Work

- Mechanical work is the amount of ENERGY

transferred by a FORCE
- The work W done by a constant force F
whose point of application moves through a
distance x is defined to be
𝑾 = 𝑭∆𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
Where 𝜽 = angle between F and the x axis
∆𝒙 = the displacement caused by the force
Mechanical Energy - the sum of kinetic and
potential energy in an object that is used to do
work. In other words, it is energy in an object due to
its motion or position, or both.

Mechanical Power
- The Power supplied by a force is the rate at
which the force does work.
𝑊
- 𝑃= 𝑇
- SI unit: Watt W, 1 W = 1 J/s

Kinetic Energy
- Is the energy associated to particles and
systems that are moving
1
- 𝐾𝐸 = 2 𝑚𝑣 2
- Unit = Joules
Potential Energy
Fluid
- work done by a force (such as gravitational
- is a collection of molecules that are randomly
force or spring force) when the relative
arranged and held together by weak
positions of particles are changed within a
physical system. cohesive forces and by forces exerted by the
1 walls of a container
- 𝐸𝑃𝐸 = 2 𝑘𝑥 2 - any substance that does not have definite
- 𝐺𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ shape and exhibits the phenomenon of flow.
- Unit: Joules o Gases - expand to fill their
containers regardless of the
container’s shape
o Liquids - flow under the influence of
gravity until they occupy the lowest
possible regions of their containers
o Ferrofluids - liquid which becomes
strongly polarized in the presence of
magnetic field
Density - Intrinsic property of a substance
- Ratio of a material’s mass to its volume
𝑚
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝜌 =
𝑣
- SI unit kg/m3
 - 1 g/cm3 = 1,000 kg/m3 Pascal’s Principle
ρw at 4 degree Celsius = 1 kg/L = 1000 kg/m3 =1 - “Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is
g/cc transmitted undiminished to every point in the
fluid and to the walls of the container.”
𝐹1 𝐹2
=
𝐴1 𝐴2

- Continuity Equation Describes the flow of a

fluid through a tube with varying cross-
sectional area.
𝐴1 𝑉2 = 𝐴2 𝑉2
- A is the cross-sectional area of the tube, v
is the velocity of the fluid that is flowing
- The quantity Av is called lv (Volume flow
Specific Gravity - The ratio of the density of the rate)
object to that of standard substance is called specific
gravity. It is unit-less!
𝜌𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠
𝑠𝑔 =
𝜌𝑤
Liquid = 𝝆water = 1g/cc
Gas = 𝝆air = 1.29 kg/m3
Floatation Criteria:
- Density
o object’s density is >density of water,
it sinks
o object’s density is<density of water, it
floats Torricelli’s Theorem
- Specific Gravity The speed, v, of a liquid flowing under the force of
o If 0 < sg < 1.00 then it FLOATS gravity out of an opening in a tank is proportional
o If sg > 1.00 then it SINKS jointly to the square root of the vertical distance, h,
Pressure between the liquid surface and the center of the
opening and to the square root of twice the
- Force per unit area is called pressure P acceleration caused by gravity
𝐹
𝑃= 𝑣 = √2𝑔ℎ
𝐴

1 N/m2 = 1 Pa (Pascal)
1 atm = 101, 325 Pa = 14.70 lb/in
- Pressure is dependent on Density and depth
of the fluid.
𝑃 − 𝑃0 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ
𝑃 = 𝑃0 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ
- Increases with depth, decreases with
altitude
Venturi Effect
The reduction in fluid pressure that results when a
fluid flows through a constricted section of pipe

Bernoulli’s Principle
- an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs
simultaneously with a decrease in pressure
or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy