ASSIGNMENT

NCM 112

ANESTHESIA
 is the use of medicines to prevent pain during surgery and other procedures.
These medicines are called anesthetics. They may be given by injection,
inhalation, topical lotion, spray, eye drops, or skin patch.

TYPES OF ANESTHESIA
1 GENERAL ANESTHESIA  are given so the patients are unconscious
and unable to feel any pain during the
surgical procedure.
 are given through an IV and others are
gases administered through a breathing
mask or tube with oxygen
 side effects of general anesthesia include
nausea, vomiting, sore throat, muscle
aches, shivering and confusion.
 the most common type of anesthetic
administered.
  It is used during major surgeries, such
as heart surgery, brain surgery, back
surgery, and organ transplants.
2 REGIONAL ANESTHESIA  injecting a local anesthetic near nerves to
numb a portion of the body.
 When Regional Anesthesia is used,
patients  may be awake, sedated  or put
to sleep for their surgical procedure.

Epidural Anesthesia
  involves the injection of a local
anesthetic, usually with a narcotic, into
the epidural space, through either a
needle or catheter. The epidural space is
outside of the spinal cord.

 commonly used in labor and delivery and

for procedures of the lower extremities.

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Spinal Anesthesia
  involves the injection of a local
anesthetic, with or without a narcotic,
into the fluid that surrounds the spinal
cord.
  commonly used for genitourinary
procedures, cesarean sections and
procedures of the lower extremities.

Nerve Blocks
 used to block pain at a specific site. By
injecting a local anesthetic into or around
a specific nerve or group of nerves, pain
relief can be localized to the site of pain
  provides pain control during and after a
procedure, It is associated with minimal
side effects.
 Examples include femoral nerve block to
numb the thigh and knee, or a brachial
plexus block to numb the shoulder and
arm.
3 COMBINED GENERAL   combination technique that puts you to
WITH EPIDURAL sleep and provides pain control, not only
ANESTHESIA during the procedure, but afterwards as
well.
 The placement of the epidural catheter
allows for you to have continued pain
relief after surgery, which will help you
sleep and to move more comfortably
after surgery.
 This type of anesthesia is commonly
used for major abdominal and thoracic
(chest) procedures.
 The epidural catheter may be left in place
for several days  after your surgery.
4 MONITORED  involves the injection of medications
ANESTHESIA CARE through an IV catheter to help you relax,
as well as to block pain.

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 A combination of sedative and narcotic

5 LOCAL ANESTHESIA
medications are used to help you tolerate
a procedure that otherwise would be
uncomfortable.
 Under mild sedation, often used for eye
surgery, a patient is awake and can
respond to questions or instructions.
With moderate sedation, the patient may
doze off but awakens easily.
 Deep sedation is nearly the same as
general anesthesia, meaning that the
patient is deeply asleep though able to
breathe without assistance
 Deep sedation with a medication called
propofol is often used for procedures
such as upper endoscopy or colonoscopy.
 used for medications such as lidocaine
that are injected through a needle or
applied as a cream to numb a small area.
 Local anesthesia alone may provide
enough pain relief for limited procedures
such as sewing up a deep cut or filling
dental cavities. It is often used along
with sedation during minor outpatient

Medications used

General Anesthesia
 Propofol
 Etomidate
 ketamine

Local anesthetics
shorter duration of action and quicker onset
 lidocaine
 mepivacaine

longer-acting ones
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 bupivacaine
 ropivacaine.

Epidural medications

 Bupivacaine
 Chloroprocaine
 Lidocaine
They are often delivered in combination with opioids or narcotics such as fentanyl
and sufentanil in order to decrease the required dose of local anesthetic.

MONITORED ANESTHESIA CARE

 midazolam (Versed)
 fentanyl
 propofol (Diprivan)

Dangerous Drug
NAME CLASSIFICA ADMINIS INDICAT CONTRAINDICA NURSING
OF DRUG TION TRATION ION TION RESPONSIBILI
TIES

GENERIC Functional: Oral: Nurse Respiratory Assess baseline

NAME: anxiolytic, tablets, prescriber: depression. vital signs.
Diazepam hypnotic, capsule, palliative
anticonvulsan, solutions care in Acute pulmonary Assess blood
BRAND muscle relaxant. chronic insufficiency. pressure, pulse
NAME: Intramuscu severe and respiration if
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Ducene® Chemical: lar spasticity Sleep apnea IV administration.

Valium® benzodiazepine. injection - syndrome.
only if oral Other: Provide frequent
. Legal: or IV route anxiety, Severe hepatic sips of water for
controlled drug unavailable insomnia, impairment. dry mouth.
(section 4), . alcohol
prescription withdrawa Chronic psychosis. Provide fluids and
only. Slow IV l, status fibre for
injection. epilepticus Do not use alone constipation.
, febrile with depression or
IV convulsio for anxiety with
depression. Evaluate
infusion. ns, therapeutic
premed response, mental
sedation. state and physical
dependency after
long-term use.

NAME OF CLASSIFIC ADMINISTR INDICATIO CONTRAINDICATIO NURSING

DRUG ATION ATION N N RESPONSIBILITIE
S

GENERI Opioid DURAMOR a systemic Hypersensitivity to Monitor blood

C analgesics PH narcotic ana opiates pressure prior to
NAME: (morphine lgesic for administration.
Morphin injection) is administrati Elevated intracranial
e intended for on by the pressure (head Hold if systolic
injection intravenous, intravenous,  injuries) BP < 100 mm Hg
epidural or epidural or or 30 mm Hg
BRAND intrathecal intrathecal Convulsive disorders below baseline.
NAME: administratio routes. It is
Duramor Acute alcoholism Monitor patient's
n. used for the
ph managemen respiratory rate
Acute bronchial prior to
The initial t of pain not asthma
dose of responsive administration.
morphine to non- Prostatic
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NCM 112

should be 2 narcotic hypertrophy Reassess pain

mg to 10 analgesics. after
mg/70 kg of Post biliary tract administration of
body weight. surgery morphine.
Pancreatitis Monitor for
respiratory
Acute ulcerative depression and
colitis hypotension
Addison's disease frequently up to
24 hours after
Hypothyroidism administration of
morphine.

Place call light

signal close to
patient.

Accompany
patient if need to
get out of bed to
minimize risk of
falls.

NAME OF CLASSIFIC ADMINISTRA INDICATIO CONTRAINDICATIO NURSING

DRUG ATION TION N N RESPONSIBILITIE
S

Generic General Intravenous as the sole contraindicated in Assess for the

Name: Anesthetics Route: anesthetic those in whom a mentioned
Ketamin agent for significant elevation cautions and
e hcl diagnostic of blood pressure contraindications
The initial
and surgical would constitute a
Brand dose of
procedures serious hazard and in
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Name: KETALAR that do not those who have Perform a

Ketalar administered require shown thorough physical
intravenously skeletal hypersensitivity to assessment (e.g.
may range muscle the drug. weight,
from 1 mg/kg relaxation neurological
to 4.5 mg/kg . status, vital signs,
heart sounds, skin
color and lesions,
bowel sounds,
etc.) to establish
baseline data
before drug
therapy begins, to
determine
effectiveness of
therapy, and to
evaluate for
occurrence of any
adverse effects
associated with
drug therapy.

Monitor
laboratory test
results (e.g. liver
and renal function
tests) to determine
possible need for a
reduction in dose
and evaluate for
toxicity.

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ASSIGNMENT
NCM 112

REFERENCES:
https://www.uclahealth.org/anes/types-of-anesthesia
https://www.macllp.com/patient-education/different-kinds-anesthesia
https://www.nursingtimes.net/clinical-archive/medicine-management/diazepam-09-11-
2004/
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2005/018565s014lbl.pdf
https://www.rxlist.com/duramorph-drug.htm#indications
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/016812s043lbl.pdf

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