Solutions to Problems in Goldstein, Classical Mechanics, Second Edition Homer Reid August 22, 2000 Chapter 1 Problem 1.1 A nucleus, originally at rest, decays radioactively by emitting an electron of mo- ‘mentum 1.73 MeV/c, and at right angles to the direction of the electron a neutrino ‘with momentum 1.00 MeV/c. (‘The MeV (million electron volt) is a unit of energy, ‘used in modern physics, equal to 1.60 x 10-® erg. Correspondingly, MeV/c is & ‘unit of linear momentum equal to 5.34 x 10! gm-cm/sec.) In what direetion does the nucleus recoil? What is its momentum in MeV/c? If the mass of the residual nucleus is 3.90 x 10-? gam, what is its kinetic energy, in electron volts? Place the nucleus at the origin, and suppose the electron is emitted in the positive y direction, and the neutrino in the positive « direction. Then the resultant of the electron and neutrino momenta has magnitude VOIP +I =2 MeV/c, and its direction makes an angle Pet 1B _ gos tant SP = 60 with the x axis. ‘The nucleus must acquire a momentum of equal magnitude and directed in the opposite direction. The kinetic energy of the nucleus is pe AMeV? ec? 1.78-10-"7 gm P= om = 239-107 gm 1 MeVe? This is much smaller than the nucleus rest energy of several hundred GeV, so the non-relativistic approximation is justified. =9.levHomer Reid’s Solutions to Goldstein Problems: Chapter 1 2 Problem 1.2 ‘The escape velocity of a particle on the earth is the minimum velocity required at the surface of the earth in order that the particle can escape from the earth’s ‘sravitational field. Neglecting the resistance of the atmosphere, the system is con- servative. From the conservation theorem for potential plus kinetic energy show that the escape velocity for the earth, ignoring the presence of the moon, is 6.95 smi /see. If the particle starts at the earth’s surface with the escape velocity, it will just manage to break free of the earth’s field and have nothing left. Thus after it has escaped the earth’s field it will have no kinetic energy left, and also no potential energy since it’s out of the earth’s field, so its total energy will be zero. Since the particle’s total energy must be constant, it must also have zero total energy at the surface of the earth. This means that the kinetic energy it has at the surface of the earth must exactly cancel the gravitational potential energy it has there: 12 yn g|(2EMRY — (2(6.67-10" m kg 5-2) - (6.98. 10% kg) Rn 638-10 m 1m = 12 km/s 6.95 mi/s.Homer Reid’s Solutions to Goldstein Problems: Chapter 1 3 Problem 1.3 Rockets are propelled by the momentum reaction of the exhaust gases expelled from the tail. Since these gases arise from the reaction of the fuels carried in the rocket ‘the mass of the rocket is not constant, but decreases as the fuel is expended. Show that the equation of motion for a rocket projected vertically upward in a uniform ‘gravitational field, neglecting atmospheric resistance, is, dy _ pdm "a a ™ where m is the mass of the rocket and ois the velocity of the eseaping gases relative to the rocket. Integrate this equation to obtain v as a funetion of m, assuming a constant time rate of loss of mass. Show, for a rocket starting initially from rest, with o equal to 6800 ft/sec and a mass loss per second equal to 1/60th of the intial ‘mass, that in order to reach the escape velocity the ratio of the weight of the fuel to the weight of the empty rocket must be almost. 300! Suppose that, at time ¢, the rocket has mass m(t) and velocity v(t). The total external force on the rocket is then F = gm(t), with g = 32.1 ft/s?, pointed downwards, so that the total change in momentum between ¢ and ¢ + dt is Fat = —gm(t)dt. @) At time t, the rocket. has momentum Pit) = m(t}u(t). @) On the other hand, during the time interval dt the rocket releases a mass Am of gas at a velocity v' with respect to the rocket. In so doing, the rocket's velocity increases by an amount dv. The total momentum at time ¢ + dt is the sum of the momenta of the rocket and gas: Dit + dl) = pp + py = [mm(t) ~ Am|fu(t) + do] + Amfv(t) +e] (3) Subtracting (2) from (3) and equating the difference wi first order in differential quantities) (1), we have (to —gm(t)dt = m(t)dv + v'Am no) a9" mi) atHomer Reid’s Solutions to Goldstein Problems: Chapter 1 4 which we may write as (a) ‘This is a differential equation for the function v(t) giving the velocity of the rocket as a function of time. We would now like to recast this as a differential equation for the function v(m) giving the rocket’s velocity as a function of its mags. To do this, we first. observe that since the rocket is releasing the mass Am every dt seconds, the time derivative of the rocket’s mass is dm __Am We then have dy cc Substituting into (4), we obtain a= Ban vot Integrating, with the condition that v(mo) fom ven(2) Now, ¥=(1/60)mo For mo >> m we can neglect the frst term inthe parentheses of the first term, ving v(m) = 1930 ft/s - (z = ) + 6800 ft/s -In sm) = ~190 f+ 0800 /s-tn (2) ‘The escape velocity is v = 6.95 mi/s = 36.7 - 10° ft/s. Plugging this into the equation above and working backwards, we find that escape velocity is achieved when mo/m=28 ‘Thanks to Brian Hart for pointing out an inconsistency in my original choice of notation for this problem.Homer Reid’s Solutions to Goldstein Problems: Chapter 1 5 Problem 1.4 Show that for a single particle with constant mass the equation of motion implies the following differential equation for the kinetic energy: aad ‘while if the mass varies with time the corresponding equation is dn) TEP We have F=p 6) If m is constant, 6) On the other hand, if m not constant, instead of v we dot p into (5) F-p=p-pHomer Reid’s Solutions to Goldstein Problems: Chapter 1 6 Problem 1.5 Prove that the magnitude R of the position vector for the center of mass from an arbitrary origin is given by the equation We have 50 alpetegme| w and similarly Baap [x mit mm a 1 PEE Zann ee iP [= mini + yn cr -a| @ On the other hand, Adding, er} ny and, in particular, r3, = 0, s0 Lomanyehy = Domamseh + mamye} —2mamylr-r)] a a = 2 mamyr? — 2 mamy(rs-r3) ®) w wo Next, mt) Lobe + Domo? 0) wHomer Reid’s Solutions to Goldstein Problems: Chapter 1 7 4 " om (ew) ‘gure 1: My conception of the situation of Problem 1.8 Subtracting haf of (8) from (9), we have a_l 4, 2 2,2 MS mart — FS simon, = Tomi? + Domamyter-ny) 7 a and comparing this with (7) we see that we are done. Problem 1.8 ‘Two wheels of radius a are mounted on the ends of a common axle of length b such ‘that the wheels rotate independently. The whole combination rolls without slipping, ‘on a plane. Show that there are two nonholonomic equations of constraint, cos de + sin 8 dy = 0 sin Ode — cos dy = a(dé + d¢') (where 8, ¢, and ¢' have meanings similar to the problem of a single vertical disc, and (2, y) are the coordinates ofa point on the axle midway between the two wheels) ‘and one holonomic equation of constraint, 6-¢) @=C-Fo-8') where C is a constant. My conception of the situation is illustrated in Figure 1. @ is the angle between the # axis and the axis of the two wheels. and ¢ are the rotation angles of the two wheels, and r and r! are the locations of their centers. The center of the wheel axis is the point just between r and ¥ (@,y) = 5lte + resty +7).Homer Reid’s Solutions to Goldstein Problems: Chapter 1 8 I the @ wheel rotates through an angle dé, the vector displacement of its center will have magnitude adg and direction determined by 8. For example, if @ = 0 then the wheel axis is parallel to the 2 axis, in which case rolling the ¢ wheel clockwise will cause it to move in the negative y direction. In general, referring to the Figure, we have adefoin #4 — cos 83) (ao) dr’ = adg'[sin@i — cos) (ay) Adding these componentwise we have! dr= slot dd!|sind dy Glo + 46! cos Multiplying these by sind or — cos and adding or subtracting, we obtain, sin dx — cos@dy = alde + d9'] cos 0 dz + sin Ody = 0. Next, consider the vector riz = rr" connecting the centers of the two wheels. ‘The definition of @ is such that its tangent must just be the ratio of the y and components of this vector: wa tand = 5002 040 = = 8 dove + Fda Subtracting (11) from (10), see? 049 ala — a ( snd J ox) ne Again substituting for yi2/i2 in the first term in parentheses, sec? #0 = —a[d@ — d¢')—* (tanO sind + cos) ze do = add ~ df} (sin? cond + cs?) ald - dé) cost (2) "Thanks to Javier Garcia for pointing out a factorof-two error in the original version of ‘hese equations.Homer Reid’s Solutions to Goldstein Problems: Chapter 1 9 However, considering the definition of 8, we clearly have a2 aa Gh tay? because the magnitude of the distance between r1 and rs is constrained to be b by the rigid axis. Then (12) becomes do = 5 [de — do] with immediate solution o= ayy - Fl6- 01) with C a constant of integration. Problem 1.9 A particle moves in the « — y plane under the constraint that its velocity vector is, always directed towards a point on the axis whose abscissa is some given function of time f(t). Show that for f(t) differentiable, but otherwise arbitrary, the constraint is nonholonomic. ‘The particle's position is (e(¢),y(t)), while the position of the moving point is (f(t),0)- Then the vector d from the particle to the point has components d, =2(t)— f(t) dy = y(t). (a3) ‘The particle's velocity v has components dey ee ae ue dt aa) and for the vectors in (19) and (28 to be in the same direction, we require wt Uz de dy/dt dy _ vl) defat ~ de ~ FO - FO dy_ ae 7 EO (a5) For example, if f(t) = at, then we may integrate to find Iny(t) = Infa(t) - a] + w= C- [a(t at) which is a holonomic constraint. But for general f(t) the right side of (15) is hot integrable, so the constraint is nonholonomic.Homer Reid’s Solutions to Goldstein Problems: Chapter 1 10 (ee fo je. Ye) Figure 2: My conception of the situation of Problem 1.10 Problem 1.10 ‘Two points of mass m are joined by a rigid weightless rod of length 1, the center of which is constrained to move on a circle of radius a. Set up the kinetic energy in generalized coordinates. My conception of this one is shown in Figure 2. @ is the angle representing how far around the circle the center of the rod has moved. ¢ is the angle the rod makes with the x axis. ‘The position of the center of the rod is (z,y) = (acos@,asind). The positions of the masies relative to the center of the rod are (tretsdret) = +(1/2)(1cos,1sin 4). Then the absotute positions of the masses are 0) = (00030 + f cosg,asine + 4 sing) and their velocities are (e:0)) = (-asin9d% § sing g,acos06 + } e089) ‘The magnitudes of these are [ol = + E98 4 ald Glsin din + co80e089) =F + ‘ £alb §cos(@ ~ 4) When we add the kinetic energies of the two masses, the third term cancels, and we have 1S mt mites 2Homer Reid's Solutions to Goldstein Problems: Chapter 1 u Problem 1.11 Show that Lagrange’s equations in the form of Eq. 1-53 can also be written as or ar 24; 78g; Qs. ‘These are sometimes known as the Nielsen form of the Lagrange equations. Problem 1.12 A point particle moves in space under the influence of a force derivable from a generalized potential of the form U(e,v) =V(r) +a-L where r is the radius veetor from a fixed point, L is the angular momentum about, that point, and o is a fixed veetor in space. (a) Find the components of the force on the particle in both Cartesian and spherical polar coordinates, on the basis of Eq. (1-58). (b) Show that the components in the two coordinate systems are related to each other as in Bg. (1-49). (©) Obtain the equations of motion in spherical polar coordinates. Problem 1.13 A particle moves in a plane under the influence of a force, acting toward a center of force, whose magnitude is 2k za) where r is the distance of the particle to the center of force. Find the generalized potential that will result in such a force, and from that the Lagrangian for the ‘motion in a plane. (‘The expression for F represents the force between two charges in Weber's electrodynamics). Ie we takeHomer Reid’s Solutions to Goldstein Problems: Chapter 1 2 then and 50 ‘The Lagrangian for motion in a plane is, b= t—v = tne s bts 3 (+ peer) 2 Problem 1.14 If L is a Lagrangian for a system of n degrees of freedom satisfying Lagrange’s equations, show by direct substitution that AF (G1, ++ 5 dust) DaL+ 3 also satisfies Lagrange’s equations, where F is any arbitrary, but differentiable, function of its arguments. We have Ol! _ OL | 8 dF eu ouem eae 6 Bas ~ Bq, * Bq, dt © ond on ok, Oak an Dis Oj * Diy at For the function F we may write ar aa Logit or and from this we may read off OdF _ oF (OG dt OG ‘Then taking the time derivative of (17) gives dou _ dab dt OG, dh BGHomer Reid’s Solutions to Goldstein Problems: Chapter 1 13 so we have ov _ ddl _ ob dob, Oar dor Og, dt AG; Dg dt AG," Ogi dt dt gi” ‘The fist two terms on the RHS cance! because Z satisfies the Euler-Lagrange equations, while the second two terms cancel because F is differentiable. Hence L satisfies the Euler-Lagrange equations. Problem 1.16 A Lagrangian for a particular physical system can be written as = Maa? + 2hig + of?) ~ Kaa? + 2bay + oy), where a,b, and ¢ are arbitrary constants but subject to the condition that 6° — ac # 0. What are the equations of motion? Examine particularly the two cases a = 0 = ¢ and b= 0,¢ = —a. What is the physical system described by the above Lagrangian’? Show that the usual Lagrangian for this system as defined by Eq. (1-56) is related to L! by a point transformation (cf. Exercise 15 above). What is the significance of the condition on the value of ? ~ ac? Clearly we have OL = tae = mat +b so the Euler Lagrange equation fori ob _ dL Ox dt Ox Similarly, for y we obtain m(by + ci) ‘Those are the equations of motion for a parti of mass m undergoing simple farmonie motion in two elimersons, a6 bound by two sing of spring com, stant K. Normally we would express the Lagrangian in unravelled form, by transforming to new coordinates us and wz with m(az + bi) —K (az + by). —K(be + ey). uy sartby w= brtey. The condition 6? ~ ac # 0 is the condition that the coordinate transformation not be degenerate, ic. that there are actually two distinet dimensions in which the particle experiences a restoring force. If 6? = ac then we have just a one- dimensional problem.Homer Reid’s Solutions to Goldstein Problems: Chapter 1 u Problem 1.17 Obtain the Lagrangian equations of motion for a spherical pendulum, ie. a mass point suspended by a rigid weightless rod. Denoting the mass of the particle by m, the length of the rod by L, and the angle between the rod and the vertical by 8, we have the particle's linear velocity given in magnitude by v = Ld, while its height ish = —Lcos@ (where the fulcrum of the pendulum is taken as the origin of coordinates). Then L=T-V= pout +mgLcos8 so the equation of mation is ob _ day ay en age asnO = Td. Problem 1.18 A particle of mass m moves in one dimension such that it has the Lagrangian rr L + meV (2) -V7(2), ‘where V is some differentiable function of 2. Find the equation of motion for 2(0) and describe the physical nature of the system on the basis of this equation. We have Ob On ~™ OL _ mt SE pt imiv(e) HOE _ 932(6)%8 + 2m¥V(2) + 2me4LV Oo GSE = mi (a)?5 + 2mBV (a) + 2mETV (2) at In the last equation we can use vy aa gl @=*e ‘Then the Euler-Lagrange equation is a aL _oL 2a) 2® avy aoa! 7 me (6)°E + 2mEV (@) + ma? T+ (a)Homer Reid’s Solutions to Goldstein Problems: Chapter 1 45 “ w (me + £) (ma? + 2V(2)) If we identify F = —dV/dz and T = mé?/2, we may write this as (F—m#)(T +V)=0 So, this is saying that, at all times, either the difference between F and ma is zero, or the sum of kinetic and potential energy is zero. Problem 1.19 ‘Two mass points of mass m; and my are connected by a string passing through a hole in a smooth table so that m; rests on the table and my hangs suspended. Assuming m2 moves only in a vertical line, what are the generalized coordinates for the system? Write down the Lagrange equations for the system and, if possible, discuss the physical significance any of them might have. Reduce the problem to & single second-order differential equation and obtain a first integral of the equation, What is its physical significance? (Consider the motion only so long as neither m: nor my passes through the hole). Let d be the height of mz above its lowest possible position, so that d= 0 when the string is fully extended beneath the table and m, is just about to fall through the hole. Also, let @ be the angular coordinate of m, on the table. Then the kinetic energy of ma is just mad? /2, while the kinetic energy of m is md? /2+ myd°6? /2, and the potential energy of the system is just the gravitational potential energy of ms, U = magd. Then the Lagrangian is L= Jom + madd + Fm? — mag and the Euler-Lagrange equations are ae Semi) =0 (may + ma)d = —mag + my dé? From the first equation we can identify a frst integral, md? = U where fis a constant. With this we can substitute for @ in the second equation: re (mm +ma)d = —mag + a Because the sign of the two terms on the RHS is different, this is saying that, if ‘is big enough (if m, is spinning fast enough), the centrifugal force of m; can balance the downward pull of ma, and the system can be in equilibrium.Homer Reid’s Solutions to Goldstein Problems: Chapter 1 16 Problem 1.20 Obtain the Lagrangian and equations of motion for the double pendulum illustrated in Fig. 1-4, where the lengths of the pendula are (; and ly with corresponding masses ‘mand m2. Taking the origin at the fulcrum of the first pendulum, we can write down the coordinates of the frst. mass point: n= hsind = 00864 The coordinates of the second mass point are defined relative to the coordi- nates of the first mass point by exactly analogous expressions, so relative to the coordinate origin we have 2 = 0, +lsinBy w= —hc0s6 Differentiating and doing a little algebra we find ne 202 + 203 — 2h 126462 c0s(0 — 62) H+ B+8 ‘The Lagrangian is 1 (oma) + Sonat 363 mall ba cos(B,—B,) +(ns) gla cos8+magla cose with equations of motion 4 [om + malta — malta os(@, ~@2)] = (mi + maging and [labs — uA, cost, —62)] = -gsind If 6, =0, so that the fulcrum for the second pendulum is stationary, then the second of these equations reduces to the equation we derived in Problem 1.17.Homer Reid’s Solutions to Goldstein Problems: Chapter 1 wv Problem 1.21 ‘The electromagnetic field is invariant under a gauge transformation of the scalar and vector potential given by ADA+ THEO, 108 eset where th is arbitrary (but differentiable). What effect does this gauge transformation have on the Lagrangian of a particle moving in the electromagnetic field? Is the motion affected? The Lagrangian for a particle in an electromagnetic field is L=T—g¥(x(d) + A(x(9) -¥(0) If we make the suggested gauge transformation, this becomes a rmafoowy=2 5 . ]+facw v() Y- VHCR()] 7 = 1 ab(a(o) + taca(o) veo + 2[FF +v Vea] = a8(x(o) + A) vo + LS 90) Yx(t)) So the transformed Lagrangian equals the original Lagrangian plus a total time derivative. But we proved in Problem 1.15 that adding the total time derivative of any function to the Lagrangian does not affect the equations of motion, s0 the motion of the particle is unaffected by the gauge transformation. Problem 1.22 Obtain the equation of motion for a particle falling vertically under the influence of gravity when frictional forces obtainable from a dissipation function hv? are present. Integrate the equation to obtain the velocity as a function of time and show that the maximum possible velocity for fall from rest is v = mg/t. ‘The Lagrangian for the particle isHomer Reid’s Solutions to Goldstein Problems: Chapter 1 18 and the dissipation function is k2?/2, so the equation of motion is d (aL OL OF _ k 4 (98) 4 om emg—t ‘This says that the acceleration goes to zero when mg = ki, or 2 = mg/k, 80 Urea abner fee al he a pence eoere ares ee ee sere See er eee ace