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https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-021-02274-x

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Evolution of Microstructure and Texture in UNS S32750 Super


Duplex Stainless Steel Weldments
Tushar Ramdas Dandekar1 • Aman Gupta1 • Rajesh Kisni Khatirkar1 •

Ranjeet Kumar2 • Ashvin D. Gaikwad3

Received: 16 January 2021 / Accepted: 23 April 2021


Ó The Indian Institute of Metals - IIM 2021

Abstract Super duplex stainless steel (UNS S32750) butt ({112} \ 111 [), Goss ({110} \ 110 [), and S
joints were prepared using ER2594 and ER2595 electrodes ({123} \ 634 [) components, while ferrite showed strong
by shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process. The heat a (RD// \ 110 [) and c (ND// \ 111 [) fibres. The tex-
input used during welding was in the range of ture of ferrite was stronger than that of austenite. The
0.75–0.81 kJ/mm. Microstructure and texture across the austenite and ferrite in the FZ (cap pass) obeyed Kurdju-
weldments were investigated using optical microscope, mov–Sachs (K–S) orientation relationship. Further, the
scanning electron microscope, and electron backscat- hardness of ER2595 weldments was found to be higher
tered diffraction. The solidification mode in the fusion than that of ER2594 weldments.
zone (FZ) was found to be ferritic, and the microstructure
mainly consisted of Widmanstatten austenite (WA), grain Keywords Duplex stainless steel  Microstructure 
boundary austenite (GBA), and inter-granular austenite EBSD  SMAW  Hardness  Texture 
(IGA). The base metal (BM) had * 50% ferrite and 50% K–S orientation relationship
austenite. The ferrite proportion changed significantly in
FZ and heat-affected zone (HAZ) after welding. Austenite
in the BM showed strong Brass ({110} \ 112 [), Cu 1 Introduction

Duplex stainless steels (DSSs) are extensively used in gas


& Rajesh Kisni Khatirkar transfer pipelines, chemical industries, and oil production
rajesh.khatirkar@gmail.com; rajeshk@mme.vnit.ac.in industries [1–4]. In most DSSs, microstructure consists of
Tushar Ramdas Dandekar austenite (c, FCC) and ferrite (d, BCC) in nearly equal
tushar.dandekar3@gmail.com proportion in solution-annealed (SA) condition. These
Aman Gupta steels exhibit an exceptional combination of corrosion
amangpta@gmail.com resistance and mechanical properties due to the synergetic
Ranjeet Kumar effects of the presence of both austenite and ferrite [5–8].
kumarranjeet205@gmail.com These steels are usually classified based on the amount of
Ashvin D. Gaikwad alloying element and pitting resistance equivalent number
ashvingaikwad@yahoo.co.in (PREN) as lean, standard, super, and hyper-DSSs. PREN,
1
which represents the resistance to localized pitting corro-
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering,
Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT),
sion, can be calculated from the chemical composition [9].
South Ambazari Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440010, India DSSs have different proportions, in weight %, of Cr (20%
2 to 26%) and Ni (1% to 7%) making them more economical
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi than austenitic stainless steel (ASSs) [8]. The presence of
110016, India austenite improves the ductility and toughness, whereas the
3
Weldfast Electrodes Pvt. Ltd, D-57-59, Hingna Industrial presence of ferrite reduces stress corrosion cracking (SCC)
Area, MIDC, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440016, India and improves yield strength (usually better than ASSs like

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304, 304L, 316, and 316L) [10, 11]. Welding is one of the texture and microstructure in UNS S32750 are still miss-
most used methods for fabrication in industries. It can alter ing. The aim of the present investigation is to achieve
the microstructure, phase proportion as well as the distri- insights into microstructural changes and textural evolution
bution of chemical elements in different zones of the of UNS S32750 super DSS weldments produced by
weldments. It has been reported [12, 13] that the deviation SMAW process. UNS S32750 super DSS plates were
of phase proportion from base metal (BM) (50:50 ratio of welded using two electrodes (ER2594 and ER2595). The
austenite:ferrite) can reduce the corrosion resistance and effect of weld chemistry on the microstructure and texture
degrades the mechanical properties. Shielded metal arc evolution was investigated using EBSD.
welding (SMAW) process is the most widely used welding
technique because of its ease of use and cost-effectiveness.
In order to maintain the desired c–d phase balance, heat 2 Experimental
input and weld chemistry during welding need to be opti-
mized [6, 14]. However, it also depends upon many other Figure 1 shows the experimental set-up for SMAW pro-
parameters of SMAW process such as the diameter of cess, unwelded and welded sheets. The chemical compo-
electrode, arc length, electrode type, polarity, and relative sition (in weight %) of the hot-rolled sheet of UNS S32750
motion between electrode and workpiece [15]. The high DSS is given in Table 1. The hot-rolled sheet was subjected
inputs promote easy transformation of austenite from fer- to SA at 1030 ± 5 8C for 3 h to homogenize the
rite to obtain the favourable combination of c–d phase. microstructure and chemical composition. The initial
However, it leads to wider HAZ, brittle intermetallic phase dimensions of sheets were 200 mm 9 100 mm 9 5.5 mm
formation, and coarse-grained weld deposits [16, 17]. (length 9 breath 9 thickness). Subsequently, SMAW
Further, it has been reported [18] that very low heat inputs process was used to weld the sheets using two fillers (1)
lead to the formation of high ferrite with excessive chro- ER2594 (conventional) and (2) ER2595 (new) with
mium nitride due to faster cooling. Therefore, it is neces- 3.5 mm diameter and chemical composition as given in
sary to control the welding parameters to obtain optimum Table 1. Multi-phase with direct current electrode positive
microstructure. Muthupandi et al. [6] reported that the (DCEP) polarity was used as it exhibits higher deposition
influence of weldment composition has significant effects with cleaning action. Welding parameters as given in
on the c–d phase proportion than the cooling rate. The Table 2 were employed to produce the weldments. During
austenite proportion lower than 25% is considered unac- welding (2 mm of root face with 608 groove angle [28]),
ceptable for industrial applications [19]. Previous investi- 1.5 mm gap was maintained between the sheets. Welding
gation [20] showed that the ER2595 electrode provides was done in 3 passes—the first pass being the root pass, a
better pitting corrosion resistance and is expected to per- second and third pass (known to be cap pass) was used with
form better than weld produced by ER2594. nearly identical welding parameters to produce the weld-
A study of texture in DSS welding is an important field ments. Sample preparation was carried out as per the
of understanding for the above-mentioned issues [21]. ASTM E3-95 [29] for microstructural examination.
Aguiar et al. [22] studied the texture evolution in 2304 lean Metallographic characterization was carried out after
DSS after welding using electron backscattered diffraction grinding the samples with SiC emery papers up to 2000 grit
(EBSD). EBSD is an advanced technique which can size, polishing with velvet cloth using alumina slurry
quantify the phases, as well as provide information about (0.3 lm) and diamond suspension (0.1 lm). Etching was
the morphology (including precipitation distribution) [22]. done with Kalling’s reagent [30]. Reflected light optical
Heating or cooling during welding in DSSs weld leads to microscope (Axiolab, ZEISS, Germany) equipped with
phase transformation, which can result in the existence of image analysis software (Axiovision) was used to obtain
crystallographic orientation relationship (OR) between the microstructures. Scanning electron microscope (SEM,
ferrite and austenite. These ORs are generally close to JEOL 6380 A, Japan) equipped with Bruker XFlash, Ger-
Kurdjumov–Sachs (KS) or Nishiyama–Wasserman (NW) many, energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) was used to
relationships in DSSs [21]. Shamanian et al. [23] reported obtain surface morphology and localized chemical com-
that after dissimilar welding between AISI 316L ASS and position of austenite and ferrite. An EDAX, USA EBSD
UNS S32750 DSS, weld metal texture consists of Kurd- system attached to FEI Quanta 3D (the Netherlands) SEM
jumov–Sachs (K–S) crystallographic orientation relation- was used to obtain the orientation information. The
ship between austenite and ferrite. In recent years, various accelerating voltage used was 20 kV, working distance
studies on the effect of filler material on structure–property 15 mm, 15nA probe current, and 0.5 lm step size. The
relationship [24, 25] and texture evolution [26, 27] of DSS post-processing of EBSD data was carried out with OIM
weld have been carried out. Most of these studies are software (version 7.2) [31]. A mild clean-up was applied to
focussed on UNS S32205 DSS. Studies on the evolution of remove the wild spikes from the raw data (neighbour

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Fig. 1 a Experimental set-up for shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), b unwelded plates, and c welded plates. Figure is not to scale

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Table 1 Chemical composition (in weight %) of UNS S32750 super DSS (base metal), ER2594 and ER2595 electrodes
C Cr Ni Mo Mn N P Cu W Fe

UNS S32750 0.03 24.90 6.43 3.64 0.8 0.26 0.03 - - 63.5
ER2594 0.03 24.61 8.61 3.8 0.81 0.25 0.03 - - 61.86
ER2595 0.02 25.11 6.09 3.79 0.8 0.23 0.02 0.5 0.83 62.61

Table 2 Processing parameters for shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process
Electrodes
Welding Parameters ER2594 ER2595

Current (A) 111 124


Voltage (V) 25 25
Speed (mm s-1) 2.25 2.71
Welding efficiency (%) 65% 65%
Heat input 0.80 0.74
Polarity DCEP DCEP

confidence index (CI) correction with 0.05 CI and single rolling direction (RD) of the sheet. Figure 3c and d shows
iteration). Kernel average misorientation (KAM, 2nd the EDS spectra for austenite and ferrite, respectively.
nearest neighbour) maps were obtained from the EBSD Austenite is rich in austenite stabilizing elements (Ni) and
data to show the local misorientation developments. During ferrite in ferrite stabilizing elements (Cr and Mo). Figure 4
analysis, data points/pixels with \ 0.1 CI were excluded, shows optical micrographs of WZ (cap pass) for both the
where CI represents the accuracy of indexing in an EBSD fillers at low as well as high magnifications. The
scan [32]. A Mitutoyo, Japan micro-hardness tester was microstructures are similar showing the presence of Wid-
used to measure the micro-hardness of the samples (load manstatten austenite (WA), grain boundary austenite
300 g with 12 s dwell time). (GBA), and inter-granular austenite (IGA). During initial
stage of cooling, nucleation of GBA occurs at the ferrite (d/
d) grain boundaries. Temperature range of 800 to 1350 °C
3 Results and discussion has been reported to be favourable temperature range for
re-precipitation of the GBA [33]. Similarly, nucleation of
Figure 2 shows the phase map/diagram obtained from WA occurs from austenite at the ferrite (d/d) grain
Thermo-CalcTM software for base metal, ER2594, and boundaries [34] and grows inwards in the ferrite grain.
ER2595 electrode, where input is the chemical composi- Temperature range of 650 to 800 °C has been reported to
tion. For all the three compositions, the probability of be favourable temperature range for formation of WA [35].
formation of r phase is negligible after approximately Perren et al. [35] reported that WA has lower amount of Cr,
1050 °C. Figure 3 shows the secondary electron SEM N, and Mo, since it forms after the GBA and also most of
image of the complete weldment (showing various the alloying elements are consumed by the GBA. On the
regions), secondary electron SEM image of UNS S32750 other hand, formation of IGA occurs within the ferrite
BM in solution annealed (SA) condition, and EDS spec- grains. The IGA not only requires lower temperature, but
trum of austenite and ferrite in the BM. The black dots in also needs more undercooling as a driving force for its
Fig. 3a depict the location of hardness measurements. SA formation than GBA and WA, since it is controlled by
sample consists of a banded structure of austenite and lattice diffusion [36]. Slower rate of the lattice diffusion in
ferrite (Fig. 3b) where grains are seen elongated in the comparison with grain boundary diffusion leads to limited

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Fig. 2 Calculated phase fraction (in mole) using the Thermo-CalcTM software for a base metal (UNS S32750 DSS), b ER2594 electrode, and
c ER2595 electrode. Y-axis is plotted in mole fraction, where 1 mol is Avogadro’s number of total atoms

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Fig. 3 a Secondary electron scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of complete weldment showing different regions, b secondary electron
SEM image of solution-annealed (SA) UNS S32750 DSS sample, c energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) spectrum of austenite (marked as 1 in
(b)), and d EDS spectrum of ferrite (marked as 2 in (b)) for SA DSS base metal

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Fig. 4 Light optical microscopy (LOM) images of cap pass for ER2594 ((a) and (c)) and ER2595 ((b) and (d)) weldments. The images show
ferrite ( d), austenite (c), grain boundary austenite (GBA), inter-granular austenite (IGA), and Widmanstatten austenite (WA)

growth of the IGA. Therefore, the cooling rate acts as the (cap pass as well as root pass). Figure 5a and b shows the
driving force to decide the final microstructure and corre- secondary electron SEM image of cap pass and Fig. 5c and
sponding mechanical properties. It can be noticed that d shows the light optical micrograph of HAZ (interface). It
ER2594 filler shows considerably higher IGA than ER2594 can be observed that the WA initiates from the grain
filler. Initially, grain boundaries remain occupied with the boundaries and advances towards the interior of grains,
coarsened GBA due to a lower cooling rate. Further, the while IGA is formed within the grains. Both weldments
lower cooling rate increases austenite progressively due to show similar morphological features and the width of HAZ
the growth of WA and IGA. Slower cooling rate is a is found to be approximately 60 to 80 lm. The width and
favourable condition for the reformation of austenite due to grain size of HAZ are largely influenced by peak temper-
prolonged dwell time, which allows the diffusion of sta- ature in HAZ. Austenite–ferrite ratio and heat input during
bilized elements such as N and Ni [37]. Both weldments welding are deciding factors for the width of HAZ. How-
have been found to be completely free from the presence of ever, HAZ is found to be relatively narrow due to opti-
intermetallic/precipitates like r, v, etc. in the microstruc- mized welding parameters. Even, the higher value of heat
ture. Muthupandi et al. stated [6] that the probability of input ([ 1.5 kJ/mm) exhibits the * 60 to 80 lm of HAZ
formation of Cr2N precipitates is higher in high energy width.
density processes (e.g. laser beam welding) than in low Figure 6 illustrates the EBSD phase map of both the
energy density processes (e.g. SMAW). In the present weldments. The volume fraction of the ferrite in the weld
study also, Cr2N precipitates are not observed in the WZ zone increases after welding (see Fig. 6c and d).

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Fig. 5 Secondary electron SEM images of cap pass for a ER2594 and b ER2595 weldments. c and d show the base metal (BM), heat-affected
zone (HAZ), and weld/fusion zone (WM) for ER2594 and ER2595 weldments, respectively

Ferritization in the WZ can be one of the possible causes the high temperature caused during welding, which leads to
for increased volume fraction, which is the result of fully ferritization of the microstructure at the time of
austenite to ferrite transformation taking place at elevated heating. Therefore, significant morphological change is
temperatures during welding. Figure 7 shows EBSD observed in ferrite only for both the condition. During
inverse pole figure (IPF) maps for austenite and ferrite. cooling, solidification follows ferritic mode, and subse-
Microstructurally, it can be observed that WA has nearly quently, austenite is formed on grain boundaries as well as
same orientation as that of the GBA. Ferrite grains in the the interior of grains by solid-state transformations as
WZ had dendritic structure (hence observed as elongated in shown in Fig. 7b and c. It can be noticed that needle shaped
the IPF maps). Figure 7b and c shows EBSD IPF maps for austenite is formed due to rapid solidification and lower
austenite and ferrite measured in the interface between BM base metal temperature prior to welding [23]. Figure 7d
and WZ for both weldments (showing HAZ). For both and e illustrates the EBSD IPF maps of austenite and ferrite
weldments (lower left part in Fig. 7b and c), the of WZ. The dendritic structure of ferrite and GBA and WA
microstructure shows small growth compared to a base growing from the interfaces are expected to follow an
metal (Fig. 7a). On the other hand, the austenite phase orientation relationship (OR). The crystallographic pre-
shows no crucial change in microstructure, when compar- ferred orientation plays a vital role in governing the
ing two weldments interface region. This is mainly due to physical and mechanical properties of the metals [21, 23].

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Fig. 6 Electron backscattered


diffraction (EBSD) phase map
(PM) of a BM, b ER2594/BM
interface, c ER2595/BM
interface, d ER2594 WM (cap
pass), and e ER2595 WM (cap
pass)

Dendrites generally growing by \ 100 [ texture during affects the grain orientation, phases, and corresponding
welding and precipitation can result in brittle fracture, mechanical properties. Furthermore, it can be noticed that
which adversely affects the mechanical properties the volume fraction of ferrite is significantly higher than
[21, 38, 39]. It has been observed [23] that heat inputs, the austenite, which can lead to loss of toughness as well as
weld chemistry, and dilution are inter-related which further corrosion resistance [36]. Therefore, the microstructure

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Fig. 7 EBSD inverse pole


figure (IPF) map of ferrite and
austenite for a BM, b ER2594/
BM interface, c ER2595/BM
interface, d ER2594 WM (cap
pass), and e ER2595 WM (cap
pass)

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Fig. 8 a u2 = 45° constant section of orientation distribution function (ODF) showing texture components that typically occur in BCC metals
and alloys. u2 = 45° constant section of ODF of ferrite for (b) BM, c ER2594/BM interface, d ER2595/BM interface, e ER2594 WM (cap pass),
and f ER2595 WM (cap pass)

needs to be optimized by considering the parameters such texture intensity of 8.26) and it is mainly composed of
as WZ composition and weld temperature to get sufficient strong rotated cube texture, i.e. {001} \ 110 [ and a weak
toughness and better corrosion resistance [40]. a-fibre (RD// \ 110 [) and c-fibre (ND// \ 111 [). For
Figure 8 shows the u2 = 45° constant section of orien- both the weldments (ER2594 and ER2595), interface tex-
tation distribution function (ODF) showing texture com- ture is a little different as it contains both (BM and WZ).
ponents that typically occur in BCC metals and alloys and The formation of Goss ({110} \ 100 [) is observed in the
u2 = 45° constant section of ODF of ferrite for BM, interfacial region. On the other hand, WZ have a different
ER2594/BM interface, ER2595/BM interface, ER2594 texture than the base metal. Possible reasons for this dif-
WM (cap pass), and ER2595 WM (cap pass). In BM, it is ference may be complex solidification and grain growth
observed that ferrite has a stronger texture (maximum process and thus WZ texture can not lead to a meaningful

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b Fig. 9 a u2 = 0°, 45° and 65° constant section of orientation


distribution function (ODF) showing texture components that typi-
cally occur in FCC metals and alloys. u2 = 0°, 45° and 65° constant
section of ODF of austenite for (b) BM, c ER2594/BM interface,
d ER2595/BM interface, e ER2594 WM (cap pass), and f ER2595
WM (cap pass)

specific orientation. Figure 9 shows the u2 = 0°, 45°, and


65° constant section of orientation distribution function
(ODF) showing texture components that typically occur in
FCC metals and alloys and u2 = 0°, 45°, and 65° constant
section of ODF of austenite for BM, ER2594/BM interface,
ER2595/BM interface, ER2594 WM (cap pass), and
ER2595 WM (cap pass). It is and ER2595 WM (cap pass)
is mainly composed of strong Brass ({110} \ 112 [), Cu
({112} \ 111 [), Goss ({110} \ 001 [) and S
({123} \ 634 [) component. The appearance of these
texture components is known to be due to deformation
[21]. Unikrishnan et al. [41] studied the evolution of
microstructure using EBSD in the WZ and HAZ of 304L
ASS. They reported that EBSD can be a very useful tool to
study the microstructures in ASSs. Gerber et al. [42]
reported that if the stored energy in the material is low
during plastic deformation, it will exhibit partial retention
of deformation texture during annealing. It has been
reported [43] that the texture intensity of WZ is higher than
BM, which can be attributed to a higher cooling rate and
may be because of strong OR. The difference in the
austenite morphology (GBA, WA, and IGA) within ferrite
texture colonies is due to a difference in nucleation tem-
peratures, grain size as well as grain morphologies
[38, 44, 45]. Crystallographic texture of both the weld-
ments, i.e. ER2594 and ER2595 shows different texture
components as compared to BM and its obvious reason
could be multifarious solidification as well as grain growth.
ORs between the austenite and ferrite in welded DSSs
usually occur as Kurdjumov–Sachs (K–S) OR and/or
Nishiyama–Wasserman (N–W) OR [46, 47]. The ORs of
austenite and ferrite represent some degree of misorienta-
tion in habit plane between them, where {111} plane in
austenite must be parallel to the {110} in ferrite, i.e.
{111}c//{110}d. Additionally, for austenite, \ 110 [ di-
rection must be parallel to \ 111 [ direction in ferrite to
ensure K–S OR and to \ 100 [ direction in ferrite for the
N–W OR. The OR in the present DSS weldments was
analysed with ORTOOLS [48] and MTEX [49], both based
on MATLAB [50]. Figure 10 shows the misorientation
distribution for parent (ferrite) and child (austenite) for
weldments made with ER2594 and ER2595 electrodes and

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b Fig. 10 a Misorientation distribution of austenite and ferrite phase the GBA and WA follow the K–S OR. Figure 11 shows the
boundaries for WM (cap pass), b deviation of the parent–child orientation of a single ferrite grain, simulation of 24 vari-
boundaries (in °) from the variants considering Kurdjumov–Sachs
(KS) orientation relationship (OR) for ER2594 WM, and c deviation ants as per K–S OR, distribution of variants obtained from
of the parent–child boundaries (in °) from the variants considering KS the EBSD experiments and the area normalized frequency
OR for ER2595 WM of occurrence of the different variants in that particular
grain. It is clear from Fig. 11d that there is a preference for
selection of variants number 17 in the selected grain.
Figure 12 illustrates KAM distribution curves for base
deviation of parent–child boundaries (in °) for ER2594 and metal and WZ of ER2594 and ER2595 electrodes,
ER2595 WZ (cap pass). There are 3 distinct peaks in the respectively. It can be observed that there is no significant
parent–child boundary misorientation plot at * 30°, * change in KAM values for BM. It can be noticed that the
42°, and * 60° for both the weldments. The OR in average KAM values of ferrite decreases for both the
ER2594 and ER2595 WZ are 0.93° and 0.92° away from weldments compared to BM signifying lower value of
the exact K–S OR. Therefore, most of the parent–child residual strain and dislocation density [23]. Further, there
boundaries are within 5° from the 24 variants of K–S OR as can be change in the strain values due to melting and
shown in Fig. 10b and c. However, there is a small group solidification during welding. The phenomenon become
of boundaries (represented as point in Fig. 10b and c) complicated by the evolution of austenite in ferrite due to
which is significantly away from the calculated variants. ferritic mode of solidification also. Table 3 shows that the
These points possibly belong to * 30° and * 60° peak in average micro-hardness of ER2595 weldment is higher
the misorientation plot. It has been reported [51, 52] that than ER2594 weldments viz. ER2595 weldment has 335

Fig. 11 a Pole figure of ferrite grain for ER2594 WM (cap pass), b simulated locations of the 24 variants considering K–S OR and mean parent
orientation (ferrite) in (a), c experimental observation of the child (austenite) variants K–S OR, and d distribution of the 24 variants in that
particular grain

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Table 3 Average micro-harness (Hv) of various regions for both the


weldments
Base metal Heat-affected zone Weld zone (WZ), cap
(BM) (HAZ) pass

ER2594 285 278 318


ER2595 295 283 335

Hv, while ER2594 has 318Hv for the cap pass. As com-
pared to BM, both weldments have a higher average value
of hardness as shown in Fig. 13. Higher hardness for
ER2595 weldment can be attributed to the presence of Cu,
W, and N in the weld. This increase in strength is linked to
solid solution strengthening, since nitrogen is reported to
be an effective solid solution strengthening element
[53, 54]. Other factors which lead to the difference of the
hardness in weldment are associated with variation of
microstructure, compositional changes, and distribution of
micro-constituents [20]. The average hardness for ER2594
WZ (cap pass) has been found to be 318 Hv and 300 Hv for
root pass. This is possibly due to differences in the volume
fraction of ferrite in cap pass and root pass region. For ER
2594, ferrite content is 68% and 55% for cap pass and root
pass, respectively, as depicted in Fig. 13b and c. Ferrite is
harder than austenite in DSSs.

4 Conclusions

In this work, microstructure and texture developments were


investigated for welding of super duplex stainless steel
(UNS S32750) using the ER2594 and ER2595 electrodes
using SMAW process. The following conclusion can be
drawn:
- Weld zone (WZ) of both weldments (ER2594 and
ER2595) consisted of two-phase austenitic–ferritic
microstructure. The microstructures of the weld zone
comprised of Widmanstatten austenite (WA), grain
boundary austenite (GBA), and inter-granular austenite
(IGA). The ferrite proportion changed significantly in
cap pass and root pass of the WZ as well as the heat-
affected zone (HAZ).
- The crystallographic texture for both weldments was
different from BM; the WZ showed a much weaker
texture than the base metal (BM). Austenite in the BM
showed strong Brass, Cu, Goss, and S texture compo-
nents, while ferrite showed strong a and c fibres. The
WZ texture was a solidification texture.
- The WZ showed crystallographic orientation relation-
ship (OR) between austenite and ferrite. This OR was
Fig. 12 Kernel average misorientation (KAM) distribution for a BM, found to be close to K–S OR for most parent–child
b ER2594 weldment (cap pass), and c ER2595 weldment (cap pass)

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Fig. 13 a Micro-hardness across weld for ER2594 and ER2595 weldments, b PM of root pass ER2594, and c PM of cap pass ER2594
(red = ferrite and green = austenite)

boundaries, though there were boundaries which did not [4] Yang J, Wang Q, and Guan K, Int J Press Vessels Pip 110
follow the K–S OR. The average KAM values were (2013) 72.
[5] Lasebikan B A, and Akisanya A R, Int J Press Vessels Pip 119
found to be higher for austenite than ferrite and in the (2014) 62.
BM. [6] Muthupandi V, Srinivasan P B, Seshadri S K, and Sundaresan S,
- The hardness of ER2595 WZ was higher than ER2594 Mater Sci Eng A 358 (2003) 9.
due to solid solution strengthening because of the [7] Dandekar T R, Kumar A, Khatirkar R K, Mahadule D, and
Ayyappan G, J Mater Eng Perform 30 (2021) 2916.
presence of Cu, W, and N. [8] Pohl M, Storzand O, and Glogowski T, Mater Charact 58
(2007) 65.
[9] Alvarez-Armas I, Recent Pat Mech Eng 1 (2008) 51.
Acknowledgment The authors are thankful to Director, VNIT
[10] Luo J, Donga Y, Li L, and Wanga X, J Manuf Process 16 (2013)
Nagpur, for providing necessary facilities and constant encourage-
144.
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