UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

NAME: “AHMAD IRFAN”

REG NO.: “2020-CH-56”
SUBMITTED TO: “DR. SHAHZAD”
REPORT: “PT LAB”
Table of content:
1.1Abstract
1.2Related theory
1.2.1. Introduction
1.2.2. Types
1.2.2.1. Fixed Hammer mill
1.2.2.2. Rotatory Hammer mill
1.2.3. Working and Construction
1.2.4. Parameter Affecting Performance
1.2.4.1. Feed Characteristics
1.2.4.2. Design Parameters
1.2.4.3. Operational Parameters
1.2.5. Performance Indicator
1.2.6. Applications
1.2.7. Limitations
1.2.8. Specifications
1.3. Procedure
1.4. Observations and calculations and Graphs
1.5. Discussion
1.6. Conclusion
Experiment No.1:
Perform the crushing test on the given rock sample in
a laboratory Impact crusher, and analyze the product for size
distribution and reduction ratio.
1.1. Abstract:
Importance: Impact crusher is usually used as a medium fine
hardness. Its crushing efficiency is greater than the jaw crusher.
Objective: It act as a secondary crusher. The main objective of impact
crusher is to reduce the size of large particles.
Methodology: The feed accelerated in to the machine and hammer
perform mechanical work on the feed and this collision, impact cause
the stone break down to small sizes.
Result: From the graph the reduction ratio of the impact crusher is
2.36
Conclusion: This machine is used to perform a crushing test on a given
sample, to analyze the product by sieve analysis and to calculate its
reduction ratio by feed size and product size measurement.

1.2. Related Theory:

1.2.1. Introduction: It is the type of a crusher but it acts as a
secondary crusher. It is used after material passing through
the primary crusher. It is also known as a Hammer crusher.
Because hammers are performed the crushing task inside the
machine. It has 32 hammers in impact machine. It contains 4
rows in one shaft and one row contain 8 hammers.
 1.2.2. Types: There are two types of hammer mills.
Fixed Hammer mill
Rotatory Hammer mill
1.2.2.1. Fixed Hammer mill:
For much coarser crushing, the fixed hammer
impact mill is often used. In these machines the material falls
tangentially on to a machine, running at 250-500rev/min, receiving a
glancing impulse, which sends it spinning towards the impact plates.
The velocity imparted is deliberately restricted to a fraction of the
velocity of the rotor to avoid enormous stress and probable failure of
the rotor bearings.
The fractured pieces which can pass between the clearances of
the rotor and breaker plate enter a second chamber created by another
breaker plate, where the clearance is smaller, and then into a third
smaller chamber. This is the grinding path which is designed to reduce
flakiness and gives very good cubic particles.

1.2.2.2. Rotatory Hammer mill:

 The rotary impact mill gives a much better control of
product size than does the hammer mill, since there is less attrition.
The product shape is much more easily controlled and energy is saved
by the removal of particles once they have reached the size required.
The blow bars are reversible to even out wear, and can easily be
removed and replaced.

1.2.3. Construction And Working:

The construction of impact crusher is given
below:
 Impact crusher is a kind of secondary crusher using impact
energy. It is also known as hammer mill. Because hammers are
performed the crushing task inside the machine. It has 32 hammers in
impact machine. It contains 4 rows in one shaft and one row contain 8
hammers. After turn on the motor drives the rotor rotate at a high
speed. When the material put into the working area, they will be stroke
by the blow bar and thrown to the impact devices around the rotor.
This impact is performed by hammers. The diameter of pulley is 18cm
and the diameter of crusher is 12cm. The material will come out from
the discharge point until they are crushed to the required size.
1.2.4. Parameters Affecting Performance:
1.2.4.1. Design Parameter: If the size of machine means large
size of hammer increase the capacity ratio (product ratio
increase). If the size of hammer is large then it takes more
energy mean energy consumption will also increase.
1.2.4.2. Operating Parameter: If the rpm of the crusher is
increase then it means the capacity ratio is also increase. If
we increase the rpm from limits then it will reduce the
capacity ratio.
1.2.4.3. Feed Characteristics: If the density of material is low
then it means it required less energy consumption ratio and
 increase the capacity ratio and if the density of material is
high then it means it required more energy consumption
ratio and decrease the capacity ratio.
1.2.5. Performance Indicator:
Capacity: The capacity of normal impact crusher is almost 200
Tons Per Hour.
Energy Consumption: The energy consumption of normal impact
crusher is almost $0.05 kWh.
Reduction ratio: Reduction ratio is calculated by:
Reduction ratio= 80% passing feed/80% passing product
1.2.6. Application: Impact crusher is widely used for crushing
stone in mining, highway, railway, construction, etc. It is an
irreplaceable crushing equipment for high-grade sand and
gravel.
1.2.7. Limitation: It is not suitable for sticky materials. And many
hammer mills are vibrate and produce noise pollution.
1.2.8. Specification: Motor power:5hp, Motor rpm:1400, Crusher
rpm:2100, Motor pulley:18cm, Mill pulley:12cm, Grate
opening:1cm, Number of hammers:8x4,
Capacity:200ton/hour, Full swing diameter of shaft and
hammer:35cm.
1.3. Procedure:
 Impact crushers involve the use of impact with the help of
hammer to crush material. The material is contained within a
cage, with openings on the bottom, end, or side of the desired
size. The discharge hole is 10mm.
 First determine the mass of the material that will enter in the
machine.
 Thrown not completely broken, will have a rotating, direction and
the tangential angle if the particle size is small, the impact
approximated through the particle's center of gravity, the item is
along the tangent direction free breaking. The item is experienced
force by hammers.
 If the granularity is large, the material of the throw, was bounced
by counterattack, this rebound is broken.
 When the device is working, driven by electric motors with the
rpm of 1400 rpm, high speed rotation of the rotor.
 Material entered Board hammer role district Shi, and rotor Shang
of Board hammer impact broken and was throwing to
counterattack device Shang again broken, then and from
counterattack lining Board Shang play returned to Board hammer
role district again broken, this process repeated for, material by
big to small entered a, and two or three counterattack cavities
repeated for broken, until material was broken to be needed grain
degrees, by out material mouth discharge.
 Study every part of the machine and know the function of every
component. And also study the movement of the moving
hammers.
 Examine the feed, measure the feed size by using a set of sieves
and determine 80% passing feed size by plotting graph between
cumulative passing and geometric mean of passing and retaining
size.
 Feed the machine and crush the entire sample. Perform sieve
analysis (means screening) on the product by using sieve set.
 Calculate the reduction ratio of the machine. By using this
formula:
 Reduction ratio= 80% passing feed/80% passing product

1.4. Observation and Calculations:

Mass of feed= 1264grams
Feed Size:
Aperture size (mm) Individuals Cumulative mass %

Passing Retaining Geometric Measured % Age Passing Retaining

Mean

10 9.42 9.707 716 56.64 43.36 56.64

9.42 6.68 7.93 168 13.29 30.07 69.93
6.68 4 5.17 140 11.16 19 81
4 2.36 3.06 92 7.27 11.73 88.27
2.38 1.196 1.69 81 6.41 5.32 94.68
1.196 0.596 0.84 67 5.30 0.02 99.98
Total:1264
 Product Size:
Mass of feed= 700 grams
Aperture size (mm) Individuals Cumulative mass %

Passing Retaining Geometric Measured % Age Passing Retaining

Mean

31.75 2.83 12.29 5 0.71 99.29 0.71

2.83 0.833 1.53 32 4.57 94.72 5.28

0.833 0.35 0.53 107 15.28 79.44 20.56
0.35 0.25 0.29 163 23.28 56.16 43.84
0.25 0.149 0.19 147 21 35.84 64.84
0.149 0.125 0.14 22 3.14 32.02 67.98
0.125 0.01 0.035 224 32 0.02 99.98
Total :700
Graph 1:

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Graph Parameters:
Along x-axis:
1 big box: 0.3
1 small box: 0.03
Along y-axis:
1 big box: 20
1 small box: 2
Calculation for reduction ratio:
Reduction Ratio 80=80% Passing Feed ¿ ¿ 80 % Passing Product ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

5.2
¿
2.2
 Reduction ratio = 2.36
Graph 2:
Plot a graph b/w cumulative mass %age versus passing sieve
aperture size.

Y-Values
120

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Graph parameters:
Along x-axis:
1 big box: 5
1 small box: 0.5
Along y-axis:
1 big box: 20
1 small box: 2
Graph 3:
Plot a graph between cumulative mass %age versus passing
sieve aperture size both on logarithm scale.

Log of cumulative mass percentage Log of passing aperture size

of passing

1.99 1.5
1.97 0.45
1.90 -0.075
1.77 -0.45
1.55 -0.60
1.50 -0.82
-0.169 -0.90

Y-Values
2.5

1.5

0.5

0
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

-0.5
Graph parameters:
Along x-axis:
1 big box: 0.5
1 small box: 0.05
Along y-axis:
1 big box: 0.5
1 small box: 0.05
1.5. Discussion:
Discussion on graph:
In the graph we take geometric mean on x-axis and
cumulative mass on y-axis as shown above. The upper line shows the
passing percentage and the lower line shows the retaining percentage.
According to the graph, if the passing percentage is high than it means
the retaining percentage is low and if the retaining percentage is high
than it means the passing percentage is low as shown in the graph. On
x-axis one big box is equal to 0.3 and on y-axis one big box is equal to
20. Now for graph 2 on x-axis one big box is equal to 5 and on y-axis
one big box is equal to 20. And for graph 3 on x-axis one big box is equal
to 0.5 and on y-axis one big box is equal to 0.5.
Discussion on Experiment:
Impact crusher act as secondary crusher.
Impact crusher reduce the size of the product of roll crusher. It converts
the particles into smaller than that of roll crusher. Large impact crusher
will reduce 1.5 m top size run-of-mine ore to 20 cm, at capacities of
around 1500 th-1, crushers with capacities of 3000 th-1 have been
manufactured. Since they depend on high velocities for crushing, wear
is greater than for jaw crusher. Hence impact crushers should not be
used on ores containing over 15% silica (Lewis et al., 1976). Impact
crusher is reliable for materials in which silica content is less than 15%.
Because silica cause hardness in the ore and it damage the hammers of
the impact crusher.
1.6. Conclusion:
The main objectives of this experiment are to study the
various parts of Laboratory Impact crusher with special emphasis on
their functions, to perform a crushing test on a given sample in which
the silica content must be less than 15%. After crushing the product
analyzed by sieve analysis (screening test). After screening test, plot a
graph on taken values and find out the reduction ratio of impact
crusher By this formula:

Reduction Ratio 80=80% Passing Feed ¿ ¿ 80 % Passing Product ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿