SATE.

1The Living World 2ate

--

0LOY he study ef Lif foxmu leLprnceseL andthe stoiu

feraldion
2_L_axganiums on casth ii callea blelcgs
LIfELije_can he defined asthe panpely pmteplanm_ühich
octLsolue tn intesactian heteen vaaibus constihE
Cxehieleytheem usedlfir the sthuay oAie farm
Lutside }he easih

Lhadi Liing 2
There 2re Letain_chasactessLohiéh aon be usadu dLtsmune.
Lohethes sorzaelhinp in-aninmaie ah linng. acuwh
hepmduCLLon, metaboiiin elc aze the chazactem Lehich can
heAea tu autinguuih hetween liargsand non-iange
Zhese chasactess an be categoaise A
impoxtant Chazacters and_ eeiining chasnce
* chasactesisdeis.of Liaings

Lak0AZH incae2AL n baadumaso cel numhes ii con4zdesed

L 2s0uh Incaasen mau And numbeA 4indivalalsAe_
tui'n chaAactesitieA 2gareuh
cath iu the aisult of metakeliim:Multicettulas exganam
gsouA hy cetl didtion Onthe basu of dusaltonfpanetí4
dcan be cate gasd asi-
iIndetesminate Lqocwth (qre2th ehith takesplace thrtygho=
Alan
hdevminte qmeh -Gouth vrhuèh takesplace faxa
Lekaun agL_pnly,U called olekesminategroo~h,ie,-
Faaeth in humon besingslaninals): Heweves cel dinso2
QCcLtu aeplare Lart ciltu *

GrouihA_also bc catep231sCel as " **

Extainsie yaootTh Intnnsè baowi

 -

ge02

EXTRZALSIC GROLUITH-rcredh whichtakLLplae facm_utnte

u called extsiniiegsD2th e elampl-gseuth_enhbite
y meniains, beulderss2nd mound,etc
INTRINSIr GRDuZzH: pnuh uwhih lakiu place ft2_nsile
_ciled intrinsi grnwii lor exampll- 2at2lh exhik ted
byhuumarn kingsplsoti,ete
Garanth in unicellulas oponismi, lan be_ebres1aadn
in vitan_Condi}ions ,2sDELU
l nuniceluhs aponims2012itakesplace oy eL
-

dLnkian,2nd hente groA ad aepmdiuation aé incissie

n Contrast tu unicellulas rganuims in multitellzilai

CaganidHgrrRAand acpancluthon_are_exalusie eenti

Gatuhinson-Lising
Ipartfom unngs, nondiiings alia shiuga2uth Thi
2rnh is die dothe auumulathonof_sibetantekifhom-
adarle,cn thei surface, e acCretión:
anthin_nonLivngsi extnnsie
Mouniaini, Sandmaunali, 22ckz, brceladeA eIL_are soe
non-inge oheiexAihiigrauth
ince pcwhi shoun by bik _linings.aa nm=
linngsse indodefinng panpisty liing
Gcath, aAa LOhole,unDz a dehning pmperty oPee
but intmhst panuzth i the defniig prapelt cfL2
REPRODIJLT!DN Thepnesafprndehbn ofpatgeny
Aimilasin that ofthe pasen1_229aninm), i alleä
nEpATaduuhon Brcady,there as£ Tuo lypesaf 1epatducthtn
sezual acastaductton Qnd hezual epardeucton
 ,

SExUAL REPRODVUTZON
neaa nnlCamend f bo1h:lhe paseni
(ibiaaet aae fax ed, feshlisation akeu place_and e k it
Gih Variatian iu seen n nenzndiddualpaccdutea
(ZZ iatorplez ard comptcthtly leuD PXVCEt
(2Eeanalasction in humans bighes anuanls,elt *

ASEXUAL REPRODULZION
many unicelhula.Crpanumsocpruice asAuay pelo

Spotgmatibn ihucgi multiply at spxcad easily olueto

Zheabilt eLpeodutting spore Some_efspae pduced
oyungiase planocpiae zoaspat htpnasp Lie
udding aid aepaodue hanugh buaidirgie,unicetlular
hudding Hydra erhibit multiceltadasbudding
isagméntation xagmentation,also called trne.zpenexntion
exhibikad by Planasià andptonem fme
lnfogmena ian0ue aregen£aiin, a complek_inclividual
nse om the bakAN_ox Cuudpaut a the bad
Repeneration :in eqenexation loctpard of the beedy iu
3eqatned,ma a Lomplet indivkual Sfas_}izaad shuo
egeneaahon
These__no 2-linig Lohuehaepareluce But cextain
Livinga Aeichas infestlé Jekesle human Ceuple, uokes
bEe nules, etc canmoz 2p32du0e klence, Tepeduc tho
i ned adtfhningpmpesi Liing

*****
 efintzy chasartoizdia of Lidzga
METABOLIIy he um plal of alLL he Chemital_
Tattions_aking plaae insihledus bedy 2x Ihe_brty o
nA hes apanium iu caltedmldahalunm: Metaboltc

Cataboereachbn iThe eactoniin whichlages

biomolecLules baakidatian fu fra72 imalles onerae
Called Calabolic ealionignesgy 2i WLenseddiing
Catabnlie reactioni en

nabnlie eashbnai Jhosemeakolieae2etionk_ Lohiih

Smalles molecules Cozmbrne u fm lasges mleculeA290
gnabolic ae2ojon EnesgyU Cnumel duing anabelie

aLLthe Liing anganumu shauo netaboliam Thcse

no non=ivng haning meabolism
Metanlic aratfioni,howereN, C2n be made to take.plate_
jnnto_condithion4, Ocdaicde the body ina cetlfree
dpskm In Lhat cae these aeachions ae talled liing
eaeicn4 only and not mghbolic eachoni
heaefore metabohum i he_clehntin4 pmpestyfltu'y-
oe.i p2:142nt
hee_inlinnp en

CELLARORGAASATTONL A0 liing eaganimane made

p of y bassesteruhural ofunitnal unnt,callo
cell: Zhese cell_may vay tn numbes
or_compleziy
On the basta effnumhes af Cell ganumÍAEOf Luwo
typesi imulthicetlulascrqanáms
i )untellular ergandmi: a

C n the haui of Complexi cell zi o tur tupei-

Prokayotk celliSimplë celt
- * eukay
*** otic_cetls Complex_CeLls ***
 A

Theae.zl no 2on:livngAfuCi.is1 2hYE.ca y.cCia e r

CEliuascaganuaticn u a cdeginny pxYpER 0 Kg

Yhe
ILCeCIOLSNEKS Zhe qáilityy o seráé asALNIX AO
ehangAtakin9 arounod caliedcocd2usessM Livg
intexnal
aganA2220iped dudtiniuli Cary _Xfeac
changeLhal eltci a atcction Bat nea? linys de e2e1

Plant show phetopesicdim Pandi pateluuce fleaCss,

anutietc 2a tndego 2¢prlaludie phasE CEXtain
Aeasor cny
Planl alio shew temperaiiuse iUxducca fLevLily. 2:Cs
vehhaliation
hninnlsshew Áeasanal baeEiiriSene 22andi pexfam
2aidasoak
beeedin4 22pCLpiculassLasON_Cnly>ie, hep
neldpsi
Corxdihonk=
Aizdsdhoun mizaaioznde avelt urgckDLLaabLE
2LIppnie tewazd charge in KmpEatune
aEact ta 2maintai
Homec0stasis i= ALLAing organtimi,
and aezulateinkamalLharges Lh aptl, teampekalun
fihe Bhoay,gliucAe LevELLof blocal,etc:
luman betngs a3 hl oniy oapniumA,aho.as
brains
self-Concious lcluc to hcir hizhly dertlopea
lowexeA Co2apatientLmake ConciounEÍ 24cLtE Cor7piiri
ed,becaLe Aheydo nol EpondZo anzycharnge.AKiy
place o2cunt Bd,Aill aey axEdings áECaLse-
Yhém,/2, meaLt nEL
hey zeipoato chemicald gente
hey haye merboliam
*
héIOfOae, ConciounesAtha7 is, oniy aEsENT111
Ltxingi, iAdtpnippape
 ciASSA

PG 6

VERSZTY INTHELIVNG LlRD

These-itagreal diessi omongLiangsie bièeliersity
Bicoliesszy can be definedai the numbes and
Rindiof cagenium pareseni on The easth Suaface
Zhenumbes ofADeLLeL That as knbwnand aleacahea
ange behoeen 1:7-k miZluon
Sinte here il sucha maiuie diessily,_so theO i
a nesd od a sytxm.Lohich may hLlp uA dadeal uort
i t conventenily Zhi áusiem i Caled Zzonorn

TAXDulMy
The braneh ol sciense_whih deal coith ihe sakem itrph
hich aiLAscnd cpanismson he casihed ato ditfeiernt
tnxa, hased cn cestain_charactess alled Kxonomy
Basie pnCesMeL f JazonOmy ahe
DENZIELCAZTONÍ E The paicestosezmuie ltent)
he knouwn_aapanium fn knn2 he unknoLon eazganiim
called identfhcationlt u basEd an char2ctessy on
CanniLm

NOMSNCLATURE L snee YheL Ake_ millions f_cganáms-

mesely identipicabcn ii nDi eneugh h ecognie hem
_ule need i asipn ApmpeA name the hdentfiea
Cganimi
The patcess Oframaing eferganium aecorcing
tu-
inernafionally aCcepheol anileAAe }hat each oazani'n
9etaUniaLu/ n2me 24 Q2LLed nprnenclahure
Planti ar grien scaen~ifir nomei baued cn Jnkrnalional
Code or eetanièal Nomenclature LICAN)
Antmals ae giAn ACuLnhAt nameLbaseadon Jrntesnatiomt
Cocte o eckepèal_Nomenclatuve. Ciczx)
 ThcmecZ ConniEnt meth2a of nCmenciatiune_zi_e
ainemiial nomenclaiiré,pXDpased hy axl Von LiinLe,tèho
:Ln omenclat
LaiesLhaneca hi name da Caaclus Linaeus
* ** * *******

Cmponeni reneric_ame,lacparesenñg gnu

Specifi epthetatesen~ 4peLiea)
i n hiu boOk-
innauu gar scieatifie Dame_cf planti
SpenesPanimm" May,1753)nd he parpPsE)
SCienim ameL ef anLimal in he Loh Gdithonef hiu
bonk "eiera Nlatirae"LAg,1758
Rulesps Aincmal Mamenclatue
1:Boltgical names a2e in_laiin gnd cumtten n zialies,-
LraipecidL4 Zhe_cazgin:-
2Zhefiart cepenend f_lhe_name LprLAenti_Iheenus,-
Lohile_he Aecznd one azApeLOntA}hl Apecift lpiYhet
3 Bcdh zhe comnppnentina binlcgttal 22rme ane cincdeatin
ALpasatelp,ohen handoniLea Ond upeal in ~dalies cehen
Pine7

4The Genestt_name alnys bezins itÁ acapmtallettes

and SpECAr pithe7 uwith a small Lcttes
AameaLZhe author appeass ates he zpecificepithe
inabbaeyzated faam a ex= Mangilerda nelicaZinzn..

LASSIELCATION The pCLSA Oy L0ohèh axgnumsaa.

gacuupe nh Lonenien_ategemea, based ornslmilas/?ies,2
dsimiailhei,n the basii L2mÉ Chonastess callea
lassihtaton. Clasiheahon can be ofollesettg P :
ARTLELCIAL CUA`ILICAT/ON
PRACTICAL CLASSLELCATLDN
NBTLRAL CLASSLACATION NUMCRCAL CLUS2FICATION
 Smae
1ate

. **r * -

THXONDMY AND SySTEMATILx

laxonomy iZhe wond " teexonon" waA inbrduad
( Pde ardalle )
y uguutinRaamus dle adolle
inhu book Theomeselemen~aie de la botntgue"
L7henky of etementang betao):
Jaxonomy i madeoftou r d
Jazu : Aa ngemen7 Cii)NomDA =lawA:

aconorny inc.tzd2i Iheatiudy d hllauoine point

Jdenifmion 3 proces by vahith anorganisntÍ knDOn
oringnikedfam theothealeady knon_oagantims
andiu os3ipned tua particular taronermt grluypticalled
identihicaion
62| Nomenclatune t Aaming odganiunactercding zo
intexnatibnal seientiht atuleLu called normendkatze
c)Clasification Dpnaceu by zohich an czganiim i
qanLped nm comENIEnÍ cafeaai24 onjhe basih ofse2ne
eailyohseable_chaaacto4,h cailead clauthiation.
Thedifterent_categeies incohich_oagonium1 are
putaftesTheix ldenthcation npmenaahnt and
clasiicotioniitdescnpfbn, aoe called tranomt
CotegemeA
Each uni7 of a taKOnDmi categy called toxon
Lpul: tara-

cÝTOTAONOMYThe use f cytrleginlchaeters of

plants in clauificaton,ii called cytttaxonomy :/1iu
based caninfecatibn Like chamnsome numbe. stzucthunt,ete
CHEMOTAXONOMY - 2 baued cn_chenical conshikueat
o plandZhe bair Chemial Conpeunda uiedin
chem0tanonomy ae alkaloida,casetenoidstarnts,
pnlysaechaaide ULEIL Acia fatty ds 20ine aid.tt
 Systemazits Zhe tezm "Systeaia soasLnÍzcaduad by
Carolus únnaeiu
Sysknadies u desied tamthe latin aad ysiema"
nhich mea "syetemat_arranpemeni o ganm
Linnaen_usea Sys lema Aluttaae "authe itie of hú
book-
ZLoncdno He elde CorteplsSustemaitz i ihe stuay
e laton4
fVaniLA Caganiims and Iherenlutionahy
_pRLLnt systmatios ieYESA nlloLmng poinú alip

cLdentificañontTAXONoMY
ilarnenclatla0. TAKONOMMY

(iEnlutiorasy
Clauifitahonelationahib PHYLOGTENY
SySZËMATICS =TAXDNDMYAPHYLOMENY

TAXONoMIC LATEGRIES-
Those Catepones in whch on epanium iuplaceal, aftes 1
deczipitón, are Lalled daxonoiL Categ2e There ase
Zman categanel: TheIL Tzonbnil catezomes 0hen
aa2arzqed m asending ca desconding rdefams a
tazononit hienrchyi Jhes_catepcie ane i
kINGDoM HiGheat category faank J
DIVL.SIOsl/pHYLU
LASS
ORDER
EAMILY
GENUS
SPECTES iLooest categoay pak f
nR-
achcateaeay of_oaeremic hiescrachy,z Callel
a
 Jaxmemit lateporien
Species garp.afoogantins havig fundamental
7
Simjlaiiies_in all.essen?hl moxplhokogreal
they ase abll Ko.
ErcdtCdtve_charencfeAAD hat
alted
ntesbreedleclg andlpucduuce feshle oftnpningse.
Speuesfea exarnple
ihnthec Leoi1 anthesa prdus iib Rathe fyai
eztaln
Lgenus Agmp of relaied apecties Aavin2
Co nelated chaaL teaA_ax evoluttonay 2elahons 4mia
nus_Loxlxamplei:
Ho.se, 2eboa aoe clasely zelatedspeCieLpreALuOEdlu
hann exolved fm_a Commonacesthr q pILt 19-
genua 6guus
( 2pea, Ltón,Leopmsd cat pre1umedtu fhare eniMd fa a
Cormmon_ancenter and heme i t in geniuaknthex

family Agooup ofgenex haxing similas feates

enluthionay ielations fmia emzly lox example:
ciGrenexa Snlanum Pe|nh, 12Ldhanta an2iclude n he.
dramily Solanaceae
CL eneaa nthex feuisaae intluled in thefimly
lidae
OncdesAgnup of amilies having Similaribiesor
erolubonany wlaions, 4 CalledAn oxteh Order, besng
ahigher alepen necadh an asemblage of yaLÒA
chasatesCzamplei_d oscdess aeas
ci amilies Selaraceae,bnvnivulacene _ane_inauuded inhe
reles Palynniales baed onfloralchantacksA:
Ci12Families Feluidae_and anidaeAR inalLualed in the
ad es Caniioa ***
 Clau A qro4p._ef aelated cacless having common featies
foamsa llas fea ezamplei
Cocdes_lâxnivexa Ltiges,LioD,catdo)Pamatalmenkey,gerilk
gibbon) a20 placea in the class Mammalh.
cin Cade Polymonialenis inatuded in theclasscotyledorae
akong_ueth Keale4, Renales, etc

Phyluur/Riakion Aprupef aliatod claselgeie nhe

o phyln or lliision: Phylum"i ued fr animall
2acl dividion" id ued fix planir Gien betoo ase ihe
Examples2phylunfoliaaion 1
Phylum_ Chorclala_contuni fishes,anrphibions,tptiles,
arei, memmalla, basead on coaon feahuneAlIke 1=
paeience ef notochond
6)presence f dosal hollou0 neual syskem
(i iisien_rgibgpesmae incizvdisclau like odicotyledonae
and menocotylec/prae

kingadom R ithe hiphesi zank of the oaanomr

hiesazchy, hasdng _a few conmon charctess betveen_erparu-
m inctded.giuhe plant aze includ ed izn the kingadom
Plantaeadallhe animals art icluded in the kingdon
ninalia
gLthe abek catpo2nes aré Lalled bacad- Catepcmes al
Aub:lategpaies can aldo be made, if Equiiea to make the
Clasiihicanon nnE Conen1ëni
wego hipheL, facm speies tu kingctom, sfhe numbes of
Commozn chazaceis,keeps on deCEAIng
Hgheithe taxa, at same taxencmic leyel, the /mmlai
Chaaactess are leM_ancd nce-vehsa
Vnlike 4genus atfarmmues, hased on a numbes of
S

las Charactes, othex htzhes a2nk: aoe irdnfie

basik
on h
o c9gregales of chashefes.
 7ANONOMICALAIDS
eceniuts. mt:KadES.ancl adnxcd iniaz2tion.ioAich.

Yx.onom/taaid: Lferen~ taxoncm:alai20=

Herbaricum
JLa &HreheuueotolleLÁN planzspecimens that aÉ
Adp2esed anal preiled cn_heabaziiem_shect[29X43 jn
heAe dheet are_a2ongeodon ihe 6nsis ofuniieail
aecepk stgtm_ed clashcabon, in onal2iraha
Cheve htibraiin sheci har_iakelh periding
intxmaton_abeut
xte an2a piae_of_ Cellection efpecimen
Cngllib, local and betini2 n2me_cf The speCimen
famils al he ADEcimen
Name o h ecellectr cd spLLLmen
HerbariumLasealso called dau gasdens
Hezbaimi_can be Lied as gick eÉniLAzsmA_

Betanicai Garadens
These_are the gardens haiy aliie plant Apeimens
far dazonemie stiudits ardnference
C iAfeseni ApecieL ofplarnt art atun fir iadentbtathion
Plant an labelleal. ohieh porvde inAnnahtn abssct=
Bazanical name Family
Jmpestant Betnicalhascens
OMeL BC7ANICALÚARDENAELL,ENGLAND.
* DIAN B0ZANLCAL GARDEN. HOuRAH, LNDIA:
NAZICAABL BOTENLCALRESEARH LNSU TUITE, LULKNOu, INDIA
BCTaNICAL GERDEN CE AROREST KEIEARH JAL&TLTUTE, DEHRANN
LL
BAGA LAOTNICAL OARDEN, GEANGALCRV,JADMA
 einssantie
1

Museu2
ThesLOALIhe places uahere caleciions p r s e A ved planu
andanimalspecimensare kepifoaS}y_ ana Jerence
(6|Specimensarepresesred in he conauiness 1gas1 n pesea va
in Aruutions (leike fomalin) ex asdy SpebimeN also ****

(e neth are paeulkved in_inieci bCKeA tescallkchn

|kiLling(feguid )and pinniay 1hem
Largeoniaaliand bixd.are shffedomal pesPed
usALLms hare coLlectionuef skeletons af aniinlb to0
Koolegital Pasks
hea_ ae Zhe planes ohere_Loilad animalare
kept Lundes
human_ Care-
2Since nimaliae unde humanabennbion, it enahles to
Lean abaut food habitu ad behavious
ntimai are pmidedCondithon nilasto thei naimk
habitat:
eolgical Pasksase genexallty alted goes
K
Caeyare L402for tlentification oplanls and animalu on
he basiaef similarines disimilaiies
(BKeyaasibaséa cn_corastig eharekrs prese in paua.
CaLled cLpley_
(Cachstate f a coupley iu called a_lead
key fAa chnttg tu be made baued on the choraltessof
he panim io be shdied: Ths keys ase analytical
in nahize

Flona
contaiasame, index_rd acthual actond of hab?tat. ord
duutnbuhon_of plmtu of _a pasticulaL aea
 .

Manzinls ***

02hey.are tuful in_pmmeliny_ingpmaton ftr iilentrhathn

f nomeL Dg peLiesfeundinana>e

Monegraph
oThey Lontain intircmation_abaula.dingle taony
Catalogues
1ià smal bcokletp:hich gtinES ACC2Untfir kotk s
helated to botonicaltitlefulname efauthonA and
heti publiiation
Exercises
Ohyarl_liing caa2nitnu clas1ziea2
nsAiing cagoniims aheclassifieddueio 7he fallounng

1 hetps n ldentihcatitn_efsimiai ohdssimia

Caanims: caiily
_helps i i uodeistand the phylogenetie eatons bebeoecn

Lt hetpAlu acial the pnblem (hsk) of shdy of

ind'vnelal eaganisni sepacntely
** _LmakEs azonomie Aialiei vény eay anad ConenIënt

Lhy_ant Ckas1ifitation Aystens changeng ee y no0

M
hen *

nsContinnmuhstuyoivioys esult 1n diicoe y of

-
newganlumiC nEM).Charates_2n.diffesent
ganusm:7h4 Coniegilently, 2Na kEA Lnetesrby do
trpot1 Yhe Glasi ication AyIIMA,tu acvmbdal
he tateut fintingd hats ohy
sysHemí aie chengtng tney noe"ondclassofrccaren
ten
:40hai.ailjisendoiksia uouds you chioce do casuity peopé
Zhat yecL CLenmeez 2
AntMosphoLng beazous, _comnzunuca henskiLls, Anenads
helaáks, eic anbezhe criexuahr_laisifiaflon ef **

peDple whon_ue_ften eel

4haidewe Lean fanm identificaiionad

indiata aM7
Ppulat2an
fo -
naZhe sdenipcatibn_ofindiztiali andpopulaion_helps
esmiine similas oà düuimias chaxautess of cagansms
2ie apatpis and peciO oleACaLphon of ganumi:.
CLassif Amilas a diisnzai apanuim CoznMmèntly.
Arnunge_capandmA lozn appanpa2te taxa

56ziinheiao_zi Zhe _scienihr me 0f mangoJalentity_Xhe_

Cahsecily wnitkn name
AMangipxa nda2 Langifra indica

s analeraindica u he coisectiy wrLYEN_name, Áasn ng.

n y Ke Zasi Zetter cf gEnesiC_Dame,CapLtal an
EL 1 small_alpsabez_

6eine a toaen e _dome exampleLof taxaalafftntnt

hitaarehical Lexel

h axen i the Atple1Lnl of a laxonomic catego 1y

Oh a iankfzamplea of Zaza afaifferent hitspaChical

****
**** *****

***** **** **
 - -

hxa Csin ren

horemit ategokies Anumalts
Kingdo .

Phylum Chordata
Class Manmmata
Oheles (anuicrz ******

Caniadae
Famil
Cgenus
Canta RLspLS
Specie
ACgLEncc arLnomikai
7 C a yeuu_ielentiy he_Loe
Cattocnes
Species Cdes Phyium Kinodor
Speces Oades Kinedom
62 Genus
7enus Crde _Phyium
Stues

S y to collec althe Cusently_acceptad_meanines

on
fhe meaning efSpecies Lin case_of hiahesplanti
Aand
animalon onehane and back2a ch hE_hes

ns These ase tuue Concepis_of spEtieA,hih aie aifallaws=

Jazoromical contepi_ecoaing aamornicx
Concepi agnup.ef arganiuni htszing fundamengal
Similaries 1n menpholciial chiaz tiAaNE callead
Species ln simples_Lacraa, tohen_sEiLELardtk2nzin7
onthe basla ef_zxpkelagital charaLtesi hes.ae
Calleal bzonomicspecdesL0kich in }hE_onelteit
Cateeyfhxonanital hemachy.
Biolopiial.comept:i Thù cancepi,prtpeset.byanstmays
Mays hal, ApeLeLULhE anLp af_c22enimcopdhÉ of
natmal ineibreecdengto pmduse festite_ alfspai
Thercjpcut cf too Concepto cf Apeciey:the
 cisSm4E

Dere
Page 7

briologsical corepd is izncomplee, beig applinble.ide exual

eprndiCLg COZOnúmi cnly lazenorni concept,incontut
l4_mOae Apmpnhie_asLY Lappiicabll mazimin plant
anlmala
ALeneL,14 Cnsidlea temennlngaf SpeieA in CasL Df
hghe aiumals or planta, we see that theirspeLitA cah be-
cletamineduing óinlegical ad tozonenminlconcepi botk
Un many oazanims).Bic in tasef bactxÅ, only fazohomL.
Concepi aDpliable Th/Mfore ue tan Corchde that
tazonenmit conce2pi a speie i mane 2pppmaie to dekm=
Ine he peczeief an tganim.

9 ene ad udesstoad the zfolloroing erm

t'2Phyl
Kml 2haluum_ida_danonant catepohy tiameaby_a gunp af
Telated LlassesLonimalclasses). Fer Pzample
nimal claserslh as ishes,2mphLbiàns,aephlei,2eA
mamnalio Aaeplated In The phyum Chcaclata dLe tu thk
mAlntA_0fA notnehdod dmsal neualszstm.
Cltass losecta ii inluuded in the phylum tathopoda.
CCla4
LhAgreup of cades hamng timzlasltiks2 eealuhonasy
Snelationi, fmi acla ta Llample i
Cdea nmaa anal axniena_ae includeel in the lau
MaMalia
Oodeni Plyaonialeskoales, Kenaie,ete ae includead in the
CLas icotykecdpae

2Eamily i azaupaf atlated 2enéa fonznia jomnly

neneaSalanum petunia, dataa cohitania,a incku.ded i .
the farnily selanaceAL:
'enera i t h e a , Felih ae inclededin the family Fetidae
 .

( Oder
**

nn:Agroups feoilieL haong siimilauhesca phytogenetre-

laLtbn4 dams An Caals for.example
kamilie Solanaceal,Conualvulaceae.ainaiided in..
the ordes Polymprriales-
ark_inchded it
Iamilie eliclat ánd anudlae
rdts lanivaa
( enus
jenus idfenmed by a gr1Yp of Apecies hanq
fundamental simashe: Fa example i-
Zpes Licn_leapad a ihe speciea feamuigIJens
CalLed_Panthe ra
~igy
yenius Eqcuu includes zebrc2and hrAe beauIO
AseÉÁUmea p hauL eLnlLedfma tom0n
anceLn

lo Heo i a key helptil in he 2atenffitahon_and

C.lassihaZion af on arganzim -

Am: keyu ne of th faxononiai alA_uLedfer

iclenificabion Qnad clasificatron ef an crgan1n1
Eachkeyhas a ain of_coninihng_chaxactei
called cauplei which canit D/cdomenti called leau
_u2e haue to choou_onéchorates,eccoxding ko the
nganiim, which coe re ClasuityingThi eL
fuathes leasdus di ther c hastuth Lparamete
and hente finally_Áelp tus f clauiy kLdeniy cu
aganLLn
Separale keys_aze Lse ftr sepaxale novo
categonies:7heC Reya aCg¬n¬aally aralyticat
n nafiae
 ustate The taxDnDminihuesaschy othduuita ble.-
examplPI_efaplanz_oncl_animal

nt zonomiin hiesarchy oith example o4planii.and

animau _illustaatead be.low

Taxallanta) ZaxaLenins)
Taenen latepskes nimalia:
ingcdom Plantae-
Chtertata
sron/phylum KaguhcplMA
Mammalth
CiDs Qicotyledbrne
laniwa
bde olymonzale

family Lenvaluulacene felidae

Conscluuluu Panthera2
Genus
Apeues Lonwlulus ARAU anthera icu

Zhe taaonomital hiexmichy Conizaz of 7_Catezori24Jhe

Thee hphes
Apecies the Amalled xaik ard Ihe kingadom iu
cank Tn cdes in identiz speuesaenus_parfunily, tue
need a feuw Similas chazaattss Aul nhighes caiegenA, 1'e
hrom Oades tn kingadom uwe DeRal a92t2dles_of si2milas.
charalAM alorna o h DiLfe Lhazacters

***

****