1.

The hydrogen halides (hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide and
hydrogen iodide) are important chemicals.

          The diagram below represents a molecule of hydrogen chloride.

a) What type of particles are represented by the crosses (X)? [1]

b) Apply the understanding of chemical bonding to outline the formation of Hydrogen
Chloride. [1]
Talk about the atoms
Stability
What do they do?-share e-s
How much? 1 e each
Results-single covalent bond
c) State the Electronic configuration of Hydrogen and Chlorine atom.
H-1
Cl-2,8,7 [2]

2. The use of fluoride toothpaste is an important public health measure to both prevent
and reduce the severity of dental caries in all age groups. The efficacy of fluoride as a
caries preventive agent depends largely on its concentration and availability in the oral
fluids to affect the demineralization and remineralization balance. Fluorides are
delivered through toothpaste and oral fluid as a salt named sodium fluoride, NaF.
Sodium fluoride in toothpaste and mouthwash safely and effectively helps to prevent
tooth decay, when formulated correctly and used as directed. It is an inorganic ionic
compound, dissolving in water to give Na+ and F− ions, and has a crystal structure
similar to NaCl.

a) Identify the type of bond present in NaF (Sodium Fluoride). [1]

b) State the formation of ions.[2]
1
c) List out any two uses of Fluoride in the toothpaste.[2]