransient } Transient Steady-state Maximum de offset iae(t) = V21" Asymmetrical (total) (8) = ine(t) + fel) Tams( 1) = 4) Tac)? + tact)? with maximum de offset: Tens (f) = abel)? + [vie P EXAMPLE 7.2 Three-phase short-circuit currents, unloaded synchronous generator ‘A 500-MVA 20-kV. 60-Hz synchronous generator with reactances X/; = 0.15, Xj =0.24,Xq=1.1 per unit and time constants T= 0.035, Tj = 2.0, connected to a circuit breaker. The generator is operating at — 5% above rated voltage and at no-load when a bolted three-phase short cir- cuit occurs on the load side of the breaker. The breaker interrupts the fault _ 3 cycles after fault inception. Determine (a) the subtransient fault current in per-unit and kA rms; (b) maximum de offset as a function of time; and — | (c) rms asymmetrical fault current, which the breaker interrupts, assuming _ maximum de offset.SOLUTION: a. The no-load voltage before the fault occurs is Ey = 1.05 per unit. From (7.2.2), the subtransient fault current that occurs in each of the three phases is = 1.05 015 The generator base current is Te reed OT aA V3V rated (V3)(20) -_— The rms subtransient fault current in kA is the per-unit value multiplied by the base current: 1" = (7.0)(14.43) = 101.0 kA . From (7.2.5), the maximum de offset that may occur in any one phase is idemax(t) = V2(101.0)e/98 = 142.9¢~190 kA M=—2=7.0 per unit From (7.2.1), the rms ae fault current at ¢ = 3 cycles = 0.05 s is Tyc(0.05 8) = 1.05 (a5 1 1 -0.05/2.0 1 _—_ +(aa-a Tr = 4.920 per unit = (4.920)(14.43) = 71.01 kA Modifying (7.1.10) to account for the time-varying symmetrical compo- nent of fault current, we obtain 0.05 0.035 Inms(0.05) = Vilac( (0.05)]? + [V2I"e-#T? 2 = [ i k, -21/Ta - 14(005)y/1 ltl oun | 101]? _, = ——} ¢-2(0.05)/0.20 (71.01) alr e = (71.01)(1.8585) =132 kA |7.3 POWER SYSTEM THREE-PHASE SHORT CIRCUITS In order to calculate the subtransient fault current for a three-phase short cir- cuit in a power system, we make the following assumptions: 1. Transformers are represented by their leakage reactances. Winding — resistances, shunt admittances, and A—Y phase shifts are neglected. — 2. Transmission lines are represented by their equivalent series react-— ances. Series resistances and shunt admittances are neglected. - 3. Synchronous machines are represented by constant-voltage sources ~ behind subtransient reactances. Armature resistance, saliency, and — saturation are neglected. 4. All nonrotating impedance loads are neglected. 5. Induction motors are either neglected (especially for small motors rated less than 50 hp) or represented in the same manner as synchro- nous machines. t th —___| FIGURE 7.3 1 2 - Single-line diagram oF a @o4 f+ Fo - synchronous generator | iXq © 02 feeding a synchronous 100 MVA 100 MA Xice = 20.0 100 MVA 100 MVA motor 13.8kV 13.8 KV.A/138 KVY TBBKVY/I.BRVA 13.8 KV X'=015 X= 0.10 X= 0.10 x" = 0.20 — Bd m2 1X Kine X22 70.4 jO1 0.1050 + + g Oe a© © OF (b) Short circuit represented by ‘two opposing voltage sources fie bia (c) Application of superposition -| EXAMPLE 7.3 FIGURE 7.4 Application of superposition to a power system three-phase short circuit 10.15 70.505 where A, is the prefault generator curent] (d}_ V¥; set equal to prefault voltage at fault Three-phase short-circuit currents, power system ‘The synchronous generator in Figure 7.3 is operating at rated MVA, 0.95 p.f. lagging and at 5% above rated voltage when a bolted three-phase short cir-- cuit occurs at bus 1. Calculate the per-unit values of (a) subtransient fault current; (b) subtransient generator and motor currents, neglecting prefault current; and (c) subtransient generator and motor currents including prefault- current, SOLUTION a. Using a 100-MVA base, the ba: jon line is impedance in the zone of the trai (138)? t 100 Zoase,tine = 190.44 Q and 0.1050 per unit The per-unit reactances are shown in Figure 7.4. From the first circuit in_ Figure 7.4(d), the Thévenin impedance as viewed from the fault is .15)(0.505) Jos oss = SONS per unit a Zn = Xt = and the prefault voltage at the generator terminals is = Ve = 1.05/02 per unit | The subtransient fault current is then | Ve _ 1.05/02 _ , 1 == Foatses = 19.079 per unit b. Using current division in the first circuit of Figure 7.4(4), (Gat) f= 0.71013 In = \o505-+ 0.15 5 079) = —j7.000 per unit ous = (915 Viv = wp np00\— _ Fi if (cae) (0.2290)(—79.079) = —j2.079 per unit7.4 || ¢. The generator base current is =4.1837 k. 7 _ 100 meen (3) (13.8) and the prefault generator current is 100 z J he=— Ls! 0.95 = 3.9845/=18.19° kA “= (73)(1.05 x 13.8) | = eee .9524/—18.19° | = 0.9048 — j0.2974 per unit The subtransient generator and motor currents, including prefault current, are then I = I! +h, = —j7.000 + 0.9048 — j0.2974 = 0.9048 — 7.297 = 7.353/=82.9° per unit It = I", — h, = —)2.079 — 0.9048 + 0.2974 = ~0,9048 — 1.782 = 1.999/243.1° per unit BUS IMPEDANCE MATRIX y y 4) Zn 2200+ Zin Zi 0 Ey Zy Za ++ Zon ++ Zon 0 ED Za Za v+ Zn + Law || Be | | rp }___|Zyi Zy2 +++ Zn +++ Zw 0 Ef) the subtransient fault current is =e (74.5) | Also from (7.4.4) and (7.4.5), the voltage at any bus & in the first circuit is ” Zit ap } ED) = Zin Hh) = Ve (7.4.6) The second circuit r fault load current, all voltage ents the prefault conditions. Neglecting pre- throughout the second circuit are equal to the prefault voltage: that is, EC = Vp for each bus k. Applying superposition, Ex — Ef) + £2) iN (7.4.7)positive-sequence bus impedance matrices _ STEP I Also, show admittance values instead of impedance values on the circuit diagram. Each current source is equal to the volt- age source divided by the source impedance. STEP 2 | where Yis the N x N bus admittance matrix, V is the column vector of N bus voltages, and / is the column vector of N cur- rent sources. The elements Y,, of the bus admittance matrix Y | are formed as follows: diagonal elements: ¥jq = sum of admittances | connected to bus & (RE 1QyeogN) (2.4.3) | off-diagonal elements: Yj, = —(sum of admittances connected between buses k andn) (k #n) (2.4.4) The diagonal element Yjx is called the sel/-admittance or the driving-point admittance of bus k, and the off-diagonal element | Yin for k #2 is called the mutual admittance or the transfer admittance between buses k and n. Since Vx, = Yax, the ma- trix Y is symmetric. STEP 3 Figg = Hel | EXAMPLE 7.4 Using Zs: to compute three-phase short-circuit currents a in a power system Faults at bus 1 and 2 in Figure 7.3 are of interest. The prefault voltage is 1.05 per unit and prefault load current is neglected. (a) Determine the 2x 2 positive-sequence bus impedance matrix. (b) For a bolted three-phase short _ circuit at bus 1, use Zpy: to calculate the subtransient fault current and the contribution to the fault current from the transmission line. (c) Repeat part (b)~ for a bolted three-phase short circuit at bus 2. 1 —/3.2787 2> PZ j0.13893 | SOLUTION a. The circuit of Figure 7.4(a) is redrawn in Figure 7.5 showing per-unit ad- mittance rather than per-unit impedance values. Neglecting prefault load current, E” = BE!” = Ve = 1.05/02 per unit. From Figure 7.5, the positive- sequence bus admittance matrix is 9.9454 3.2787 —3.2787 8.2787 eae =I ] per unit Inverting Yous, Zine = Yel, = [. 11565 0.04580 | 0.04580 cell Ta | b. Using (7.4.5) the subtransient fault current at bus 1 is ye — Ve 1.05/02 FZ 0.11565 —/9.079 per unit with the result in Example 7.3, part (a). The voltages at buses Za\), 0.04580 . . ( 2) v= (1- 70. 11565 ) 1-5/0" = 0.63420" The current to the fault from the transmission line is obtained from | the voltage drop from bus 2 to 1 divided by the impedance of the line and | transformers T; and To: E,— Ei 0.6342 — 0 J(Xiine + X11 + X12) 70.3050. which agrees with the motor current calculated in Example 7.3, part (b), where prefault load current is neglected. Bie —j2.079 per unit | e. Using (7.4.5), the subtransient fault current at bus 2 is. mn, Ue 1.050" = —j7.558 per unit + and from (7.4.7), | In= 0.04580 ° . =(— Be) hose = 0.7039/0° The current to the fault from the transmission line is ae 0.70390 =< oo = 2.308 it a [Xm +n FXm) 7 703050 — ~! anEXAMPLE 7.5 PowerWorld Simulator case Example 7_5 models the 5-bus power system — whose one-line diagram is shown in Figure 6.2. Machine, line, and tran: former data are given in Tables 7.3, 7.4, and 7.5. This system is initially un- loaded. Prefault voltages at all the buses are 1.05 per unit. Use PowerWorld — Simulator to determine the fault current for three-phase faults at each of the | buses. TABLE 7.3 Machine Subtransiene Reaetance—Xy Syochronous machine Pu estes data for 7 004s SYMMETRICAL 43 02s SHORT CIRCUITS, Program* —*Siae View 100 MVA, SKV at buses 1, 3 MIS KV at buses 2,4, 5 SOLUTION To fault a bus from the one-line, first right-click on the bus sym: bol to display the local menu, and then select “Fault.” This displays the Faul dialog (see Figure 7.8). The selected bus will be automatically selected as the fault location. Verify that the Fault Location ‘Bus Fault” and the Fault Type is “3 Phase Balanced” (unbalanced faults are covered in Chapter 9) Then select “Calculate,” located in the bottom left corner of the dialog, to de termine the fault currents and voltages. The results are shown in the tables at the bottom of the dialog. Additionally, the values can be animated on the one- line by changing the Oneline Display Field value. Since with a three-phase stem remains balanced, the magnitudes of the a phase, b phase and ¢ phase values are identical. The 5 x 5 Zu: matrix for this system is shown in Table 7.6, and the fault currents and bus voltages for faults at each of the buses are given in Table 7.7. Note that these fault currents are subtransient fault cur- ince the machine reactance input data consist of direct axis subtransient reactances TABLE 7.6 [00279725 0.017025 0,0085125 0.0122975 0.020405 00177025 0,0569525 0.0136475 0.019715 0.02557 4} 0.0085125 0,0136475 0.0182425 0.016353 0.012298 0,0122975 0.019715 0.016353 0.0236 0.017763 0.020405 0.02557 0,012298 0.017763 0.029475 Zows for Example 7.5 TABLE 7.4 Equivalent Positive-Sequence Series Reactance Tine date tor BUSo-Bus (per une) SYMMETRICAL 34 o1 SHORT CIRCUITS 3-5 ae Program 4.5 025 TABLE 7.5 Leakage Reactance—X Transformer data for Su *2-Bus {her unk) SYMMETRICAL {5 002 SHORT CIRCUITS 3-4 oot programTABLE 7.7 Fault currents and bus Faule Current } voltages for Example 7.5 Fault Bus (ber unie) I 1 37.536 at GRND-1 23392 TI S41 14204 F B 18.436 LI 42 6564 f L2 52 usp 3 57.556 a2 GRND-3 46.668 r 72 43 10.888, 4 44.456 f Li 24 1.736 L3 4 10312 | 72 34 32.308 5 35.608 L2 2s 278 r La 45 16.688 TI ie 16.152 Per-Unit Bus Voltage Magnitudes during the Faule Ve = 1.05 ee Faule Bus: Bus | Bus 2 Bus 3 Bus 4 Bus S 1 0.0000 07236 05600 0.5033 0.3231 2 10,3855 0.0000 02644 0.1736 0.1391 3 0.7304 07988 0,000 0.3231 0.6119 4 0.5884 0.6865 (0.1089 0.0000 0.172 5 0.2840 0.5786 03422 0.2603 0.0000