Available

Availableonline
onlineatatwww.sciencedirect.com
www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
Availableonline
Available onlineatatwww.sciencedirect.com
www.sciencedirect.com
Energy
EnergyProcedia
Procedia00
00(2017)
(2017)000–000
000–000

ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

Energy
EnergyProcedia
Procedia115 (2017) 000–000
00 (2017) 397–408
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

International Conference––Alternative
InternationalConference Alternativeand
andRenewable
RenewableEnergy
EnergyQuest,
Quest,AREQ
AREQ2017,
2017,1-3
1-3February
February
2017, Spain
2017, Spain

Assessment
Assessment of
of Sugarcane
The 15th Sugarcane
International Byproducts
Byproducts
Symposium for Energy
forHeating
on District EnergyandUse
Use in
in Peru
Cooling Peru
Assessing
Daniel
Daniel Marcelothe
Marcelo aa
feasibility
,,Waldir
Waldir Bizzo b
of using the
Bizzob,,Marcoantonio
Marcoantonio heataa*,*,demand-outdoor
Alamo
Alamo Edilberto
EdilbertoVásquez
a
Vásqueza
temperature
Energy aa
function
EnergyLaboratory,
Laboratory,Department for
Departmentof a long-term
ofMechanical-Electrical
Mechanical-Electrical district
Engineering,
Engineering, heat
Universidad
Universidadde demand
dePiura,
Piura,Piura
Piura051, Peruforecast
051,Peru
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brasil
bb
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brasil

I. Andrića,b,c*, A. Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc

a
Abstract
IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
Abstract b
Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France
c
The Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique,from
4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France
Thescope
scopeofofthis
thispaper
paperisistotomake
makeaafeasibility
feasibilityanalysis
analysisfor
forenergy
energyproduction
production fromsugarcane
sugarcanebyproducts
byproductsininPerú.
Perú.Therefore,
Therefore,itit
isisshown
shownthe thehistory,
history,methods,
methods,current
currentscenario
scenarioand andfuture
futureprospects
prospectsofofsugarcane
sugarcaneplantations
plantationsrelated
relatedtotothe
theethanol
ethanolindustry
industryand
and
the
the sugar industry. There will be shown analysis of harvest residues (top and leaves). Bagasse is a mill residue, producedafter
sugar industry. There will be shown analysis of harvest residues (top and leaves). Bagasse is a mill residue, produced after
sugarcane
sugarcane juice is extracted from the sugarcane.
Abstract juice is extracted from the sugarcane.
Nowadays
Nowadaysthis thisresidue
residueisisburnt
burntininboilers
boilersand
andthis
thisenergy
energyisisused
usedtotogenerate
generatesteam.
steam.InInthe
theother
otherhand,
hand,harvest
harvestresidues
residuesrepresent
represent
aasignificant
significant part
partofofthe
the energy
energy contained
contained ininthe
the sugarcane,
sugarcane, but
but ititisisleft
leftininthe
the field,
field,ororworse;
worse; burnt
burnt before
beforethe
the harvest.
harvest.There
Therethe
District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing
will
will also
alsobe
be shown
shown an
an estimated
estimated value
value of
ofthe
the electricity
electricity generation
generation potential
potential from
from sugarcane
sugarcane residues.
residues.
greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat
©©20172017The Authors.
TheAuthors.
Authors. Published
Published by Elsevier
byElsevier
Elsevier Ltd.
Ltd. and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease,
©sales.
2017 Due
The to the changed
Published climate
by conditions
B.V.
Peer-review
Peer-review under
under responsibility
responsibility ofofthe
theorganizing
organizing committee
committeeof AREQ 2017.
Peer-review
prolonging under responsibility
the investment returnofperiod.
the organizing committee ofofAREQ
AREQ2017. 2017.
The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand
Keywords:
Keywords:Sugarcane;
Sugarcane;biomass;
biomass;bioenergy;
bioenergy;sugarcane
sugarcanebyproducts
byproducts
forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665
buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district
renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were
Nomenclature
Nomenclature
compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors.
The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications
DGE
DGE Dirección General de
deEpidemiología
(the errorDirección Generalwas
in annual demand Epidemiología
lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation
DGH
DGH Dirección
Dirección General
General de
de Hidrocarburos
scenarios, the error value increasedHidrocarburos
up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered).
DGM
DGM
The valueDirección
of slope General
Dirección Generalde Minería
deincreased
coefficient Minería on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the
SUNAT
decreaseSuperintendencia
SUNAT Superintendencia
in Nacional
Nacional
the number of heating de Aduanas
deof
hours 22-139hyyduring
Aduanas de
deAdminisración
Adminisración Tributaria
Tributaria
the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and
RER
RER Renewable
renovation scenarios Energy
Renewable EnergyResources
Resources
considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the
SEIN
coupled Sistema
SEIN SistemaEléctrico
scenarios). Interconectado
The values
Eléctrico Nacional
suggested could
Interconectado be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and
Nacional
improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and
**Corresponding
Correspondingauthor.
Cooling. author.Tel.:
Tel.:+5173
+5173963958979.
963958979.
E-mail
E-mailaddress:
address:marcoantonio.alamo@posgrado.udep.edu.pe
marcoantonio.alamo@posgrado.udep.edu.pe(Marcoantonio
(MarcoantonioAlamo)
Alamo)
Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change
1876-6102
1876-6102©©2017
2017The
TheAuthors.
Authors.Published
PublishedbybyElsevier
ElsevierLtd.
Ltd.
Peer-review
Peer-reviewunder
underresponsibility
responsibilityofofthe
theorganizing
organizingcommittee
committeeofofAREQ
AREQ2017.
2017.

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of AREQ 2017.
10.1016/j.egypro.2017.05.037
398 Daniel Marcelo et al. / Energy Procedia 115 (2017) 397–408
2 Daniel Marcelo et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

1. Introduction

Peru is a developing country with a population of 31.38 million people that has highlighted recent years in Latin
America and the Caribbean to have a rate of average economic growth of 5.9% in the last years, in an environment
of low inflation (2.9% on average) [1]. The economic progress of the Peru implies the development of the energy
sector as a basis; however, some evidence suggests that the production of energy is not growing at a pace that
requires the economy. Information provided by the project "Energy, Development and Life" performed by EnDev
(Energizing Development) reveals to us that there are still 3 million Peruvians that lack electricity and energy spent
on services of low quality. Part of that envisages an energy shortage because of the demand of electrical energy
increases with a current average rate of 7%. The current demand in Peru is 12251 MW (2015), and they are
not putting into operation new power plants [2]. Another point to highlight is that Peru, in energy matters, is
supplied mainly from non-renewable natural resources such as oil, which furthermore is highly pollutant, both in its
use as in its production. This can be seen in the graphic in Figure 1, corresponding to the primary energy balance of
which is extracted the information that is also present in the Table 1 [3]:

Table 1. Primary Energy Production.

Source 2013 2014 VAR. (%)
Commercial Energy (TJ)
Natural Gas + LGN (*) 695787 718972 3
Crude Oil 132930 146479 10
Hydropower 100389 99899 -0.5
Mineral Coal 5752 6175 7
Subtotal 934858 971525 4
Commercial Energy (TJ)
Firewood 81640 81313 -3
Bagasse 20405 21520 5
Dung & Yareta 7990 7701 -4
Solar Energy (**) 1019 1052 3
Subtotal 111054 111586 0
TOTAL 1045912 1 083 111 4

(*) Liquid Natural Gas - Production audited; (**) Estimated

Source: National Energy Balance 2014 [3].

STRUCTURE OF PRIMARY ENERGY PRODUCTION: 2014

0.7% 0.1%
2.0%
0.6% 7.5%
9.2%
13.5%
66.4%

Natural Gas + LGN (*) Crude Oil Hydropower Mineral coal Firewood Bagasse Bosta & Yareta Solar Energy (**)

Fig. 1. Chart corresponding to the primary energy production of 2014.

Source: Own from National Energy Balance 2014 [3].
 Daniel Marcelo et al. / Energy Procedia 115 (2017) 397–408 399
Daniel Marcelo et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 3

In the structure of production of primary energy, hydrocarbons continue to prevail as the main source. In the
same way, the production of commercial energy (conformed by all those energy sources susceptible to easily be
bought or sold in a market) represented 89.7% of the total.

Table 2. Exports and imports of primary energy 2014 (TJ).

Source Imports Exports Residue
Crude Oil 176348 32770 (143578)
Mineral Coal 15480 7401 (8080)
TOTAL 191828 40171 -151657

Source: DGH, SUNAT.

In the Table 2, it can be seen that the import of primary energy during the year 2014 was 191 828 TJ, of which
the crude oil accounted for 92% and coal, the rest. On the other hand, during the same year, was sold abroad 40 171
TJ of primary energy, in which the crude oil had a share of 82%, while the remaining was of mineral coal.

Table 3. Gross Domestic supply of Primary Energy (TJ).

Source 2013 2014 VAR. (%)
Commercial Energy (TJ)
Natural Gas + LGN (*) 695787 718972 3
Crude Oil 277776 286775 3
Hydropower 100389 99899 0
Mineral Coal 35843 32725 -9
Subtotal 1109795 1138371 3
Commercial Energy (TJ)
Firewood 81640 81313 0
Bagasse 20405 21520 5
Dung & Yareta 7990 7701 -4
Solar Energy (**) 1019 1052 3
Subtotal 111054 111586 0
TOTAL 1220849 1249957 2

(*) Liquid Natural Gas - Production audited; (**) Estimated

Source: DGH, DGE, DGM.

GROSS DOMESTIC SUPPLY OF PRIMARY ENERGY

1.72% 0.62% 0.08%
2.62% 6.51%

7.99%

22.94% 57.52%

Natural Gas + LGN (*) Crude Oil Hydropower Mineral coal Firewood Bagasse Bosta & Yareta Solar Energy (**)

Fig. 2. Chart corresponding to the gross domestic supply of primary energy.

Source: Own from National Energy Balance 2014 [3].
400 Daniel Marcelo et al. / Energy Procedia 115 (2017) 397–408
4 Daniel Marcelo et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

Gross domestic supply of primary energy considered to be added to the total production, the change in
inventories and imports; discounting the untapped energy and exports. The corresponding data are presented in the
Table 3, and in a schematic way in the graphic in Figure 2.

PARTICIPATION IN THE PRODUCTION OF ELECTRIC POWER

1.09%

48.66% 50.25%

Hydropower Thermoelectric RER

Fig. 3. Graphical representation of the annual production of Peru in the year 2014.
Source: Own from Annual Statistical Summary 2014 COES [4].

Concerning the production of electrical energy, we are in a situation a little similar, although hydroelectric
power plants generate the majority of the energy, this is almost equaled by that is of thermal origin and finally with
minimum percentage Renewable Energy Resources (RER) unconventional, which are the wind, solar energy,
biomass and biogas. For example, the electric energy production in the year 2014 was 41 795.9 GWh, rising 5.36%
with respect to 2013. In Figure 3 there is a graph on the participation of each source in the national production in
percentages and in the Table 4 their corresponding values [4].

Table 4. Detailed description Annual Energy Production of Peru 2014.

Type Energy (GWh) Participation (%)
Hydropower 21002.90 50.25
Thermoelectric 20337.40 48.66
RER 455.6 1.09
TOTAL 41795.90 100.00

Source: Annual Statistical Abstract 2014 COES [4].

In this scenario, the government and society must arise in a planned way and supported a strategy to meet the
energy demand derived from economic growth. One of the viable options is the rational use of bioenergy. The
advantages of its use are more than evident, as they can contribute to lower the levels of pollution and decrease the
exhaustion of non-renewable resources.

2. Renewable Energy in Peru

A study has been carried out, which indicate what type of renewable energy can develop potentially in the
country, of which only the hydropower has had a greater development. In this work it is studied the potential which
can have the generation of electric energy through the biomass and that has not been taken into account even for its
development, since there is not a power plant that through gasification of biomass would permit the generation of
energy.

2.1. Participation of Renewable Energies in Peru [5]

From 2008 the Peruvian government issued Legislative Decree 1002 which promotes investment for the
generation of electricity with the use of Renewable Energy Resources ('R', hereinafter), such as wind, solar,
 Daniel Marcelo et al. / Energy Procedia 115 (2017) 397–408 401
Daniel Marcelo et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 5

geothermal, wave, biomass and small hydropower plants. Below in Figure 4 presents the participation of each of
the Renewable Energies.

PRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY (RER) - 2015

12.51%
6.89%
48.62%

31.98%

Hydropower Wind Thermoelectric Solar

Fig. 4. Participation of renewable energies in the production of electrical energy

Source: Own from Production with Renewable Resources [5].

Subsequently, in the table 6 presents the values corresponding to the production of energy from renewable
resources of SEIN, in the year 2015.

Table 5. Available Renewable Energy Sources in Peru.

Resource Technology Elements Application
Photovoltaic Solar Cells Electricity
Solar Thermal Collectors Heat, electricity
Passive Walls, window, etc. Heat, lighting
Power Generation Wind Turbines Electricity
Eolic
Driving Force Aerobombeo Driving Force
Anaerobic Digestion Biodigestor Biogas Fuel
Gasification Gasifier Fuel Gas
Pyrolysis Pirolizador Fuel
Biomass Fermentation Distillery Bioethanol
Alcoholic beverages
The esterification The esterification unit Biodiesel
Combustion Furnaces, boilers Heat, electricity
Central Small plants Electricity
Hydraulics Hydro Hydraulic
Small exploits Wheel Driving Force
Tides Barriers, turbines Electricity
Waves Floats, focalizadores Electricity
Oceans Differences in Turbines capacitors Electricity
temperatures
Marine currents Electricity
Geothermal Power Generation Power Plants Electricity
Energy Direct uses Thermal waters Heat, recreation, health
Source: Annual Statistical Summary of COES 2014 [4].
402 Daniel Marcelo et al. / Energy Procedia 115 (2017) 397–408
6 Daniel Marcelo et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

Table 6. Detailed description of the Annual Energy Output of Peru 2014, with
renewable energies.
Type Energy (GWh) Participation (%)
Hydropower 889.2 48.63
Wind power 590.7 31.98
Thermoelectric 127.3 6.89
Solar 231.0 12.50
TOTAL 1847.2 100.00

Source: Production with Renewable Resources [5].

2.2. Auction of Renewable Energies in Peru

The Law for the promotion of investment in electricity generation with the use of renewable energies (2008),
under Legislative Decree No. 1002, seeks to promote the use of renewable energy resources (RER) with the
objective of improving the quality of life of the population without having to adversely affect the environment.
This promotion is based on the investment for the production of electricity. In this way, in the legal framework that
welcomes this initiative, are in progress the Fourth Auction RER for the supply of power to the Interconnected
Electric System (SEIN) and the first auction RER for Power Supply to areas not connected to Network (stand-alone
installations RER facilities), respectively.

In conclusion, the process of contest open to the public requested and directed by OSINERMIN with the
purpose of to be able to give energy to SEIN. In addition, this process stable that will be auctioned 1300 GWh of
total energy per year and with specific requirements contained in the foundations. It also requires an additional 450
GWh per annum of hydroelectric projects RER new.

2.2.1. RER Statics – SEIN

It is possible to have visual access to graphs on the production and income from RER, on the Web site
Osinergmin [6], where you can indicate the dates between which you want to get to know the indicators
mentioned.

In the panorama that encloses the projects of generation of energy from biomass in the first auction (1ra
call) only have been awarded two of them: one to the Paramonga company, whose power is 23 Mw and also has a
generation of energy annually committed 115 Gwh (surcharge awarded 52 US$/MWh); and another project to fill
Huaycoloro, which logs 4.4 MW of power and an annual energy 28.3 GWh (surcharge awarded of 110
US$/MWh). Also in the second auction was awarded a project more to the thermal power plant The Gringa,
company with 3.2 MW of power and that generates 1402 Gwh of energy annually (surcharge awarded of 99.99
US$/MWh) [6].

However, Peru has an interesting potential not very well specified to date, which mostly corresponds to
generation projects from bagasse from sugar cane from the plants alcoholeras and engineers mills. There are
currently 11 sugar mills in Peru, of which at least 09 of them employ bagasse in their cogeneration plants [7].

3. Biomass potential in Peru

As in many developing countries, the firewood represents an important part in the energy balance of Peru: more
than 20 % of primary energy corresponds to firewood and dung. What is being done in the Peru currently in this
field is to generate energy through the burning of firewood and dung:

 Biomass for production of heat

 Daniel Marcelo et al. / Energy Procedia 115 (2017) 397–408 403
Daniel Marcelo et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 7

 Biodigesters for production of gas

 Biofuels

Nevertheless, the potential of biomass is not limited to processes with direct combustion of biomass, but you can
also get energy through the gasification of the residues of certain crops, whose properties as calorific value and
chemical structure foster a favorable process and efficient development of the chemical reactions that take place in
this process.

Table 7. Amount of waste by cultivation and its usable energy.

Product Residue (TM) Volume (%) Energy TEP Energy (%)
Yellow maize 2,779,277 27.12 1,055,114 35.25
Sugar cane 1,884,271 18.39 616,509 20.59
Cotton chaff 446,698 4.36 170,342 5.69
Chaff of studs 242,638 2.37 66,773 2.23
Rice (Straw) 1,335,289 1303 406,473 13.58
Rice (husk) 395,323 3.86 133,500 4.46
Chip 60,242 0.59 24,453 0.82
Bagasse (residue) 3,103,932 30.29 520,342 1738
TOTAL 10,247,670 100 2,993,506 100

Source: Production with Renewable Resources [8].

In the Table 7 shows some crops whose residues are highly usable for gasification, due to its reasonable energy
potential and the amount that is generated each year, which is expected to be around 10 million metric tons in
Peru.

On the other hand, analysing the potential for generation projects from cane residues, specifically, you must first
take into consideration that the coast of Peru, by its geographical and climatological characteristics inherent, is
highly favorable for the production of sugar cane. The MINAG [9] Registers an average value of productivity of
110 ton/(has harvested total), which is one of the highest rates in the world, which are positioned above even Brazil
and Colombia, countries with great tradition in the production of sugar cane. Inclusive, has registered
productivities that reach 140 Ton/(has harvested total) in some projects, which converts without doubt to Peru in
one of the world leaders in the sugar industry. However, accordingly to the change that the military government
imposed in the ownership regime of the earth, in the decade of the 70's this thriving industry collapsed inevitably
by the lack of knowledge. However, thanks to the progress of the economy of the country in the past few years, his
special provision to receive foreign capital and facilitate the process of industrialization, the renaissance of this
industry has been unquestionably visible.

3.1. Agricultural situation of crops potentially energy

The crops whose residues can potentially be used for the production of energy, are common and the most
harvested in the country; and all grow in the coastal part, so that this area is potentially energy in residual
biomass. Then in the Tables 8 and 9, presents the information corresponding to the agricultural annual production
of Peru of the crops with exploitable biomass during the period 2006 - 2013.

It can be concluded that the national production of these crops annually is stable; therefore, the residues that are
left represent a considerable amount, as mentioned in the previous paragraph. Is demonstrated then it is possible
to build on that for the production of energy.
404 Daniel Marcelo et al. / Energy Procedia 115 (2017) 397–408
8 Daniel Marcelo et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

Table 8. Harvested hectares of crops with exploitable biomass.

Area Harvested (ha)
Year Cotton Paddy rice Sugar cane Stud Yellow maize
2006 91787 343691 65847 2004.1 278174
2007 89428 337639 67952 23547 282766
2008 70507 379783 69127 29758 297620
2009 40639 404614 75348 29467 301194
2010 27963 388659 76983 30896 295848
2011 45811 359612 80069 33144 277388
2012 50685 393890 81126 33063 294843
2013 31391 395030 82205 33673 293718

Source: Database of the Ministry of Agriculture [10].

Table 9. Annual production of crops with exploitable biomass.

National Production (t)
Year Cotton Paddy rice Sugar cane Stud Yellow maize
2006 213409 2362260 7245833 259954 1020042
2007 215439 2435134 8228623 284103 1122918
2008 167397 2793980 9395959 328374 1231516
2009 95968 2991157 9936945 313880 1273943
2010 63758 2831374 9660895 335209 1283621
2011 122047 2624458 9884936 392306 1260123
2012 110954 3043330 10368866 375978 1392972
2013 82623 3046773 10992240 383144 1365239

Source: Database of the Ministry of Agriculture [10].

3.1.1. Obtaining of biomass through agricultural waste

The energy potential of the majority of waste product of various human activities: urban solid waste, waste of
consumption, agricultural waste, agricultural and forestry, is without doubt very significant. For this reason, are
the subject of many investigations that seek to arrive at the most efficient and eco-friendly use.

Special attention will be given on the agricultural and forest residues that are obtained from the remains of
crops or of cleanings that are done in the field with the purpose of avoiding pests or fire. These residues are usually
not of sufficient quality to be used in applications other than the energy.

These residues can be used in the production of energy (heat, electricity or driving energy) through different
processes with a variety of applications. Depending on the type of process, the products obtained may be solid,
liquid or gaseous.

Peru has a large amount of biomass, but there is not the necessary knowledge to process waste by limiting the
ability to take advantage of new forms of energy production. The Ministry of Agriculture says that there are 2
million 230 thousand agricultural units generating 30% of national employment of which according to
FAO agriculture represents more than 80%. Even the FAOSTAT noted that Peru occupied in the year 2012 the
post 18 in cane sugar production at the global level can be noted that since the year 2011 to 2014 for both crops
values are given more acts of productivity.

On the other hand, in the strategic plan presented by the Ministry of Agriculture for the agricultural sector of
 Daniel Marcelo et al. / Energy Procedia 115 (2017) 397–408 405
Daniel Marcelo et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 9

the Piura region since the year 2008 to 2021 indicated that Piura has a capacity of agricultural use (agriculture and
forestry) of 15 715.01 𝑘𝑘𝑚𝑚2 a total surface of 35 892.45𝑘𝑘𝑚𝑚2 whose distribution in hectares is shown in table 9.
Note the large amount of area even not exploitable that in a future will favor agriculture for greater harvest.

Table 9. Amount of waste by cultivation and its usable energy.

Classification Current value Volume (%)
Agricultural potentially area 277572 7.73
Area under irrigation 176969 4.93
Area of possible incorporation 68980 1.92
Rainfed Area 67390 1.88
Protection Forest 148539 4.14
Production Forest 867818 24.18
Other uses 1981981 56.8
TOTAL EXTENSION 3589249 100

Source: Regional Agrarian Address. CENARGO 94.

The way as it is estimated that existing potential for the production of electrical energy from exploitation of the
biomass residue of sugar cane is using typical data: Consumption of energy by processing units in mills, steam
production per ton of bagasse, Heat Rate (measure used in the energy industry to calculate the efficiency of as a
generator uses the thermal energy) in steam turbines in plantations, among others [7].

3.2. Calculation of the sugar cane residues left in the field and energy generated

Today there are about 11 sugar mills that have a total of approximately 82205 has of area harvested. Similarly,
the plant alcohol of the draft Caña Brava account with a total of 9400 has located in the north zone of Piura, where
also come to operate other two production plants for ethanol: Maple ethanol, which has recently been bought by
the Gloria Group and COMISA, with a total of 33 600 ha of additional sugar cane.

In this way, taking into account the hectares harvested and the potential for the planting of sugar cane, it has a
total of 125205 has allocated to this activity. When considering the average yield of sugar cane of 127.8 kg/ha, is
reached 16001.20 tons of this crop. Thus, and considering that the waste left in the field represent the 14% in
weight, will 2240.17 tonnes of waste of sugar cane per year. It is assumed that there is a 30% of cane residues in
the field, due to the environmental characteristics of the coast of Peru, method of irrigation, among others. Then it
is a 70% really profitable in the generation of energy by gasification resulting 1568.12 tonnes.

According Silvestrin [11] a tonne of sugar cane sheet can generate 500kWh, so that Peru for the year 2015
could generate approximately 784.06 MWh of power available to be used, by gasification.

Finally, the production of electrical energy at the national level for August of this year by bagasse was of
8.03 GWh, introducing a variation of decrease in 8.2 % compared to August of the year 2015. In addition, the
accumulated until the month of August of this year was 63.05 GWh.

4. Technologies for energy generation from biomass

Due to the potential of biomass that has the Peru and the availability of abundant raw materials, there is a
variety of processes for the conversion of biomass. The use one or another type of process depends on the amount
and type of biomass to be used as raw material, the environment and the economic conditions among other factors.
The conversion of biomass to energy is mainly carried out using two main technologies: thermochemical and
biochemical/biological weapons. There is a third technology called mechanical extraction. Thermal conversion
processes are composed of pyrolysis and gasification of biomass, the combustion and liquefaction [12].
406 Daniel Marcelo et al. / Energy Procedia 115 (2017) 397–408
10 Daniel Marcelo et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

4.1. Thermochemical conversion

Three processes are used for the thermochemical conversion of biomass: combustion, gasification and
pyrolysis.

4.1.1. Combustion

Is the burning of biomass and is used to convert the chemical energy stored in the biomass into thermal
energy, mechanical energy and also to electricity by different processes and devices, for example: ovens, stoves,
steam turbines, boilers, etc. It is possible to burn any type of biomass but in the practice of combustion is only
feasible for the biomass with a moisture content of less than 50%, unless the biomass has gone through a process
of pre-drying. The most suitable for the processing of biomass with high moisture content is the use of biological
conversion processes.

The scale of the combustion plants varies from very small (domestic heating) to industrial plants of
production between 100-3000 MW. Biomass co-firing in plants of burning coal is an attractive option due to the
high conversion efficiency of these plants.

The efficiency of the net conversion of energy by the combustion of biomass varies from 20% to 40%. The
high efficiencies are obtained with systems of more than 100 MWe or when the biomass is burned in coal-fired
power plants.
Putting an example, a thermodynamic cycle (Stirling cycle), uses the combustion to provide power directly to
the shaft, but the cycle is currently limited to small outputs.

4.1.2. Gasification

Is the conversion of biomass into a mixture of fuel gas by the partial oxidation of the biomass to high
temperatures, especially in the range 800 to 900°C. The gas of low calorific value (CV) produced can burn directly
or is used as a fuel for engines and gas turbines. The implementation of this gas produced can be used as a feed
material (syngas) for the production of chemicals such as methanol.

A promising concept is the biomass from an integrated gasification combined cycle (BIGCC acronym in
Spanish), where the gas turbines converted the gaseous fuel in electricity with a high conversion efficiency. An
important advantage of the BIGCC systems is that the gas is clean before being burned in the turbine, which allows
a team of gas cleaning more compact and less costly to use, because the volume of gas to clean is reduced. The
combination of gasification and combustion ensures a high conversion efficiency; efficiency of net production is
between 40-50% for a plant of 30-60 MWel capacity.

The "syngas" produced from biomass is used for the production of methanol and hydrogen, which can be
considered as fuels for transportation and others. In the production of methanol, either burning oxygen or an
indirect gasification process of hydrogen both are preferred in the production of methanol and the gas of a higher
value from HP (normally 9-11MJ=N.m^3) are produced by this process.

4.1.3. Pyrolysis

Is the conversion of biomass to liquid (bio-oil or bio-crude oil), the solid and gaseous fractions, by heating
biomass in the absence of air to around 500LC. Pyrolysis can be used to produce bio-oil if you use
"flash pyrolysis", the conversion of biomass to bio-crude oil reaches up to an efficiency of 80%. The bio-oil can be
used in engines and turbines and their use as raw material for refineries is also under consideration. However, there
are some problems that still have to be overcome such as corrosivity, lower thermal stability among others.
 Daniel Marcelo et al. / Energy Procedia 115 (2017) 397–408 407
Daniel Marcelo et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 11

Modernize the bio-oils by reducing the content of oxygen and the elimination of alkalis through hydrogenation
and catalytic cracking of oil (process of refining oil that consists in the thermal decomposition of the constituents
of petroleum in the presence of a catalyst) may be needed for certain applications.

4.2. Biochemical conversion

There are two main processes, the fermentation and anaerobic digestion, along with a process less used based
on the mechanical extraction/chemical conversion.

4.2.1. Fermentation

Is used commercially on a large scale in several countries to produce ethanol from sugar crops (for example the
sugar cane) and starch crops (maize, wheat). The biomass is milled and starch is converted by enzymes in sugars
and then the sugars are converted into ethanol. The purification of ethanol by distillation is a stage of concentrated
energy, with around 450 liters of ethanol produced by 1000kg of dry corn. The solid waste obtained from this
process can be used to feed the livestock and the bagasse, which is obtained from the sugar cane, can be used for
the following gasification or as fuel for the boilers.

The conversion of the lignocellulosic biomass (such as wood and herbs) is more complex, due to the presence
of molecules of polysaccharides of longer chain and requires the acid hydrolysis or enzymatic before the resulting
sugars can be fermented into ethanol.

4.2.2. Anaerobic Digestion

In the anaerobic digestion (DA), the organic material is directly converted to what is called biogas. This is
mainly a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide with small amounts of other gases such as hydrogen sulfide. The
biomass is converted into an anaerobic environment by a bacterium which produces a gas with an energy near 20-
40% of low calorific value of the raw material. DA is a commercial technology adopted and widely used for the
treatment of organic waste with high humidity (80-90% moisture). Biogas can be used directly by a gas engine
spark ignition (internal combustion engine) and gas turbines and may be improved for greater quality, i.e. in an
engine running on natural gas by the disposal of CO2. The overall efficiency of the conversion can be 21%. As
with any system of power generation that uses an internal combustion engine as a primary motor, the residual heat
from the engine oil and the water-cooling systems, and the exhaust gases could be retrieved using a system of
combined heat and power.

4.3. Mechanical extraction

It is a mechanical conversion process in which the oil is produced from the seeds of several crops of biomass
such as cotton. The process produces no only oil, but also a solid "cake" or residual, that is suitable for animal
feed.

Authorizations and acknowledgements

Authors express their gratitude to Fondecyt - Concytec by the funding for the project N° 130-2015-
FONDECYT, "IDENTIFICATION OF ENERGY IN THE PRODUCTION OF SYNGAS using a fluidized bed
GASIFIER OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIOMASS RESIDUES FOR USE thermal or electric" and the University
of Piura for the support that its facilities have provided.
408 Daniel Marcelo et al. / Energy Procedia 115 (2017) 397–408
12 Daniel Marcelo et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

Conclusions

In total, considering areas currently harvested by both sugar mills as alcoholeras plants, as well as the intended
simply to agricultural activities, has a total of 836017 has intended for the production of crops, whose biomass is
highly profitable [10]. All you are hectares harvested, 125205 ha are currently used for the planting of sugar cane
and waste of approximately1568.12 tonnes. It can be concluded that only take into account the waste that the sugar
cane generates, we would be using only a 14.98 % of the total hectares harvested, approximately. This considering
that it will be possible to improve the way of collecting waste, in such a way that it will be possible to use in more
than 80 % of the total produced per hectare harvested. With all these hectares, Peru has a great potential for the
generation of electricity from the residue of sugar cane.

The progress lies basically in the technologies used for the sugar cane harvest, machined versus manual, which
can be reflected in the use of the other residues that are left in the fields as the foliage and the buzz. However,
it should be the exception to burn this other type of waste, as the foliage and the heart, in the boilers bagaceras that
exist in the sugar mills, must be carefully assessed the chemical composition of these residues as the abundant
presence of salt can cause corrosion problems in boilers and reduce the useful life as well as increase the costs of
maintenance. In this sense, for new projects, could be a better technical option, use gasifiers fixed bed or bubbling
fluidized, that even though they have a higher cost are more efficient and durable than water tube
boilers traditionally used.

Another aspect to highlight is that according to the information of the COES SINAC [5], the total potential
generation from bagasse, in terms of energy injected into the network, has varied between August 2015 and August
2016 in 0.73 Gwh (negative); however, in this work has been achieved to estimate that the current potential for
production of electrical energy is of a total of 0.78 Gwh from bagasse, which in addition to validate the
calculations made it clear that has not been implemented in the best way the strategies and technologies for
conversion of energy from waste or biomass.

References

[1] The World Bank Group, "Peru Overview," 25 April 2016. [Online]. Available: Http://www.bancomundial.org/es/country/peru/overview.
[2] Ministry of Energy and Mines , "Annual Report of energy production year 2015," 2015. [Online]. Available: Http://www.minem.gob.pe/.
[3] C. Espinoza Zegarra and F. Bernabel Badillo, "National Energy Balance 2014," January 2016. [Online]. Available:
Http://www.minem.gob.pe/.
[4] COES SINAC, "Annual Statistical Summary 2014 - Publications of Post-Operación," 2014. [Online]. Available:
http://www.coes.org.pe/Portal/search?k=publicaciones.
[5] COES SINAC, "production with RENEWABLE ENERGIES OF SEIN. Annual statistics," 2015. [Online]. Available:
http://www.coes.org.pe/Portal/Publicaciones/Estadisticas/. [Last access: 24 07 2016].
[6] Osinergmin, "STATISTICS RER-Sein," 2013. [Online]. Available: https://srvgart.osinergmin.gob.pe/sisrer-
web/proyectoController/estadistica_rer#.
[7] H. Garcia Bustamante, "energy matrix IN PERU AND RENEWABLE ENERGIES," Friedrich Ebert Foundation (FES) in collaboration
with Law, Environment and Natural Resources (DAR), Lima, 2013.
[8] Consortium of Universities, "RESEARCH FOR THE GROWTH AND INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT IN PERU," I Annual Conference
of the Consortium of Universities, Lima, 2013.
[9] MINAG, "The National Sugar Industry 1999 - 2006," 2008.
[10] Ministry of Agriculture, "ABD Access to Database," [online]. Available: Http://frenteweb.minag.gob.pe/. [Last access: 20 August 2016].
[11] C. Silvestrin , "bioeletricidade Program 2011 - 2020, reduzindo emissoes & adding value ao setor electrical," Brazil, 2011.
[12] M. Hiloidhari, D. Das and D. C. Baruah, "bioenergy potential from crop residue biomass in India," Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews., Vol. 32, pp. 504 - 5012, April 2014.