MIDTERM

A THEMATIC SURVEY
ON PHILIPPINE HISTORY
LORD IVAN A. PANCHO
09266462905| FB: Vanito Swabe
Email: pancho_lordivan@fbc.ph.education

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 MODULE 4
CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES
I. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this module, the learners are expected to:
 Describe the history of Philippine Culture from pre-colonial era up to the present;
 Investigate the remnants of history through material and non-material artifacts; and
 Collaborate in groups and share what they have learned to the public.

II. CHRISTIAN PERSPECTIVE

“See to it that no one takes you captive by philosophy and empty deceit, according to human tradition, according to the
elemental spirits of the world, and not according to Christ.”
-Colossians 2:8

III. INTRODUCTION
One of the best times when face-to-face classes were allowed was during the college’s
founder’s week and other events that exhibit a diversity of culture. On a larger scale, our
province and cities also have the likes of Panaad Festival and Udyakan. As an avid fan of these
events, I am longing that someday (or soonest), I can once again see how the Filipino people
celebrate joyfully their culture and tradition - diverse yet truly beautiful. However, it is a
certain fact that behind the joyful mask of this festivity lies deceit, sadness, anger that is
caused by corruption, poverty, and scandalous political figures. This and many other things
explain why we, as a nation, remain to be divided in terms of shared values and principles.
Ambeth Ocampo, a great Filipino historian emphasized that there will never be a time of
cultural oneness among Filipinos. It seems impossible to unite the culture of a nation scattered in
different islands with various ethnic origins. He added that the only way to unite the Filipino
people is through cultural acceptance and understanding, not through cultural oneness, because it
will never be achieved.
As I see it, it makes a lot of sense. For almost 100 years that civics and culture have been
a part of our curriculum, the debates and arguments continue to linger on what is the most suited
national language, the most perfect way of cooking adobo, the best TV network, and the list goes
on. In this lesson, we will investigate the Cultural History of the Philippines in a chronological
manner, from Pre-colonial to the present era.

IV. LESSON INPUTS

Pre-Colonial Era
Archaeological artifacts exhausted in Palawan (e.g., Tabon Skull fragments) suggest that there
were already prehistoric inhabitants in the Philippines as early as the Pleistocene period. Through
carbon dating, the fossil remains were believed to be about 22,000 years old. In the Philippine cultural
landscape, the new Stone Age was the impetus of the development of Filipino modern societies. At this
point, early Filipinos were starting to domesticate plants and animals, and food production was no
longer limited to family consumption. At that time, people were dependent on agricultural as well as
hunting and gathering activities.

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 The work of Gaillard and Mallari (2004) summarized the different schools of thought to explain the
peopling of the Philippines.
 Internal Development Theory. This hypothesis argues that there is an internal
development happening within the so-called Austronesian region.This means that there
was an internal human evolution that transpired around that area.
 Multiple Homeland Hypothesis. This was proposed by Prof. H. Otley Bayer, which
argues that there are multiple origins of the peopling of the Philippines. The first wave
relates to the movement of people coming from Indonesia to the Philippines. The second
movement also originated from Indonesia—when the people reached the country, they
dispersed and proceeded to different islands. The third wave came from Indochina, while
the last wave came from Mainland China to the Philippines.
 Melanesian Homeland Hypothesis. Argues that the movement of people originated from
Melanesia around 3,500 BC.
 Unique South China Sea Homeland Hypothesis. Argues that the peopling of the
Philippines was related to the thriving of trade relations happening around Borneo and the
Celebes Sea (Gaillard and Mallari, 2004). The trade activities brought the Nusantao to the
Philippines and even as far as Taiwan.
 Unique Mainland Southeastern China Hypothesis. Made use of linguistic evidence
(lexicon and morphology) to demonstrate the origins of the movements of people to the
Philippines, but to this day the movement routes are still in question.
 Heine-Geldern Theory. This believed that the movement started in South China, then
proceeded to the Malay Peninsula moving toward Borneo and then finally through
Palawan.
 Thomas’ Hypothesis. Their theory argues that the movement started from Southeastern
China, to Indochina, Malay Peninsula, then to Borneo, finally entering the Philippines
through different routes, one group going to Palawan and Mindoro and the other through
the island of Mindanao.
 Suggs’ Hypothesis. Maintains that the movement of people to the Philippines started in
China, proceeding to Formosa, then to the Batanes Islands until the group scattered
around the archipelago and reached as far as Borneo.

Pre-colonial Filipino Worldviews

Worldviews are “mental lenses that are entrenched ways of perceiving the world” (Hart,
2010). Significantly, all over the world, indigenous worldviews have a commonality, which is
the relationship with nature or surroundings. Hart (2010) identifies seven principles of these
worldviews:
 Knowledge is holistic, cyclic, and dependent upon relationships and connections to
living and non-living beings and entities;
 There are many truths, and these truths
are dependent upon individual In our modern age and time, do you see
experiences; any remnants of these worldviews from
 Everything is alive; our pre-colonial ancestors?
 All things are equal;
 The land is sacred;
 The relationship between people and the spiritual world is important; and
 Human beings are least important in the world

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 Spanish Era
To Spain, the
By accepting the teachings of
Since, the Spanish era, Christianity in the Philippines grew
Christ, Filipinos discarded their
rapidly. This wonderful Christianization, according to an
pagan beliefs and practices such as American Protestant Missionary Frank Laubach, is the most
divorce, infanticide, slavery, human wonderful missionary work in all the history of the Far East. So
and animal sacrifices, and it came to pass that the Philippines is the only Christian nation
accepted the more humane in an Asian world.
Christian ethics such as the  Diet and Dress. Spain improved the diet of the
sanctity of marriage. people by introducing new food plants such as
corn, potato, cacao, coffee, cabbages, papaya,
chicos, and guava. The wheat grains were milled
into snowwhite wheat flour. For the first time, the people learned to eat bread and drink
coffee and chocolate. A remarkable change in the people’s dress developed during the
Spanish period. The western coat and trousers for men and camisa for women were the
dominant styles in an Hispanized Philippines.
 Family Life. During the Spanish Era, family life was conservative and simple due to
Christian influences. The father, although he is the head of the family, was not despotic.
He consulted his wife on family matters - including education, expenses, and properties.
He is often seen as the Spiritual leader of the family. On the other hand, the mother was
usually the kids’ first tutor and religious instructor. She was also the custodian of family
funds and keys. It was obligatory for the children to attend the mass, pray the rosary and
participate in novenas.
 Surnames. During the Spanish rule the Filipinos who became Christians adopted the
Spanish names of Saints. However, Governor Narciso Claveria noticed the problem of
genealogy among Filipinos, which can hardly be traced due to the absence of surnames.
Thus, he issued a gubernatorial decree on November 21, 1849 ordering all Filipino
families to adopt their surnames from the catalogue of surnames, copies of which he had
previously sent to all heads of the provinces. The majority of Filipino families chose
Spanish surnames. Filipinos who were of Chinese descent preferred to retain the
surnames of their Chinese ancestors. Some have ignored the catalogue and adopted their
own. For example, the father of Jose Rizal chose the word “Rizal” from the root, “Ricial”,
which means green field.
 Education. The first schools in the country were parochial schools, with the early
missionaries as teachers. In these schools, Filipino children were taught catechism,
reading, writing, arithmetic, music, and vocational arts.
 Journalism. The first newspaper in the Philippines was Del Superior Govierno with
Governor Manuel Gonzales de Aguilar as
Editor. It appeared for the first time in What can you say about the present state of
Manila on August 8, 1811. Its last issue journalism in the Philippines and how is it
came out on February 7, 1812. More related to what it was before?
newspaper came out later such as La
Esperanza, the first daily newspaper; La Illustracion Filipina, the first illustrated periodical;
El Catolico Filipino, the first religious newspaper; La Opinion Ilocano, the first vernacular
newspaper founded by Isabelo de los Reyes; and El Hogar, the first women’s magazine.

American Era
The greatest legacy of the America to the Philippines is democracy. It is true that prior to the
coming of the Americans, the people had already some idea of democracy. The Malolos Constitution
(1898) for example was a democratic political document. It safeguards the rights and liberties of the
Filipino people.

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  Values. In assimilating free ways and democratic manner from the Americans, Filipinos
lost some of the good manners which they once inherited from the Spaniards such as
polite speech and courteous behavior. The decline of such desirable traits, was, however,
compensated by the acquisition of some sterling qualities of the Americans such as
frankness, boradmindedness, sparkling humor, and sportsmanship.
 Emanicpation of Filipino Women. One good legacy of the America to the Filipinos is the
emancipation of women from the social and political restrictions of the Spanish times.
They acquired more freedom to go out alone, associate themselves with men, and attend
any social gatherings without any chaperon. They were also allowed to work in factories
and offices, to attend political rallies and meetings, and participate in active sports.
 Popular Education. For the first time in history, during the American occupation,
education was no longer a privilege of a few rich families. It had become a right of all
people, rich and poor, to be educated. Popular education emerged few days after the
battle of Manila Bay, when the first school was opened by the Americans in Corregidor
Island. The American soldiers became the first teachers of Filipinos in the English
language. Later, the US sent 600 American teachers through the US Army transport, USS
Thomas, hence, they were called Thomasites, vanguards of American culture and
democracy in the Philippines.
 Protestantism. Just as Spain brought Catholicism, the US introduce the Protestant
Christianity. American Protestant missionaries followed the starts and stripes to the
Philippine shores. They were good
men and women inspired by the What is your personal take on Protestantism as a
intention to spread the Gospel of legacy of US? How is it different to the Hispanic
Christ. To achieve their aim, they way of sharing their faith?
delivered sermons in public gatherings
and distributed free copies of the protestant Bible. The first protestant sermon was
delivered in Manila on March 2. 1899 by Bishop James Thoburn of the Methodist
Episcopalian Church.
 Nationalism. America encouraged the Filipinos to prepare themselves for independence.
She permitted them to display their national flag, to sing the national anthem, and
commemorate anniversaries of their heroes, and to agitate for freedom. The American
teachers stimulated the Filipino school children to love freedom and their country by
teaching them the American Revolution against their mother country, England. Moreover,
the Americans introduced two other basic concepts of democracy - popular election of
government officials by means of secret ballot and the separation of Church and State.

SUMMARY
 In the Philippine cultural landscape, the new Stone Age was the impetus of the development
of Filipino modern societies.
 To Spain, the Filipinos owe a lasting debt of gratitude for introducing Christianity to the
country.
 The greatest legacy of the America to the Philippines is democracy.

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 MODULE 5
POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES
I. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this module, the learners are expected to:
 Describe the history of Philippine Politics from pre-colonial era up to the present;
 Investigate the remnants of history through material and non-material artifacts; and
 Collaborate in groups and share what they have learned to the public.

II. CHRISTIAN PERSPECTIVE

“Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely”

-Lord Acton

III. INTRODUCTION
It has been a very hard time for me thinking on the real status of the Philippine’s
Barangay system. I know that it was established in order to devolve power into various social
segments rather than concentrating it to the national and local government units. However, there
has been a growing concern on the situational essence of the Barangay. In the recent years, the
smallest government unit of the country has been tainted with corruption and injustice. It seems
that the Barangay, including the Sangguniang Kabataan, becomes the state’s training ground for
future corrupt officials in the government.
Fortunately, this situation is completely different from the type of government that pre-
colonial Filipinos used to have, under the leadership of their Datu. While monarchy was its form,
the Datu was not necessarily an abusive monarch. According to evidences gathered by historians,
the Datu used to consult the people, especially his fellow Datu and elders, in making tough
decisions. This was the earliest trace of democracy in the country. As the Barangay system
continues to be tainted with controversies today, may our leaders take time to ponder on the real
situation of our Barangays nowadays. We need to reform and not totally destroy it. I just hope
that the next Senators of the country will be competent and brave enough to include this in their
legislative agenda.

IV. LESSON INPUTS

Pre-Colonial Era
Before the arrival of Spaniards, the Philippines was split into numerous barangays which were
small states that were linked through regional trade routes.  The name "barangay" is thought to come
from the word balangay, which refers to boats used by the Austronesian people to reach the

There was a union of church

Philippines. These societies had three classes: the nobility, freemen, and serfs and slaves.  They were
led by powerful individuals now called datus, although different cultures used different terms. The
arrival of Hindu influence increased the power of Indianized datus. The first large state was Sulu, which
adopted Islam in the 15th century. This system then spread to the nearby Sultanate of Maguindanao
and the Kingdom of Tondo. Ferdinand Magellan's death in 1521 can be partly attributed to a dispute
between Lapu-Lapu and Rajah Humabon for control of Cebu. Spanish Captain-General Miguel López
de Legazpi established a settlement in Cebu in 1565. Maynila was conquered in 1571, and Manila
subsequently became the center of Spanish administration. Spain gradually conquered the majority of
the modern Philippines, although full control was never established over some Muslim areas in the
south and in the Cordillera highlands.

Spanish Era
To administer the Philippines, the Spaniards extended their royal government to the Filipinos. This
highly centralized governmental system was theocratic. There was a union of Church and State. The
Roman Catholic Church was equal to and coterminous with the State. Therefore, the cross as well as
the scepter held sway over the archipelago. While the State took care of temporal matters, the Church
took care of spiritual matters and hence preoccupied itself with the evangelization and the conversion
of the Filipino inhabitants from their primal religion to Roman Catholicism. The Spanish friars wanted
the Philippines to become the "arsenal of the Faith" in Asia. In the process, the Spanish Catholic
missionaries helped in the implantation of Castilian
Distinguish “Separation of Church and State” from
culture and civilization on Philippine soil. This is
“Checks and Balances”.
because being Spaniard was equated with
Catholicism. The two terms were virtually
synonymous with one another. One was not a genuine Spaniard if he was not a faithful Roman
Catholic believer.

The Propaganda Movement

Throughout the mid-1800s, the waning control of the Spanish crown over its South American
colonies inspired the ascending principalía, as did the sacrifices of religious and political martyrs. These
individuals boasted enormous wealth, land and influence within the Philippines but were all but ignored
beyond the islands' confines. Their mixed heritage as the mestizo offspring of Chinese, or sometimes
Spanish, merchants and indigenous women barred them from the same international respect granted
to their European counterparts. Despite prejudice and oppression, the principalía's great farming
estates thrived. Though barred from Spanish colonial administration, principales built local political
influence through their commercial activities.
By the end of the nineteenth century, Filipino principales had experienced a great change in their
cultural identity. It was from this elite base that the ilustrados sprang—the highly educated sons of
principalía families. The ambition of these Renaissance men eventually drove them to leave the
Philippines, pressured by the limited opportunities available in the Philippines and lured by the
universities of West. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 accelerated the migration of wealthy
scions to schools throughout Europe. Being of mixed heritage and trained in European universities, the
ilustrados saw themselves as overseas Spaniards rather than abiding by traditional ethnic affiliations.
Though they represented the best minds in the Philippines, they nonetheless faced discrimination from
penisulares (peninsular Spaniards) in both Spain and the Philippines. While the ilustrados saw
themselves as the Crown's subjects, Spaniards saw them as indios (indigenous Filipinos), and thus
beneath them. Despite ilustrado efforts to distance themselves from the rest of Filipino society initially,
racism eventually pressured them to organize with the rest of the Philippines. Bitter after centuries as
second-class citizens and emboldened by their education, the ilustrados petitioned Spain for greater
political rights. The Propaganda Movement began in the 1870s and initially sought complete
assimilation as a full-fledged province—with all male Filipinos as Spanish citizens.

The Rise of Gov. Gen. Carlos Maria dela Torre

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 Queen Isabela II was overthrown resulting to the rise of liberalism in Spain. Generals Juan
Prim and Francisco Serrano appointed dela Torre as the governor-general in the Philippines (true
democrat). Most liberal governor-general walked the streets in civilian clothes and dismissed his
alabaderos (halberdiers) –the governor’s security guards – and went unescorted.

Accomplishments:
1. abolished censorship of the press and allowed unlimited discussions of political
problems and proclaimed freedom of speech
2. abolished flogging as a punishment
3. curtailed abuses particularly the tribute and the polo
4. allowed secular priests to be assigned to vacant parishes or seminaries and
created an office which would prevent abuses by members of the regular religious orders
5. reformed the Royal Audiencia to bring about speedier administration of justice
6. decreed educational reforms, ordered the setting up of medical, pharmacy, and
vocational schools
7. created the Council of the Philippines on December 4, 1870 which was a
consultative body to study Philippine problems and propose solutions to them.

The Rise of Rafael de Isquierdo

When monarchy was restored in Spain, Isquierdo became the governor-general; “with crucifix
in one hand and a sword in the other” restored press censorship (b) prohibited all talk on political
matters and secularization of the parishes (c)
disapproved the establishment of arts and Distinguish Gov. Gen. Dela Torre from Gov. Gen.
trades in Manila (d) dismissed natives and De Isquierdo.
mestizos in the civil and military service.

Cavite Mutiny (January 20, 1872). About 200 Filipino soldiers and workers in Fort San Felipe
mutinied, under the leadership of Sgt La Madrid; caused by Izquierdo’s abolition of the exemption of
the Filipino workers from polo and paying tributes; mutineers were able to kill the fort commander and
some soldiers; mutiny leaders and participants were arrested and shot to death

GomBurZa (fought for the Filipinization of parishes and champions of liberalism and

humanitarianism). They were charged of sedition and rebellion due to the false testimony of
Francisco Zaldua (former Bicolano soldier and was bribed by the Spanish prosecutors to implicate
them as the masterminds of the mutiny). Military Court: three priests guilty and sentenced them to die
by garrote.
Originally, Rizal’s plan was to take up priesthood and become a Jesuit father. When he heard of
the martyrdom of GomBurZa, he changed his mind and swore to dedicate his life to vindicate the
victims of Spanish oppression.

American Era
Like the Philippines, the island of Cuba suffered from Spanish misrule. Cubans also have initiated
their own revolts against Spanish abusers. On the 5th of March 1895, they finally liberated under the
leadership of Jose Marti - Cuba’s national hero. The United States, which was also a colony of various
European countries sympathized with the Cubans. Also they have an investment of $50 million on the
island. These factors triggered the US to engage in the conflict.
At the harbor of Havana, on the night of February 15, 1898, Maine, a US battleship was blown up
causing the death of 260 officers and men. Until today, there is no proven culprit of the said crime but

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only suspicions that it was none other than the Spanish forces - which caused the US government to
stir up its own war spirit.
The Spanish government first declared war against United States on April 24, 1898. The US
congress then accepted the challenge.

Battle of Manila Bay: May 1, 1898

On April 30, Dewey’s lookouts caught sight of Luzon, the main Philippine island. That night,
under cover of darkness and with the lights aboard the U.S. warships extinguished, the squadron
slipped by the defensive guns of Corregidor Island and into Manila Bay.
After dawn, the Americans located the Spanish fleet, a group of out-of-date warships anchored
off the Cavite naval station. The U.S. fleet, in
comparison, was well-armed and well-staffed, largely
The Battle of Manila Bay, also
due to the efforts of the energetic assistant secretary of
known as the Battle of Cavite, took the Navy, Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919), who had
place on 1 May 1898, during the also selected Dewey for the command of the Asiatic
Spanish–American War. squadron.
At around 5:40 a.m., Dewey turned to the captain of
his flagship, the Olympia, and said, “You may fire when
ready, Gridley.” Two hours later, the Spanish fleet was decimated, and Dewey ordered a pause in
the fighting. He met with his captains and ordered the crews a second breakfast. The surviving
Spanish vessels, trapped in the little harbor at Cavite, refused to surrender, and late that morning
fighting resumed. Early that afternoon, a signal was sent from the gunboat USS Petrel to Dewey’s
flagship announcing that the enemy has surrendered.
Spanish losses were estimated at more than 370 troops, while American casualties were
fewer than 10.

The Mock Battle of Manila: August 13, 1898

The Spanish-American War ended with a fantastic performance. It starred an American hero,
a veteran commander taking control of a crew of both fresh-faced and veteran sailors in a corner
of the Pacific few back home had heard about. His opponent: a Spaniard at the helm of his
empire’s last stand in a far-flung colony. Both were aided by an efficient Belgian consul who
brokered a plan to save Spanish honor, guarantee a bloodless victory, and, most important, keep a
revolutionary Filipino general in the dark about the entire
operation. But before we get to the main attraction, the
The Mock Battle of Manila was a fanfare.
land engagement which took place The Spanish were not about to surrender to their
in Manila on August 13, 1898, at colonial charges. The Americans, on the other hand,
the end of the Spanish–American were new to the Philippines. The U.S. military’s treatment
of native Filipinos echoed the longer histories of
War, four months after the decisive
Americans’ attitudes toward African Americans and
victory by Commodore Dewey's Native Americans back home.
Asiatic Squadron at the Battle of On the morning of August 13, the mock battle for
Manila Bay. Manila began. The band on board the British armored
cruiser HMS Immortalité serenaded the Americans with
"patriotic aires." At 9 a.m., the "attack" commenced with
Dewey’s flagship, the protected cruiser Olympia, lobbing a few shells into the old fort at Malate
while the Spanish guns on the coast provided no response. Recently arrived land-based U.S.
forces held back Filipinos outside the central city. The historian Teodoro Agoncillo understood the
theatrical nature of the event when he wrote: "The few casualties on both sides in the phony attack
were due to some ‘actors’ bungling their ‘lines,’ or possibly to the fact that very few officers were let
in on the charade."

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 According to plan, Dewey’s staff transmitted the code for surrender to Jáudenes, and the
Spanish obliged by raising the white flag at 11:20 a.m., just in time for lunch. To bring the
morning’s shock and awe to a close, the crew of the British armored cruiser HMS Immortalité fired
a twenty-one-gun salute in honor of the U.S. flag that was hoisted atop Fort Santiago.

The Japanese Military Administration

On January 3, 1942, for the purpose of supervising the cultural, economic, and political affairs of
the conquered nation, the Japanese Military Administration was established by the Japanese High
Command.
The Constitution of the Japanese-Sponsored Republic
The constitution consisted of a preamble and 12 articles, written in Tagalog and English
languages. It provided for the establishment of the “Republic of the Philippines” with tripartite
powers - executive (President), legislative (National Assembly), and Judicial (Supreme Court and
Lower Courts). It was transitory however in the sense that it was only able to take effect on the
duration of war.

Foreign Relations of the Republic

The new republic was recognized by the Axis bloc of nations - Japan, China, Manchukuo,
Germany, Italy, Burma, Croatia, Spain, Thailand, Slovakia, Hungary, and Bulgaria.
A Japanese embassy was established in Manila under Ambassador Syozo Murata. In turn, a
Philippine embassy in Tokyo, Japan was under Ambassador Jose B. Vargas.
Shortly after assuming the presidency, Dr. Laurel, accompanied by Ministers Recto and
Paredes and Assemblyman Jose B. Laurel Jr.. attended the Assembly of Greater East Asiatic
Nations which was held in Tokyo from November 5 to 6, 1943. This assembly adopted a Joint
Declaration otherwise known as the “Pacific Charter”, setting forth the principles that were to serve
as basis for the upbuilding of Greater East Asia.

The New Republic

The New Republic (Third Republic) of the Philippines was inaugurated on July 4, 1946. It marked
the culmination of the peaceful campaign for Philippine Independence—the two landmarks of which
were the enactment of the Jones Law in 1916 (in which the U.S. Congress pledged independence for
the Philippines once Filipinos have proven their capability for self-government) and the Philippine
Independence Act of 1934 (popularly known as Tydings-McDuffie) which put in place a ten-year
transition period during which the Philippines had Commonwealth status.
The Third Republic also marked the recognition by the global community of nations, of the
nationhood of the Philippines—a process that began when the Commonwealth of the Philippines joined
the Anti-Axis Alliance known as the United Nations on June 14, 1942, receiving recognition as an Allied
nation even before independence. Thus, the inauguration of the Third Republic marked the fulfillment
of the long struggle for independence that began with the Philippine Revolution on August 23, 1896
(recent scholarship suggests, on August 24) and which was formalized on June 12, 1898 with the
Proclamation of Philippine Independence at Kawit, Cavite.
From 1946 to 1961, Independence Day was celebrated on July 4. On May 12, 1962, President
Diosdado Macapagal issued Proclamation No. 28, s. 1962, which declared June 12 as Independence
Day. In 1964, Congress passed Republic Act No. 4166, which formally designated June 12 of every
year as the date on which we celebrate Philippine independence. July 4 in turn has been observed as
Republic Day since then. President Roxas takes his oath of office during the Independence Ceremony
of July 4, 1946. Administering the oath is Chief Justice Manuel Moran.
Roxas. President Roxas takes his oath of office during the Independence Ceremony of July 4,
1946. Manuel Roxas was a young politician from Capiz when he entered national politics. He was
among the few proteges of then President Manuel L. Quezon. After the war, he and Elpidio
Quirino, an Ilocano politican and educator established the Liberal Party. On April 15, 1948,

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following a speech before an audience of assembled airmen at Clark Field Air Base, President
Roxas died of a heart attack. Vice President Elpidio Quirino assumed the presidency on April 17,
1948.
Quirino. President Elpidio Quirino’s goal as chief executive, as stated in his first State of the
Nation Address, revolved around strengthening the people’s confidence in the government and the
restoration of peace. In order to achieve these, the Chief Executive travelled around the country to
inspect firsthand the condition of the nation.
The Quirino administration came to a close in the presidential elections of 1953. It was a battle
between incumbent Liberal Party of President Elpidio Quirino against the charismatic Nacionalista
candidate Ramon Magsaysay. It was a landslide victory for Ramon Magsaysay, who gained
2,912,992 votes or 68.9% of the electorate.
Magsaysay. To help the rural masses was
the focal point of the populist administration of What made Pres. Magsaysay as the “Champion of
President Ramon Magsaysay. President Masses”?
Magsaysay insisted in meeting and
communicating with his people. In his first
Executive Order, he established the Presidential Complaint and Action Commission, which
investigated various citizen complaints and recommended remedial actions through different
government agencies. The Commission served to boost the nation’s confidence with its
government; it was seen as a fulfilment of President Magsaysay’s promise, stated in his inaugural
address, to become a President for the people.
On March 17, 1957, President Magsaysay and 25 other passengers of the presidential plane
Mt. Pinatubo perished in a crash, at Mt. Manunggal, Cebu. Vice President Carlos P. Garcia
succeeded to the presidency on March 18, 1957.
Garcia. President Carlos P. Garcia, in his inaugural address, sought the help and support of
the masses in accomplishing the tremendous responsibilities of the presidency and in carrying on
the legacy of the Magsaysay administration. President Garcia used the momentum of the previous
administration’s campaign on social welfare and signed the amendment of the Social Security Law
through Republic Act 1792, establishing the Social Security System on September 1, 1957.
The administration campaigned for the citizens’ support in patronizing Filipino products and
services, and implemented import and currency controls favorable for Filipino industries. In
connection with the government’s goal of self-sufficiency was the “Austerity Program,” which
President Garcia described in his first State of the NatIon
Address as “more work, more thrift, more productive
investment, and more efficiency” that aimed to mobilize
The Garcia administration
national savings.
promoted the “Filipino First” President Garcia lost to Vice President Diosdado
policy, whose focal point was to Macapagal in the presidential race of 1961.
regain economic independence; Macapagal. President Diosdado Macapagal, during
a national effort by Filipinos to his inaugural address on December 30, 1961,
“obtain major and dominant emphasized the responsibilities and goals to be attained
in the “new era” that was the Macapagal administration.
participation in their economy.”
He reiterated his resolve to eradicate corruption, and
assured the public that honesty would prevail in his
presidency. President Macapagal, too, aimed at self-
sufficiency and the promotion of every citizen’s welfare, through the partnership of the government
and private sector, and to alleviate poverty by providing solutions for unemployment.
In the field of foreign relations, the Philippines became a founding member of Maphilindo,
through the Manila Accord of 1963. The regional organization of Malay states strove for “Asian
solutions by Asian nations for Asian problems,” and aimed to solve national and regional problems
through regional diplomacy.

11
 The Macapagal administration closed with the presidential elections of 1965. The “Poor boy
from Lubao” was defeated by the Nacionalista candidate Ferdinand E. Marcos.
Marcos. The last president of the Third Republic of the Philippines was President Ferdinand
E. Marcos. Prior to the events of Martial Law, the first term of the Marcos administration, as
emphasized in his inaugural address on December 30, 1965,
focused on “the revival of the greatness of the nation.”
Habeas corpus is a centuries- As opposition to President Marcos grew significantly due
old legal procedure to corruption in the administration, the Liberal Party then saw
that protects against unlawful an opportunity in the midterm elections of 1971. The Miting
and indefinite imprisonment. de Avance of the Liberal Party held at Plaza Miranda on
August 21, 1971 was cut short whentwo bombs were hurled
at the opposition candidates, killing nine people and injuring
about a hundred. Because of this incident, President Marcos suspended the Writ of Habeas
Corpus, leading to the arrest and incarceration of twenty people.
Opponents of the administration were incarcerated; decree-making powers were asserted by
the President, and when the ongoing Constitutional Convention produced a draft document, a
series of “barangay assemblies” were held to prevent Congress from convening as scheduled in
January, 1973. After claiming approval of a new Constitution, the dictatorship ordered Congress
padlocked. The “ratification” of the 1973 Constitution marked the end of the Third Republic and the
beginning of the Bagong Lipunan—the New Society as the martial law regime was called—under
President Marcos.

V. SUMMARY
 Early politics in the Philippines were small entities known as barangays, although some larger
states were established following the arrival of Hinduism and Islam through regional trade
networks.
 The arrival of Spanish settlers began a period of Spanish expansion which led to the creation
of the Captaincy General of the Philippines, governed out of Manila.
 Through the subsequent Philippine–American War and later actions, the United States
established effective administration over the entire archipelago and introduced political
structures that reflected those of the United States.

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 MODULE 6
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES
I. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this module, the learners are expected to:
 Describe the history of Philippine Economy from pre-colonial era up to the present;
 Investigate the remnants of history through material and non-material artifacts; and
 Collaborate in groups and share what they have learned to the public.

II. PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE

“Pag bumagsak si Aguinaldo, may bagong titindig. Pero ito…. hindi ito mapapalitan
(If Aguinaldo falls, another will rise. But this…. can never be replaced.)”
-Pantaleon Garcia (Goyo, 2018 Film)

III. INTRODUCTION
Gen. Pantaleon Garcia of the Philippine Revolution finished an education degree in Imus,
Cavite. In 1896, he joined Katipunan when the revolution broke out. He was commissioned by Gen.
Aguinaldo to make an investigation on the case of Bonifacio brothers. He also was the one who
recommended to Aguinaldo to capture the Bonifacio brothers and charge them a penalty of
death.
In the movie, Goyo, he mentioned this timeless line while talking to Gen. Gregorio del Pilar.
This line is a relevant reminder to all of us who are facing a perilous time in our history. We have
done fighting for freedom, and already have gained sovereignty, but there is another enemy to be
defeated - toxic idolatry - which is evident even in social media. We are familiar with the rift
between DDS and Dilawans, which has caused us to create social and intellectual gaps as people
are now being labeled, not by their wisdom, but by their political colors. This new culture is
clearly “toxic”.
As we go on in the study of Philippine history this final terms, may we be reminded that
whoever sits in Malacanang, the situation of this country will never change unless we
fundamentally engage into paradigm shifting of fostering the culture of Shared Destiny - this is
when Juan has “pakialam” with the aspirations of Pedro. At the end of the day, in Tagalog cliche,
“tayo-tayo din lang naman ang mag tutulungan”.

IV. LESSON INPUTS

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 Pre-Colonial Era
Pre-colonial Filipino economy was strongly dominated by the influence of the Chinese people.
However, there is no evidence that, previous to the Spanish conquest, the Chinese settled or colonized
in these islands at all; and yet three hundred years before the
arrival of Magellan their trading-fleets were coming here regularly
Pre-colonial Filipino economy was and several of the islands were well known to them. One evidence
strongly dominated by the influence of this prehistoric trade is in the ancient Chinese jars and pottery
of the Chinese people. which have been exhumed in the vicinity of Manila, but the Chinese
writings themselves furnish us even better proof. About the
beginning of the thirteenth century, though not earlier than 1205, a
Chinese author named Chao Ju-kua wrote a work upon the maritime commerce of the Chinese people.
One chapter of his work is devoted to the Philippines, which he calls the country of Mayi. According to
this record it is indicated that the Chinese were familiar with the islands of the archipelago seven
hundred years ago
These traders also visited the more central islands, but here traffic was conducted on the ships, the
Chinese on arrival announcing themselves by beating gongs and the Filipinos coming out to them in their
light boats. Among other things here offered by the natives for trade are mentioned “strange cloth,” perhaps
sinamay or jusi, and fine mats.
This Chinese trade continued probably quite steadily until the arrival of the Spaniards. Then it received
an enormous increase through the demand for Chinese food products and wares made by the Spaniards,
and because of the value of the Mexican silver which the Spaniards offered in exchange.

Trade with the Moro of the South

The spread Mohammedanism and especially the foundation of the colony of Borneo brought the
Philippines into important commercial relations with the Malays of the south. Previous to the arrival of
the Spaniards these relations seem to have been friendly and peaceful. The Mohammedan Malays
sent their praus northward for purposes of trade, and they were also settling in the north Philippines as
they had in Mindanao.
When Legazpi’s fleet, soon after its arrival, lay near the island of Bohol, Captain Martin de Goiti
had a hard fight with a Moro vessel which was cruising for trade, and took six prisoners. One of them,
whom they call the “Pilot,” was closely interrogated by the
commander and some interesting information obtained,
Butuan has produced from time which is recorded by Padre San Augustin. Legaspi had a
immemorial small quantities of Malay slave interpreter with him and San Augustin says
that Padre Urdaneta “knew well the Malayan language.”
gold, and all the early voyagers The pilot said that “those of Borneo brought for trade with
speak of the gold earrings and the Filipinos, copper and tin, which was brought to Borneo
ornaments of the natives. from China, porcelain, dishes, and bells made in their
fashion, very different from those that the Christians use,
and benzoin, and colored blankets from India, and cooking
pans made in China, and that they also brought iron lances very well tempered, and knives and other
articles of barter, and that in exchange for them they took away from the islands gold, slaves, wax, and
a kind of small seashell which they call ‘sijueyes’ and which passes for money in the kingdom of Siam
and other places; and also  they carry off some white cloths, of which there is a great quantity in the
islands.”
Butuan, on the north coast of Mindanao, seems to have been white a trading-place resorted to by
vessels from all quarters. This region, like many other parts of the Philippines, has produce d from time
immemorial small quantities of gold, and all the early voyagers speak of the gold earrings and
ornaments of the natives. Butuan also produced sugarcane and was a trading-port for slaves. This
unfortunate traffic in human life seems to have been not unusual, and was doubtless stimulated by the
commerse with Borneo. Junks from Siam trading with Cebu were also encountered by the Spaniards.

14
 Result of this Intercourse and Commerce
This intercourse and traffic had acquainted the Filipinos with many of the accessories of civilized
life long before the arrival of the Spaniards. Their chiefs and datos dresses in silks, and maintained
some splendor of surroundings; nearly the whole
population of the tribes of the coast wrote and
communicated by means of a syllabary; vessels
from Luzon traded as far south as Mindanao and
Borneo, although the products of Asia proper came
through the fleets of foreigners; and perhaps what
indicates more clearly than anything else the
advance the Filipinos were making through their
communication with outside people is their use of firearms. Of this point there is no question.
Everywhere in the vicinity of Manila, on Lubang, in Pampanga, at Cainta and Laguna de Bay, the
Spaniards encountered forts mounting small cannon, or “lantakas” The Filipinos seem to have
understood, moreover, the arts of casting cannon and of making powder. The first gun-factory
established by the Spaniards was in charge of a Filipino from Pampanga.

Spanish Era
The country was opened to foreign trade at the end of the 18th century which resulted in the rapid
rise of foreign firms in Manila. This stimulated agricultural production and export of sugar, rice hemp
and tobacco. The number of families which prospered from foreign commerce and trade were able to
send their sons for an education in Europe. Filipinos who were educated abroad were able to absorb
the intellectual development in Europe.

The Suez Canal connects Mediterranean and red sea; shortened distance between Europe and
Orient. Moreover, this new passage resulted into:
(a) Philippines became closer to Europe and Spain
(b) encouraged European travelers to come to our country
(c) exodus of literal ideas from Europe to the Philippines
(d) more educated and young Filipinos were able to study abroad

Spanish Economic Policy

While Spain was indeed more concerned about propagating Christianity and in enhancing her
glory in her overseas colonies, she did not entirely neglect to develop her colonies’ economy. History
shows that the Spanish crown promulgated many good laws to promote economic development among
the colonies. These laws provided for:
1. The planting of fruit trees in towns and villages;
2. The grant of public lands to landless native farmers;
3. The cultivation of cotton, indigo, coconuts, abaca, and other crops; and
4. The awarding of prizes and honors to successful farmers.

Spanish East Indies

After Spain lost Mexico as a territory, New Spain (Mexico’s old name) was dissolved making
the Philippines and other Pacific islands to form the Spanish East Indies. This resulted in the
Philippines being governed directly by the King of Spain and the Captaincy General of the
Philippines while the Pacific islands of Northern Mariana
Islands, Guam, Micronesia and Palau was governed by What businesses existing today which
the Real Audiencia of Manila and was part of the Philippine already existed during the Spanish
territorial governance. era?

15
 It made the economy of the Philippines grow further as people saw the rise of opportunities.
Agriculture remained the largest contributor to economy, being the largest producer of coffee in
Asia as well as a large produce of tobacco.
In 1834, the Royal Company of the Philippines was abolished, and free trade was formally
recognized. With its excellent harbor, Manila became an open port for Asian, European, and North
American traders. European merchants alongside the Chinese immigrants opened stores selling
goods from all parts of the world. The El Banco Español Filipino de Isabel II (now Bank of the
Philippine Islands) was the first bank opened in the Philippines in 1851.
In 1873, additional ports were opened to foreign commerce, and by the late nineteenth century
three crops—tobacco, abaca, and sugar—dominated Philippine exports.

American Era
The results of the economy under the Americans were mixed. An initial high growth phase
occurred during the 1910s due to the recovery from the wars with Spain and the US, and investment in
agriculture. The Philippines would at first briefly outpace its neighbors. This would not last as growth
fell behind in the later years. Stagnation in the late 1920s and beyond took place as access to US
markets became restricted by protectionist quotas and fiscal restraints forestalled any further
development in agriculture.
The growth period can be attributed to the results of a crash program in agricultural modernization
undertaken in 1910–1920. This in turn was done in order to address the growing shortfall in the supply
of rice. The Philippines once a net exporter became an importer of
rice as a result of the wars with the Spanish and later the
Americans and by the reallocation of labour to export crops.
Manifest Destiny is the idea that The 1930s would mark the end to this period of relative
the United States is destined—by prosperity. The Sugar Act of 1934 capped Philippines sugar
God, its advocates believed—to exports to the US at 921,000 tons per year. Expenditure on public
expand its dominion and spread infrastructure for agriculture was reduced as the Payne–Aldridge
democracy and capitalism Act stripped the government of customs revenue. Manila hemp was
now competing against the newly invented Nylon. Although the
across the entire North
area of land cultivated for agriculture was still increasing, the rate
American continent (and the was reduced to 1% per annum.
World). The policy with the most far reaching consequences of this
period was the peg
between the peso
and dollar. This was enforced by law until 1975. It
provided monetary stability for foreign investment
inflows, which lead to 40% of all capital invested in Benevolent Assimilation refers to the
manufacturing and commercial enterprises to be owned colonizing policy of the US over the
by foreign entities by 1938. On the other hand, this Philippine territory. It stated that future
overvaluation of the peso would have a negative impact control, disposition, and government of
with foreign trade with the rest of Asia. Economic policy
leading to independence would have necessitated
the Philippine islands had been ceded to
loosening trade links with the US. In order to achieve an the United States and that the U.S.
internationally competitive exchange rate, the peso dollar military government was to be extended
link would have to be broken. The much belated move to over the whole of the ceded territory.
a true floating exchange rate led to uncompetitive
exports as such an import substitution strategy remained
until significant currency devaluation opened up the
opportunity for reorienting towards exports.

16
Fifth Republic
The Post-EDSA macroeconomic history of the Philippines covers the period from 1986 to the
present time, and takes off from the acclaimed People Power Revolution in the EDSA Revolution of
1986 (named after Epifanio de los Santos Avenue in Manila) that brought democracy and development
potentials back to the country that was once in the perils of the Martial Law Era. From days, months,
and even years of economic and financial collapse
towards the end of that Martial Law Era came revolution, How do you describe the post-EDSA
reform, and sustenance spearheaded by the Aquino, politics of the Philippines?
Ramos, Estrada, and Arroyo administrations that saw the
Philippines get back on track and even through some of the wildest financial and political crises, such
as the succeeding EDSA Revolutions, the Asian Financial Crisis, and the most recent "bubble bursts",
among others. Revolutions, liberal ideas, and reforms aided the country towards robust growth, and
crucial policies were conceptualized, developed, and enacted by the presidents and the advisers who
supported them. The period also featured the emergence of civil society as important proponents of
development, trade reforms and protections, improvements in exports and export-oriented
manufacturing, and decentralization as an important take-off point for regional development.

Aquino Administration. The Aquino administration takes over an economy that has gone
through socio-political disasters during the People Power revolution, where there was financial and
commodity collapse caused by an overall consumer cynicism, a result of the propaganda against
cronies, social economic unrest resulting from numerous global shortages, massive protests, lack
of government transparency, the opposition's speculations and alleged corruption in the
government. At that point in time, the country had debt that began crippling the country which
slowly made the Philippines the "Latin-American in East Asia" as it started to experience the
worst recession since the post-war era.
Ramos Administration. The Ramos administration basically served its role as the carrier of
the momentum of reform and as an important vehicle in "hastening the pace of liberalization and
openness in the country". The administration was a proponent of capital account liberalization,
which made the country more open to foreign trade, investments, and relations. It was during this
administration when the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas was established, and this administration was
also when the Philippines joined the World Trade Organization and other free trade associations
such as the APEC. During the administration, debt reduction was also put into consideration and
as such, the issuance of certain government bonds called Brady Bonds also came to fruition in
1992. Key negotiations with conflicting forces in Mindanao actually became more successful

17
 during the administration, which also highlighted the great role and contributions of Jose Almonte
as the key adviser of this liberal administration.
In the end, the Philippine economy under the Ramos administration gained recognition in
breaking out of its deficit-laden stature in Asia.
Estrada Administration. Although Estrada's administration had to endure the continued
shocks of the Asian Crisis, the administration was also characterized by the administration's
economic mismanagement and "midnight cabinets". As if the pro-poor rhetoric, promises and
drama were not really appalling enough, the administration also had "midnight cabinets composed
of 'drinking buddies' influencing the decisions of the 'daytime cabinet'. Cronyism and other big
issues caused the country's image of economic stability to change towards the worse. And instead
of adjustments happening, people saw further deterioration and hopelessness that better things
can happen. Targeted revenues were not reached, implementation of policies became very slow,
and fiscal adjustments were not efficiently conceptualized and implemented. All those disasters
caused by numerous mistakes were made worse by the sudden entrance of
the Jueteng controversy, which gave rise to the succeeding EDSA Revolutions.
Despite all these controversies, the administration still had some meaningful and profound
policies to applaud. The administration presents a reprise of the population policy, which involved
the assisting of married couples to achieve their fertility goals, reduce unwanted fertility and match
their unmet need for contraception. The administration also pushed for budget appropriations for
family planning and contraceptives, an effort that was eventually stopped due to the fact that the
church condemned it.
Macapagal-Arroyo Administration. The Arroyo administration, economically speaking, was
a period of good growth rates simultaneous with the US, due perhaps to the emergence of
the Overseas Filipino workers (OFW) and the Business Process Outsourcing (BPO). The
emergence of the OFW and the BPO improved the contributions of OFW remittances and
investments to growth. In 2004, however, fiscal deficits grew and grew as tax collections fell,
perhaps due to rampant and wide scale tax avoidance and tax evasion incidences. Fearing that a
doomsday prophecy featuring the Argentina default in 2002 might come to fruition, perhaps due to
the same sort of fiscal crisis, the administration
pushed for the enactment of the 12% VAT and the E-
VAT to increase tax revenue and address the large What are the contributions of
fiscal deficits. This boosted fiscal policy confidence Macapagal-Arroyo to the Philippine
and brought the economy back on track once again. economy?
Soon afterwards, political instability afflicted the
country and the economy anew with Abu Sayyaf terrors intensifying. The administration's
Legitimacy Crisis also became a hot issue and threat to the authority of the Arroyo administration.
Moreover, the Arroyo administration went through many raps and charges because of some
controversial deals such as the NBN-ZTE Broadband Deal. Due however to the support of local
leaders and the majority of the House of Representatives, political stability was restored and
threats to the administration were quelled and subdued. Towards the end of the administration,
high inflation rates for rice and oil in 2008 started to plague the country anew, and this led to
another fiscal crisis, which actually came along with the major recession that the United States and
the rest of the world were actually experiencing.

V. SUMMARY
 From the 12th century, a huge industry centred around the manufacture and trade of burnay
clay pots, used for the storage of tea and other perishables, was set up in the northern
Philippines with Japanese and Okinawan traders. 
 After experiencing years of positive growth, the Philippine economy between 1973 and
1986 suffered a downturn due to a mixture of domestic and international problems.

18
  The GDP of the Philippines rose during the martial law, rising from $8.0 billion to $32.5 billion
in about 8 years. This growth was spurred by massive lending from commercial banks,
accounting for about 62% percent of external debt.

PRELIMINARY TERM WORKSHEETS

Name: Degree Program:

MODULE 4 - CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPLINES

Part I. Read and analyze the following questions below. This will test the basic knowledge that you
have gained this semester. Answer key is provided at the references page.

1. This hypothesis rgues that the peopling of the Philippines was related to the thriving of trade
relations happening around Borneo and the Celebes Sea.
a) Unique South China Sea Homeland Hypothesis
b) Unique Mainland Southeastern China Hypothesis
c) Internal Development Theory
d) Multiple Homeland Hypothesis
2. To Spain, the Filipinos owe a lasting debt of gratitude for introducing _______ to the country.
a) Music and Theatre
b) Christianity
c) Western Fashion
d) Democracy
3. The first newspaper in the Philippines was:
a) La Catolico Filipino
b) La Esperanza
c) Del Superior Govierno
d) El Hogar
4. Popular education emerged few days after the battle of Manila Bay, when the first school was
opened by the Americans in:
a) Quezon City
b) Corregidor Island
c) Cebu City
d) Batanes Island
5. The Suggs’ Hypothesis maintains that the movement of people to the Philippines started in:
a) Taiwan

19
 b) Vietnam
c) Borneo
d) China

Part II. True or False

6. America did not encourage the Filipinos to prepare themselves for independence.
_____ TRUE _____ FALSE
7. Before the arrival of Spaniards, the Philippines was split into numerous barangays which were small
states that were linked through regional trade routes. 
_____ TRUE _____ FALSE
8. The opening of the Panama Canal in 1869 accelerated the migration of wealthy scions to schools
throughout Europe.
_____ TRUE _____ FALSE
9. Members of the Katipunan charged of sedition and rebellion due to the false testimony of Francisco
Zaldua.
_____ TRUE _____ FALSE
10. Pre-colonial Filipino economy was strongly dominated by the influence of the Chinese people.
_____ TRUE _____ FALSE

PRELIMINARY TERM WORKSHEETS

Name: Degree Program:

MODULE 5 - POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPLINES

Part I. Watch the movie, “Liway”, by Kip Oebanda. Do a Source Analysis by providing the needed
details below:

SOURCE ANALYSIS
Title of Source:

Type of Primary Source:

What do you know about the author that may shape his/her perspective?

Who is the intended audience of the primary source?

Where and when was the primary source published or created?

Describe the historical context. What was happening during this event or time period?

20
 PRELIMINARY TERM WORKSHEETS
Name: Degree Program:

MODULE 6 - POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPLINES

Part I. Assess our Presidents in terms of their achievements and controversies by filling out the chart
below:
PRESIDENT POLITICAL PARTY ACHIEVEMENTS CONTROVERSIES
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

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10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

MIDTERM

1. The Case of Macli-ing Dulag

https://drive.google.com/file/d/
1gkMNuHsaCo3XWS8BZeKSzosGxR2lrXeB/view

2. Grand Corruption Scandals in the Philippines

https://drive.google.com/file/d/16vWkcvwCvBGHjRxguypEbYpXu6KTXP98/view

3. Architectural History of Marcos Era Structures

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ypKEDPh4r8QxG5iDGvD9zKzvU91tgwBl/view?usp=sharing

22
Prepared by:

LORD IVAN A. PANCHO

Part-Time Instructor

Reviewed by: Approved by:

EPHRAIM P. MAGUAD, LPT, M. Ed. MARILYN T. ALCALA, LPT, Ph. D.

Program Head, BSED Dean

23