(NOTES) (CELLS AT WORK) formulate appropriate attack strategies based on
what kind of enemy they are dealing with.
 Inside the human body, there are roughly 37.2
trillion cells.
 RED BLOOD CELL/S – It is red in color due to
the large amounts of haemoglobin. It carries
oxygen and carbon dioxide using blood
circulation. The red blood cell’s job is to carry
CO2 to the lungs. They transport nutrients.
 WHITE BLOOD CELL/S (Neutrophil/s) – The
main task is to eliminate foreign substances from
outside, such as bacteria and viruses. Neutrophils
comprise over half of the White Blood Cells in
the blood. WBC are transmigrating cells – they
can slip through blood vessel walls to reach
enemies. They can bind to vascular endothelial
cells thanks to L-selection, an adhesive molecule.
 PNEUMOCOCCUS – (PNEUMOCOCCI) are
pathogenic bacteria of the respiratory system that
trigger pneumonia, and other diseases.
Pneumonia’s not the only disease that is caused
by the Pneumococci – there is also called
“pneumococcal bacteremia”. The Pneumococci
attack each organ through the blood vessels,
seizing control of the meninges enveloping the
brain, and destroying the body. They are fast and
invades an entire body in a mere 24 hours.
Pneumococci are alpha-hemolytic cells that crave
nutrients.
 PLATELETS - A type of blood component.
They aggregate when the blood vessels are
damaged, and cover the wounds.
 HELPER T CELLS – When notified of invading
external enemies, they serve as commanders who
 KILLER T CELLS (Cytotoxic T Cells) –
(LYMPHOCYTES) Mobilize under orders from
the Helper T Cells. They kills virus-infected cells,
cancer cells and the like.
 ABRASION (Graze) – A wound formed when
the skin is scraped. Refers to wounds that are no
deeper than the epidermis.
 STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS – An antigen
residing in the skin and pores. It’s highly toxic,
and if it invades the body through an abrasion, it
can cause skin infections, food poisoning,
pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis, and the like.
 VASOCONSTRICTION – When a blood vessel
is injured, it attempts to slow down the bleeding
by constricting.
 STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES – Resides in
the throat, digestive organs, skin and the like.
Though it is quite a common persistent bacteria, it
can often lead to a variety of ailments.
 PSEUDOMONAS – One of the most common
types of persistent bacteria existing in natural
environments. Can cause pseudomonas infections.
Can divide and proliferate like crazy even without
nutrients. Once it enters a live body, it destroys
blood cells and the cell system with a vengeance.
 VENOUS VALVE – Prevents blood from
backing up. It keeps the blood flowing one-way
through the vessels.
 L-SELECTIN - A type of glycoprotein involved
in binding white blood cells and vascular
endothelial cells.
 GP1b – When there is damage to the blood
vessel, platelets bind through the von Willebrand
Factor, and adhere to the vascular endothelial cell.
 COAGULATION FACTOR – A substance
necessary to coagulate the blood.
 FIBRIN – A protein involved in clotting the
blood.
 BLOOD CLOTTING – Platelets, activated by a
binding protein called the “von Willebrand
Factor”, aggregate to close a wound. Afterwards,
proteins in the blood called “coagulation factors”
are activated, ultimately forming a fibrin mesh
over the entire platelet plug, and clotting.
 NAIVE T CELLS – An immature T cell which
has never encountered an antigen.
 MIGRATION – to move freely through the
system.
 INFLUENZA VIRUS – A virus that can trigger
influenza, an infectious disease. Falls into three
main categories, A, B, and C. Causes symptoms
such as fevers over 100 degrees, headaches, joint
pain, and muscle cramping. When an influenza
strain that never infected humans mutates to the
point that it does infect them, it is called a “new
influenza strain”.
 INFLUENZA VIRUS PROLIFERATION –
The influenza virus is said to proliferate to 100
after 8 hours inside the body, and to one million
after one day.
 TYPE A INFLUENZA – type A features
numerous internal mutations, and is prone to
triggering epidemics on a global scale.
 MACROPHAGE – A type of White Blood Cell.
Captures and kills foreign substances such as
bacteria, and finds antigens and immunity
 information. Also acts as a cleaner, tidying up
dead cells and bacteria. (Macrophage’s deadly
force: significantly potent). Inside the bone
marrow, Erythroblasts cluster around the
Macrophages, which play a crucial role in their
differentiation and maturation.
 MEMORY T CELL – Part of the Killer T Cells.
Equipped to attack again when an enemy
reappears for the second time.
 DENDRITIC CELL/S – Their role is to present
bacteria that have invaded the body, and
fragments of viral infection cells as antigens, and
to notify other immune system cells. As their
name implies, they feature protrusions. (Dendritic
cell’s ability: can activate Naïve T Cells)
 T CELL CATEGORIZATION – Upon
recognizing an antigen, Naive T Cells activate
and turn into Effector T Cells.
 EFFECTOR T CELL – A Naïve T Cell being
activated.
 B CELL (Antibody-producing cell) – A type of
Lymphocyte that fights antigens such as bacteria
and viruses by producing weapons called
“antibodies”.
 FEVER – Suppresses the proliferation of
invasive bacteria by raising the body temperature.
Also accelerates the immune system.
 CHILLS – Constrict the veins at the body’s
surface in order to prevent body heat from
escaping. When the surface temperature of the
extremities decreases, one experiences the chills.
 SNEEZES, COUGHS – A reflexive reaction
caused when the body attempts to expel foreign
bodies such as viruses.
 DECREASED APPETITE – A reaction to heal
disease, utilizing the energy normally used for
digesting.
 SWEAT – Expels toxins and adjusts body
temperature.
 STOMACH – Stores food that is been swallowed
sterilizing it with the gastric acid that it secretes
from its walls. In addition, it turns the food into
mush thanks to pepsin, a digestive enzyme,
carrying out the first step of digestion.
 RECEPTOR – A radar-like device that can
detect bacteria and the like.
 EOSINOPHIL – A type of White Blood Cell. It
is said to comprise only a small percent of all
WBC. Multiplies during allergic reactions or
parasitic infections. Though weak, Eosinophils
are capable of phagocytosis, just like other White
Blood Cells. (Eosinophil’s job: when parasites
invade the body, Eosinophil protects against
parasitic infections by helping to kill them).
 MAST CELL (Fat Cell) – Releases chemical
mediators such as histamines and leukotrienes in
reaction to the production of excessive
immunoglobulin. Despite being known as “Fat
Cells,” they have nothing to do with fat.
 HISTAMINE – A chemical substance released
by Mast Cells upon recognizing foreign
substances or injury.
 BASOPHIL – A type of White Blood Cell. It is
said to comprise less than 1% of all White Blood
Cells. When a Basophil encounters a specific
pathogen, it releases histamines and the like,
thereby triggering an allergic reaction. It creates a
substance that will draw Neutrophils and
Eosinophils to the affected area. Though
Basophils are thought to have immunity-related
functions, as well, this has yet to be sufficiently
determined.
 ENTERITIS VIBRIO – A bacteria that normally
resides in sea water. Consuming seafood
contaminated by this bacteria can lead to
contagious enteritis vibrio food poisoning,
accompanied by severe stomach pain and the like.
 PHAGOCYTIC EFFECTS – When phagocytes
such as Neutrophils absorb bacteria and other
foreign substances, and break them down.
 ANISAKIS – A parasite found in marine animals.
Also accelerated the immune system. When
humans consume anisakis-infested seafood raw,
in rare cases, they can invade the stomach and the
lining of the intestines, causing food poisoning
accompanied by severe stomach pain and
vomiting (anisakiasis).
 NAUSEA/EMESIS – A reaction triggered by
certain stimuli to the vomiting center located in
the medulla oblongata. The stomach’s exit is
closed, whereas the entrance is relaxed, causing
the stomach to regurgitate its contents. The
diaphragm and abdominal muscles contract,
compressing the stomach and the stomach
contents are ejected.
 CEDAR POLLEN – Cedars send their pollen out
on the wind, scattering them over a distance. Peak
time is February to March.
 CEDAR POLLEN ALLERGEN – Allergies
occur when the immune system overreacts to a
certain substance.
 PHAGOCYTIC EFFECTS – When phagocytes
such as Monocells, Macrophages, and Neutrophils
 absorb bacteria and other foreign substances, and
break them down. Also known as “Phagocytosis.”
 MEMORY CELL – A Lymphocyte that retains
memories of pathogens. They are prepared for a
second invasion by the same antigen or virus.
 IgE ANTIBODY – An antibody produced by B
Cells to fight allergens, as ordered by the Helper
T Cells.
 ENUCLEATION – When an Erythroblast
releases its core and becomes a Red Blood Cell.
 PRECURSOR CELLS – Cells before they’re
differentiated from Stem Cells into certain other
cells.
 HEMOPOIETIC STEM CELLS – Cells that
produce blood cells such as Red Blood Cells,
White Blood Cells, Platelets, etc.
 ERYTHROBLASTS – Cells that are still being
differentiated before they become Red Blood
Cells. They exist inside the bone marrow. Until
they mature and undergo enucleation,
Erythroblasts reside in the bone marrow.