00 C102 sand Causey LL Baektound - : Since ancient times, rulers have built émpires by conquering other lands. “Imperialism” refers to the political and economic control of a large, powerful country over a small, weaker country or territory. It is sometimes called “colonialism” because it involves the acquiring of colonies. The area being controlled is known as a “colony”, while the controlling imperialist power is called the “mother country", Following the unification of Italy and Gétmany, European powers began to ook outwards to express their national energies and fo acquire new territories. IL. Old Imperialism (1500-1800) ~ In earlier centuries, uropean nations had developed vast overseas empires in their search for ‘wealth, raw materials, and gold. Most of these explorations had been limited to the "New World" (Americas), India, South Africa, and the East Indies. TI. ‘The "New" Imperialism (1880-1900) - In the 1880's, European interest in imperialism was renewed. Countries such as Belgium, Germany, and Italy now sought colonial empires of their own. Even the older colonial powers, like France and Britain, joined in the new scramble for colonies. There were many reasons for this renewed interest ia imperialism : 1. Technology - ‘New technology, such as steamships, rifles, telegraphs, railroads, and betier inedicines, made it possible to penetrate deeply into Africa, Asia, and the Pacific for the first time. Steamships could travel upstream, better rifles provided better protection against hostile natives, telegraphs sent messages more quickly, railroads made possible the economic exploitation of the interior, and new medicines made it easier to resist tropical diseases, 2. Economie Motives - European industries needed raw materials to keep their factories busy. They also sought new markets in which to sell their manufactured goods. In addition, colonies represented areas in which excess capital could be invested and in which a supply of cheep labor could be found. 3. National Pride- Irmperialism represented an expression of nationalism. European countries wanted to acquire colonies to demonstrate their power, prestige, and national sugeffority. 4. Balance of Power - ‘European countries sought-to preserve the balance-among themselves. with.xegacd to colonics: As. a result, when one. country-obtained a.new colony, other European’ powers feltit necessary to.do the same: : 5. Social Darwinism - wie = Many Europeans believed in "Social Darwinism” : a theory that technologically advanced societies were more successful than others because their cultures were. supetior. 6. White Man's Birdea1 + Many Eafépeans felt it was-their duty to educate andcivilize the natives of Affiéa, Asia; and the. Pacific: They also‘ wanted ‘to’ spread Christianity to these people. These-attitudes reinforced European beliefs in the superiority of their race. Questions to Answer What is “imperialism” ? How did technology influence imperialism ? What were the economic motives for imperialism ? How did the “White Man’s Burden” influence imperialism ? Sue3 ‘The Scramble for Africa L Backrouad- In the 1870's, King Leopold of Belgium sent a mission to the interior of Attica to establish trade agreements with leaders in the Congo River basin. The Belgian’ presence in the Congo set off a scramble among other Buropean powers to establish their presence on the contiaent. TL. “The Berlin Conference (1884-1885) - In 1884, to avoid conflict antong themselves, Bucopean leaders met in Berlin, Germany, to'set up rules for colonizing Aftica. Before the conference, a nation might gaia a colony by establishing a historical claim - for exaiuple, that its citizens had once inhabited and governed the area. After the conference, a nation dieéely had to make a formal announcement for its Claim to a colony to be recognized. ‘The Berlin Conference recognized three kinds of imperial control : ‘= Anation could own and govern a colony dicectly. ‘+. A nation could declare an area a "sphere of influence", where it had sole investment and trading rights + A nation could make a weak country into a "protectorate", which cetained its ruler but ‘observed policies set by the colonial power. . European powers divided Africa with little regard ‘for the people who lived there. Cofonii boundaries razely respected tribal locations or took local rivalries into account. The cew “imperialism affected Africa strongly. In 1850, most of Aftica had been free. Seventy years later, most of the continent was under Buropean rule. UL — The Zulu Empire- In the early 1800's in southern Aftica, an Affican leader named Shaka organized Zulu wactiors into a fighting force. He used his power against European slave traders and ivory huaters. Shaka uunited the Zulu nation through conquest of other African tribes. The people of Africa opposed the European takeovers. The “Boers” (Dutch farmers of Cape Town) began to move into the interior in the 1830's. They faced the opposition of the Zulu people. Fighting between the Boers and the Zalus continued uatil ate in the century. The Zulus eventually came into conflict with the British as well. However, the superior weapons of the British crushed the Zulu resistance. IVs The Boer War (1899-1902); 4 7 Cecil Rkades became:prime minister-of the: Cape Colony ia: 1890: Undecchis leadership: Britzin: expanded its ‘control, of southernA fiica.' Iv’ the. late: 1800's,’ Britain, decided to ‘annex. (add) the’. Boer republics. The Boers resisted and the "Boer Wat" began, lasting from 1899 to: 1902. The supeth Boer horsemen, used their knowledge of the terrain and employed guerilla tactics. Britain eventually used'a force of 450,000.soldiers:to defeat the Boers.:Afiertheic. victory, the British, united their South A fricar colonies into the Union of South:A frica in 1910: It became a dominion. with self goveming status'within the British Enipice. The bitter struggles left a legacy of distrust and hatred. Questions to Answer How did the "Scramble for Africa" begin ? What was the purpose of the "Beelin Confecence" 2 How did the "Berlin Conference" affect Africa ? Why was the "Boec War" significant ? BUN EEuropean Imperialism in Africa (1870-190) 1. Backround - : Due to renewed interest in imperialism, the European powers engaged in a “Scramble for Africa” (4870-1890), during which, most of the Aftican continent came under European control. The soramible really began in 1882 when a local revolt threatened the “Suez Canal”, a waterway for ships sailing between Europe and India. The British quickly moved in to take over Egypt. Next, British troops took over the Sudan. Other powers, like France, Germany, and Belgium, eyed British actions jealously. They all wanted parts of Aftica for themselves. At the “Berlin Conference” (1884-1885), Bisttarck and other European leaders divided up the remaining parts of Africa, ~ IL, Reasons for Imperialism ia Africa — 1. Markets— The Industrial Revolution increased European demand for raw materials for factories and new markets in which to sell manufactured goods. Europeans hoped to get economic benefits from their control of Africa. . 2. Technology — ‘New inventions, like the steamboat, railroad, rifle, and improved medicines made it easier for Europeans to control the interior of Africa. 3. Nationalism— : Europeans were influenced by nationalism and believed that counteies with many colonies would be looked upoa as more important and powerful. 4, Missionary Work~ Europeans wanted to spread their culture and religion by converting non-Christians to Christianity. UL Effects of European Imperialism upon Africa — ‘A,) Positive Effects — L. Medicine and Health : European medicine and improved medical care, sanitation, and nutrition increased the life span of Africans. This also led to aa expansion of the population. 2. Transportation and Communication : Europeans introduced modem transportation anid communications, such as telegraphs, railroads, steamships, and telephones. These systems inked together formerly remote and isolated patts of Africa. 3. Education : The schools built by Europeans taught some.A fricans the basic skills of reading, B.) Negative Effects —: #3, * 1. Social : European domination weakened traditional African-values and tribal group ties. 2, Economic : Many Afticgus were forced to work long. hours for low pay and suffered brutal tnistreaturent in factories and mine". 3. Political: Europeans: divided “up- A fiiea “aitifteially;:fenixing” tribal; ethnic, ‘and -cultirat > boundaries: These:divisions have led to. ongoing tribal clashes in many African countries. Questions to Answer Why did European powers engage in a “Scramble for Africa” ? ‘What were the reasons for European imperialism ia Africa? What were the positive effects of European imperialism upon Afiica ? ‘What were the negative effects of European imperialism upon Africa?‘The British Empire in India L _ Backround — ‘The British established trading posts in India called the “Bast India Company” during the early 1800's. The British gained control over India by following a policy called “divide and conquer”. ‘The British maintained friendship with some Indian states, while using force against other Indian states. This prevented the Indian states from uniting against British rule. I. The Sepoy Mutiny (1857) — The British army trained Indian soldiers called “sepoys” to protect British holdings. In 1857, a large number of sepoys rebelled against their British officers." This rebellion was known’as the “Sepoy Mutiny”. The mutiny spread quickly, but the British were able to crush it with loyal Indian soldiers. Aferwards, the British government took official control of India and abolished the East India Company. 0. During the two centuries of British rule, many aspects of Indian life changed : 1. Government — ‘The British provided a single system of law and government, unifying India. They also provided Jobs in the British army aad civil service. 2. Economie Development — ‘The British built canals, roads, bridges, railroads, and set up telegraph systems. However, India’s “cottage industries” (products made at home) were destroyed by competition from British manufactured goods. + : 3. Health — The British built hospitals, introduced new medicines, and provided famine relief. At the same time, health care improvements led to a huge population explosion withgut an increase in economic opportunities. 4. Education— The British increased educational opportunities by opening schools and colleges. They also introduced English as a single language unifying all educated Indians. 5. Social — ‘Natives were treated as if they were inferior to the British residents. Indian culture Was treated as inferior to European culture..,The rich and ancient Indian culture was considered merely exotic. Indian workers provided the British with inexpensive labor, for long hours, often under tersible working conditions” =, 1. IV. ThéBicth of Modcru Indian Nationalisisig 3 Nationalist idéas from Europe were alteady spreading to Inifia by the endof the 19* century: » ‘ . Some Indians were sent to Great Britain for an education, When they retumed to India, they demanded a greater role in governing their country. In 1885, a group of educated Indians formed ‘the “Indiaa National Coiigress”: Its Muslim inembers broke away from this group inv 1906 2 form the “Muslim League”. ‘The‘nationalist:mmovemeat remained. weak,-howevery:because it focused: . catirely on the needs of the.educated middle-class::It had no program to improve the lives of India’s millions of peasants. Questions to Answer 1. How did the British gain control over India ? 2. How did British rule affect India ? 3. Why was the nationalist movement in India unsuccessful ?European Imperialism in China L —_ Backroisud - China had enjoyed an advanced culture and unity under powerful emperors for thousands of years. However, China was isolated from the world for too long. It fell behind Europe and now lacked the military technology to prevent European imperialism. Europeans were interested in China because its huge population offered-a new market for manufactured goods. China also had Valuable raw materials. Powerful European nations rushed to control parts of Chinia by creating its own "spheres of influence" : areas of economic control. UL. __ History of Imperialism in China ~ . 1. Opitm War (1839-1842) - In the 1800's, Great Britain began selling opium in China to obtain money to buy tea. The British declared war when the Chinese government tried to stop the Opium trade. China was defeated in the “Opium War” and was forced to allow the sale of opium. Under the "Treaty of Nanking", China was also forced to open its ports to allow British trading rights inside China. The Britich established several "spheres of influence” : areas of China that fell under British economic control. Other European nations began obtaining their own spheres of influence in China. European interference in China was extremely unpopular and weakened the Qing Dynasty. ‘Chinese nationalists began a revolt against the Qing rulers, called the "Taiping Rebellion" (1851 1864). Qing rulers put down the revolt with Buropean help. Millions of Chinese died during this uprising. 2. Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) - Sensing China's weakness, Jepan also went to war with China and quickly defeated it, Japan then annexed (added) Korea and created its own sphere of influence in China, 3. Open Door Policy (1899) - The U.S. proposed equal trading rights for all nations in China because they feared that they Would be excluded from China's profitable trade. The U.S. sought to preserve China as an independent China. This policy saved China from being divided up by foreign powers and helped open China to trade with all nations. 4. Boxer Rebellion (1899-1900) - Most Chineso people resented the, growing foreign influence in their nation, A, Chinese group called the. "Boxers" rebelled against'i Western : agreeing to the: treaty.) 5 > “Some Japanese felt that Japan-needed: to: moderniizé:in, ordt to- compete. withthe: industiialized West. * - Arebellion overthrew the Shogun, restored the emperor to power, and launched Japan onthe road to miidemization and-industrialization. . : Questions fo-Amswer'! ost gs 1. Why did Japan cut itself off from European trade? How was Japan affected by its isolation? Why did the U.S. open Japan ? How did the “Treaty of Kanagawa” affect Japan ? aeY(oration (1868-1912) L — Backround~ The Jepanese samurai and daimyo (lords) criticized the Shogun severely for opening Japan to the West. In 1867, the samurai and daimyo led a rebellion that removed the Tokugawa Shogun from power. The emperor, whose ancestors had been mere puppets for over a thousand years, was suddenly “restored” to power. However, Emperor Meiji was convinced that Japan had to adopt Wester ways if it was to escape European domination. Under Emperor Meiji, Japan became the first non-Western country to successfully imitate and adapt Western ways. Many changes were instituted by Emperor Meiji T, _ Changes During The Meiji Restoration — 1. End of Feudalism — Feudalism and serfdom were abolished. The samurai lost their special social status. 2. Industrial Development ~ Industrial development based on Western technology, such as the building of railroads and factories, was promoted. The government built factories and then sold them to wealthy families. ‘These families became pewerful in banking and industry ands were known as “zaibatsu”, The government supported the economy by developing a banking system and a postal system. It also built railroads and improved ports. By the 1890’s, the economy was flourishing. The population grew, and peasants migrated to the cities in search of jobs. 3._ Military Changes— A Western-style army and navy was created. No longer were the samurai the only warriors. All men had to enter military service. During the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895), Japan and China fought over control of Korea, and Japan: won easily. During the Russo-Japanese War (1904- 1905), Japanese troops defeated Russian troops in Manchuria. This victory marked the first time in modem history that an Asian country defeated a Buropean country. 4, Western Education — Universal compulsory (mandatory) education was introduced. New schools were opened for all young people to attend. Many students were Sent to Europe and the ULS. to study Westem olicies, politics, and technological innovations. economic pol 5, . Written Constitution —_.. : : : : ‘Tie? Einperor: gave the. Japanese: people. a-written ‘constitution. It déclared:the Emperor ta be. divine, but-also created:an elected legislature-called the:“Diet”., cg “ TL Japan As A Global Power— Soon, like Wester powers, Japan used its industrial and military strength to begin a policy of imperialism::Lacking resources; Japan began. colonizing nearby countries for.” raw materials and:new markets: Colonies were gained through wari. tz. +. Questions to Answer ‘Why was Emperor Meiji “restored” to power in Japan ? How did Emperor Meiji promote industrial development in Japan ? How did military changes affect Japan ? How did Japan become a global power ? BeReet pe1s0g OWGUGIZ leomtied