FOREWORD

This module is primarily written in response to the call for an alternative

delivery mode in teaching Practical Research 2 in times of COVID-19. It also
serves as a supplementary material in case of face-to-face interaction in
teaching quantitative research.

The module is a simplified instructional material that discusses how to

write quantitative research. It includes pretests, comprehensive discussions,
practical activities and posttests. The examples and activities are carefully
designed based on contexts of the strands in senior high school offered at
Padapada National High School.

There are six chapters in this module are coherent to the Learning
Competencies (LC) set at the Curriculum Guide (CG) by the Department of
Education. This module aims to develop students’ critical thinking and problem
-solving skills through quantitative research.

Rubrics are also added in the features offered in this module to help the
teacher rate students’ outputs. Sample excerpts from researches, clippings
and slides are also provided to guide the students to do the tasks in their
journey in conducting a quantitative research.

Finally, the author invites the experts, teachers and students to use this
module to incur constructive comments and suggestions for further
improvement of this humble work.

MRCV

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 Table of Contents
Page
Number
Foreword ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1
Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2
Module 1 – Nature of Inquiry and Research ……………………………………………………………… 4
Quantitative Research ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5
Characteristics of Quantitative Research ………………………………………………………………. 6
Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative Research …………………………………………… 7
Kinds of Quantitative Research …………………………………………………………………………….. 9
Importance of Quantitative Research …………………………………………………………………… 10
Variables ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 14
Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 17
Research Journal …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17
Assessment Tasks …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19
Application ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 21
References ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 22
Module 2 – Identifying and Stating the Problem ……………………………………………………….. 23
Research Topic and Problem …………………………………………………………………………………. 25
Research Title ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 29
Background of the Study ………………………………………………………………………………………. 32
Statement of the Problem …………………………………………………………………………………….. 35
Scope and Limitations of the Study ……………………………………………………………………….. 36
Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 37
Research Journal …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 37
Assessment Tasks …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 39
Application ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 40
References ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 44
Module 3 – Learning from Other Studies and Reviewing the Literature …………………….. 45
Conceptual Framework …………………………………………………………………………………………. 46
Definition of Terms ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 49
Research Hypothesis …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 52
Review of Related Literature …………………………………………………………………………………. 57
APA Format …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 59
Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 62
Research Journal …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 63
Assessment Tasks …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 63
Application ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 65
References ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 69
Module 4 – Understanding Data and Ways to Systematically Collect Data ………………… 71
Quantitative Research Designs ……………………………………………………………………………… 74
Experimental Research Designs …………………………………………………………………………….. 76
Non-Experimental Research Designs …………………………………………………………………….. 80
Samples and Sampling Techniques ……………………………………………………………………….. 82
Probability Sampling ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 85
Non-Probability Sampling ……………………………………………………………………………………… 87
Sample Size Determination …………………………………………………………………………………… 89
Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 92
Research Journal …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 93
Assessment Tasks …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 93

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 Application ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 94
References ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 96
Module 5 – Finding Results through Data Collections ……………………………………………….. 97
Instrumentation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 99
Intervention ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 104
Methods of Gathering Data …………………………………………………………………………………… 105
Presentation of Data …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 109
Statistical Analysis …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 114
Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 117
Research Journal …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 118
Assessment Tasks …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 118
Application ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 119
References ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 123
Module 6 – Reporting and Sharing of Research Output …………………………………………….. 124
Summary of Findings ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 125
Conclusions ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 127
Recommendations ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 129
Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 130
Research Journal …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 131
Assessment Tasks …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 131
Application ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 132
References ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 133

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 Chapter 1

NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH

Gearing-Up

You have learned in your past lessons in Practical Research 1 the general
understanding on how to conduct qualitative research. With those knowledge,
you tried to discover, to improvise, and to interact using the research skills in a
qualitative way. Now, it is the time that you are going to understand how a
quantitative research processes works.

Directions: Describe the word inside the middle circle of the diagram
based from its context by supplying words or phrases on the circles around it.

Quantitative
Research

Starting Point

People are naturally curious and always seek answers to questions or

problems. Research is all about finding solutions or answers to problems. It is
an important tool to solve problems meaningfully and conveniently. It may be
in school, home, business, economy, agriculture and other disciplines.

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 Quantitative Research is defined as objective, systematic empirical
investigation of observable phenomena through the use of computational
techniques. It highlights numerical analysis of data hoping that the numbers
yield unbiased results that can be generalized to some larger population and
explain a particular observation (Faltado et.al.,, 2016).

CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

1. Objective

2. Clearly defined research questions

3. Structured Research Instruments

4. Numerical data

5. Large sample sizes

6. Replication

7. Future outcomes

Fuelling-Up 1.1

Directions: Compare and differentiate Qualitative and Quantitative

Research using the Venn Diagram Below.

Qualitative Quantitative

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 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Quantitative research allows Quantitative research can't be

the data to be analyzed in a easily minsterpreted because it
faster and easy way to incur a uses numerical data which
generalization to its population. makes it objective.

Strengths

Quantitative research are Quantitative research allows to

replicable in different areas comprehend large amount of
and settings over time for vital characteristics of data
comparison of findings. because of the use of statistics.

Quantitative research does not

Quantitative research is costly allow elaborating further
since it requires more samples. information unlike the
qualitative research.

Weaknesses

Data from questionnaires may Quantitative research requires

be inaccurate and incomplete
because of respondents who
just do not answer the
instrument seriously and
correctly
a large number of
respondents. The larger the
number of samples, the more
statistically accurate the
findings are.

Fueling-Up 1.2

Directions: In the following situations presented, explain the different

probable strengths and weaknesses that may take place. Write your answers
on the space provided for.

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 Situation # 1

Alex will be conducting a survey about the readiness of

the students in embracing the online learning through survey
questionnaires. His target population was the students of
Calayaan National High School.

Strengths Weaknesses

Situation # 2

Celine found a study in the internet about the effects of

chromatic lights to the growth of mushrooms. She wants to
repeat the study using eggplants as samples and using
different colors for experimentation.

Strengths Weaknesses

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 KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

The researcher’s goal and objectives are the basis for what kind of
quantitative research must utilize. There are various kinds of quantitative
research and some that a researcher may employ are the following:

• This is concerned in describing the

characteristics (e.g. status, profile, or
occurences) of the population or
phenomenon.
Descriptive Research •There are no experimental variables that are
manipulated.
•Example: You may want to know the number
of hours that the toddlers spend in watching
television.

•This explores the relationship or association

between or among variables.
•There are no attempt to control or
Correlational Research manipulate the variables.
•Example: You may want to know if sex, socio-
economic status, english proficiency relates to
the academic performance in Mathematics.

•This aims to assess the effects, impacts or

outcomes of practices, policies or programs.
Evaluation Research •Example: You may want to know the effects
of the Robotics Program integrated in the
class of Science, Technology and Engineering
(STE) curriculum.

•This is used in gathering information from the

respondents that represents a population of
a study.
•It may be done through face-to-face
interview, phone interview, mailed survey or
online survey.
Survey Research
•Some survey research are longitudinal which
means, the researcher collects information
on the same subjects or participants over a
period of time.
•Example: You may want to know the opinion
of the parents towards distance learning.

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 • This is also known as ex post facto (after
the fact) research.
•This research may observe whether two or
Causal-Comparative more groups differ on some variables to
Research determine the reasons for their difference.
•Example: You may be interested in identifying
whether the different strands influences the
study habits of the senior high school students.

•Of all the research designs, this is the

research that can establish cause-and-effect
between the dependent and independent
variable(s) under the conditions controlled
by the researcher.
•Through experimentation, variables are
manipulated and the effects are observed,
Experimental Research recorded and analyzed to make conclusions
and generalizations.
•The experimental variables are the variables
being manipulated.
•Example: You may want to test if listening to
music while baking products in the subject
Bread and Pastry is effective in producing
quality outputs.

Quantitative research is greatly interested on how often an activity takes

place, the relationship of variables, and the causes of success or failure of an
activity. In accomplishing quantitative research, one must focus the attention
to the randomness of the samples, presence of numerical data, and use of
statistical analysis.

IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

People do research to improve the way of life. They often do research

to find solutions, even tentative ones to problems in order to improve ways of
doing things. Quantitative research is used to gain statistically valid results from
numerical-driven data with the use of instruments. In fact, research provides
many benefits especially in educational system and to various fields like in:

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❖ Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM)

Through research, businesses could be able to improve their products

and services. With proper monitoring and research-based analysis, the
problems encountered in businesses can be given imperative solutions. Results
from research can also help identify factors affecting business decision
making. Business owners and operators need to be able to evaluate research
results and use these information to make appropriate decisions. However, a
business may look like, it may be small or large, it is the job of its owner to
maximize its capacity to cater what products and services are needed to
meet customer satisfaction.

The role of research in ABM is to help the students understand basic

quantitative techniques to be used in analyzing business trends and statistics.
This will also enable them to look at the value of research and statistics to make
sound business decisions, secure information needed to survive and prosper in
competitive world of market, and obtain in-depth managerial and business
skills.

❖ Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS)

In social sciences, research helps in providing solutions to social and
behavioral problems encountered by people in its society. Research helps in
making sound rules and laws which are accepted by the community for the
benefit of the government and its countrymen. Research examines the past
and makes a practical connection to predict the future. All societal problems
could have been drawn from the attributes shown from a societal behavior.
And so with this, social science researchers can modify the trend into the right
lines so that social good will be achieved.
To HUMSS students, a good foundation of skills and knowledge for
quantitative social researching can help in contributing societal development.
This will help them develop their sense of creativity and innovational skills to
develop scientific temper and up-gradation of the society. In this, new theories

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can be formulated to improve leadership, attitude, academic behavior,
motivation and way of living.
❖ Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)

Research is important in science, technology engineering and

mathematics because of the many problems that world face. Science and
mathematics are great allies in trying to solve these problems which require
scientific approach of investigation. From science, we can know everything
and we can do everything to find out what we want to know. According to
Blaise (2017), research is important because it allows us to understand the
concealed truth of nature and opens doors for creative thoughts.

Since STEM students are future scientists, chemists, doctors, medical

practitioners, engineers, architects and others, quantitative research allows
them to explore brilliant solutions to problems that require scientific methods.
Many inventions and discoveries improve life and change our way of life into
something interesting. For example, experimental researching could lead to
the development of vaccine or drugs to end Corona Virus Disease – 19
(COVID-19). With research, its effectiveness could be tested under clinical
evaluation. Through research, our engineers and architects could also
contribute by providing designs that are aesthetically beautiful and
constructively convenient, affordable and resilient which can adapt to the
trying time of the nature.

Research is not just for students in academic track, it is for everyone. Even
the so-called “skilled students” require knowledge and understanding in
researching to fully develop one’s way of living. Quantitative research is also
beneficial for the following TVL strands:

❖ Technical-Vocational and Livelihood – Electrical Installation and

Maintenance (TVL – EIM)

To study electrical installation and maintenance course is not just about

being able to understand how electricity is essential to humanity. This strand

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prepares the students with entry level knowledge and manipulative skills for
employment in the electrical industry. It includes courses that cover both
theories and laboratory activities to effectively develop the skills of the students
essential to the electrical trade.

EIM students begin with the fundamentals of electricity towards the

broader and complex concepts. Eventually, with the help of quantitative
research, they will be able to formulate solutions to problems that may occur
in installing and maintaining electrical supply. Quantitative research will open
doors to help EIM students to systematically bridge the gap in problems in the
availability and utilization of electrical materials and facilities which can help
to facilitate and create a meaningful decision for electrical crafts. Hiring a
qualified or certified electrician is crucial in proper installation and
maintenance. Thus, one becomes remarkable if he can be able to make
solutions to problems in an inquiry-based and systematic approach. Example
of this, a faulty wiring that is not immediately given attention can result into a
greater danger such as fire and electrocution, and EIM students should be
trained for immediate and responsive solutions to such cases.

❖ Technical-Vocational and Livelihood – Home Economics (TVL – HE)

Problems may occur everyday and anywhere. It may be at home, at

school canteen, in restaurants, hotels and other places. Research has the
potential to strengthen the position of the discipline in society by making our
culture at home, health and life balance. The foods we eat are inevitably our
source of energy and vitality to work efficiently. If proper nutrition and
sustenance would be deserted, one must not be able to withstand a well-
being.

Without research, food services would probably not improve. The foods
are essential to humanity, and it would be best for everyone to carefully
analyze whether the food is appropriate and does not contain any harmful
substance or organisms before being eaten. Without research, manufacturers
will not be able to produce quality clothing efficiently. Through research, the

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family which is the basic unit of the society will be able to help to develop the
society’s personality, culture and view of life. With research, Home Economics
students will come prepared to meet the demands of the world.

❖ Technical-Vocational and Livelihood – Information and Communications

Technology (TVL – ICT)
Researching in the technological world is assessing how the
advancements in life greatly affect the societal and individual procedures.
Technology improves the way of living but further studies need to show
whether the existence of these modernized tools really help in work
efficiencies. ICT tools also have weaknesses. The role of the ICT students is to
examine how these weaknesses can be transformed into functional matters
through research-based evaluation. Through research, we learn to understand
better how to use and manipulate technology. With this, the way of
communication and information dissemination has greatly improved. Through
research, ICT experts learn more how to build project management and to
think logically to solve problems. Databases are developed because of a
problem-based inquiry and data-driven analyses. For example, there would
probably no computers to be used for learning, microchips to save large files,
social media to help us connect to people from afar and the like.
VARIABLES
Variable is a characteristic or attribute of a given population or sample
in a study that differentiates a particular participant or member from the rest.
It is the central concept in a research. It is measurable that values or answers
may vary.
Examples of variables are as follows:

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TYPES OF VARIABLES
In this section, it is important to learn about the different types of
variables. Variables can be classified according to functional relationship,
continuity of values and on scale of measurement.
1.1. According to Functional Relationship
A variable can be classified as dependent and independent
variable. Suppose that X and Y are variables. Let us say that X is the dependent
and Y is the independent if the Y variable affects or explains the phenomenon
of the variable X. The independent variable is referred to as the predictor or
causal variable. It is the one responsible for the conditions that can act on
something. The dependent variable is the one being affected by the predictor
variable. It is the result or effects of the changes brought about by the
independent variable.
For example, using academic achievement and study habits as
the variables for a study, it is noticeable that the academic achievement is the
dependent variable and the study habits are the independent variable. It is in
the reason that, students can be expected to have high academic
achievement if they have good study habits.
1.2. According to Continuity of Values
The two classifications of variables according to continuity of
values are continuous and discrete variables.

Continuous Variable Discrete Variable

A variable is said to be
A variable is said to be discrete if it takes values as
continuous if it takes values as whole numbers only or of
whole numbers, fractins and values of equal-sized
decimals. intervals. The data that are
categorical are als discrete
variables.
It is measured through
measuring tools or devices. It is oftenly measured
through counting when
numerical in nature.

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 Continuous Variable Discrete Variable

Examples: Examples:

height number of students in class

weigth sex
age blood type

1.3. According to Scale of Measurement

There are four scales or levels of measurement namely: nominal,
ordinal, interval and ratio.

• It is a variable that has no quantitative value.

1. Nominal • This is the lowest level of measurement.

• In this measurement, the data are presented or

2. Ordinal arranged in some specific order or rank.
• In this level, we can identify that one is better or greater
than the other.

• It is a variable where the difference between two values

3. Interval does have meaning.
• In here, we can specify the definite amount f difference.

• It is the highest level of measurement.

4. Ratio • It possesses the propertie of interval variable and has a
clear definition of zero, indication that there is none f
that variable.

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Examples:

Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

• gender • tshirt size • temperature • height
• nationality • class ranking • range of • weigth
• civil status • socio- scores • distance
• blood type economic • speed
• cellphone status • acceleration
number

Summary

This module accentuates the importance of research in daily life

specifically in the different fields where the students will work for after college.
Also, the lesson provided an understanding of the different types of
quantitative research so that the researchers will be able to utilize the
appropriate one for their study. Moreover, the lesson developed the students
an analytical and critical analysis of the variables they can use in their study.
Variables may be classified according to functional relationship, continuity of
values, and level of measurements.

Research Journal

Directions: Complete the following statements:

1. Research is important to students because

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

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2. Research is important to health workers because
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Research is important to politicians because
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. Research is important to teachers because
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. Research is important to farmers because
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. Research is important to software developers because
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

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 Assessment Tasks

A. Write TRUE on the space provided for if the statement is correct.

Otherwise, write FALSE.
__________ 1. Research is a natural day-to-day activity of gathering
information.
__________ 2. One of the advantages of conducting a quantitative
research is its provision for objectivity finding for answers.
__________ 3. In establishing relationships between two or more variables,
a researcher must employ evaluation research.
__________ 4. Causal-comparative research is also known as ex post
facto.
__________ 5. Research is not important in education because all theories
in teaching were valid to be true and applicable.
__________ 6. Questionnaires used in quantitative research may yield
incomplete and inaccurate data if not answered seriously and correctly
by the respondents.
__________ 7. A variable may not vary in a study.
__________ 8. All nominal data are considered discrete data.
__________ 9. Quantitative research requires mostly of small number of
respondents.
__________ 10. The use of statistical tools and analyses are not used in
quantitative research.

B. Consider the variables below.

Telephone number Favorite color Present Age

Gender Brand of bags Grade Level
Home address Weight in kilograms SHS Strand
T-shirt size Birth year Annual Tax
Waist line Baking temperature Tuition Fee
Test scores Learners Reference Number Nickname
Emotional Status Socio-economic Status Height

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1. Classify the variables according to the nature of data: qualitative or
quantitative. Write your answers in the corresponding box.

Qualitative Quantitative

2. Classify the variables according to continuity of values.

Discrete Continuous

3. Classify the variables according to the levels of measurement.

Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

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 C. Identify the dependent and independent variable in each study
presented
1. Interlinking the Intrinsic Motivation of the Grade 7 Students to the
Instructional Materials Used by the Teacher in Science

Independent:

Dependent:

2. The Effectiveness of Self-Learning Kit in Enriching the Academic

Interaction of the TVL Students in Practical Research 1.

Independent:

Dependent:

3. The Impact of Social and Mass Media to the Preference of the

Customers in Buying Android Phones

Independent:

Dependent:

Application

Directions: Search and read for a published research either online or in

libraries. Then, try answering the following questions based from the study:
1. What is the title of the research?
2. From what source did you get the research? (include the link if online)
3. What is the type of research employed in the study?
4. What are the variables used in the study? List them all and identify
their kinds.

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 References

Baraceros, Esther L. (2016). Practical Research 2. Rex Book Store, Inc. pp. 1 - 34

Faltado, Ruben III E., et.al. (2016). Practical Research 2: Quantitative Research. Lorimar Publishing
Inc. pp. 1 - 12

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